JP2020088390A - 酸窒化膜を形成する方法 - Google Patents

酸窒化膜を形成する方法 Download PDF

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JP2020088390A
JP2020088390A JP2019207864A JP2019207864A JP2020088390A JP 2020088390 A JP2020088390 A JP 2020088390A JP 2019207864 A JP2019207864 A JP 2019207864A JP 2019207864 A JP2019207864 A JP 2019207864A JP 2020088390 A JP2020088390 A JP 2020088390A
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plasma
silicon
oxide film
gas
film
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JP7405572B2 (ja
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秀美 末盛
Hidemi Suemori
秀美 末盛
育正 関口
Hiroo Sekiguchi
育正 関口
嵩志 吉田
Takashi Yoshida
嵩志 吉田
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ASM IP Holding BV
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    • H01L21/02Manufacture or treatment of semiconductor devices or of parts thereof
    • H01L21/02104Forming layers
    • H01L21/02107Forming insulating materials on a substrate
    • H01L21/02296Forming insulating materials on a substrate characterised by the treatment performed before or after the formation of the layer
    • H01L21/02318Forming insulating materials on a substrate characterised by the treatment performed before or after the formation of the layer post-treatment
    • H01L21/02321Forming insulating materials on a substrate characterised by the treatment performed before or after the formation of the layer post-treatment introduction of substances into an already existing insulating layer
    • H01L21/02329Forming insulating materials on a substrate characterised by the treatment performed before or after the formation of the layer post-treatment introduction of substances into an already existing insulating layer introduction of nitrogen
    • H01L21/02332Forming insulating materials on a substrate characterised by the treatment performed before or after the formation of the layer post-treatment introduction of substances into an already existing insulating layer introduction of nitrogen into an oxide layer, e.g. changing SiO to SiON
    • HELECTRICITY
    • H05ELECTRIC TECHNIQUES NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
    • H05HPLASMA TECHNIQUE; PRODUCTION OF ACCELERATED ELECTRICALLY-CHARGED PARTICLES OR OF NEUTRONS; PRODUCTION OR ACCELERATION OF NEUTRAL MOLECULAR OR ATOMIC BEAMS
    • H05H1/00Generating plasma; Handling plasma
    • H05H1/24Generating plasma
    • H05H1/46Generating plasma using applied electromagnetic fields, e.g. high frequency or microwave energy

Abstract

【課題】窒素を添加したシリコンまたは金属酸化膜を形成する方法。【解決手段】本方法は、(i)シリコンまたは金属および酸化ガスを含有する前駆体を使用して、基材上にプラズマでシリコンまたは金属酸化膜を堆積させることであって、プラズマが第一のプラズマ密度を有する、堆積させることと、(ii)いかなる前駆体も使用せずに、窒化ガスを使用してシリコンまたは金属酸化膜をプラズマによって窒化することであって、プラズマは第一のプラズマ密度より高い第二のプラズマ密度を有する、窒化することと、を含む。【選択図】図1A

Description

本発明は、概ね、半導体製作プロセスの分野における酸窒化膜を形成する方法に関する。
プラズマ増強原子層堆積(PEALD)によって堆積させた、低いウェットエッチング速度および高い耐電圧などの特性を有する、高品質のSiO膜に対する需要がある。従来的に、こうした膜を堆積する共通の方法は、高RF電力および長時間にわたるRF電力印加を使用することである。しかしながら、このような方法を使用することによっても、膜のウェットエッチング速度は、熱酸化膜のウェットエッチング速度に対しておよそ2.0以上で、膜の耐圧(以下「Vbd」)はおよそ10MV/cm以下である。さらに、こうした方法のプラズマ条件下で、プラズマによる、下位膜または成膜基材の酸化は、より顕著な問題になる。すなわち、従来的に、低いウェットエッチング速度を有し、かつ良好な耐電圧を有するSiO膜を形成するために、プラズマを生成するRF電力が増加し、および/または、1000℃より高い温度が用いられる(熱酸化膜の高温堆積はより良好な膜品質を提供できる)。しかしながら、PEALDと比較して、オングストロームのオーダーでの膜厚制御は困難であり、下位膜の熱劣化の理由からプロセス温度に加えられる制限もある。したがって、良好な膜品質を提供する一方で、500℃以下などの低温で膜を堆積させることが望まれる。別のアプローチとして、SiO膜およびSiN膜を交互に堆積させることによるPEALDによって、SiON膜が形成される方法が報告されている。しかしながら、二つのプロセス(SiO膜を堆積させるためのもの一つおよびSiN膜を堆積する他方の方法)を切り替えるためには、このアプローチは本質的にプロセスの複雑さの問題を有する。
関連技術に関わる問題および解決法のいかなる議論は、単に本発明の背景を提供する目的で本開示に含まれ、本発明がなされた時点で、議論のいずれかまたはすべてが知られていたという了解のように解釈されるべきではない。
本発明の実施形態によると、従来のSiO膜のものよりも低いウェットエッチング速度を有し、良好に耐電圧を有する膜を形成する方法が提供される。
本開示では、SiO膜は、窒素、炭素、水素などのその他の元素と、そのような元素がシリコン酸化膜の特性を実質的に変更しない程度に不可避的不純物とを含むことができるシリコン酸化膜として特徴付けられるか、または認識される膜であり、SiON膜は、炭素、水素などのその他の元素と、そのような元素がシリコン酸窒化膜の特性を実質的に変更しない程度に不可避的不純物とを含むことができる、シリコンシリコン酸膜でもシリコン窒化膜でもなく、シリコン酸窒化膜として特徴付けられるか、または認識される膜であり、そして同様に、SiNは、酸素、炭素、水素などのその他の元素と、そのような元素がシリコン窒化膜の特性を実質的に変更しない程度に不可避的不純物とを含むことができるシリコン窒化膜として特徴付けられるか、または認識される膜で、ここにおいて、膜名は、SiO膜、SiON膜、およびSiN膜など、別段記載がない限り、非化学量論の方法で、(単純に主たる構成元素によって示されている)単に膜タイプを示している略称である。
従来的なアプローチの問題のうちの少なくとも一つを解決するために、例示的な実施形態において、PEDによって堆積されるSiO膜に窒素を組み込むことによってSiO膜の低いウェットエッチング速度を達成できる技術を、発明者らは開発した。本開示では、例示的実施形態では、「窒素を組み込む」という用語は、いくつかのSi‐O結合を、置換反応を介してSi‐N結合で置換することによって、SiO膜におけるSi‐O結合によって構成される分子構造に窒素を導入し、それによってSiON膜を生成することを指す。代替の実施形態では、酸素がSiN膜に取り込まれ、「酸素を組み込む」という用語は、いくつかのSi‐N結合を、置換反応を介してSi‐O結合で置換することによって、SiN膜におけるSi‐N結合によって構成される分子構造に酸素を導入し、それによってSiNO膜を生成することを指す。
一部の実施形態では、従来的に使用されるRF電力より低いRF電力、例えば、300W未満、を使用することにより、および/または従来的に使用されるプロセス温度よりも低いプロセス温度、例えば500℃未満、を使用することによって、下位膜の酸化を抑制するように膜が堆積される、そして膜の堆積の前、最中、および/または後に、特定の処理を実施することにより、高い膜品質を持つ膜を形成することができる。本開示では、特に明記しない限り、任意の示されたRF電力は、300mmウエハのそれであり、200mmまたは450mmなどの異なる直径を有するウエハに適用可能である、W/cm(ウエハの単位面積当たりのワット数)に変換されることができる。
一部の実施形態では、膜形成方法は、単一の前駆体としてまたは前駆体の単一の組み合わせとして、酸素源、例えば、BDEAS(b(ジエチルアミノ)シラン)を使用する堆積サイクルを含むSiO膜を堆積する工程、およびSiO膜を窒化するためのプラズマ処理の工程であって、処理条件および処理シーケンスを操作することによって、結果として得られる膜中の高い膜品質を達成することができ工程を含む。SiO膜形成シーケンスとSiN膜形成シーケンスを切り替えることなく、単一の前駆体または前駆体の単一の組み合わせのみを使用してSiON膜を形成するため、SiON膜は高い生産性および高い安定性を有して生成され得る。さらに、装置は、前駆体を保存するために(単一の前駆体が使用される時)一つの瓶のみを使用するため、装置を安価に提供することができ、かつ装置を高い動作速度で操作できる。
本発明の態様および関連技術を超えて達成される利点を要約するために、本発明のいくつかの目的および利点を本開示に記載する。当然のことながら、必ずしもこうした目的または利点のすべてが本発明の任意の特定の実施形態によって達成されなくてもよいことが理解されるべきである。したがって、例えば、当業者であれば、本明細書で教示または示唆される他の目的または利点を必ずしも達成することなく、本明細書で教示される一つの利点または利点の群を達成または最適化する方法で、本発明が具現化または実行され得ることを認識するであろう。
本発明の更なる態様、特徴、および利点は、以下の詳細な説明から明らかになるであろう。
本発明のこれらおよび他の特徴は、例示を意図し、本発明を限定することを意図しない好ましい実施形態の図面を参照して説明される。図面は、例示目的のために非常に単純化されており、必ずしも縮尺どおりではない。
本発明の一実施形態に適切な誘電体膜を堆積させるためのPEALD(プラズマエン増強原子層堆積)装置の概略図である。 本発明の一実施形態で使用可能なフローパスシステム(FPS)を用いる前駆体供給システムの概略図である。 熱酸化膜のウェットエッチング速度に対する、シリコン酸化膜のウェットエッチング速度(「WER Tox比」)と、シリコン酸化膜を堆積するために使用されるRF電力(高周波)(「HRF」)との間の関係を示すグラフである。 トレンチに堆積されたシリコン酸化膜を示す(「堆積された状態」)、および写真に重畳された、正方形に囲まれた(「ウェットエッチング」後)ウェットエッチング後のシリコン酸化膜を示す、断面図のSTEM(走査透過電子顕微鏡)写真を示す。 本発明の一実施形態による、熱酸化膜のウェットエッチング速度(「WERR[/TOX]」)に対するシリコン酸化膜のウェットエッチング速度(「WERR[/TOX]」)と、シリコン酸化膜に適用されたウェットエッチングサイクルの数(「ウェットエッチングサイクル」)との関係を、‐◆‐(「堆積のみ」)で示すグラフと、熱酸化膜のウェットエッチング速度(「WERR[/TOX]」)に対する窒素を添加したシリコン酸化膜のウェットエッチング速度(「WERR[/TOX]」)と、シリコン酸化膜に適用されたウェットエッチングサイクルの数(「ウェットエッチングサイクル」)との関係を、‐▲‐(「処理済」)で示すグラフとを示す。 本発明の一実施形態による、トレンチに堆積された窒素を添加したシリコン酸化膜を示す(「堆積された状態」)、および写真に重畳された、正方形に囲まれた(「ウェットエッチング」後)ウェットエッチング後の窒素を添加したシリコン酸化膜を示す、断面図のSTEM写真を示す。 図5におけるものと類似したSTEM写真の拡大部分図を示し、堆積した窒素を添加したシリコン酸化膜の層構造を示している(「堆積された状態」)。 一実施形態による窒素を添加したシリコン酸化膜の形成の概略プロセスシーケンスを図示したものであり、各縦列の幅は必ずしも実際の時間長を表しておらず、各行の線の上昇レベルはオン状態を表し、一方各行の線の底部レベルはオフ状態を表す。 本発明の一実施形態による、シリコン酸化膜の窒化の概略プロセスシーケンスと組み合わせたシリコン酸化膜の堆積の概略プロセスシーケンスを示すが、灰色のセルは、オン状態(暗い灰色はより高い強度を表す)を表し、一方白色のセルは、オフ状態を表し、各列の幅は各々のプロセスの持続時間を表していない。 本発明の一実施形態による、所望の層構造を有する窒素を添加したシリコン酸化膜の形成工程を示すフローチャートである。 本発明の一実施形態による、窒素を添加したシリコン酸化膜のRI(「R.I.@633nm」)と、シリコン酸化膜を堆積するためのRF電力(「堆積RF電力」)との間の関係を示すグラフである。 本発明の一実施形態による、窒素を添加したシリコン酸化膜(「a:処理済」)のフーリエ変換赤外(FT‐IR)スペクトル、および比較例によるシリコン酸化膜(「b:堆積のみ」)のフーリエ変換赤外(FT‐IR)スペクトルである。 本発明の別の実施形態による、窒素を添加したシリコン酸化膜(「a:処理済」)のフーリエ変換赤外(FT‐IR)スペクトル、および別の比較例によるシリコン酸化膜(「b:堆積のみ」)のフーリエ変換赤外(FT‐IR)スペクトルである。 本発明の一実施形態による、膜の深さ方向における窒素を添加したシリコン酸化膜(「処理済」)の、X線光電子分光法(XPS)の分析結果、および比較例による膜の深さ方向におけるシリコン酸化膜(「堆積のみ」)のX線光電子分光法(XPS)の分析結果である。 本発明の一実施形態による、窒素を添加したシリコン酸化膜(「a:処理済」)のフーリエ変換赤外(FT‐IR)スペクトル、および比較例によるシリコン酸化膜(「b:堆積のみ」)のフーリエ変換赤外(FT‐IR)スペクトルである。 本発明の一実施形態による、熱酸化膜に対するウェットエッチング速度(「WERR[/TOX]」)、および窒素を添加したシリコン膜(「a:処理済」)のウェットエッチングサイクル数(「ウェットエッチングサイクル[回]」)、および比較例によるシリコン酸化膜(「b:堆積のみ」)のウェットエッチングサイクル数(「ウェットエッチングサイクル[回]」)の関係を示すグラフである。 本発明の一実施形態による、633nm(「RI@633nm」)での屈折率の変化、および窒素を添加したシリコン酸化膜の応力(「応力[MPa]」)の経時的な(「経過時間[日:時間:分])変化を示すグラフである。 本発明の一実施形態による、SiO層およびSiON層によって構成された層状構造を概略的に図示するものであり、(a)において、SiON層が最上層を構成し、(b)において、SiON層とSiO層とが厚さ方向に交互に積み重なっており、(c)において、SiON層が底層を構成する。
本開示では、「ガス」は、気化した固体および/または液体を含むことができ、単一のガスまたはガスの混合物によって構成されることができる。本開示では、シャワーヘッドを介して反応チャンバーに導入されるプロセスガスは、前駆体ガスと添加ガスとから構成される、それらから本質的になる、またはそれらからなる、であってもよい。前駆体および添加ガスを、混合ガスとしてまたは別々に反応空間に導入することができる。前駆体ガスを、キャリアガス、例えば希ガスと共に導入することができる。添加ガスは、反応物質ガス、および希ガスなどの希釈ガスから構成される、それから本質的になる、またはそれらからなる、であってもよい。反応物質ガスは、酸化ガス(例えば、酸素含有ガスまたは酸素源ガス)および窒化ガス(例えば、窒素含有ガスまたは窒素源ガス)を含む。反応物質ガスおよび希釈ガスは、混合ガスとして、または反応空間と別個に導入されてもよい。前駆体は二つ以上の前駆体から構成され、反応物質ガスは二つ以上の反応物質ガスから構成されてもよい。前駆体は、基材上で化学吸着され得るガスであり、典型的には、誘電体膜のマトリックスの主要構造を構成するメタロイドまたは金属元素を含み、および堆積のための反応物質ガスは、ガスが原子層または単層を基材上に固定するために励起されるとき、基材上に化学吸着される前駆体と反応することができるガスであるか、または、このような層を処理するために単層または複数の単層と反応できるガスである。「化学吸着(Chemisorption)」は、化学飽和吸着を指す。プロセスガス以外のガス、即ちシャワーヘッドを通過せずに導入されたガスは、例えば、シールガス、例えば希ガスを含む反応空間をシールするために使用されてもよい。いくつかの実施形態では、「膜」は、対象物または関連する表面全体を覆うために実質的にピンホールなしで厚さ方向に垂直な方向に連続的に延在する層、または単に対象物もしくは関連する表面を覆う層を指す。いくつかの実施形態では、「層」は、表面上に形成された特定の厚さを有する構造、または膜の同義語、または膜でない構造を指す。膜または層は、特定の特性を有する個別の単一の膜もしくは層、または複数の膜もしくは層によって構成されてもよく、隣接する膜または層の間の境界は、明確であってもなくてもよく、物理的、化学的、および/もしくは他の任意の特徴、形成プロセスもしくは順序、ならびに/または隣接する膜もしくは層の機能もしくは目的に基づいて示される。
さらに、本開示では、単数形での表記は、特に明記しない限り、複数の種を含む種または属を指す。用語「によって構成される」および「有する」は、いくつかの実施形態では、「典型的にまたは広く含む」、「含む」、「から本質的になる」、または「からなる」を独立して指す。また、本開示では、定義された意味は、いくつかの実施形態では通常および慣習的な意味を必ずしも排除するものではない。
その上、本開示では、定常業務に基づいて実行可能な範囲を決定することができるので、任意の二つの変数はその変数の実行可能な範囲を構成することができ、示された任意の範囲は端点を含む、または除外することができる。いくつかの実施形態では、更に、示された変数の任意の値は(それらが「約」で示されているか否かにかかわらず)、正確な値またはおおよその値を指し、等価物を含み、平均値、中央値、代表値、または大多数等を指してもよい。
条件および/または構造が特定されていない本開示では、当業者は、定常的な実験の問題として、本開示を考慮して、このような条件および/または構造を容易に提供することができる。開示された実施形態の全てにおいて、実施形態において用いられる任意の要素を、意図された目的のために本明細書において明示的に、必然的に、または本質的に開示されたものを含むそれらに等価な任意の要素と置き換えることができる。更に、本発明は装置および方法にも等しく適用することができる。
実施形態は、様々な態様における好ましい実施形態に関して説明される。しかし、本発明は好ましい実施形態に限定されない。
一部の実施形態は、窒素を添加したシリコンまたは金属酸化膜を形成する方法に関し、該方法は、(i)シリコンまたは金属および酸化ガスを含む前駆体を使用して、基材上にプラズマで、シリコンまたは金属酸化膜を堆積する工程であって、該プラズマが第一のプラズマ密度を有する、堆積する工程と、(ii)いかなる前駆体も使用せずに(膜を堆積することなく)、窒化ガスを使用してシリコンまたは金属酸化膜をプラズマで窒化する(窒素を組み込む)工程であって、該プラズマが第一のプラズマ密度より高い第二のプラズマ密度を有する、窒化する工程と、を含む。一部の実施形態では、第二のプラズマ密度は、第一のプラズマ密度よりも1.1倍〜3倍(例えば、1.3倍〜2倍)高い。
一部の実施形態では、窒素を添加したシリコンまたは金属酸化膜は、同一の前駆体を用いて堆積させた一体的なシリコンまたは金属酸化膜を指し、少なくともその一部は、SiONまたはMONとして表された窒素を添加したシリコンまたは金属酸化物で構成されたシリコンまたは金属酸窒化物に変換され、ここにおいて、窒素の含有量は少なくとも1原子%であるが、酸素の含有量より少なく、例えば2原子%〜30原子%の範囲、典型的には5原子%〜20原子%の範囲、例示的には約10原子%(±3原子%)である。例えば、底層(または界面層)、上層、および/または底層と上層との間の少なくとも一つの層は、SiONまたはMONによって構成される。一部の実施形態では、シリコンまたは金属酸化膜全体は、SiONまたはMONによって構成される。
プラズマは、高い自由電子含有量(約50%)を持つ部分的にイオン化されたガスである。プラズマの衝撃は、イオンのプラズマ密度または運動エネルギーによって表すことができる。プラズマ密度はまた、「電子密度」または「イオン飽和電流密度」とも呼ばれ、単位体積当たりの自由電子の数を指す。反応空間内のプラズマ密度は、ラングミュアプローブ(例えば、LMPシリーズ)を使用して測定でき、プローブ方法(例えば、非特許文献1(この開示は参照によりその全体が本明細書に組み込まれる))を使用して判定できる。プラズマ密度は、主に圧力およびRF電力を調整することによって調節することができる(圧力をより低くかつ電力をより高くすると、プラズマ密度がより高くなる)。また、プラズマ密度は、イオンが追従するより低周波のセットでDCバイアス電圧またはAC電圧を印加することによって調節することもできる(<1Mhz)。プラズマ発生ガス(前駆体および反応物質が考慮されない)を用いてプラズマを生成するための条件、例えばRF電力以外で、温度および圧力およびプラズマ発生ガスのタイプなど、が実質的に工程(i)および工程(ii)に同一の場合、どちらのプラズマがもう一方よりも高いプラズマ密度を持つか判定するときに、プラズマ密度はプラズマ発生ガスに印加されるRF電力によって表され得る。
一部の実施形態では、プラズマは容量結合プラズマ(CCP)である。しかしながら、代替的または追加的に、窒素源ガスがプラズマに曝露された時に、窒素ラジカルおよび窒素イオンなどを生成することができる、遠隔プラズマ、または誘導結合プラズマ(ICP)、電子サイクロトロン共鳴プラズマ(ECP)、およびヘリコン波プラズマ(HWP)などの他のプラズマを使用することができる。上記のようなプラズマのタイプが堆積工程と窒化工程との間で異なる場合、それぞれの工程に異なる反応チャンバーが使用されてもよい。例示的なプラズマ発生ガスは、Ar、He、Kr、およびそれらの任意の組み合わせなどの希ガスである。
シリコンまたは金属(例えば、Mg、Al、Si、Ti、Ge、Zr、Ru、Hf、またはTa)を含有する前駆体として、酸化膜を形成することができる任意の前駆体を使用することができる。例えば、BDEAS(ビスジエチルアミノシラン)、3DMAS(トリス(ジメチルアミノ)シラン)などの有機アミノシラン、TiCl4などの金属ハロゲン化物、TDMAT(テトラキス(ジメチルアミノ)チタン)およびTDMAGe(テトラキス(ジメチルアミノ)ゲルマン)などの金属アミド類、またはRu(EtCp)2(bが(エチルシクロペンタジエニル)ルテニウム)などの金属有機化合物が、単一でまたは前述の二つ以上の任意の組み合わせにおいて、好適に使用され得る。キャリアガスおよび希釈ガスのそれぞれとして、Ar、He、またはこれに類するものが、単一でまたは前述の二つ以上の任意の組み合わせで好適に使用され得る。一部の実施形態では、キャリアガスは、工程(i)を通して(および、一部の実施形態ではさらに工程(ii)を通して)、反応空間に連続的に供給される。一部の実施形態では、プラズマ増強原子層堆積(PEALD)では、前駆体供給サイクルの持続時間は、0.1秒〜2.0秒、例えば0.5秒〜1.0秒の範囲である。
一部の実施形態では、方法は、工程(i)の前に、(ii’)いかなる前駆体も使用せず、窒化ガスを使用して前記基材の表面をプラズマで窒化することをさらに備える。上述のように、基材界面がシリコンによって構成される場合、表面は窒化シリコンになり、ここで、SiO膜は工程(i)で堆積され、その後工程(ii)がSiO膜を窒化し、Si/SiON/SiO/SiONの層構造を形成することができる。少量の窒素が基材界面上に存在する場合(軽度の界面窒化)、膜の電気的特性が改善され、さらにSiO膜の接着性が改善され得る。
一部の実施形態では、工程(ii’)および工程(ii)の窒化のタイミングおよび/または繰り返し頻度は、基材界面上で、工程(i)の間の任意の所与の点で(すなわち、SiO膜の厚さ方向における任意の所与の位置において、例えば、SiO膜の任意の単層間)、および/またはSiO膜の上で、窒化を実施する方法で制御されることができ、そしてまた、SiO膜に取り込まれる窒素の量も制御されることができ、それによってプロセスの複雑さなしに、所望に応じて層構造を仕立てることができる。上記実施形態を実現するために、一部の実施形態では、シリコンまたは金属酸化膜を、所望の位置でシリコンまたは金属酸窒化膜に変換することによって、窒素を添加したシリコンまたは金属酸化膜を形成する方法が提供され、この方法は、(a)窒素を添加したシリコンまたは金属酸化膜の層構造を設計する工程であって、この層構造が、シリコンまたは金属酸化膜によって構成される層Aと、シリコンまたは金属酸窒化膜によって構成される層Bとによって構成される、設計する工程、(b)設計に従って、層Aに対して、シリコンまたは金属および酸化ガスを含有する前駆体を使用して基材上にシリコンまたは金属酸化膜をプラズマで堆積させる工程であって、該プラズマが第一のプラズマ密度を有する、堆積させる工程、および、(c)設計に従って、層Bに対して、シリコンまたは金属酸化膜をシリコンまたは金属酸窒化膜に変換する方法で、いかなる前駆体も使用せず、窒化ガスを使用してシリコンまたは金属酸化膜をプラズマで窒化する工程であって、該プラズマが第一のプラズマ密度よりも高い第二のプラズマ密度を有する、窒化する工程、を備える。一部の実施形態では、窒素を添加したシリコンまたは金属酸化膜が、層Aの複数層および層Bの複数層によって交互に層状に構成されている。一部の実施形態では、層Aの合計厚さと層Bの合計厚さの比は、0/100〜99/1(例えば、20/80、30/70、40/50、50/50、およびその間の任意の比)である。一部の実施形態では、層B(SiONの層)の厚さは、0.1nm〜2nmであり、例示的には約1nmである。したがって、例えば、工程(b)で約1nmの厚さを有するSiO膜の各堆積後の工程(c)の窒化を実施することによって、SiONによって完全に構成される層構造を形成することができる。別の方法として、例えば、工程(b)において約2nmの厚さを有するSiO膜の各堆積後の工程(c)の窒化を実施することによって、プロセスの複雑さなしに、SiO層およびSiON層で構成されるストライプパターンによって構成される層構造。一部の実施形態では、工程(c)は、標的層構造に応じて、工程(b)でのPEALDの毎1〜100サイクル(例えば、2〜30サイクル)の後に繰り返し実施される。
一部の実施形態では、工程(i)では、シリコンまたは金属酸化膜はPEALDによって堆積される。したがって、共形のSiO膜を、パターン化された凹部または基材の段(例えば、トレンチ)で堆積することができる。同じ構造は、凹部と呼ばれることができ、そしてまた段とも呼ばれることができ、ここでは構造が底面に関する段である一方で、構造が上面に関する凹部である。本開示では、トレンチ、ビア孔、その他任意の凹部が「凹部」と呼ばれる。一部の実施形態では、パターンが凹部または段によって構成される。一部の実施形態では、凹部は幅10〜50nm(通常は15〜30nm)、深さ30〜200nm(通常は50〜150nm)、およびアスペクト比3〜20(通常は3〜10)を持つ。一部の実施形態では、酸化膜は、80%〜100%(通常は約90%以上)の共形性を有し、この「共形性」は、側壁上の、または凹部の底部上のある点(典型的には中間点)で堆積させた膜厚を、凹部のすぐ外側の平らな表面上に堆積させた膜厚と比較することによって判定される。
一部の実施形態では、PEALDにおいて、酸化ガスは酸素および窒素の両方を含み、例示的な酸化ガスはNO、NO、NH+O、およびN+Oを含むが、これに限定されない。別の方法として、一部の実施形態では、PEALDにおいて、酸化ガスは、酸素を含み窒素は含まず、および例示的な酸化ガスは、O2、などを含むが、これに限定されない。
一部の実施形態では、PEALDにおいて、工程(i)で、プラズマは、RF電力を電極に印加することにより生成される容量結合プラズマ(CCP)であり、ここにおいて、RF電力の持続時間はPEALDの各サイクルで、2.0秒以下(例えば、0.1秒〜1.5秒、または0.5秒〜1.2秒)であり、RF電力の出力は、300mm基材に対して、基材表面の1cmあたり0.28W以下、すなわち200W以下(例えば、35W〜150W、または50W〜100W)で、例えば、(RF電力(W/cm)は300mm基材以外の基材に印加され得る)。比較的低いRF電力を使用することにより、下位膜を酸化することなくSiO膜を堆積させることができ(例えば、工程(ii)で以前に窒化された下位のSiON膜)、および追加的に、SiO膜は、比較的容易に窒化できる特徴とともに提供することができ(すなわち、窒素はSiO膜に比較的簡単に取り込まれる)、これは例えば、SiO膜の比較的低い高密度に存在してもよい。同様の理由から、一部の実施形態では、RF電力の印加パルスは2.0秒以下(例えば、0.3〜1.0秒、または0.1〜0.5秒)の持続時間を持つ。一部の実施形態では、RF電力は200kHz〜600MHz、例示的には13.56MHzである。一部の実施形態では、誘導結合プラズマ(ICP)または遠隔プラズマ(PR)は、CCPの代わりに使用できる。
一部の実施形態では、工程(ii)のプロセス温度は、50℃〜500℃、例えば300℃〜400℃の範囲であり、工程(ii)のプロセス圧力は、200Pa〜2000Pa、例えば、300Pa〜400Paの範囲であり、工程(i)のプロセス温度は、50℃〜500℃、例えば300℃〜400℃の範囲であり、工程(i)のプロセス圧力は、200Pa〜2000Pa、例えば、300Pa〜400Paの範囲である。
一部の実施形態では、工程(i)では、酸化ガスの流量は、500sccm〜4,000sccm、例えば1,000sccm〜3,000sccmの範囲であり、およびキャリアガスの流量は、500sccm〜4,000sccmの範囲であり、例示的には約2,000sccmである。
一部の実施形態では、工程(ii)では、プラズマはRF電力を電極に印加することによって生成され、ここにおいてRF電力の出力は、例えば、SiO膜の窒化を効果的に達成できるように、300mmの基材に対して、基材表面の1cmあたり0.42W以上であり、すなわち300W以上(例えば、300W〜400W)である。一部の実施形態では、工程(ii)で使用されるRF電力は、連続的であるか、または代替的に、断続的(パルスされる)である。一部の実施形態では、工程(ii)でRF電力は200kHz〜600MHzであり、例示的には工程(i)と同じである13.56MHzである。
一部の実施形態では、高い生産性で、および工程(i)と工程(ii)との間で不要な粒子汚染を被ることなく、または空気に曝露されるときに不要な酸化を伴わないで、工程(i)および工程(ii)を連続的に行うことができるように、工程(i)および工程(ii)は、工程(i)および工程(ii)を通して不活性ガスが供給される、同一の反応空間または異なる反応空間で実施される。不活性ガスは、工程(i)および(ii)におけるプラズマ発生ガスとして機能し、また工程(ii)では、酸化膜の窒化のためのみでなく、酸化膜を窒素取り込み酸化膜に変換するために窒素を酸化膜に効果的に取り込むためにも、不活性ガスの使用は、不活性ガスのプラズマに曝露されたときに、窒化ガスからより容易に分離するための窒素イオンを作るのに効果的である。一部の実施形態では、工程(ii)では、窒化ガス対不活性ガスの流量比は、1/99以上、例えば10/90から50/50までである。窒化ガス対不活性ガスの流量比は、窒素のイオン化を容易にすることを制御するパラメータである。一部の実施形態では、窒化ガスはN、NH、またはN+Hである。一部の実施形態では、窒化ガスの流量は、500sccm〜4000sccm、例えば1000sccm〜3000sccmの範囲であり、および不活性ガス(希ガスなど)の流量は、500sccm〜4000sccmの範囲であり、例示的には約2000sccmである。
一部の実施形態では、工程(ii)でのプロセス温度は、50°C〜500°C、例えば300°C〜400°Cの範囲であり、工程(ii)でのプロセス圧力は、200Pa〜2000Pa、例えば、300Pa〜400Paの範囲であり、工程(ii)での持続時間は、60秒〜600秒、例えば60秒〜180秒の範囲である。一部の実施形態では、プロセス温度およびプロセス圧力は、工程(i)および(ii)で同じ方法で制御される。
一部の実施形態では、上述の原理に従い、B、C、Al、P、S、Ga、およびAsなどの窒素以外の元素もまた、シリコンまたは金属酸化膜に取り込まれるが、この実施形態は、元素X取り込みシリコンまたは金属酸化膜を形成する方法を含み、この方法が、(i)シリコンまたは金属および酸化ガスを含有する前駆体を使用して、基材上にシリコンまたは金属酸化膜をプラズマで堆積させる工程であって、該プラズマが第一のプラズマ密度を有する、堆積させる工程、および、(ii)堆積用のいかなる前駆体も使用することなく、プラズマによって元素X含有ガスを励起し、元素Xをシリコンまたは金属酸化膜に添加する工程であって、該プラズマが第一のプラズマ密度よりも高い第二のプラズマ密度を有する、組み込む工程を備える。元素Xは、窒素を添加するのと同様の方法で添加することができるため、当業者は、本開示を考慮して、日常的な実験の問題として、本明細書において特定されていない条件および/または構造を容易に提供できる。
本発明の別の態様では、一部の実施形態は、酸素を添加したシリコンまたは金属窒化膜を形成する方法を提供し、この方法は、(I)シリコンまたは金属および窒化ガスを含む前駆体を使用して、基材上にプラズマで、シリコンまたは金属窒化膜を堆積させる工程で、該プラズマが第一のプラズマ密度を有する、堆積させる工程と、(II)いかなる前駆体も使用せずに、酸化ガスを用いてシリコンまたは金属窒化膜をプラズマで酸化する工程で、該プラズマが第一のプラズマ密度より低い第二のプラズマ密度を有する、酸化する工程とを備える。本開示に記載される窒素を添加したシリコンまたは金属酸化膜の代わりに、酸素を添加したシリコンまたは金属窒化膜を形成することは、後者と実質的に類似した方法で行うことができ、当業者は、本開示を考慮して、日常的な実験の問題として、前者を行うための条件および/または構造を容易に提供できる。
本発明を、図面に示す実施形態を参照しながら詳細に説明する。しかし、実施形態に本発明を限定する意図はない。
図7は、一実施形態による窒素を添加したシリコン酸化膜の形成の概略プロセスシーケンスを図示したものであり、各縦列の幅は必ずしも実際の時間長を表しておらず、各行の線の上昇レベルはオン状態を表し、一方各行の線の底部レベルはオフ状態を表す。この実施形態では、酸化膜堆積工程および窒化工程は、PEDALD装置の同一の反応チャンバーで実施される。例示された酸化膜堆積工程は、1サイクルのPEALDを示し、これは原理的に単層の形成に対応し、またサイクルは、窒化工程に移動する前に所望の膜厚が得られるまで繰り返され得る。この実施形態では、キャリアガスおよび希釈ガスは、酸化膜堆積工程および窒化工程を通して反応空間に連続的に供給される。酸化ガスは工程(i)を通してのみ反応空間に連続的に供給されるが、窒素源ガスは工程(ii)を通してのみ反応空間に連続的に供給され、ここで酸化膜堆積工程と窒化工程との間の移行期間(ガス変化工程)の間は、酸化ガスの流れはゼロまで減少し、一方、窒素源ガスの流れはゼロから増大する。前駆体は、パルスでのみ供給され、その後、堆積サイクルごとにRF電力印加のパルスが続く。この実施形態では、キャリアガスおよび/または希釈ガスは、プラズマ発生ガスおよびパージガスとしても機能する。窒化工程では、RF電力は、いかなる前駆体も供給することなく印加される。
この実施形態では、酸化膜堆積工程および窒化工程は同一の反応チャンバーにおいて実施されるが、これらの工程は異なる反応チャンバーで連続的に実施されてもよく、また同じ反応チャンバーまたは異なる反応チャンバーが使用されるか否かに関わらず、プラズマ発生ガス(例えば、希ガス)は、酸化膜堆積工程および窒化工程において同じまたは異なるものとすることができる。例えば、酸化膜堆積工程では、Arは窒化工程で使用される一方、Heはプラズマ発生ガスとして使用される。
図8は、本発明の一実施形態による、シリコン酸化膜の窒化の概略プロセスシーケンスと組み合わせたシリコン酸化膜の堆積の概略プロセスシーケンスを示すが、灰色のセルは、オン状態(暗い灰色はより高い強度を表す)を表し、一方白色のセルは、オフ状態を表し、各列の幅は各々のプロセスの持続時間を表していない。この概略的なプロセスシーケンスは、図7に示すものに対応する。この実施形態では、酸化膜堆積工程は、反応空間内のガスの流れを安定化させるために、キャリアガス/希釈ガスおよび酸化ガスが反応空間に供給される「安定」(安定化)と、前駆体が、基材の表面上に前駆体を吸収させるために、キャリアガス/希釈ガスおよび酸化ガスを供給する間に、前駆体が反応空間に供給される、「供給」(0.1〜1.0秒、好ましくは0.2〜0.5秒)と、吸収されない前駆体の除去と反応空間のパージのために前駆体を供給することなく、キャリアガス/希釈ガスおよび酸化ガスが継続して反応空間に供給される「パージ」(0.1〜2.0秒、好ましくは0.3〜1.5秒)と、前駆体を吸収した基材の表面上にプラズマ反応を生じさせるために前駆体を供給することなく、キャリアガス/希釈ガスおよび酸化ガスを継続して供給する間に、RF電力を反応空間に印加して単層を形成する、「堆積」(0.1〜2.0秒、好ましくは0.3秒〜1.5秒)、反応しない成分および副生成物を除去するためにいずれの前駆体も供給することなく、キャリアガス/希釈ガスおよび酸化ガスを継続的に反応空間に供給して、反応空間をパージする、「パージ」(0.05〜1.0秒、好ましくは0.1〜0.5秒)と、を含むPEALD工程である。上記は、PEALDの1サイクルを構成し、サイクルは窒化の目標の厚さに従って一回行われるか、または数百回繰り返される。
上述のプロセスシーケンスでは、前駆体は、連続的に供給されるキャリアガスを使用してパルスで供給される。これは、フローパスシステム(FPS)を使用して達成することができ、キャリアガスラインに前駆体貯留部(ボトル)を有する迂回ラインを設け、主ラインと迂回ラインとを切り替える。キャリアガスのみが反応チャンバーに供給されることが意図される場合、迂回ラインは閉じられ、一方、キャリアガスと前駆体ガスの両方が反応チャンバーに供給されることを意図される場合、主ラインは閉じられ、キャリアガスは迂回ラインを通って流れ、前駆体ガスと共にボトルから流出する。このように、キャリアガスは連続的に反応チャンバー内に流入することができ、主ラインと迂回ラインとを切り替えることによって前駆体ガスをパルス状に運ぶことができる。図1Bは、本発明の実施形態によるフローパスシステム(FPS)を用いる前駆体供給システムを例示する(黒いバルブはバルブが閉じていることを示す)。図1Bの(a)に示すように、前駆体を反応チャンバー(図示せず)に供給する場合、まず、キャリアガス、例えばAr(またはHe)がバルブbおよびcを有するガスラインを通って流れ、そしてボトル(貯留部)30に入る。キャリアガスは、ボトル30内の蒸気圧に応じた量の前駆体ガスを運びながらボトル30から流出し、バルブfおよびeを有するガスラインを通って流れ、そして前駆体と共に反応チャンバーに供給される。上記において、バルブaおよびdは閉じられている。キャリアガス(希ガス)のみを反応チャンバーに供給する場合、図1Bの(b)に示すように、キャリアガスはボトル30を迂回しながらバルブaを有するガスラインを通って流れる。上記において、バルブb、c、d、e、およびfは閉じられている。
酸化膜堆積工程が完了した後、「ガス流」工程が、窒化のため、反応空間内のガスを変化させるために開始され、酸化ガスの減少と窒化ガスの増加のバランスをとりながら、反応空間内の圧力を実質的に維持する方式で、窒素源ガスが流れ始め、その流れが徐々に増加する間、酸化ガスは徐々に0へと減少する一方、キャリアガス/希釈ガスは継続して反応空間に供給される。「ガス流」の後、窒化工程が開始され、これには反応空間内のガス流を安定させるため、キャリアガス/希釈ガスおよび窒化ガスが反応空間に供給される「安定」(安定化)と、酸化膜の露出した表面から酸化膜に窒素を添加するためにいずれの前駆体も供給せずに、キャリアガス/希釈ガスおよび窒化ガスを継続的に反応空間に供給する間、RF電力が反応空間に印加される、「処理」と、反応しない成分および副生成物を除去するためにいずれの前駆体も供給せずに、キャリアガス/希釈ガスおよび窒化ガスを継続的に反応空間に供給して、反応空間をパージする、「パージ」と、を含む。この工程は、酸化膜堆積工程における一つまたは複数のサイクル後に一回実施され、酸化膜堆積工程および窒化工程は、結果として得られる窒素を添加した酸化膜の目標の層構造および目標の厚さに従って一回行われるか、または数十回繰り返される。酸化膜堆積工程における下位層の酸化を効果的に抑制するため、および窒素を酸化膜に効果的に組み込むために、窒化工程中のRF電力(プラズマ密度)は酸化膜堆積工程中のそれよりも高い。結果として得られる酸化膜のウェットエッチング速度が熱酸化膜のそれより少なくとも約2.5倍(例えば、3または4倍)高い程度まで、酸化膜堆積工程中のRF電力は窒化工程のそれより低く、つまり、RF電力が低いため酸化膜の高密度化は不完全となる。
図9は、本発明の一実施形態による、所望の層構造を有する窒素を添加したシリコン酸化膜の形成工程を示すフローチャートである。工程S1では、シリコン酸化(SiO)層によって構成された目標層構造およびシリコン酸窒化(SiON)層が設計されており、例えば、下層(または界面層)、上層、および/または下層と上層との間の少なくとも一つの層がSiONによって構成される。いくつかの実施形態では、SiO層およびSiON層が厚さ方向にスタックされたものから構成されるストライプパターンが形成される。いくつかの実施形態では、シリコン酸化膜全体はSiONによって構成される。工程S1では、図17に図示したものなどの層構造が設計され得る。
図17は、本発明の一実施形態による、SiO層およびSiON層によって構成された層状構造を概略的に図示するものであり、(a)において、SiON層が最上層を構成し、(b)において、SiON層とSiO層とが厚さ方向に交互に積み重なっており、(c)において、SiON層が底層(Si基材と窒素を添加したシリコン酸化膜との間の中間層と称され得る)を構成する。(b)では、SiO層およびSiON層の各厚さを、処理ごとのSiO堆積サイクル(工程S3)数を変化させることによって調節することができる(工程S4)。
工程S1で決定された目標層構造によって、下層(または界面層)がSiONによって構成される場合(下位層がシリコン基材である時)、工程S2が行われ、酸化膜堆積工程(工程S3)の前に、窒化工程が行われて下位層(シリコン基材)を窒化して、次の工程S3が実施された時に酸化の結果としてSiONとなる界面層(下層)を形成する。工程S3では、酸化膜堆積工程は、一つのPEALDによって行われ、一回から数回の堆積サイクルが実施され、工程S3の後、窒化工程が行われる(工程S4)。工程S4は、工程S3の後に一度行われる。その後、工程S1、工程S3およびS4で決定された目標層構造に従って、工程S5で繰り返される。工程S3およびS4は、一回以上行われる(例えば、数十回など)。
いくつかの実施形態では、シリコン酸化膜堆積サイクルは、以下に指定する条件下でPEALDによって実施される:
A)酸化ガスは、NO、NO、NH+O、および/またはN+Oなどの窒素を含有する。いくつかの実施形態では、酸化ガスは窒素を含まずにOなどの酸素を含有する。
B)前駆体のためのキャリアガスは、Ar、He、Kr、および/またはNなどの不活性ガスである。
C)SiO層を堆積するためのプラズマパルスの持続時間は2.0秒以下のように短い。
D)SiO層を堆積するためのRF電力は、200W以下(300mmウエハの場合)のように低い。
いくつかの実施形態では、シリコン酸化膜の窒化を以下に指定する条件下で行う。
E)窒化は、堆積工程の前、間、および/または後に実施される。
F)N、NH、および/またはN+Hなどの窒素を含有するガスが使用される。
G)窒素含有ガスは、Ar、He、またはArとHeの組み合わせと混合することによって使用される。
H)窒素含有ガス対混合ガスの流量比は、1/100から50/100まで(1%から50%まで)である。
I)窒化のためのRF電力は少なくとも300W(300mmウエハの場合)である。
J)前駆体は使用されない。
堆積のためのプラズマは、例えば、堆積サイクルを通して連続的に流れる不活性ガス雰囲気中で、in situで生成されてもよい。他の実施形態では、プラズマは遠隔で生成され、反応チャンバーに提供されてもよい。遠隔プラズマが直接プラズマ(例えば、CCP)の代わりに使用される場合、遠隔プラズマユニットは30W〜8kWの電力を使用して窒化工程を行うことができる。
例えば図1Aに示す装置を含む任意の好適な装置を用いてプロセスサイクルを行うことができる。図1Aは、本発明のいくつかの実施形態で使用可能な、以下に記載のシーケンスを実行するようにプログラムされた制御装置と望ましくは一体化したガスパルスPECVD装置の概略図である。この図において、反応チャンバー3の内部11(反応領域)に一対の導電性平板電極4、2を互いに平行に対向させて設け、一方の側にHRF電力(13.56MHz又は27MHz)20を印加し、他方の側12を電気的に接地することにより、プラズマが電極間で励起される。下部ステージ2(下部電極)には温度調節器が設けられており、その上に配置された基材1の温度は所定の温度で一定に保持される。上部電極4はシャワープレートとしても機能し、反応物質ガス(及び希ガス)並びに前駆体ガスはそれぞれガスライン21及びガスライン22を通って、そしてシャワープレート4を通って反応チャンバー3に導入される。更に、反応チャンバー3内には、排気ライン7を有する円形ダクト13が設けられており、これを通って反応チャンバー3の内部11内のガスが排気される。さらに、希釈ガスは、ガス管23を通して反応チャンバー3に導入される。更に、反応チャンバー3の下方に配置された搬送チャンバー5には、搬送チャンバー5の内部16(移送区域)を介して反応チャンバー3の内部11内にシールガスを導入するためのシールガス管24が設けられている。反応区域と搬送区域とを分離するための分離プレート14が設けられている(ウエハを搬送チャンバー5に搬入及び搬送チャンバー5から搬出するのに通過するゲートバルブはこの図から省略されている)。搬送チャンバーには排気管6も設けられている。いくつかの実施形態では、多元素膜の堆積及び表面処理は同じ反応空間内で行われるため、基材を空気又は他の酸素含有雰囲気に曝すことなく全ての工程を連続的に実施することができる。いくつかの実施形態では、ガスを励起するために遠隔プラズマ装置を使用することができる。
当業者は、本装置が、本明細書の他の箇所に記載された堆積プロセス及び反応器洗浄プロセスを実行させるようにプログラムされた又はそうでなければ構成された一つまたは複数の制御装置(図示せず)を備えることを理解するであろう。当業者には理解されるように、制御装置は、様々な電源、加熱システム、ポンプ、ロボット、及びガスフロー制御装置又は反応器のバルブと通信している。
いくつかの実施形態では、図1Aに示す装置において、(前述の)図1Bに例示する不活性ガスの流れと前駆体ガスの流れとを切り替えるシステムを用いて、反応チャンバーの圧力を実質的に変動させることなく前駆体ガスをパルス状に導入することができる。
いくつかの実施形態では、デュアルチャンバー反応器(互いに近接して配置されたウエハを処理するための二つの区域又は区画)を使用することができ、反応物質ガス及び希ガスを共有ラインを介して供給することができるのに対して、前駆体ガスは非共有ラインを介して供給される。
いくつかの実施形態では、酸化膜に取り込まれた窒素の場所だけでなく、取り込まれた窒素の量を調節することもできる。取り込まれた窒素の量は、例えば、窒化工程の持続時間、反応空間に印加されるRF電力、反応空間に供給される窒素源の窒素濃度、および/または窒化工程の間の反応空間内のプロセス圧力を調節することによって調節できる。
本発明の別の態様では、技術はシリコンまたは金属窒化膜に適用され、酸素をシリコン/金属窒化膜に添加することができる。いくつかの実施形態では、シリコン窒化膜の堆積サイクルは、以下に指定する条件下でPEALDによって実施される:
A)N、NH、および/またはN+Hなどの窒素を含有するガスが使用される。
B)前駆体のためのキャリアガスは、Ar、He、Kr、および/またはNなどの不活性ガスである。
C)SiN層を堆積するためのRF電力は少なくとも100W(300mmウエハの場合)である。
いくつかの実施形態では、シリコン窒化膜の酸化を以下に指定する条件下で行う。
D)酸化は、堆積工程の前、間、および/または後に実施される。
E)酸化ガスは、NO、NO、NH+O、および/またはN+Oなどの窒素を含有する。いくつかの実施形態では、酸化ガスは窒素を含まずにOなどの酸素を含有する。
F)酸化ガスは、それをAr、He、Kr、および/またはNと混合することによって使用される。
G)酸化ガスと混合ガスの流量比は、1/100から50/100まで(1%から50%まで)である。
H)SiN層を処理するためのプラズマパルスの持続時間は2.0秒以下と短い。
I)酸化のためのRF電力は200W以下(300mmウエハの場合)である。
J)前駆体は使用されない。
本発明を、以下の実施例を参照しながらさらに説明する。しかし、実施例に本発明を限定する意図はない。条件および/または構造が特定されていない例では、当業者は、定常的な実験として、本開示を考慮して、このような条件および/または構造を容易に提示することができる。また、特定の例に適用される数字は、一部の実施形態では少なくとも±50%の範囲で修正でき、数値はおおよそのものである。
実施例
参考例1
「酸化膜堆積工程」(「窒化工程」なしで)として図7に示されるシーケンスに基づいて、図1A及び1Bに示すPEALDを用いてRF電力を変化させることにより、以下に記載の条件の下、SiO膜はそれぞれPEALDによってSi基材(直径300mm)上に堆積された。
堆積条件:RF時間:1.0秒;RF電力(13.56Mhz):変化、図2を参照;圧力:333Pa;サセプタ温度:390℃;前駆体:BDEAS;キャリアガス:He(2.15slm);希釈ガス:He(1.05slm);酸化ガス(反応物質):NO(0.8slm);サイクル数:600(結果として得られる膜の厚さ:40nm)。
各基材を反応チャンバーから取り出した後、各膜のウェットエッチング速度を、DHF(100:1)を使用して1分間測定した。図2は、熱酸化膜のウェットエッチング速度に対する、シリコン酸化膜のウェットエッチング速度(「WER Tox比」)と、シリコン酸化膜を堆積するために使用されるRF電力(高周波)(「HRF」)との間の関係を示すグラフである。図2から分かるように、RF電力が500W以上である場合、熱酸化膜のウェットエッチング速度に対するシリコン酸化膜のウェットエッチング速度(「WERR」)は約2.0であり、RF電力が200W以下である場合、WERRは約4.0以上であった。これは、RF電力が200W以下である場合、下位層の酸化が抑制される場合があるが、シリコン酸化膜のWERRが高すぎる、すなわち、膜品質は不満足になる、ということを示す。
比較例1
RF電力が100Wであることを除いて、参考例1と同じ方法で、100nmの深さ、30nmの幅、および45nmのピッチを有するトレンチを有するSi基材(直径300mm)上に、PEALDによってSiO膜を堆積させた。
各基材を反応チャンバーから取り出した後、ウェットエッチングをDHF(200:1)を使用して1分間行った。図3は、トレンチに堆積されたシリコン酸化膜(「堆積された状態」)を示し、写真にスーパーインポーズされた正方形に囲まれたウェットエッチング後のシリコン酸化膜(「ウェットエッチング後」)を示す、断面図のSTEM(走査透過電子顕微鏡)写真を示す。図3から分かるように、シリコン酸化膜が堆積された時に、その共形性は高く(約98%)、ウェットエッチング後、トレンチの側壁上に堆積した膜の部分はほぼ完全に除去された。これは、上表面に堆積された膜の一部が良好なWERRを有し得、トレンチの側壁上に堆積された膜の部分は顕著に高いWERRを有することを意味する。これは従来的なシリコン酸化膜の第二の問題である(第一の問題は下位層の酸化である)。
実施例1および比較例2
実施例1において、図8および9に示されるシーケンスに基づいて、図1Aおよび1Bに示したPEALD装置を使用して、以下の表1に示す条件下で、窒素を添加したSiO膜をPEALDによりSi基材(直径300mm)上に形成させた。
比較例2として、窒化工程を行わない以外は実施例1と同じ条件下で、PEALDによってシリコン酸化膜をSi基材(直径300mm)上に堆積させた。
各基材を反応チャンバーから取り出した後、全4サイクルでの1サイクルとして、ウェットエッチングをDHF(100:1)を使用して1分間行った。図4は、熱酸化膜のウェットエッチング速度(「WERR[/TOX]」)に対するシリコン酸化膜(比較例2)のウェットエッチング速度(「WERR[/TOX]」)と、シリコン酸化膜に適用されたウェットエッチングサイクルの数(「ウェットエッチングサイクル」)との関係を、‐◆‐(「堆積のみ」)で示すグラフと、熱酸化膜のウェットエッチング速度(「WERR[/TOX]」)に対する窒素を添加したシリコン酸化膜(実施例1)のウェットエッチング速度(「WERR[/TOX]」)と、シリコン酸化膜に適用されたウェットエッチングサイクルの数(「ウェットエッチングサイクル」)との関係を、‐▲‐(「処理済」)で示すグラフとを示す。図4から分かるように、窒素を添加したシリコン酸化膜は、熱酸化膜のものと実質的に同等な、驚くほど改善されたウェットエッチング耐性を示すが、窒素が添加されていないシリコン酸化膜は、高いウェットエッチング率、すなわち、貧弱なウェットエッチング耐性を示す。さらに、図4は、ウェットエッチングの4サイクル後でも、WERRが依然として低いことから、窒素はシリコン酸化膜の表面上に取り込まれるだけでなく、表面を通して取り込まれ、深さの中心まで達することを示している。
また、実施例1の窒素を添加したシリコン酸化膜は他の分析に供された。図16は、633nm(「RI@633nm」)での屈折率の変化、および窒素を添加したシリコン酸化膜の応力(「応力[MPa]」)の経時的な(「経過時間[dd:hh:mm])変化を示すグラフである。図16に示されるように、膜のRIおよび応力は変化せず、雰囲気空気に2.5日にわたって曝露しても実質的に安定しており、雰囲気空気に7日にわたって曝露(図示せず)しても、実質的に安定していた。この技術によって得られた窒素を添加したシリコン酸化膜は、高度に安定した膜であった。
実施例2
サイクル数(堆積+窒化)が実施例1の20の代わりに5であることを除いて、実施例1と同様の方法で、110nmの深さ、30nmの幅、および60nmのピッチを有するトレンチを有するSi基材(直径300mm)上に、PEALDによって窒素を添加した酸化膜を形成した。
各基材を反応チャンバーから取り出した後、ウェットエッチングをDHF(200:1)を使用して1分間行った。図5は、トレンチに堆積された窒素を添加したシリコン酸化膜(「堆積された状態」)を示し、写真にスーパーインポーズされた、正方形に囲まれたウェットエッチング後の窒素を添加したシリコン酸化膜(「ウェットエッチング後」)を示す、断面図のSTEM写真を示す。図5から分かるように、窒素を添加した酸化膜が堆積された時、その共形性は高く(約99%)、ウェットエッチング後、驚くべきことに、高い共形性が実質的に維持され(約97%)、すなわち、トレンチの側壁上に堆積した膜の部分はほぼ除去されなかった。図3と比較すると、その差は顕著である。これは、最上面に堆積された膜の一部だけでなく、トレンチの側壁上に堆積された膜の部分についても、膜の品質を改善し得ることを意味する。
図6は、図5におけるものと類似したSTEM写真の拡大部分図を示し、堆積した窒素を添加したシリコン酸化膜の層構造を示している(「堆積された状態」)。濃い灰色で示されている酸窒化ケイ素の5層があることを確認することができる。
実施例3
以下の表2に示す条件下で、実施例1に似た方法で、PEALDによってSi基材(直径300mm)上のRF電力を変化させることによって、窒素を添加したシリコン酸化膜が形成された。
各基材を反応チャンバーから取り出した後、633nmの波長を有する光を使用してR.I.(屈折率)を測定した。図10は、窒素を添加したシリコン酸化膜のRI(「R.I.@633nm」)と、シリコン酸化膜を堆積するためのRF電力(「堆積RF電力」)との間の関係を示すグラフである。図10から分かるように、窒素を添加したシリコン酸化膜を200W以下のRF出力を用いて堆積させたとき、結果として得られる窒素を添加したシリコン酸化膜のR.I.は、1.500超であり、すなわち300W以上のRF電力で形成された窒素を添加したシリコン酸化膜よりも多くのSi‐N結合を含み、これはシリコン酸化膜を堆積させるためのRF電力が200W以下であるとき、窒素がシリコン酸化膜によりスムーズに取り込まれることを示す。
実施例4および比較例3
実施例4において、窒素を添加したシリコン酸化膜は、実施例1と同様の方法でPEALDによってSi基材(直径300mm)上に形成された。比較例3として、窒化工程を行わない以外は実施例4と同じ条件下で、PEALDによってシリコン酸化膜をSi基材(直径300mm)上に堆積させた。得られた窒素を添加したシリコン酸化膜は、フーリエ変換赤外線(FT‐IR)スペクトル解析に供された。図11は、実施例4による窒素を添加したシリコン酸化膜(「a:処理済」)のフーリエ変換赤外(FT‐IR)スペクトル、および実施例3によるシリコン酸化膜(「b:堆積のみ」)のフーリエ変換赤外(FT‐IR)スペクトルである。図11に示されるように、処理していない膜(「b:堆積のみ」)は、1065cm−1のピーク(Si‐O伸長振動)および810cm−1のピーク(Si‐O変角振動)を示し、この膜が実際にシリコン酸化膜であることを示す。処理された膜(「a:処理済」)は、波数シフトを示し、例えば1065cm−1のピークなどのより広いスペクトル(Si‐O伸長振動)は下方波数にシフトし、Si−N結合などの新しい結合(これがSiN膜であった場合、880cm−1のピークが観察される)が形成され(部分的にSi‐O結合を置換する)、Si‐O結合に起因するピークおよび新しい結合に起因するピークがスーパーインポーズされたことを示している。上述のとおり、窒素が処理により膜に取り込まれたことを示している。
実施例5および比較例4
実施例5において、窒素を添加したシリコン酸化膜は、実施例4と同じ方法でPLEADによってSi基材(直径300mm)上に形成され、サイクル数(堆積+窒化)は、実施例4の20の代わりに50であり、また結果として得られる膜厚は実施例4の約33nmの代わりに約80nmであった。比較例4として、窒化工程を行わない以外は実施例5と同じ条件下で、PEALDによってシリコン酸化膜をSi基材(直径300mm)上に堆積させた。結果として得られた窒素を添加したシリコン酸化膜は、X線光電子分光法(XPS)解析に供された。図13は、実施例5による、膜の深さ方向における、窒素を添加したシリコン酸化膜(「処理済」)のX線光電子分光法(XPS)の分析結果、および比較例4による、膜の深さ方向におけるシリコン酸化膜(「堆積のみ」)のX線光電子分光法(XPS)の分析結果である。図13に示されるように、窒素を添加したシリコン酸化膜(「処理済み」)において、窒素は膜および置換された酸素を通して実質的に均一に取り込まれ、すなわち、Si‐N結合は置換反応によって部分的にSi‐Oを置換した(膜は窒素の10.6原子%を含有)。
実施例6および比較例5
実施例6において、窒素を添加したシリコン酸化膜は、窒化処理での希釈ガスとしてArの代わりにHeが用いられた他は実施例4と同じ方法でPLEADによってSi基材(直径300mm)上に形成され、また結果として得られた膜厚は実施例4の約33nmの代わりに約32nmであった。比較例4として、窒化工程を行わない以外は実施例6と同じ条件下で、PEALDによってシリコン酸化膜をSi基材(直径300mm)上に堆積させた。得られた窒素を添加したシリコン酸化膜は、フーリエ変換赤外線(FT‐IR)スペクトル解析に供された。図12は、実施例6による窒素を添加したシリコン酸化膜(「a:処理済」)のフーリエ変換赤外(FT‐IR)スペクトル、および実施例5によるシリコン酸化膜(「b:堆積のみ」)のフーリエ変換赤外(FT‐IR)スペクトルである。図12に示されるように、図11と類似し、未処理の膜(「b:堆積のみ」)は、1065cm−1のピーク(Si‐O伸長振動)および810cm−1のピーク(Si‐O変角振動)を示し、この膜が実際にシリコン酸化膜であることを示す。処理済の膜(「a:処理済」)は、波数シフトを示し、例えば1065cm−1のピークなどより広いスペクトル(Si‐O伸長振動)は下方波数にシフトし、810cm−1のピーク(Si‐O変角振動)は消失し、窒素が処理により膜に取り込まれたことを示す。
実施例7および比較例6
実施例7において、窒素を添加したシリコン酸化膜は、堆積サイクルのサイクル数が実施例6の30の代わりに600であった以外は実施例6と同じ方法で、PLEADによってSi基材(直径300mm)上に形成され、サイクル数(堆積+窒化)は、実施例6の20の代わりに1であり、また結果として得られる膜厚は実施例6の約33nmの代わりに約35nmであった。比較例6として、窒化工程を行わない以外は実施例7と同じ条件下で、PEALDによってシリコン酸化膜をSi基材(直径300mm)上に堆積させた。得られた窒素を添加したシリコン酸化膜は、フーリエ変換赤外線(FT‐IR)スペクトル解析に供された。図14は、実施例7による窒素を添加したシリコン酸化膜(「a:処理済」)のフーリエ変換赤外(FT‐IR)スペクトル、および実施例6によるシリコン酸化膜(「b:堆積のみ」)のフーリエ変換赤外(FT‐IR)スペクトルである。図14に示すように、図11に類似して、窒化処理が堆積サイクル後に一回のみ実施された場合でも、処理済の膜(「a:処理済」は波数シフトを示し、例えば1065cm−1のピークなどより広範なスペクトル(Si‐O伸長振動、このスペクトルにおいて、ピークは1062.2cm−1で測定された)が下方波数(1060.0cm−1)にシフトし、窒素が処理により膜に取り込まれたことを示す。
膜はまた、その特性を決定するために他の分析に供された。結果を下記表3に示す。
表3に示すように、窒素が上層(シリコン酸窒化層に変換された)のみに取り込まれた場合でも、膜特性は著しく改善され、特にウェットエッチング速度(「WERR」)およびリーク電流が著しく改善された。窒素の添加により、R.I.およびFT‐IRピークはわずかに変化した。
図15は、実施例7による、熱酸化膜に対するウェットエッチング速度(「WERR[/TOX]」)、および窒素を添加したシリコン膜(「a:処理済」)のウェットエッチングサイクル数(「ウェットエッチングサイクル[回]」)、および比較例6によるシリコン酸化膜(「b:堆積のみ」)のウェットエッチングサイクル数(「ウェットエッチングサイクル[回]」)の関係を示すグラフである。図15に示すように、第一のウェットエッチングサイクルに供された、窒素を添加したシリコン酸化膜(「処理済」)の最上層は、1.0未満の顕著に低いウェットエッチング速度を呈し、窒素が表面に浸透し、最上層に効果的に取り込まれたことを示す。しかしながら、第二および第三のウェットエッチングサイクルでは、膜のウェットエッチング速度は、窒素が表面領域のみに浸透し、第一のウェットエッチングサイクルによって除去された膜の最上層に取り込まれるため、未処理の膜(「堆積のみ」)と同程度に高いウェットエッチング速度を呈した。
本明細書に開示される技術によれば、シリコン酸窒化層は、例えば、上表面のみ、界面領域(底部)のみ、ストライプパターンで、層を通じて実質的に均一に、など任意の所望の位置で形成することができる。
当業者であれば、本発明の精神から逸脱することなく、多くの様々な変更が可能であることを理解するであろう。従って、本発明の形態は例示的なものにすぎず、本発明の範囲を限定するものではないことは明らかである。

Claims (17)

  1. 窒素を添加したシリコンまたは金属酸化膜を形成する方法であって、
    (i)シリコンまたは金属および酸化ガスを含有する前駆体を使用して、基材上にシリコンまたは金属酸化膜を第一のプラズマ密度を有するプラズマにより堆積させる工程と、
    (ii)前駆体を使用せず、窒化ガスを使用して前記シリコンまたは金属酸化膜を前記第一のプラズマ密度よりも高い第二のプラズマ密度を有するプラズマにより窒化する工程と、を含む方法。
  2. 工程(i)の前に、(ii’)前駆体を使用せず、窒化ガスを使用して前記基材の表面をプラズマにより窒化することをさらに含む、請求項1に記載の方法。
  3. 工程(i)において、前記シリコンまたは金属酸化膜がプラズマ増強原子層堆積(PEALD)によって堆積される、請求項1に記載の方法。
  4. 前記酸化ガスが酸素および窒素の両方を含有する、請求項3に記載の方法。
  5. 工程(i)において、前記プラズマが、RF電力を電極に印加することによって生成される容量結合プラズマであり、RF電力の持続時間が、前記プラズマ増強原子層堆積(PEALD)の各サイクルにおいて2.0秒以下であり、かつRF電力の出力が、前記基材の表面1cmあたり0.28W以下である、請求項3に記載の方法。
  6. 工程(ii)において、前記プラズマが、RF電力を前記電極に印加することによって生成され、RF電力の出力が、前記基材の表面1cmあたり0.42W以上である、請求項5に記載の方法。
  7. 工程(i)および工程(ii)が、工程(i)および工程(ii)を通して不活性ガスが供給される同じ反応空間または異なる反応空間において実施される、請求項1に記載の方法。
  8. 工程(ii)において、前記窒化ガス対前記不活性ガスの流量比が1/99から50/50までである、請求項7に記載の方法。
  9. 工程(ii)が、前記プラズマ増強原子層堆積(PEALD)の毎1〜100サイクルの後に繰り返し実施される、請求項3に記載の方法。
  10. 前記基材が凹部パターンを有し、前記シリコンまたは金属酸化膜が前記凹部パターン上にコンフォーマルに堆積される、請求項1に記載の方法。
  11. 工程(i)において、前記プラズマが、RF電力を電極に印加することによって生成される誘導結合プラズマであるか、または遠隔プラズマユニット内で生成される遠隔プラズマである、請求項3に記載の方法。
  12. シリコンまたは金属酸化膜を所望の位置でシリコンまたは金属酸窒化膜に変換することによって、窒素を添加したシリコンまたは金属酸化膜を形成する方法であって、
    (a)窒素を添加したシリコンまたは金属酸化膜の層構造の設計を行う工程であって、前記層構造が、シリコンまたは金属酸化膜によって構成される層Aと、シリコンまたは金属酸窒化膜によって構成される層Bとによって構成される、工程と、
    (b)前記設計に従って、前記層Aに対して、シリコンまたは金属および酸化ガスを含有する前駆体を使用して基材上に前記シリコンまたは金属酸化膜を第一のプラズマ密度を有するプラズマで堆積させる工程と、
    (c)前記設計に従って、前記層Bに対して、前記シリコンまたは金属酸化膜をシリコンまたは金属酸窒化膜に変換することで、前駆体を使用せず、窒化ガスを使用して前記シリコンまたは金属酸化膜を前記第一のプラズマ密度よりも高い第二のプラズマ密度を有するプラズマで窒化する工程と、を含む方法。
  13. 前記窒素を添加したシリコンまたは金属酸化膜が、交互に重ねられた、前記層Aの複数層および前記層Bの複数層によって構成される、請求項12に記載の方法。
  14. 前記層Aの合計厚さと前記層Bの合計厚さの比が0/100から99/1までである、請求項12に記載の方法。
  15. 酸素を添加したシリコンまたは金属窒化膜を形成する方法であって、
    (i)シリコンまたは金属および窒化ガスを含有する前駆体を使用して、基材上にシリコンまたは金属窒化膜を第一のプラズマ密度を有するプラズマで堆積させる工程と、
    (ii)前駆体を使用せず、酸化ガスを使用して前記シリコンまたは金属窒化膜を前記第一のプラズマ密度よりも低い第二のプラズマ密度を有するプラズマで酸化する工程と、を含む方法。
  16. 元素Xを添加したシリコンまたは金属酸化膜を形成する方法であって、
    (i)シリコンまたは金属および酸化ガスを含有する前駆体を使用して、基材上にシリコンまたは金属酸化膜を第一のプラズマ密度を有するプラズマにより堆積させる工程と、
    (ii)堆積のために前駆体を使用することなく、前記第一のプラズマ密度よりも高い第二のプラズマ密度を有するプラズマによって元素X含有ガスを励起し、前記元素Xを前記シリコンまたは金属酸化膜に添加する工程と、を含む方法。
  17. 前記元素Xが、B、C、Al、P、S、Ga、およびAsからなる群から選択される、請求項16に記載の方法。
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