JP6275822B2 - 非水電解質電池用活物質、非水電解質電池用電極、非水電解質二次電池、電池パック及び非水電解質電池用活物質の製造方法 - Google Patents
非水電解質電池用活物質、非水電解質電池用電極、非水電解質二次電池、電池パック及び非水電解質電池用活物質の製造方法 Download PDFInfo
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- JP6275822B2 JP6275822B2 JP2016508416A JP2016508416A JP6275822B2 JP 6275822 B2 JP6275822 B2 JP 6275822B2 JP 2016508416 A JP2016508416 A JP 2016508416A JP 2016508416 A JP2016508416 A JP 2016508416A JP 6275822 B2 JP6275822 B2 JP 6275822B2
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- 229920003048 styrene butadiene rubber Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 239000005720 sucrose Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000003786 synthesis reaction Methods 0.000 description 1
- 229920003002 synthetic resin Polymers 0.000 description 1
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- 229920002803 thermoplastic polyurethane Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 230000007704 transition Effects 0.000 description 1
- 229910052723 transition metal Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 150000003624 transition metals Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- OBROYCQXICMORW-UHFFFAOYSA-N tripropoxyalumane Chemical compound [Al+3].CCC[O-].CCC[O-].CCC[O-] OBROYCQXICMORW-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 238000001291 vacuum drying Methods 0.000 description 1
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Description
特に、シリコン、スズなどのリチウムと合金化する元素、非晶質カルコゲン化合物などリチウム吸蔵容量が大きく、密度の高い物質を用いる試みがなされてきた。中でもシリコンはシリコン原子1に対してリチウム原子を4.4の比率までリチウムを吸蔵することが可能であり、質量あたりの負極容量は黒鉛質炭素の約10倍となる。しかし、シリコンは、充放電サイクルにおけるリチウムの挿入脱離に伴う体積の変化が大きく活物質粒子の微粉化などサイクル特性に問題があった。
これに対し、発明者らは上記炭素質物の性質がサイクル特性に大きな影響を及ぼすという考えにいたり、炭素質物を別の物質に代替することを検討した。このような物質は、導電性を有しつつ、上記のような微結晶珪素を含有する粒子を内部に分散させられる物質であることが求められる。
第1実施形態の活物質は、MがSi、Sn、AlとTiの中から選ばれる1種以上の元素であって、M−O−C混合体を含む被覆物と、被覆物中にMの元素を含む粒子とを含む複合体である。以下、実施形態の説明として、負極に用いる活物質として説明するが、実施形態の活物質は正極にも用いることができる。また、活物質を用いた電極は、非水電解質二次電池に用いるものとして説明するが、実施形態の活物質を用いた電極は、様々な電池に用いることができる。
次に、負極活物質の製造方法について説明する。活物質の製造方法は、MがSi、Sn、AlとTiの中から選ばれる1種以上の元素であって、少なくともMを含む粒子と、、少なくともM原子およびO原子を含む化合物とを分散媒を用いて液相中で混合し、乾燥・固化後に焼成する。この手順を図2のプロセスフロー図に示す。負極活物質は、負極活物質材料と、少なくともSi原子およびO原子を含む化合物(少なくともM原子およびO原子を含む化合物)と必要に応じて上述の炭素質物の炭素前駆体を分散媒を用いて液相中で混合し、混合物を乾燥・固化後に焼成することで作製される。上述の炭素質物を更に混合してもよい。
この炭素被覆の際にリチウム化合物およびSiO2源を同時に添加してもよい。
第2実施形態に係る非水電解質電池用電極は、集電体と、集電体上に、炭素質物と炭素質物中に金属を含む複合体を含む活物質と結着剤を含有する負極合剤層とを有するものである。以下、負極を例に実施形態の電極について説明するが、正極に実施形態の電極を用いてもよい。また、以下の説明では、非水電解質二次電池を例に実施形態を説明するが、実施形態の電極を様々な電池に用いることができる。
第実施形態に係る非水電解質二次電池は、外装材と、外装材内に収納された正極と、外装材内に正極と空間的に離間して、例えばセパレータを介在して収納された活物質を含む負極と、外装材内に充填された非水電解質とを具備する。
正極端子207は、リチウムイオン金属に対する電位が3〜4.25Vの範囲における電気的安定性と導電性とを備える材料を用いることができる。具体的には、アルミニウムまたはMg、Ti、Zn、Mn、Fe、Cu、Si等の元素を含むアルミニウム合金が挙げられる。正極端子207は、正極集電体との接触抵抗を低減するために、正極集電体と同様の材料であることが好ましい。
袋状外装材202は、厚さ0.5mm以下のラミネートフィルムから形成される。或いは、外装材は厚さ1.0mm以下の金属製容器が用いられる。金属製容器は、厚さ0.5mm以下であることがより好ましい。
正極205は、活物質を含む正極合剤層が正極集電体の片面もしくは両面に担持された構造を有する。
前記正極合剤層の片面の厚さは1.0μm以上150μm以下の範囲であることが電池の大電流放電特性とサイクル特性の向上の点から望ましい。従って正極集電体の両面に担持されている場合は正極合剤層の合計の厚さは20μm以上300μm以下の範囲となることが望ましい。片面のより好ましい範囲は30μm以上120μm以下である。この範囲であると大電流放電特性とサイクル特性は向上する。
正極合剤層は、正極活物質と正極活物質同士を結着する結着剤の他に導電剤を含んでいてもよい。
負極203は、第2実施形態の電極を使用することができる。
電解質としては非水電解液、電解質含浸型ポリマー電解質、高分子電解質、あるいは無機固体電解質を用いることができる。
非水電解液は、非水溶媒に電解質を溶解することにより調製される液体状電解液で、電極群中の空隙に保持される。
電解質の非水溶媒に対する溶解量は、0.5mol/L以上2.0mol/L以下とすることが望ましい。
非水電解液を用いる場合、および電解質含浸型ポリマー電解質を用いる場合においてはセパレータ204を用いることができる。セパレータ204は多孔質セパレータを用いる。セパレータ204の材料としては、例えば、ポリエチレン、ポリプロピレン、またはポリ弗化ピニリデン(PVdF)を含む多孔質フィルム、合成樹脂製不織布等を用いることができる。中でも、ポリエチレンか、あるいはポリプロピレン、または両者からなる多孔質フィルムは、二次電池の安全性を向上できるため好ましい。
セパレータ204は、120℃の条件で1時間おいたときの熱収縮率が20%以下であることが好ましい。熱収縮率が20%を超えると、加熱により短絡が起こる可能性が大きくなる。熱収縮率は、15%以下にすることがより好ましい。
空気透過率の上限値は300秒/100cm3にすることがより好ましく、また、下限値は50秒/100cm3にするとより好ましい。
次に、第3実施形態に係る電池パックを説明する。
第3実施形態に係る電池パックは、上記第2実施形態に係る非水電解質二次電池(即ち、単電池)を一以上有する。電池パックに複数の単電池が含まれる場合、各単電池は、電気的に直列、並列、或いは、直列と並列に接続して配置される。
図6の概念図及び図7のブロック図を参照して電池パック300を具体的に説明する。図6に示す電池パック300では、単電池301として図4に示す扁平型非水電解質電池200を使用している。
組電池305は、各保護シート318及びプリント配線基板306と共に収納容器319内に収納される。すなわち、収納容器319の長辺方向の両方の内側面と短辺方向の内側面それぞれに保護シート318が配置され、短辺方向の反対側の内側面にプリント配線基板306が配置される。組電池305は、保護シート318及びプリント配線基板306で囲まれた空間内に位置する。蓋320は、収納容器319の上面に取り付けられている。
以上記載した本実施形態によれば、上記第3実施形態における優れた充放電サイクル性能を有する非水電解質二次電池を備えることにより、優れた充放電サイクル性能を有する電池パックを提供することができる。
以下に具体的な実施例を挙げ、その効果について述べる。
次のような条件で実施例1の負極活物質を得た。珪素酸化物として、Sigma−Aldrich社製の一酸化ケイ素粉末(−325mesh)を湿式粉砕で平均一次粒径を約150nmとした粉末を用いた。このようにして得た珪素酸化物粉末4gに、オルトケイ酸テトラエチル2g、フルフリルアルコール5g、グラファイト0.3g、エタノール12gを加え、さらにYSZボール(0.2mm)を入れ、遊星型ボールミルで混合を行った。吸引ろ過法によりYSZボールと分離した液に対し、質量比で塩酸を2、水を2、エタノールを1の比率で混合した液を0.4g加え、室温で1週間放置して乾燥・固化させた。得られた固化物を、Ar雰囲気下1100℃で3時間保持し焼成した。焼成後の物質をメノウ乳鉢で粉砕し、篩い分けにより−45マイクロメートルの負極活物質を得た。
得られた負極活物質に平均径3μmのグラファイト15質量%、ポリイミド8質量%を分散媒としてN-メチルピロリドンを用いて混練し厚さ12μmの銅箔上に塗布して圧延した後、250℃で2時間、Arガス中にて熱処理し、所定のサイズに裁断した後、100℃で12時間、真空乾燥し、試験電極とした。対極および参照極を金属Li、電解液をLiPF6(1M)のEC・DEC(体積比EC:DEC=1:2)溶液とした電池をアルゴン雰囲気中で製造し充放電試験を行った。充放電試験の条件は、参照極と試験電極間の電位差0.01Vまで1mA/cm2の電流密度で充電、さらに0.01Vで24時間の定電圧充電を行い、放電は1mA/cm2の電流密度で1.5Vまで行った。さらに、参照極と試験電極間の電位差0.01Vまで1mA/cm2の電流密度で充電、1mA/cm2の電流密度で1.5Vまで放電するサイクルを行い、放電容量の推移を測定した。に対し、放電容量が初回の放電容量の80%を維持することができたサイクル数を80%容量維持サイクル数とし、評価を行った。
実施例1において得られた試験電極について、電極をイオンミリング法で薄片化した後、TEM−EDX法による観察・分析を行い、負極活物質内の珪素酸化物周囲にある物質の元素組成を調べ、Si/OおよびSi/C(モル比)を得た。元素組成は、3点を測定し、その平均とした。測定は日立ハイテクノロジーズ製H−9000NAR(TEM)および日立ハイテクノロジーズ製HF−2000(EDX)を用い、加速電圧200kV、ビーム径は約1nmの条件で行った。
オルトケイ酸テトラエチルを1.5g用いること以外は実施例1と同じ方法で、実施例2の負極活物質を作製した。
オルトケイ酸テトラエチルを12g用いること以外は実施例1と同じ方法で、実施例3の負極活物質を作製した。
次のような条件で実施例4の負極活物質を得た。平均一次粒径22nmのナノサイズ珪素粉末1.2gに、オルトケイ酸テトラエチル2g、フルフリルアルコール5g、エタノール20gを加え、さらにYSZボール(0.2mm)を入れ、遊星型ボールミルで混合を行った。吸引ろ過法によりYSZボールと分離した液に対し、質量比で塩酸を2、水を2、エタノールを1の比率で混合した液を1.0g加え、ガラス容器中に混合物および撹拌子を入れ密閉した後、80℃に加熱しながら7時間、スターラ−で撹拌子を回転させ撹拌した。その後、室温で1週間放置して乾燥・固化させた。得られた固化物を、Ar雰囲気下1100℃で3時間保持し焼成した。焼成後の物質をメノウ乳鉢で粉砕し、篩い分けにより−45マイクロメートルの負極活物質を得た。
オルトケイ酸テトラエチルを用いないこと以外は実施例1と同じ方法で、比較例1の負極活物質を作製した。
オルトケイ酸テトラエチルを0.8g用いること以外は実施例1と同じ方法で、比較例2の負極活物質を作製した。
オルトケイ酸テトラエチルを用いないこと以外は実施例4と同じ方法で、比較例3の負極活物質を作製した。
Claims (8)
- MがSiであって、M−O−C混合体を含む被覆物と、被覆物中に前記Mの元素を含む粒子とを含む複合体であり、
前記Mの元素を含む粒子は、前記Mの元素又は前記Mの元素を含む合金を含み、
前記M−O−C混合体は、少なくともM、O、Cの3元素を含み、0.6≦M/O≦5(モル比)と0.002≦M/C≦0.1(モル比)を同時に満たす点があることを特徴とする非水電解質電池用活物質。 - 前記M−O−C混合体は、非晶質であることを特徴とする請求項1に記載の非水電解質電池用活物質。
- 前記被覆物は、炭素質物をさらに含むことを特徴とする請求項1に記載の非水電解質電池用活物質。
- MがSiであって、少なくとも前記Mを含む粒子と、少なくとも前記M原子およびO原子を含む化合物とを分散媒を用いて液相中で混合し、乾燥・固化後に焼成することを特徴とする請求項1乃至3に記載の非水電解質電池用活物質の製造方法。
- 前記M原子およびO原子を含む化合物は、アルコキシド化合物であることを特徴とする請求項4に記載の非水電解質電池用活物質の製造方法。
- 集電体と
前記集電体上に、請求項1乃至3に記載の非水電解質電池用活物質と結着剤を含有する合剤層とを有することを特徴とする非水電解質電池用電極。 - 外装材と、
前記外装材内に収納された正極と、
前記外装材内に前記正極と空間的に離間してセパレータを介在して収納された請求項1乃至3のいずれか1項に記載の非水電解質電池用活物質を用いた負極と、
前記外装材内に充填された非水電解質とを具備する非水電解質二次電池。 - 請求項7に記載の非水電解質二次電池を用いたことを特徴とする電池パック。
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