US6302545B1 - Vehicle control system and method - Google Patents

Vehicle control system and method Download PDF

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Publication number
US6302545B1
US6302545B1 US09/227,344 US22734499A US6302545B1 US 6302545 B1 US6302545 B1 US 6302545B1 US 22734499 A US22734499 A US 22734499A US 6302545 B1 US6302545 B1 US 6302545B1
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US
United States
Prior art keywords
vehicle
photosensor
mirror
array
image data
Prior art date
Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
Expired - Fee Related
Application number
US09/227,344
Other languages
English (en)
Inventor
Kenneth Schofield
Mark Larson
Current Assignee (The listed assignees may be inaccurate. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation or warranty as to the accuracy of the list.)
Magna Donnelly Corp
Original Assignee
Donnelly Corp
Priority date (The priority date is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the date listed.)
Filing date
Publication date
Family has litigation
First worldwide family litigation filed litigation Critical https://patents.darts-ip.com/?family=26697795&utm_source=google_patent&utm_medium=platform_link&utm_campaign=public_patent_search&patent=US6302545(B1) "Global patent litigation dataset” by Darts-ip is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.
Priority claimed from US08/023,918 external-priority patent/US5550677A/en
Application filed by Donnelly Corp filed Critical Donnelly Corp
Priority to US09/227,344 priority Critical patent/US6302545B1/en
Priority to US09/441,341 priority patent/US7339149B1/en
Priority to US09/975,232 priority patent/US6523964B2/en
Application granted granted Critical
Publication of US6302545B1 publication Critical patent/US6302545B1/en
Priority to US10/372,873 priority patent/US6802617B2/en
Priority to US10/940,700 priority patent/US6953253B2/en
Priority to US10/984,403 priority patent/US7227459B2/en
Priority to US11/074,521 priority patent/US8098142B2/en
Priority to US11/246,593 priority patent/US7344261B2/en
Priority to US11/545,039 priority patent/US7402786B2/en
Priority to US11/649,596 priority patent/US7380948B2/en
Priority to US11/650,629 priority patent/US7325934B2/en
Priority to US11/650,646 priority patent/US7325935B2/en
Priority to US11/651,289 priority patent/US7388182B2/en
Priority to US11/651,726 priority patent/US7311406B2/en
Priority to US11/626,535 priority patent/US7459664B2/en
Priority to US11/810,164 priority patent/US8063759B2/en
Priority to US11/936,166 priority patent/US7423248B2/en
Priority to US11/958,916 priority patent/US7425076B2/en
Priority to US13/351,098 priority patent/US8203440B2/en
Priority to US13/525,763 priority patent/US8314689B2/en
Priority to US13/680,534 priority patent/US8599001B2/en
Anticipated expiration legal-status Critical
Priority to US14/093,981 priority patent/US8917169B2/en
Expired - Fee Related legal-status Critical Current

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    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B60—VEHICLES IN GENERAL
    • B60Q—ARRANGEMENT OF SIGNALLING OR LIGHTING DEVICES, THE MOUNTING OR SUPPORTING THEREOF OR CIRCUITS THEREFOR, FOR VEHICLES IN GENERAL
    • B60Q1/00—Arrangement of optical signalling or lighting devices, the mounting or supporting thereof or circuits therefor
    • B60Q1/02—Arrangement of optical signalling or lighting devices, the mounting or supporting thereof or circuits therefor the devices being primarily intended to illuminate the way ahead or to illuminate other areas of way or environments
    • B60Q1/04—Arrangement of optical signalling or lighting devices, the mounting or supporting thereof or circuits therefor the devices being primarily intended to illuminate the way ahead or to illuminate other areas of way or environments the devices being headlights
    • B60Q1/14—Arrangement of optical signalling or lighting devices, the mounting or supporting thereof or circuits therefor the devices being primarily intended to illuminate the way ahead or to illuminate other areas of way or environments the devices being headlights having dimming means
    • B60Q1/1415—Dimming circuits
    • B60Q1/1423—Automatic dimming circuits, i.e. switching between high beam and low beam due to change of ambient light or light level in road traffic
    • B60Q1/143—Automatic dimming circuits, i.e. switching between high beam and low beam due to change of ambient light or light level in road traffic combined with another condition, e.g. using vehicle recognition from camera images or activation of wipers
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    • B60N2/00—Seats specially adapted for vehicles; Arrangement or mounting of seats in vehicles
    • B60N2/002—Seats provided with an occupancy detection means mounted therein or thereon
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    • G01J—MEASUREMENT OF INTENSITY, VELOCITY, SPECTRAL CONTENT, POLARISATION, PHASE OR PULSE CHARACTERISTICS OF INFRARED, VISIBLE OR ULTRAVIOLET LIGHT; COLORIMETRY; RADIATION PYROMETRY
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    • B60R2300/8006—Details of viewing arrangements using cameras and displays, specially adapted for use in a vehicle characterised by the intended use of the viewing arrangement for monitoring and displaying scenes of vehicle interior, e.g. for monitoring passengers or cargo
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B60—VEHICLES IN GENERAL
    • B60R—VEHICLES, VEHICLE FITTINGS, OR VEHICLE PARTS, NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
    • B60R2300/00—Details of viewing arrangements using cameras and displays, specially adapted for use in a vehicle
    • B60R2300/80—Details of viewing arrangements using cameras and displays, specially adapted for use in a vehicle characterised by the intended use of the viewing arrangement
    • B60R2300/802—Details of viewing arrangements using cameras and displays, specially adapted for use in a vehicle characterised by the intended use of the viewing arrangement for monitoring and displaying vehicle exterior blind spot views
    • B60R2300/8026—Details of viewing arrangements using cameras and displays, specially adapted for use in a vehicle characterised by the intended use of the viewing arrangement for monitoring and displaying vehicle exterior blind spot views in addition to a rear-view mirror system
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B60—VEHICLES IN GENERAL
    • B60R—VEHICLES, VEHICLE FITTINGS, OR VEHICLE PARTS, NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
    • B60R2300/00—Details of viewing arrangements using cameras and displays, specially adapted for use in a vehicle
    • B60R2300/80—Details of viewing arrangements using cameras and displays, specially adapted for use in a vehicle characterised by the intended use of the viewing arrangement
    • B60R2300/8046—Details of viewing arrangements using cameras and displays, specially adapted for use in a vehicle characterised by the intended use of the viewing arrangement for replacing a rear-view mirror system
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B60—VEHICLES IN GENERAL
    • B60R—VEHICLES, VEHICLE FITTINGS, OR VEHICLE PARTS, NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
    • B60R2300/00—Details of viewing arrangements using cameras and displays, specially adapted for use in a vehicle
    • B60R2300/80—Details of viewing arrangements using cameras and displays, specially adapted for use in a vehicle characterised by the intended use of the viewing arrangement
    • B60R2300/8066—Details of viewing arrangements using cameras and displays, specially adapted for use in a vehicle characterised by the intended use of the viewing arrangement for monitoring rearward traffic
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B60—VEHICLES IN GENERAL
    • B60R—VEHICLES, VEHICLE FITTINGS, OR VEHICLE PARTS, NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
    • B60R2300/00—Details of viewing arrangements using cameras and displays, specially adapted for use in a vehicle
    • B60R2300/80—Details of viewing arrangements using cameras and displays, specially adapted for use in a vehicle characterised by the intended use of the viewing arrangement
    • B60R2300/8073—Details of viewing arrangements using cameras and displays, specially adapted for use in a vehicle characterised by the intended use of the viewing arrangement for vehicle security, e.g. parked vehicle surveillance, burglar detection
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B60—VEHICLES IN GENERAL
    • B60R—VEHICLES, VEHICLE FITTINGS, OR VEHICLE PARTS, NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
    • B60R2300/00—Details of viewing arrangements using cameras and displays, specially adapted for use in a vehicle
    • B60R2300/80—Details of viewing arrangements using cameras and displays, specially adapted for use in a vehicle characterised by the intended use of the viewing arrangement
    • B60R2300/8093—Details of viewing arrangements using cameras and displays, specially adapted for use in a vehicle characterised by the intended use of the viewing arrangement for obstacle warning
    • G—PHYSICS
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    • G06T—IMAGE DATA PROCESSING OR GENERATION, IN GENERAL
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    • G06T2207/10—Image acquisition modality
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    • G—PHYSICS
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    • G06T—IMAGE DATA PROCESSING OR GENERATION, IN GENERAL
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    • G06T2207/30248—Vehicle exterior or interior
    • G06T2207/30252—Vehicle exterior; Vicinity of vehicle
    • G—PHYSICS
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    • G06T2207/30248—Vehicle exterior or interior
    • G06T2207/30268—Vehicle interior
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H04—ELECTRIC COMMUNICATION TECHNIQUE
    • H04N—PICTORIAL COMMUNICATION, e.g. TELEVISION
    • H04N13/00—Stereoscopic video systems; Multi-view video systems; Details thereof
    • H04N2013/0074—Stereoscopic image analysis
    • H04N2013/0081—Depth or disparity estimation from stereoscopic image signals
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H04—ELECTRIC COMMUNICATION TECHNIQUE
    • H04N—PICTORIAL COMMUNICATION, e.g. TELEVISION
    • H04N23/00—Cameras or camera modules comprising electronic image sensors; Control thereof
    • H04N23/60—Control of cameras or camera modules
    • H04N23/63—Control of cameras or camera modules by using electronic viewfinders

Definitions

  • This invention relates to an automatic rearview mirror system for automotive vehicles which automatically changes reflectance level in response to glare causing light, and more particularly relates to an improved automatic rearview mirror system using only a rearwardly facing sensor.
  • This invention further relates to an automatic rearview mirror and vehicle interior monitoring system for automotive vehicles which also monitors a vehicle interior or compartment.
  • This invention further relates to an automatic rearview mirror and vehicle interior monitoring system for automotive vehicles which may also be used as a vehicle intrusion detection system or as a compartment image data storage system.
  • This invention further relates to an automatic rearview mirror and a vehicle lighting control system using an image sensor, such as a photosensor array.
  • prior art two-sensor type systems generally provided improved performance over prior art single-sensor type systems but were also more complex and costly. In part, this was because using separate forwardly and rearwardly facing photocells required that the performance characteristics of the two separate photocells, such as photoresistors, be matched appropriately to ensure consistent performance under various operating conditions. Matching photocells such as photoresistors, however, generally involves complex, expensive and time consuming operations and procedures.
  • each of the interior rearview and exterior side view mirrors may reflect different source light levels. More specifically, the inside rearview mirror, left side view mirror and right side view mirror each enable the driver to view a different portion or zone of the total rearward area. Of course, there may be some overlap of the image information contained in each of the three zones. The situation is further complicated with multi-lane traffic because each of the mirrors reflects different light levels caused by the headlights of the vehicles which are following, passing or being passed.
  • the reflectance level of the interior rearview mirror was reduced to decrease the glare of headlights reflected therein
  • the reflectance level of the exterior left and right side view mirrors was also reduced by substantially the same amount, even though, for example, the side view mirrors might not be reflecting the same level of glare light, if any. Accordingly, rear vision in the exterior left and right side view mirrors could be improperly reduced.
  • an automatic rearview mirror system for an automotive vehicle having improved reliability and low cost, which accurately determines or otherwise discriminates light levels that the driver will experience as glare without the need for a separate forwardly facing photocell.
  • an automatic rearview mirror system of high reliability and low cost which accurately determines light levels that the driver will experience as glare, and which can control independently the reflectance of a plurality of mirrors according to the light levels actually reflected by each of the rearview and exterior side view mirrors without the need for additional and separate rearwardly facing photocells.
  • Vehicle lighting systems may include a variety of vehicle lights, including low intensity peripheral or side lights that allow other vehicle drivers to see the vehicle in lower light conditions, high intensity headlights that operate in a low beam mode or a high beam mode for general night driving, and fog lights that provide low ground lighting with less back scattering to improve the driver's views in adverse weather conditions, such as fog, rain and snow.
  • Vehicle lighting systems may also include headlights having an intermediate or mid beam mode, as well as the low and high beam modes.
  • Vehicle lighting systems may also include vehicle running lights, which are vehicle headlights that are operated at an appropriate intensity to improve the ability of other vehicle drivers to see the vehicle during the day. Vehicle running lights may also be used for lower lighting conditions, such as certain adverse weather conditions or other lower visibility conditions.
  • vehicle lighting control systems are required that may operate with other systems, such as automatic rearview mirror systems and vehicle interior monitoring systems, or as stand-alone systems.
  • vehicle anti-theft or intrusion detection systems are generally designed to protect the vehicle or its contents from theft or vandalism.
  • vehicle anti-theft systems using various sensor technologies that attempt to deter theft or vandalism using the horn, siren or flashing lights, or other alarm mechanisms to bring attention to a vehicle.
  • existing intrusion detection systems for vehicles use sensor technologies that have various limitations, including the problem of false triggering. For example, in many cases active vehicle alarms are simply ignored by people who assume that the alarm was falsely triggered.
  • the proliferation of separate automatic rearview mirror systems and vehicle intrusion detection systems is also costly. Therefore, vehicle intrusion detection systems using an improved sensor technology are required that operate in combination with other vehicle systems (such as automatic rearview mirror systems) or that operate independently.
  • using a photosensor array and an appropriate control circuit allows the elimination of separate forwardly facing or other non-rearwardly facing photocells, thereby allowing for lower costs and increased reliability since it is not necessary to match two separate photocells such as photoresistors.
  • the present invention which achieves one or more of these objectives relates to a control system for controlling a plurality of variable reflectance mirrors or mirror segments which change their reflectance in response to a signal from a drive circuit.
  • the system comprises a plurality of variable reflectance mirrors, a photosensor array and a control circuit receiving signals from the photosensor array for controlling the mirrors.
  • the photosensor array is mountable to view rearwardly of the mirror or vehicle.
  • the photosensor array comprises a plurality of sets of photosensor elements corresponding to the plurality of variable reflectance mirrors. The photosensor elements in each set produce a plurality of photosensor element signals in response to light incident thereon.
  • the control circuit determines control signals, indicative of a desired reflectance for each of the plurality of variable reflectance mirrors, in response to receiving photosensor element signals from the photosensor element set for each view or zone corresponding to the rearview mirror and exterior side view mirrors and also (or alternatively) the mirror segments.
  • the control signals control the drive circuit to cause the plurality of variable reflectance mirrors or mirror segments to assume the desired reflectance.
  • the present invention which achieves one or more of these objectives relates to an automatic rearview mirror system for an automotive vehicle comprising at least one variable reflectance rearview mirror, and an array of sensing elements to sense light levels in an area rearward of the at least one variable reflectance rearview mirror.
  • Each of the sensing elements is adapted to sense light levels of light incident thereon and to output an electrical signal indicative of the sensed light levels.
  • the system further comprises a signal processor, connected to the array of sensing elements, receiving and using the electrical signals indicative of the sensed light levels from the sensing elements to determine a first electrical signal indicative of a background light level in the area rearward of the at least one variable reflectance rearview mirror and to determine a second electrical signal indicative of at least one peak light level in the area rearward of the at least one variable reflectance rearview mirror.
  • the signal processor determines at least one control signal indicative of the desired reflectance level of the at least one variable reflectance rearview mirror from the first electrical signal indicative of the background light level and the second electrical signal indicative of the at least one peak light level.
  • the system further comprises at least one drive circuit connected to the signal processor and to the at least one variable reflectance rearview mirror for receiving the at least one control signal and generating and applying at least one drive signal to the at least one variable reflectance rearview mirror to drive the at least one variable reflectance mirror to the desired reflectance level.
  • the present invention which achieves one or more of these objectives relates to a control system for controlling a plurality of variable reflectance mirrors, each of which change their reflectance level in response to a drive signal from an associated drive circuit, for an automotive vehicle.
  • the system comprises a plurality of variable reflectance mirrors, and a photosensor array mountable to face substantially towards a rear area.
  • the photosensor array comprises a plurality of photosensor element sets. Each set comprises a plurality of photosensor elements. Each of the photosensor elements generates a photosensor element signal indicative of a light level of light incident thereon, and each of the sets corresponds to one of the plurality of variable reflectance mirrors.
  • the system further comprises a control circuit, connected to the photosensor array, for determining and applying a plurality of control signals.
  • Each of the control signals is indicative of a desired reflectance level for each of the plurality of variable reflectance mirrors in response to receiving the photosensor element signals from each of the plurality of photosensor element sets.
  • the system further comprises a plurality of drive circuits connected to the control circuit and to different ones of the plurality of variable reflectance mirrors associated therewith.
  • Each of the control signals is output to the drive circuit associated therewith, to generate and apply a drive signal to each of the plurality of variable reflectance mirrors causing each of the mirrors to assume a desired reflectance level.
  • the present invention which achieves one or more of these objectives relates to a control system for controlling at least one variable reflectance mirror for an automotive vehicle.
  • the system comprises photosensor array means for sensing light levels in an area rearward of the at least one variable reflectance mirror and generating photosensor array signals, means for determining a background light signal from the photosensor array signals, means for determining a peak light signal from the photosensor array signals, and means for controlling a reflectance level of the at least one variable reflectance mirror using the background and peak light signals.
  • the present invention which achieves one or more of these objectives relates to a method of controlling the reflectance of at least one variable reflectance mirror comprising the steps of sensing light levels in an area rearward of the at least one variable reflectance mirror with an array of sensing elements, determining a background light level from the sensed light levels, determining a peak light level from the sensed light levels, and controlling a reflectance level of the at least one variable reflectance mirror using the determined background and peak light levels.
  • the mirrors may be controlled independently to vary their reflectance in accordance with the view associated with each of the photosensor element sets or sub-arrays.
  • an automatic rearview mirror system for an automotive vehicle comprising a variable reflectance rearview mirror, a photosensor array means for sensing light levels in an area rearward of said variable reflectance rearview mirror and for generating photosensor array signals, a signal processing means for receiving said photosensor array signals and for determining from said photosensor array signals a signal for controlling said variable reflectance rearview mirror, and a mounting bracket means for attaching said variable reflectance rearview mirror to said automotive vehicle, said mounting bracket means further comprising a housing means for housing said photosensor array means and said signal processing means.
  • the present relates to a vehicle lighting control system for controlling a vehicle lighting system in an automotive vehicle comprising a photosensor array means for sensing light levels in a forward field of view and generating a set of photosensor array signals, and a signal processing means coupled to said photosensor array means for receiving said set of photosensor array signals and determining from said set of photosensor array signals at least one control signal for controlling said vehicle lighting system.
  • the present invention relates to a control system for monitoring a vehicle interior and for controlling at least one variable reflectance mirror for an automotive vehicle.
  • the system comprises photosensor array means for sensing light levels in an area rearward of said photosensor array means and generating at least a first set of photosensor array signals, first determining means coupled to said photosensor array means for receiving said at least a first set of photosensor array signals and determining from at least a portion of said at least a first set of photosensor array signals a first signal for controlling said at least one variable reflectance mirror, second determining means coupled to said photosensor array means for receiving said at least a first set of photosensor array signals and determining at least a first set of values indicative of said at least a portion of said at least a first set of photosensor array signals, and memory means coupled to said second determining means for receiving and storing said at least a portion of said at least a first set of photosensor array signals.
  • the present invention relates to a vehicle intrusion detection system for detecting movement within a vehicle interior for an automotive vehicle.
  • the system comprises photosensor array means for sensing light levels in an area including at least a portion of a vehicle interior and generating at least a first set and a second set of photosensor array signals, determining means coupled to said photosensor array means for receiving said at least a first set and a second set of photosensor array signals and determining at least a first set and a second set of values indicative of said at least a first set and a second set of photosensor array signals, and comparing means coupled to said determining means for receiving said at least a first set and a second set of values indicative of said at least a first set and a second set of photosensor array signals and comparing said at least a first set and a second set of values to generate at least one output control signal indicative of the correlation between said at least a first set and a second set of values.
  • the present invention relates to a compartment image data storage system for an automotive vehicle.
  • the system comprises photosensor array means for sensing light levels in at least a portion of a vehicle compartment and generating at least a first set of photosensor array signals, determining means coupled to said photosensor array means for receiving said at least a first set of photosensor array signals and determining at least a first set of values indicative of said at least a first set of photosensor array signals, and memory means coupled to said determining means for receiving and storing said at least a first set of values indicative of said at least a first set of photosensor array signals.
  • FIG. 1A is a drawing of an automatic rearview mirror of the present invention, including an expanded view of a rearwardly facing photosensor array located in the upper center area of the mirror surface;
  • FIG. 1B is another drawing of an automatic rearview mirror of the present invention, including an expanded view of the rearwardly facing photosensor array alternatively located in a bezel or chin of the mirror;
  • FIG. 1C is a diagram of an automatic rearview mirror of the present invention, in which the photosensor array and logic and control circuit are located in a housing or module that is attached, connected, made integral or otherwise associated with the rearview mirror mounting bracket structure;
  • FIG. 1D is a side sectional view of the automatic rearview mirror of FIG. 1C;
  • FIG. 2 is a drawing of an automotive vehicle with the automatic rearview mirror system of the present invention
  • FIG. 2A is an illustrative diagram of a rearward area of a vehicle interior as viewed by the photosensor elements of the photosensor array for monitoring the vehicle interior;
  • FIGS. 3A and 3B are illustrative diagrams of a rearward area as viewed by the photosensor elements of the photosensor array;
  • FIG. 4A is generalized diagram of a photosensor array PA(N,M) having a sub-array S(X);
  • FIG. 4B is a generalized diagram of the photosensor array PA(N,M) and sub-arrays S( 0 ), S( 1 ), S( 2 ) and S( 3 );
  • FIG. 5 is another schematic diagram of the photosensor array commonly located on a light sensing and logic circuit
  • FIG. 6 is a schematic block diagram of the automatic rearview mirror system
  • FIG. 6A is a schematic block diagram of the automatic rearview mirror and vehicle interior monitoring system
  • FIG. 6B is a schematic block diagram of a vehicle lighting control system having a photosensor array that has a forward field of view;
  • FIG. 7 is a flow chart illustrating the method of the present invention for controlling the reflectance of a rearview mirror or mirrors
  • FIGS. 8A and 8B are detailed flow charts for steps S 150 , S 160 and S 180 of FIG. 7;
  • FIG. 9 is a flow chart of the general logic flow of
  • FIGS. 7, 8 A and 8 B for controlling the reflectance of three mirrors
  • FIG. 10 is another schematic block diagram of the automatic rearview mirror system of the present invention.
  • FIG. 10A is a schematic block diagram of the automatic rearview mirror and/or vehicle interior monitoring system of the present invention.
  • FIG. 11A illustrates the normalized spectral response of the photosensor array made using a non-epitaxial silicon process
  • FIG. 11B illustrate the normalized spectral response of the photosensor array made using an epitaxial silicon process
  • FIG. 12 is a flow chart illustrating the method of the present invention of the vehicle interior monitoring system
  • FIG. 12A is a flow chart illustrating the method of the present invention for a vehicle intrusion detection system configuration of the vehicle interior monitoring system of FIG. 12;
  • FIG. 12B is a flow chart illustrating the method of the present invention for the compartment image data storage system configuration of the vehicle interior monitoring system of FIG. 12;
  • FIG. 13A, 13 B, 13 C and 13 D are flow charts illustrating the method of the present invention for controlling a vehicle lighting system.
  • FIG. 1A illustrates an automatic rearview mirror 1 comprising a variable reflectance mirror element 1 a and a single rearwardly facing photosensor 2 .
  • the photosensor 2 is mounted facing rearwardly of the rearview mirror 1 so that its field of view encompasses an area comprising a rear window area and at least a portion of either or both side window areas.
  • a switch 3 to allow a driver to manually control several possible mirror functions, such as an on-off control switch, a sensitivity adjustment and a force-to-day or a force-to-night switch (i.e., forced maximum or minimum reflectance levels, respectively).
  • An expanded view of the photosensor 2 which is preferably located in an upper center area of the variable reflectance mirror element 1 a as shown, shows a light sensing and logic circuit 26 comprising a photosensor array 32 and a logic and control circuit 34 (which is not shown in FIG. 1A but is shown in FIG. 6 as discussed below).
  • a photosensitive surface of each of the photosensor elements 32 a (shown in FIG. 5) of the photosensor array 32 senses light levels or image information in a predetermined field of view encompassing an area located rearwardly of the rearview mirror 1 .
  • a lens 30 images or otherwise focuses the light information from the predetermined field of view onto the photosensor array 32 .
  • the rearview mirror 1 further comprises a channel mount 1 b or other mounting means used to fixedly attach the mirror 1 to the windshield or headliner area of the vehicle.
  • the rearview mirror 1 is generally adjustable with respect to the channel mount 1 b to allow a driver to position the mirror for correct viewing of the rearward area or scene so that the driver's sightline through the rearview mirror 1 is aligned approximately with the vehicle's centerline.
  • the photosensor 2 is fixedly mounted on the adjustable portion of the rearview mirror 1 as shown in both FIGS. 1A and 1B so that the viewing axis of the photosensor 2 is generally aligned with the viewing axis of the mirror 1 which is perpendicular to the glass surface of the mirror 1 .
  • This approach is preferable both because of packaging concerns and because it provides a guaranteed sightline. It is, however, within the scope of the present invention to mount the photosensor array 32 so that it is movable with respect to the variable reflectance mirror element 1 a of the rearview mirror 1 .
  • the photosensor 2 is located in the upper center area of the variable reflectance mirror element 1 a . This may be required, for example, if it is necessary to reduce the bezel size of the rearview mirror 1 . If the photosensor 2 is located behind a glass surface of the variable reflectance mirror element 1 a , an appropriately sized hole is provided in the protective and reflective materials of the variable reflectance mirror element 1 a . Additionally, a corresponding area within an active layer of the variable reflectance mirror element 1 a may be removed or otherwise rendered inactive to enable the photosensor 2 to view directly the rearward scene.
  • the photosensor 2 may view the rearward scene through the active layer of the variable reflectance mirror element 1 a , in which case it is preferable to compensate for or otherwise negate the effects of reducing reflectance and correspondingly the transmittance of the variable reflectance mirror element 1 a so that the photosensor 2 effectively views the rearward scene directly as will be described later.
  • a reflective surface is maintained within the hole to both preserve the cosmetic appearance of the assembly as viewed by the driver and to maximize the reflective surface.
  • This can be achieved by providing a very thin metal reflective layer (100 ⁇ thickness or lower) of aluminum, stainless steel, chromium, or silver, etc., so as to be sufficiently transmitting for incident light to enable proper operation of the photosensor array 32 but also sufficiently reflective to appear mirror-like in the area of the hole.
  • a reflective tape which is both sufficiently transmitting and reflective to achieve the objectives described herein, may be adhered at the hole region using suitable means such as an optical adhesive and the photosensor array 32 may then be mounted behind the optical adhesive.
  • thin film stacks such as a solid state tri-layer of 1 ⁇ 4 wave TiO 2 ,1 ⁇ 4 wave SiO 2 and 1 ⁇ 4 wave TiO 2 or some other single thin film of a high index material may be mounted behind or coated upon the area of the hole.
  • the preferred photosensor array 32 is responsive to both visible light and near infrared, it is preferable to select a material which reflects a significant proportion of visible light while being essentially transparent to infrared.
  • the photosensor 2 may also be located in the bezel or chin of the rearview mirror 1 to view the rearward area directly without any compensation.
  • the photosensor 2 may also be located on or near the channel mount or mounting bracket 1 b so that the axis of the photosensor 2 , which is perpendicular to the plane of the photosensor array 32 , is in fixed alignment with the vehicle's centerline regardless of the adjusted position of the rearview mirror 1 .
  • a sensing and logic circuit assembly 27 which comprises a sensing and logic circuit 26 and the photosensor 2 and switch 3 on a printed circuit board, is located in a housing or module 7 that is attached, connected, made integral or otherwise associated with the rearview mirror 1 .
  • a mounting bracket 6 is fixed relative to the headliner area of the vehicle body in a header mount arrangement; and a rearview mirror head assembly 1 h is adjusted by a spherical pivot 6 d at the interface of the mounting bracket 6 and the rearview mirror head assembly 1 h .
  • the mounting bracket 6 may also be releasably attached to a mounting button (not shown) that is attached to the windshield to provide generally improved ease of assembly and replacement, as well as safety.
  • the mounting bracket 6 may be attached to the windshield or headliner area of the vehicle by any of the various means well known to those skilled in the art.
  • the mounting bracket 6 comprises a retaining spring 6 a , a retaining screw 6 b , a wire harness opening 6 c for receiving a wire harness assembly 8 , and a spherical pivot 6 d having an opening for wires 6 e that are used to control the variable reflectance mirror element 1 a .
  • the housing or module 7 comprises a retaining housing or module 7 a for partially mounting the sensing and logic circuit assembly 27 , a rear housing or module cover 7 b , a heat sink 7 c for the sensing and logic circuit assembly 27 , a screw 7 d for securing the heat sink 7 c to the mirror bracket 6 , and a wire connector 7 e for connecting the harness assembly 8 and wires 6 e to the sensing and control circuit assembly 27 .
  • the harness assembly 8 is used, in part, to supply power to the sensing and logic circuit assembly 27 .
  • the automatic rearview mirror 1 comprises the variable reflectance mirror element 1 a , a mirror cushion support 1 c , an impact absorber layer 1 d , a bezel 1 e , a mirror case if and clamp springs 1 g for receiving and securing the spherical pivot 6 d of the mounting bracket 6 .
  • the photosensor 2 may also be located with each of the external side view mirrors as will be described later.
  • the lens 30 is preferably a single molded plastic lens approximately 2 millimeters in diameter and is preferably bonded to or in close contact with the photosensor array 32 .
  • the lens 30 may, however, include any appropriate image focusing means such as conventional single component optics, holographic lens type optics, binary optics or a microlens.
  • the lens 30 preferably is also designed to focus an image of the rearward scene within a field of view defined by a cone.
  • the cone's centerline is perpendicular to the plane of the photosensor array 32 and the cone preferably has an included angle of approximately 100 degrees.
  • the image is focused onto a circular area of the plane of the photosensor array 32 .
  • the photosensor array 32 could be positioned in other than a rearwardly facing direction so long as appropriate lenses or other optics are used to direct the light or image information from the rearward area onto the photosensitive surface of the photosensor array 32 .
  • the pre-positioning of the photosensor array 32 in the rearview mirror 1 depends on whether the automatic rearview mirror system 20 is being used in a left hand or a right hand drive vehicle. In either case, the photosensor array 32 is preferably pre-positioned within the circular area of the focused image so that for either a left or right hand drive vehicle and with only driver adjustment of the rearview mirror 1 , the rearward scene imaged onto the photosensitive surface of the photosensor array 32 includes the rear window area and at least a portion of the left and right side window areas of the vehicle.
  • a sufficiently large photosensor array 32 is used, then the pre-positioning of the photosensor array 32 is not vehicle specific as described above, and a system 20 using a larger photosensor array 32 may be used for both left and right hand drive vehicles.
  • the larger photosensor array 32 is positioned symmetrically within the circular area of the focused image described above.
  • Using the larger photosensor array 32 involves using a pattern recognition means to determine the approximate vehicle centerline so that the appropriate portion of the larger photosensor array 32 may be selected depending on whether the automatic rearview mirror system 20 is installed in a left or right hand drive vehicle.
  • FIG. 2 illustrates an automatic rearview mirror system 20 for an automotive vehicle, comprising the rearview mirror 1 , a left side view mirror 4 and a right side view mirror 5 .
  • the side view mirrors 4 and 5 may be connected to a control circuit of the rearview mirror 1 .
  • the mirrors 1 , 4 and 5 may be constructed according to any of the methods known to those skilled in the art and are generally constructed according to the styling preferences and specifications of the automotive vehicle manufacturers.
  • the means for mounting the rearview mirror 1 such as the channel mount 1 b , and the electrical connectors used to connect the mirrors 4 and 5 to the control circuit of the rearview mirror 1 and the vehicle's electrical system may include any one of the many configurations known to those having ordinary skill in the art.
  • the variable reflectance mirror element 1 a of the mirrors 1 , 4 and 5 may be any device having more than one reflectance level corresponding to a specific control or drive signal.
  • the variable reflectance mirror element 1 a is an electrochromic mirror.
  • the photosensor 2 is mounted facing rearwardly of the rearview mirror 1 so that its field of view encompasses an area comprising the rear window area and at least a portion of both the left side window area and the right side window area.
  • the horizontal and vertical fields of view of the rearward area as seen by the photosensor 2 , and more particularly by the photosensor array 32 are illustratively shown in FIGS. 3A and 3B.
  • the photosensor array 32 senses a field of view divided into three separate zones: a center zone a, a left zone b (generally corresponding to the left side window area) and a right zone c (generally corresponding to the right side window area).
  • Each zone is sensed by a separate set or sub-array S(X) of photosensor elements 32 a (described with respect to FIGS. 4A and 4B) within the photosensor array 32 .
  • the center zone, zone a generally receives light from the rear window area of the vehicle.
  • This rear window area is depicted by a trapezoidally shaped rear window figure superimposed on a first set or sub-array S(l) of photosensor elements 32 a used to sense light levels in zone a.
  • Zone b includes light from at least a portion of a left side window area.
  • zone c includes light from at least a portion of a right side window area.
  • the photosensor elements 32 a in columns 1 to 4 comprise the third photosensor element set in zone c
  • the photosensor elements 32 a in columns 6 - 11 comprise the first photosensor element set in zone a
  • the photosensor elements 32 a in columns 13 to 16 comprise the second photosensor element set in zone b.
  • Null zones are provided between the zones a and b and between the zones a and c to allow for driver adjustment of the rearview mirror 1 . These null zones also ensure that the center zone a does not include light or other image information from the side window areas of zones b and c.
  • the logic and control circuit 34 selects photosensor element signals from the first photosensor element set or sub-array S( 1 ) (shown in FIG. 4B) corresponding to zone a to control the reflectance level of the rearview mirror 1 .
  • the control circuit 34 selects photosensor element signals from the second photosensor element set or sub-array S( 2 ) (shown in FIG. 4B) corresponding to zone b to control the reflectance level of the left side view mirror 4
  • the third photosensor element set or sub-array S( 3 ) shown in FIG. 4B) corresponding to zone c to control the reflectance level of the right side view mirror 5 .
  • variable reflectance mirror element 1 a having segments, such as a center, left and right segment, appropriately defined zones a, b and c, i.e., sub-arrays S( 1 ), S( 2 ) and S( 3 ), corresponding to the mirror segments may be used by the logic and control circuit 34 to control independently the individual mirror segments.
  • FIG. 3B illustratively shows the preferred embodiment for the zones of the photosensor array 32 .
  • the logic and control circuit 34 selects photosensor element signals from three overlapping sets or sub-arrays S( 1 ), S( 2 ) and S( 3 ) of photosensor elements 32 a corresponding to the three overlapping zones a, b and c to control, respectively, the reflectance level of the mirrors 1 , 4 and 5 . More specifically, the control circuit 34 selects photosensor element signals from the photosensor elements 32 a in columns 6 to 11 (zone a) to control the reflectance level of the rearview mirror 1 .
  • the control circuit 34 also selects photosensor element signals from photosensor elements 32 a in columns 10 to 14 (zone b) to control the reflectance level of the left side view mirror 4 , and further selects photosensor element signals from photosensor elements 32 a in columns 3 to 7 (zone c) to control the reflectance level of the right side view mirror 5 .
  • the lens 30 focuses or images light information from: (1) the rear window area onto zone a; (2) at least a portion of the rear window and left side window areas onto zone b; and (3) at least a portion of the rear window and right side window areas onto zone c.
  • the lens 30 focuses light from: (1) the rear window area onto zone a; (2) the left side window area onto zone b; and (3) the right side window area onto zone c.
  • each set of overlapping photosensor elements 32 a in zones a and b and each set of overlapping photosensor elements 32 a in zones a and c, as well as the logic and control circuit 34 is able to “preview” the light information that may, for example, first appear in the rear window area (and correspondingly in the rearview mirror 1 ), but which may appear shortly thereafter in the left or right side view mirrors 4 and 5 .
  • the automatic rearview mirror system 20 is able to more quickly respond to annoying glare light from approaching vehicles or other sources.
  • overlapping zones are also generally preferred because a glare light source located in a common or overlapping area of the rearview mirror 1 and one of the side view mirrors 4 or 5 can influence both mirrors.
  • the light sensing device of the light sensing and logic circuit 26 is preferably the photosensor array 32 shown in FIG. 5 .
  • the photosensor array 32 has sufficient resolution to view the real image of a scene but may also use a spatial distribution of light intensities as an approximation of the imaged scene.
  • An example of such a photosensor array 32 is the VLSI Vision Limited (VVL) Single Chip Video Camera Model #ASIS 1011.
  • a photosensor array 32 of the type described namely the VVL Single Chip Video Camera
  • VVL Single Chip Video Camera is capable of providing image information having sufficient resolution for displaying an actual image or for some other purpose
  • additional features or functions may be incorporated by adding circuitry to provide video output from the photosensor array 32 in addition to the primary control functions described herein.
  • the video output may be output to a CRT, flat LC panel display or other appropriate display device, located within the vehicle, to provide a display of the imaged scene for viewing by the driver.
  • the photosensor array 32 may be located in any of the mirrors 28 or in any other appropriate location, whether local or remote, such as on the vehicle's rear bumper, thereby extending significantly the effective field of view normally available to the driver either directly or through the vehicle's mirrors 28 . Additionally, the photosensor array 32 may even replace one or more of the side view mirrors 4 and 5 of the automatic rearview mirror system 20 , thereby reducing the aerodynamic drag on the vehicle while providing sufficient information to the driver comparable to that available through the side view mirrors 4 and 5 .
  • a video signal from the photosensor array 32 may also be used by the logic and control circuit 34 to determine the presence of a vehicle or other object within the field of view of the photosensor array 32 to provide a visual signal warning such as through a display panel, or even an audible warning, based on certain parameters, such as distance and speed of the object. Additionally, if the photosensor array 32 is located in the rearview mirror 1 , the video signal may be used to monitor the vehicle's interior to detect unauthorized intrusion into the vehicle. This may be achieved by providing electrical power to the mirror's logic and control circuit 34 from a vehicle power supply and by activating a vehicle intrusion monitoring mode when a signal indicates that the vehicle's door and trunk locks have been activated. The logic and control circuit 34 may be used to continuously monitor the image from the vehicle's interior thereby allowing detection of objects or persons moving within the vehicle, and if movement is detected, another signal from the logic and control circuit 34 may then activate an intrusion alarm.
  • the photosensor array 32 may be used to monitor the vehicle interior or compartment in a vehicle interior monitoring system. This monitoring capability may be used in a vehicle intrusion detection system or in a compartment image data storage system, either in combination with the automatic rearview mirror system or as an independent system. Using the photosensor array 32 to monitor the vehicle interior to detect potential intruders provides an effective vehicle intrusion detection system. In an automatic rearview mirror and vehicle intrusion detection system, the photosensor array 32 in the rearview mirror 1 provides a good location for monitoring the vehicle interior because the rearview mirror 1 is: (1) centrally located along the vehicle axis; (2) forward of the front seat; and (3) relatively high in the vehicle interior.
  • the photosensor array 32 may also be positioned in other locations, including the headliner and headliner console areas, for example, or any other appropriate location depending on the particular application.
  • the logic and control circuit 34 processes image data to detect motion or movement in the vehicle interior, establishes an intrusion condition if such motion is detected and outputs one or more control signals to vehicle hardware or to a vehicle controller system.
  • Vehicles today are often equipped with such controller systems. These vehicle controller systems may be used to control the exterior lights, interior lights, horn (or siren), ignition or other such vehicle hardware.
  • the logic and control circuit 34 therefore outputs one or more control signals to various vehicle hardware or to the vehicle controller system to activate the interior and exterior lights, horn or siren or to disable the ignition to deter intruders from stealing the vehicle or its contents.
  • Other control output signals may activate RF beacon devices or similar devices within the vehicle so that the vehicle may be tracked, as will be further described later.
  • the light sensing device may comprise any similarly appropriate image or array sensor.
  • the light sensing and logic circuit 26 is formed as a very-large-scale-integrated (VLSI) complementary-metal-oxide-semiconductor (CMOS) device, as is known to those skilled in the art, the light sensing device will share a common semiconductor substrate with the logic and control circuit 34 .
  • VLSI very-large-scale-integrated
  • CMOS complementary-metal-oxide-semiconductor
  • the photosensor array 32 comprises a plurality of photosensor elements 32 a arranged in 160 columns and 40 rows (a 160 ⁇ 40 array) providing a horizontal field of view of approximately 100 degrees and a vertical field of view of approximately 30 degrees.
  • FIGS. 3A and 3B illustratively show a 16 ⁇ 4 photosensor array 32 .
  • the photosensor array 32 may, however, comprise any appropriately sized array having an appropriate field of view. For example, the field of view may be narrower when controlling the segments of only one mirror.
  • Each photosensor element 32 a is preferably about 10 microns square.
  • the photosensor array 32 generally comprises a plurality of photosensor elements 32 a arranged in a photosensor array PA(N,M) having N rows of M columns.
  • the lower row is row 1
  • the top row is row N
  • the left hand column is column 1
  • the right hand column is column M.
  • a specific photosensor element is identified as E(n,m) and the signal indicative of a light level incident thereon is L(n,m).
  • a background sub-array S(X) designated S( 0 ) is used to determine a general background light level B.
  • Signals from the photosensor elements 32 a of each peak sub-array S(X), designated S( 1 ), S( 2 ), . . . , S(z), are used to determine a peak light level P(z) incident on each peak sub-array S( 1 ), S( 2 ), . . . , S(z).
  • the general background light level B for background sub-array S( 0 ) and the peak light level P(z) for each peak sub-array S(X) are then used to determine a mirror control signal V c (z) for controlling at least one mirror or mirror segments associated with each zone.
  • FIG. 5 generally illustrates a logic layout of the photosensor array 32 .
  • the logic and control circuit 34 generates array control signals to control the photosensor array 32 .
  • the photosensor array 32 is typically accessed in scan-line format, with the array 32 being read as consecutive rows, and within each row as consecutive columns or pixels.
  • Each photosensor element 32 a is connected to a common word-line 33 e .
  • a vertical shift register 33 a To access the photosensor array 32 , a vertical shift register 33 a generates word-line signals for each word-line 33 e to enable each row of photosensor elements 32 a .
  • Each column of photosensor elements 32 a is connected to a bit-line 33 f which is connected to a charge-to-voltage amplifier 33 c .
  • a horizontal shift register 33 b uses a line 33 g to output the bit-line signals on consecutive bit-lines 33 f to an output line 33 h connected to the logic and control circuit 34 . Also shown is a voltage amplifier 33 d used to amplify the resulting analog photosensor element signals. The analog photosensor element signals are then output on line 33 h to the analog-to-digital converter 44 and converted to digital photosensor element signals.
  • FIGS. 11A and 11B illustrate the normalized spectral response for two versions of the preferred photosensor array 32 .
  • visible light generally covers the wavelengths from about 400 nm to about 750 nm
  • near infrared illumination or light generally covers the wavelengths from about 750 nm to about 3000 nm(not shown).
  • FIG. 11A illustrates the normalized spectral response of the preferred photosensor array 32 made using a non-epitaxial silicon process, where the peak spectral response occurs at about 800 nm.
  • FIG. 11A illustrates the normalized spectral response of the preferred photosensor array 32 made using a non-epitaxial silicon process, where the peak spectral response occurs at about 800 nm.
  • FIG. 11B shows the normalized spectral response of the preferred photosensor array 32 made using an epitaxial silicon process, where the peak spectral response occurs at about 650 nm.
  • the non-epitaxial silicon photosensor array is more sensitive to near infrared illumination having wavelengths on the order of about 800 nm.
  • the photosensor array 32 made using the non-epitaxial silicon process and having the normalized spectral response of FIG. 11A is most preferred in both the particular automatic rearview mirror and vehicle interior monitoring systems described herein. For automatic rearview mirror systems as described herein, this is because vehicle headlights generally provide significant levels of near infrared illumination. For vehicle interior monitoring systems as described herein, either natural sources (such as sunlight) or supplemental sources of near infrared illumination may be used to enhance the image information available to and the performance of such systems, as will be further discussed below.
  • the field of view and resolution of the photosensor array 32 depends on the number and physical dimensions of the photosensor elements 32 a and on the design or geometry of the lens 30 .
  • the lens 30 may, for example, be designed to have an included angle on the order of up to about 140°.
  • the effective field of view of approximately 100° horizontal and approximately 30° vertical is preferred.
  • an effective field of view of approximately 100° horizontal and approximately 75° vertical is preferred.
  • the lens 30 preferably focuses an image within a field of view defined by a cone having an included angle of approximately 100 degrees. Accordingly, when the lens 30 focuses the image onto the focal plane of the 160 ⁇ 40 photosensor array 32 , the photosensor array 32 only falls within a segment of the focused image area.
  • FIG. 2A generally illustrates a view of a vehicle interior 100 (which includes the window areas of FIGS. 3A and 3B) as focused by the lens 30 and as viewed by a 160 ⁇ 120 photosensor array 32 . Also shown are a driver or left seat 101 , a front passenger or right seat 102 , a rear window area 103 a , a right side window area 103 b and a left side window area 103 c .
  • the 160 ⁇ 40 photosensor array 32 however, only sees a portion or segment of the vehicle interior 100 , as is shown in FIGS. 3A and 3B.
  • the 160 ⁇ 40 sized array is generally preferred since it provides sufficient image information for providing effective automatic rearview mirror control and because it reduces the cost of the photosensor array 32 . If the photosensor array 32 is also used to monitor the vehicle interior 100 (or for other applications) as is described herein, then the larger 160 ⁇ 120 array size may be used to view the vehicle interior 100 as is generally illustrated in FIG. 2 A.
  • the spatial resolution of the photosensor array 32 may also be increased. This may be done by making the photosensor elements 32 a smaller so as to increase the number of photosensor elements 32 a in a photosensor array 32 having the same physical dimensions. Additionally, spatial resolution may be increased by varying the lens 30 to decrease the included angle of the image cone so that the photosensor array 32 views a smaller portion of an image on the vehicle interior 100 .
  • the array size of the photosensor array 32 and the number and physical dimensions of the size of the photosensor elements 32 a and the lens design or geometry of lens 30 may all be varied to optimize the effective field of view of the photosensor array 32 depending on the application.
  • an exposure time or exposure period EP of the photosensor array 32 may be varied over some range depending on the light level.
  • the value of EP is increased for decreasing light levels and approaches a maximum for low light levels, and it is decreased for increasing light levels and approaches a minimum for high light levels.
  • EP v of the exposure period there is a light level LL MIN that is sufficiently distinct from low signal noise in the photosensor element signal L(n,m) of each photosensor element E(n,m) so that it may be accurately sensed, and there is also a light level LL MAX for which the photosensor element signal L(n,m) of each photosensor element E(n,m) is a maximum.
  • the image data is preferably optimized such that it is approximately centered within the dynamic range DR(N,M) of the photosensor array 32 . This may be done by determining an array response AR of RA(N,M), which is described later, where the minimum and maximum digital values of AR correspond to the minimum and maximum digital values possible for Val RA(n,m) (e.g., 0 and 255 for 8-bit data resolution).
  • the exposure period is varied or adjusted until AR approaches the center or mid-point of the possible data value range (e.g., 127 for 8-bit data resolution).
  • a supplemental source of illumination may be desirable or necessary to enhance the effective sensing capabilities of the photosensor array 32 by providing supplemental source illumination SSI.
  • the photosensor array 32 is able to monitor the vehicle interior 100 over a range of background lighting levels from about 0.1 lux (a dark garage) to about 30-60K lux (a bright, sunny day), using either visible or near infrared SSI to illuminate the vehicle interior 100 generally (or specific areas therein) significantly enhances the effectiveness or performance of the photosensor array 32 in various applications.
  • SSI is preferably provided only during the exposure period EP of the photosensor array 32 rather than continuously.
  • Pulsed SSI reduces power consumption, extends the life of the supplemental source of illumination and provides generally higher instantaneous illumination than may be provided by continuous illumination. Also, pulsed infrared SSI is generally more difficult to detect by infrared illumination sensing apparatus that may be used by potential intruders.
  • near infrared illumination between about 700 and 1200 nm is preferred because: (1) it is visible to the photosensor array 32 but not to the human eye (see FIGS. 11 A and 11 B); and (2) it does not affect adaption of the human eye.
  • near infrared illumination sources including solid-state sources such as light emitting diodes (LEDs) and lasers, flash lamps such as xenon or krypton lamps, incandescent lamps such as tungsten lamps, as well as many others.
  • GaAs gallium arsenide
  • GaAlAs gallium aluminum arsenide
  • LEDs provide a relatively narrow band (about 750 to 950 nm) of near infrared illumination (see FIGS. 11 A and 11 B).
  • Such illumination sources are also typically packaged with a lens to distribute the illumination.
  • the illumination distribution characteristics of readily available lens/source packages may range from narrow so as to provide spot or collimated illumination to very diffuse so as to cover about 160°.
  • the lens/source package preferably provides illumination coverage on the order of about 100°.
  • illumination sources providing broad-band illumination (ultraviolet through infrared) may also be used, but it may be desirable or necessary to filter such broad-band illumination using absorption or interference type filters, or any other appropriate filter.
  • an interference filter known as a long-wave pass filter or cold mirror reflects visible light, transmits infrared illumination and looks like the normal silvered mirrors typically used in the rearview mirror 1 .
  • silvered mirrors reflect near infrared illumination. Since the cold mirror resembles the silvered mirror in the rearview mirror 1 , it may be used to replace a section or even all of the silvered mirror.
  • the supplemental source of illumination may be located behind the cold mirror element and adjacent to the photosensor array 32 with an opaque barrier separating the two to prevent supplemental illumination reflections within the rearview mirror 1 from directly affecting the photosensor array 32 .
  • a long-wave pass absorption filter may be used with a supplemental source of broad-band infrared illumination.
  • Long-wave pass absorption filters may be fabricated using a wide variety of polymers having appropriate optical transmission characteristics such as epoxies, acrylics, polycarbonates, as well as a variety of glasses. The acrylic and polycarbonate polymers are preferred because they are environmentally stable, cost effective and because they may be used to injection mold parts having various geometric shapes or polished or textured surfaces.
  • the photosensor array 32 and supplemental source of illumination may be integrated into the rearview mirror 1 or elsewhere within or on the vehicle so that they are not readily apparent to vehicle occupants, passers-by or potential intruders.
  • FIG. 6 shows the light sensing and logic circuit 26 comprising the photosensor array 32 and the logic and control circuit 34 .
  • the logic and control circuit 34 comprises a logic circuit 46 , a clock 47 , a random-access-memory (RAM) 50 , or other appropriate memory, and a digital-to-analog converter 52 .
  • the logic circuit 46 is preferably a dedicated configuration of digital logic elements constructed on the same semiconductor substrate as the photosensor array 32 .
  • the logic circuit 46 may also be a microprocessor comprising a central processing unit (CPU) and a read-only-memory (ROM).
  • the logic circuit 46 may also be implemented using gate array technology or any other appropriate hardwired logic circuit technology.
  • the logic circuit 46 interfaces with the clock 47 , provides array control signals to the photosensor array 32 , manages data flow to and from the RAM 50 and converters 44 and 52 , and performs all computations for determining a digital mirror control signal V DAC (z) for causing the variable reflectance mirror element 1 a to assume a desired reflectance level.
  • the analog-to-digital converter 44 converts the analog photosensor element signals to the digital photosensor element signals processed by the logic circuit 46 . It has been found that an eight-bit analog-to-digital converter 44 provides adequate data resolution for controlling the mirrors 1 , 4 and 5 .
  • the analog-to-digital converter 44 is constructed on the same semiconductor substrate as the photosensor array 32 as shown in FIG. 5 .
  • the digital photosensor element signals output to the logic and control circuit 34 are generally stored in the RAM 50 for processing.
  • the values of the digital photosensor element signals for the photosensor array PA(N,M) are correspondingly stored in an array in the RAM 50 designated RA(N,M).
  • the logic circuit 46 processes the values of each of the digital photosensor element signals, which are designated Val RA(n,m), to determine an instantaneous or substantially real-time background light signal B t for a time period t and at least one peak light signal P(z).
  • the logic circuit 46 uses these signals, which may also be temporarily stored in the RAM 50 , to determine a digital control signal V DAC (z) to cause at least one mirror or mirror segment to assume a desired reflectance level.
  • the digital mirror control signal V DAC (z) is then output to the digital-to-analog converter 52 , which outputs a corresponding analog mirror control signal V c (z) to a mirror drive circuit 24 .
  • the digital-to-analog converter 52 need not be used if the logic circuit 46 generates a pulse-width-modulated (PWM) mirror control signal to control the mirror drive circuit 24 .
  • PWM pulse-width-modulated
  • the mirror drive circuit 24 comprises mirror drive circuits 24 a , 24 b and 24 c .
  • the drive circuit 24 drives mirrors 28 , which comprises a rearview mirror 28 a (mirror A), a left side view mirror 28 b (mirror B) and a right side view mirror 28 c (mirror C).
  • Mirrors A, B and C correspond, respectively, to the rearview mirror 1 , the left side view mirror 4 and the right side view mirror 5 shown in FIG. 2 . It is, of course, within the scope of the present invention for the mirror A to be a mirror other than the rearview mirror 1 .
  • the mirror B is a mirror other than the left side view mirror 4
  • the mirror C is a mirror other than the right side view mirror 5
  • the mirrors A, B and C are mirror segments or zones of the variable reflectance mirror element 1 a where the peak sub-array S(X) for each zone corresponds to a segment of the variable reflectance mirror element 1 a .
  • S( 1 ) may correspond to a center mirror segment
  • S( 2 ) may correspond to a left mirror segment
  • S( 3 ) may correspond to a right mirror segment. Any other appropriate mirror segmentation scheme may also be used.
  • a sensitivity control circuit 42 is used to input a sensitivity signal S to the logic and control circuit 34 .
  • signals from a force-to-day (maximum reflectance) switch 36 , a reverse-inhibit (maximum reflectance) switch 38 and a force-to-night (minimum reflectance) switch 40 may also be input to the logic and control circuit 34 .
  • the switch 3 of FIGS. 1A and 1B may include the sensitivity control circuit 42 , as well as the force-to-day switch 36 and the force-tonight switch 40 .
  • the switches 36 , 38 and 40 each generate a signal causing the logic circuit 46 to override its normal operation, as will be described with respect to FIGS. 7, 8 A and 8 B, and to output mirror control signals V c (z) to the mirror drive circuit 24 causing the variable reflectance mirror 28 to assume a maximum or minimum reflectance level in accordance with the appropriate signals from the switches 36 , 38 or 40 .
  • logic and control circuit 34 may also be used to control a vehicle lighting switch 45 to automatically turn on and off a vehicle's headlights and sidelights. This feature will be further described later.
  • FIG. 6A shows the block schematic diagram of the automatic rearview mirror and vehicle interior monitoring system.
  • the logic and control circuit 34 includes an analog-to-digital converter 55 for converting one or more analog control input signals 70 (1, 2, . . . , N; blocks 70 a to 70 n ) to digital signals that are input to the logic circuit 46 .
  • the analog control input signals 70 may include any analog control input signal used therein, including, for example, analog versions of the control input signals provided by the force-to-day-switch 36 , reverse-inhibit-switch 38 , force-to-night-switch 40 or sensitivity control circuit 42 of FIG. 6 .
  • digital versions of these same control input signals may also be input to the logic circuit 46 as digital control input signals 75 (1, 2, . . . , N; blocks 75 a to 75 n ).
  • the analog control output signals 80 (1, 2, . . .
  • the analog circuits/switches 81 (1, 2, . . . , N; blocks 81 a to 81 n ) may include the drive mirror circuits 24 that are used to drive the variable reflectance mirrors 28 .
  • the analog mirror control signal V c (z) is output to the mirror drive circuit 24 causing the variable reflectance mirror 28 to change reflectance levels.
  • digital control output signals 85 (1, 2, . N; blocks 85 a to 85 n ) may also be output to digital circuits/switches 86 (1, 2, . . . , N; blocks 86 a to 86 n ) to the extent that the control output signals are digital and not analog.
  • analog control input signals 70 and digital control input signals 75 may include, respectively, analog and digital versions of control input signals used to “arm” or “alert” the vehicle intrusion detection system, as will be further described later.
  • the analog control output signals 80 may include any analog control signals output to analog circuits/switches 81 that are used in the above system, including analog circuits or switches used to actuate various vehicle hardware, such as the vehicle horn (or siren), exterior and interior lights or ignition control devices.
  • digital control output signals 85 (1, 2, . . . , N; blocks 85 a to 85 n ) may also be output to digital circuits/switches 86 (1, 2, . . .
  • the digital control output signal 85 may include a digital word provided to a digital circuit/switch 86 that is a vehicle controller system that interfaces with such vehicle hardware.
  • a nonvolatile memory 57 When the vehicle interior monitoring system is configured as a compartment image data storage system, a nonvolatile memory 57 , as shown in FIG. 6A, is included.
  • the nonvolatile memory 57 interfaces with the logic circuit 46 .
  • the nonvolatile memory 57 is used to store image data, as will be further described later.
  • the nonvolatile memory 57 may be an EEPROM or other appropriate nonvolatile memory.
  • An access/security decoding logic circuit 58 interfaces with a data access port 59 and the logic circuit 46 .
  • the access/security decoding logic circuit 58 and data access port 59 are used to access the image data stored in the nonvolatile memory 57 , as will be further described later.
  • this system may include a data compression logic circuit 56 for compressing image data received from the logic circuit 46 before it is stored in the nonvolatile memory 57 .
  • the data compression logic circuit 56 may be integral with the logic circuit 46 .
  • the vehicle interior monitoring system preferably includes a supplemental source of illumination 61 having a lens 62 as shown in FIG. 6A.
  • a supplemental source of illumination drive circuit 60 is connected to the supplemental source of illumination 61 .
  • the drive circuit 60 also interfaces with and receives control signals from the logic circuit 46 to drive the supplemental source of illumination 61 .
  • FIG. 7 shows an overview of the logic flow chart and method for controlling the reflectance levels of any one or all of the mirrors or mirror segments 28 a , 28 b or 28 c . It should be understood that the reflectance level of each of the mirrors 28 a , 28 b and 28 c in the automatic rearview mirror system of the present invention may be commonly or independently controlled.
  • FIGS. 8A, 8 B and 9 provide more detail on the logic and method of FIG. 7 .
  • step S 101 of FIG. 7 light information seen rearwardly of the rearview mirror 1 is incident on the lens 30 .
  • step S 110 light passing through the lens 30 is refracted such that the light information is imaged or focused onto the photosensitive surface of the photosensor array 32 .
  • step S 120 the logic circuit 46 generates and outputs the array control signals to the photosensor array 32 .
  • step S 130 photosensor element signals indicative of the light levels incident on each of the photosensor elements 32 a are generated.
  • step S 140 these photosensor element signals are temporarily stored in RAM or any other appropriate memory.
  • steps S 150 and S 160 the logic circuit 46 determines values for the background light signal and the peak light signal for each zone corresponding to each of the mirrors 28 .
  • step S 180 the logic circuit 46 uses the background and peak light signals of step S 150 to determine the control signals required to cause each of the mirrors 28 to achieve a desired reflectance level. Also, the logic and control circuit 34 in step S 180 reads and processes the states of the optional sensitivity control circuit 42 , force-to-day switch 36 , force-to-night switch 40 and reverse-inhibit switch 38 . In step S 200 , the mirror drive circuits 24 use the control signals determined in step S 180 to generate drive signals to cause the mirrors 28 to assume the desired reflectance levels in step S 210 .
  • the logic circuit 46 determines the background light signal B t in steps S 150 and S 160 by calculating the average value of the photosensor element signals, previously stored in RAM in step S 140 , for the photosensor elements 32 a in a lowest row or rows of the photosensor array 32 corresponding to an area below the rear window. With respect to FIGS. 3A and 3B, this means that the background light signal B t is determined from photosensor element signals generated by the photosensor elements 32 a located in row D of the photosensor matrix array 32 . The logic circuit 46 may then output B t to the RAM 50 for later processing. The logic circuit 46 may also determine B t by calculating an average value of all of the photosensor element signals in the entire photosensor array 32 .
  • the background light signal B t for the rearward scene may be determined by calculating the average value of X percent of the lowest photosensor element signal values in the RAM array RA(N,M), where X is preferably 75, but typically may be in the range of 5 to 100.
  • an exposure period EP as is described herein, may be used to determine the background light signal B t .
  • An array response AR may be determined using an array average method, as is also described herein, for the photosensor element signal values corresponding to a sub-array S(X) of the photosensor elements 32 a of the photosensor array 32 that correspond to an area below the rear window.
  • the exposure period EP may be varied within an operating point range OP ⁇ R, where OP is 10 and R is 5 (8-bit data), but where OP may be from 5 to 175 and R may be from 2 to 15.
  • the exposure period is varied to maintain AR within OP ⁇ R.
  • the background light signal B t may therefore be determined where B t varies inversely with EP.
  • the background light signal B t is preferably change-limited to determine a limited background light signal B Lt .
  • the signal B t may be change-limited, for example, by limiting changes in the background light signal B t to 2% per time frame.
  • a time frame may be, for example, 250 milliseconds or any other time relating to the rate at which the logic circuit 46 samples the photosensor element signals from the photosensor array 32 .
  • B Lt is greater than B L(t ⁇ 1) , then the logic circuit 46 may use a higher change-limit value C LH to determine B Lt . If the background light signal B Lt is less than or equal to B L(t ⁇ 1) , then the logic circuit 46 may use a lower change-limit value C LL to determine B Lt .
  • the values C LH and C LL are in the range of 0.01 to 2, but are preferably on the order of about 0.02 or 2%.
  • the logic circuit 46 in step S 150 also determines the peak light signal P(z) for each zone or sub-array S(X) of the photosensor matrix array 32 .
  • the peak light signal P(z) used to determine the appropriate mirror control signal V c (z) for the mirror 28 may be determined by counting or summing the number of occurrences where the digital value for a photosensor element signal is greater than a peak threshold value F for each zone or sub-array S(X).
  • the resulting count or sum P(z) provides a measure of the peak light level for the following reasons.
  • One design objective of the lens 30 and the photosensor array 32 combination is to be able to measure background light levels in the approximate range of 0.01 to 0.1 lux when driving on sufficiently dark roads. This is achieved by ensuring that the lens 30 , photosensor elements 32 a and charge-to-voltage amplifiers 33 c are able to measure such light levels and by providing a maximum exposure time.
  • the maximum exposure time determines the operating frequency or sampling rate of the system 20 . In the case of the described system, 1.5 MHz has been found to be appropriate.
  • the exposure time By varying the exposure time relative to a general background light level B and using a substantially constant sampling rate, a wide range of background light levels in the range of 0.01 to 1000 lux can be measured.
  • the background light level is low, the exposure time is relatively long such that headlights within the rearward area cause the affected photosensor elements 32 a to saturate.
  • the exposure time is reduced. Saturation occurs when the incident light charges the photosensor element 32 a to capacity so that any excess charge will leak or transfer to adjacent photosensor elements 32 a .
  • This charge leakage effect is commonly referred to as “blooming.” It has been found that a count of the number of photosensor elements 32 a at or near saturation, i.e., those having digital values greater than the peak threshold value F, provides an excellent approximation of the peak light levels and is further described in FIG. 8 A. The above described method effectively extends the range of measurable light levels for the photosensor array 32 .
  • photosensor element signals are indicative of the incident light level or intensity and the time period for which they are exposed to such light.
  • the incident light intensity may be determined from the photosensor element signal generated by each photosensor element 32 a .
  • the logic and control circuit 34 processes all of the photosensor element signals for each photosensor element 32 a of the photosensor array 32 .
  • This signal processing at least includes the process of storing the digital value of each photosensor element signal to obtain RA(N,M), but normally includes all other processing for each image data set RA(N,M) up to and including the generation of output control signals, such as the mirror control signal V c (z).
  • the time from the beginning of the exposure period EP through the processing of each image data set RA(N,M) and the generation of the appropriate output control signals is referred to as the operating or sampling period, and the frequency thereof is referred to as the operating frequency or sampling rate.
  • the frequency at which the process is repeated may also be referred to as the frame rate or the image sampling frequency.
  • the rate of each sub-process (e.g., exposure period) within the sampling period is controlled by the system clock 47 .
  • the frame rate or image sampling frequency is essentially fixed for a particular system clock frequency.
  • the total period corresponds to a maximum exposure period EP and the total processing time relating to an image data set RA(N,M).
  • the system clock frequency may be adjusted to scale the image sampling frequency, thereby adjusting EP.
  • the maximum exposure period, the operating or sampling period, the signal processing time and the frequency of the system clock 47 should be considered in each application.
  • the peak light signal P(z) may be determined by calculating an average value of Y percent of the highest photosensor element signal values for each zone, where Y is preferably 10, but may be in the range of 1 to 25.
  • Y is preferably 10
  • the control signal V c (z) is then output to the mirror drive circuits 24 in step S 180 to drive the mirrors 28 or segments thereof to their desired reflectance level in the steps S 200 and S 210 .
  • FIG. 12 shows the logic flow chart and method for the vehicle interior monitoring system or mode.
  • step S 301 the logic circuit 46 initializes the system, sets EP to its maximum and if used, SSI to a predetermined minimum, such as zero.
  • step S 310 the logic circuit 46 reads any analog control input signals 70 ( 70 a to 70 n of FIG. 6A) and/or digital control input signals 75 ( 75 a to 75 n of FIG. 6A) that may be used in the vehicle interior monitoring mode.
  • step S 315 the photosensor element signals are generated, processed and stored in RAM 50 by the logic circuit 46 (see steps S 101 to S 140 of FIG. 7 ).
  • the logic circuit 46 also applies the lens correction factor LC(n,m) to each digital value Val RA(n,m) indicative of the photosensor element signal L(n,m) of each photosensor element 32 a in the RAM array RA(N,M) to correct for the effect of lens 30 .
  • RA(N,M) containing the lens corrected digital value Val RA Lc (n,m) indicative of the photosensor element signal of each photosensor element 32 a.
  • step S 320 the logic circuit 46 determines the array response AR, which is indicative of either RA(N,M) (an entire image data frame or set RA (t) at time t) or of a selected sub-array or sub-set thereof RS(N s ,M s ) (a partial image data frame or set RS (t) at time t) , where N s and M s are the row and column dimensions corresponding to a selected sub-array S(X) of the photosensor array 32 .
  • the logic circuit 46 processes the image data frame RA (t) using one of the methods described below to determine the array response AR.
  • An appropriate operating point range OP ⁇ R is associated with each AR calculation method.
  • OP and R values are 127 and 20 (8-bit data resolution), respectively; however, the operating point range may be non-symmetrical for some tasks by using non-symmetrical R values, such as +20 and ⁇ 10.
  • An alternative method is the “no saturation” method, in which EP is set to its highest level at which there is no saturation or blooming in any photosensor element 32 a .
  • the logic circuit 46 reduces EP until the peak value of RA (t) or RS (t) is within the operating point range OP ⁇ R. It has been found that appropriate OP and R values are 249 and 5, respectively.
  • Still another method involves maximizing the useful image area, in which the logic circuit 46 determines AR by determining the difference between the number of photosensor elements 32 a having digital values of 0 and the number having digital values of 255 (8-bit data resolution).
  • appropriate OP and R values are 0 and 5% of the number of photosensor elements 32 a corresponding to the image data set RA (t) or sub-array RS (t) . It should be understood that the specific values, such as 127 and 255, are based on 8-bit data resolution and would be appropriately scaled for other data resolutions.
  • step S 330 and S 360 it is determined whether AR is in the operating point range OP ⁇ R. If AR is outside the range, then the image data frame is either too bright (AR>OP+R) or too dim (AR ⁇ OP ⁇ R) and EP and SSI are incrementally increased or decreased according to steps S 340 , S 341 , S 342 or S 350 , S 351 , S 352 . This is repeated for every image data frame RA (t) . The system thus optimizes EP and SSI for the particular circumstances at system startup, and thereafter continues to adjust EP and SSI to maintain AR within the operating point range OP ⁇ R as lighting conditions change.
  • the vehicle interior monitoring system/mode enters a primary task routine or mode in step S 370 , such as the vehicle intrusion detection system/mode (S 400 ) of FIG. 12A or the compartment image data storage system/mode (S 500 ) of FIG. 12 B.
  • a primary task routine or mode such as the vehicle intrusion detection system/mode (S 400 ) of FIG. 12A or the compartment image data storage system/mode (S 500 ) of FIG. 12 B.
  • the program After completing the primary task routine, the program returns to the vehicle interior monitoring mode to generate and store another image data frame RA (t) .
  • the general lighting conditions of the rearward scene can be defined as follows: the background light level of the viewed rearward scene is B and the peak light level for each zone or sub-array S(X) is P(z).
  • the human eye can tolerate varying peak light levels in the viewed rearward scene up to a particular contrast ratio tolerance C T . Contrast ratios greater than C T initially cause discomfort and are generally known as glare. As the eye adjusts its light sensitivity to protect itself from the discomforting peak or glare light levels, vision is reduced and the glare may become disabling.
  • the mirror control signal V c (z) required to obtain the desired reflectance R d (z) depends on the particular variable reflectance mirror element that is used.
  • a voltage-reflectance relationship can be approximated and generally defined.
  • an electrochromic mirror has a reflectance level R having a maximum value of R 1 with an applied voltage V app of 0 volts.
  • V app the applied voltage
  • the reflectance level R perceptually remains on the order of R 1 until V app reaches a value of approximately V 1 .
  • V app is further increased, the reflectance level R decreases approximately linearly until a minimum reflectance of approximately R 2 is reached at a voltage V 2 .
  • the applied voltage V app can be approximately defined as:
  • V app V 1 +( R 1 ⁇ R ) ⁇ (V 2 ⁇ V 1 )/( R 1 ⁇ R 2 )
  • V c ( z ) V 1 +( R 1 ⁇ S ⁇ C T ⁇ B/P ( z ) ) ⁇ (V 2 ⁇ V 1 )/( R 1 ⁇ R 2 ).
  • V DAC ( z ) 255(V 1 +( R 1 ⁇ S ⁇ C T ⁇ B/P ( z )) ⁇ (V 2 ⁇ V 1 )/( R 1 ⁇ R 2 ))/V 2 .
  • FIG. 8A provides further detail on the steps S 150 and S 160 where the logic circuit 46 determines the background and peak light signals. More particularly, steps S 151 , S 152 , S 159 and S 160 provide two processing loops for sequentially determining the digital values indicative of the photosensor element signals, Val RA(n,m), in the RAM array RA(N,M) for each of the photosensor elements 32 a of the photosensor array PA(N,M).
  • a lens correction factor LC(n,m) is applied to each digital value indicative of the photosensor element signal, Val RA(n,m), to correct for the effects of lens 30 , which results in a lens corrected digital value of the photosensor element signal Val RA LC (n,m).
  • These effects are typically referred to as cosine effects or Lambert's Law effects.
  • the lens correction factor LC(n,m) depends on the radial distance of the photosensor element 32 a from a central axis of the lens 30 , and is typically in the range of 1 to 15 but will depend on the geometry of the lens and the selected photosensor array.
  • the lens correction factor LC(n,m) applied to each Val RA(n,m) may be calculated according to Lambert's Law each time Val RA(n,m) is processed. More preferably, the logic circuit 46 initially stores an array of values LC(n,m) in the RAM 50 for each photosensor element 32 a of the photosensor array PA(n,m) during an initialization routine. Alternatively, the size of the photosensor elements 32 a of the photosensor array 32 may be adjusted to correct for the lens effects at each photosensor element 32 a.
  • the lens corrected value Val RA LC (n,m) is compared in step S 154 to the peak threshold value F. If Val RA LC (n,m) is less than or equal to F it is used to increment a counter B Count , in the logic circuit 46 , by 1 in step S 157 (thereby indicating that a value less than or equal to F has been identified) and by increasing a value B Sum by the value of Val RA LC (n,m) in step S 158 , where B Sum is the sum of all the values of Val RA LC (n,m) which are less than or equal to F.
  • a color correction factor CC is applied in step S 162 to B t and P(z) to compensate for any reduction in transmittance when the reflectance level (and transmittance) of the rearview mirror 1 is reduced.
  • the value of CC is determined from the last calculated value indicative of the digital mirror control signal V DAC (z) applied to the rearview mirror 1 .
  • a change-limited background light signal B Lt is determined as has been described previously.
  • FIG. 8B provides further detail on step S 180 where the logic circuit 46 determines the appropriate digital mirror control signal V DAC (z) for each zone or sub-array S(X) and corresponding mirror 28 .
  • V DAC (z) is calculated for each mirror 28 .
  • step S 183 the logic circuit 46 reads a state IN 1 of the reverse-inhibit switch 38 and if the vehicle is in reverse gear so that IN 1 is high, then all digital mirror control signals V DAC (z) are set to 0 in step S 184 forcing the mirror 28 to its maximum reflectance level.
  • step S 185 a state IN 2 of the force-to-day switch 36 is read and if IN 2 is high, then all digital mirror control signals V DAC (z) are set to 0 in step 186 forcing the mirror 28 to its maximum reflectance level.
  • step S 187 a state IN 3 of the force-to-night switch 40 is read and if IN 3 is high, then all digital mirror control signals V DAC (z) are set to 255 (the maximum digital value for eight-bit data resolution) in step S 188 forcing the mirror 28 to its minimum reflectance level.
  • FIG. 9 shows another view of the logic flow whereby the rearview mirror, the left side view mirror and the right side view mirror (or alternatively three mirror segments) are independently driven to their desired reflectance levels by the independent and separate control and drive signals using photosensor element signals from three photosensor element sets (i.e., the sub-arrays S( 1 ), S( 2 ) and S( 3 ) of photosensor elements 32 a in the photosensor array PA(n,m)).
  • the specific subroutines shown in FIGS. 8A and 8B corresponding to the general steps shown in FIG. 7 are also used with the general steps shown in FIG. 9 .
  • step S 201 light incident on the lens 30 is focused in step S 210 onto the photosensor array 32 comprising the first, second and third sets of photosensor elements 32 a in zones a, b and c, respectively.
  • step S 211 the light incident on the first photosensor element set in zone a generates a first set of photosensor element signals, which, in step S 211 ′, are then stored in RAM and later used by the logic circuit 46 to determine a first peak light signal in step S 212 .
  • step S 221 the light incident on the second photosensor element set in zone b generates a second set of photosensor element signals
  • step S 231 the light incident on the third photosensor element set in zone c generates a third set of photosensor element signals.
  • the second set of photosensor element signals, generated in step S 221 are also stored in step 221 ′ in RAM and then used by the logic circuit 46 to determine a second peak light signal in step S 222 .
  • the third set of photosensor element signals, generated in step S 231 is next stored in step S 231 ′ in RAM and then used by the logic circuit 46 to determine a third peak light signal in step S 232 .
  • step S 213 photosensor element signals generated from selected photosensor elements on which light is incident in step S 210 are used to determine the background light signal.
  • step S 214 the logic circuit 46 uses the background light signal determined in step S 213 and the first peak light signal determined in step S 212 to determine a first control signal. Similarly, the logic circuit 46 uses the background light signal of step S 213 and the second peak light signal determined in step S 222 to determine a second control signal in step S 224 . In the same manner, the background light signal of step S 213 and the third peak light signal of step S 232 are used by the logic circuit 46 to determine a third control signal in step S 234 .
  • the first control signal determined in step S 214 is used by the drive circuit 24 a to generate a first drive signal in step S 215 .
  • This first drive signal drives the rearview mirror 28 a to a desired reflectance level in step S 216 .
  • the second control signal determined by the logic circuit 46 in step S 224 is used by the drive circuit 24 b to generate a second drive signal in step S 225 , which is then used to drive the left side view mirror 28 b to a desired reflectance level in step S 226 .
  • the third control signal determined by the logic circuit 46 in step S 234 is used by the drive circuit 24 b to generate a third drive signal to drive the right side view mirror 28 c to a desired reflectance level in step S 236 .
  • the first, second and third control signals may also be used to control the segments of a mirror 28 .
  • one advantage of the present invention is that it is able to use a single photosensor array 32 to determine both a background light level and a peak light level for controlling the reflectance level of a mirror. This is especially advantageous where the sensor must be placed outside the interior of the vehicle to view the rearward scene. This may be required, for example, in certain truck type vehicles where only exterior side view mirrors may be used and automatic operation is desired. Accordingly, the photosensor array 32 may be located with each side view mirror.
  • the other electronics for the automatic rearview mirror system 20 described previously, may be located either with the photosensor array 32 in each side view mirror, inside the vehicle cab or elsewhere in or on the vehicle. A desired reflectance level for each exterior side view mirror may then be accurately determined using both the determined background light level and peak light level using only a single photosensor array 32 for each mirror.
  • FIGS. 12 and 12A show the logic flow charts of the vehicle interior monitoring system configured as a vehicle intrusion detection system (primary task S 400 ).
  • the current image data frame RA (t) is processed to enhance its contrast characteristics so that it is largely unaffected by changing light levels or shadows, etc.
  • the logic circuit 46 selects an appropriate sub-array RS (t) corresponding to the sub-array S(X) (or other appropriate set) of photosensor elements 32 a of the photosensor array 32 containing the relevant image information.
  • the particular area of interest or significance in the photosensor array 32 may be a sub-array S(X) of photosensor elements 32 a of the photosensor array 32 (or other appropriate set not necessarily rectangular in shape, such as a trapezoid).
  • the ability to select image data corresponding to S(X) is important because some sets of photosensor elements 32 a may provide image information that is redundant, irrelevant or even damaging to a particular application and should therefore be ignored by the logic circuit 46 .
  • a significant advantage of the photosensor array 32 over other sensing technologies is its ability to provide selected image information so that the logic circuit 46 need only process RS (t) when, for example, the relevant sub-array S(X) and corresponding sub-array RS (t) contain all the image information necessary to a particular application.
  • a selected sub-array S(X) of photosensor elements 32 a may provide image information as shown in FIGS. 3A and 3B, which may be used by logic circuit 46 to provide information regarding the location and intensity of the headlights of following vehicles. To the extent that other areas of the photosensor array 32 do not provide such image information, they may be ignored.
  • the logic circuit 46 need only process the image information of FIG. 2A that excludes the image information of FIGS. 3A and 3B. Without this ability to select particular sets or sub-arrays, at least more intensive processing may be required to distinguish between unauthorized activity within the vehicle and irrelevant activity outside the vehicle.
  • the logic circuit: 46 processes the values in RA (t) to enhance the contrast or robustness of that image data frame. Excluding photosensor elements 32 a in the outside rows and columns of the photosensor array 32 , every photosensor element E(n,m) has eight (8) adjacent photosensor elements 32 a or neighbors: E(n ⁇ 1,m); E(n,m ⁇ 1);E(n ⁇ 1,m ⁇ 1); E(n+1,m); E(n,m+1); E(n+1,m+1); E(n ⁇ 1,m+1); and E(n+1,m+1).
  • a contour value CV(n,m) for each photosensor element E(n,m) may be calculated by determining the average of the differences between the value Val RA LC (n,m) of the photosensor element E(n,m) and the value of each neighbor. If the photosensor element value is an n-bit value, then CV(n,m) is also an n-bit value. Thus, using 8-bit data resolution, for example, if E(n,m) has a 0 value and each neighbor has a value of 255, then CV(n,m) is 255. If E(n,m) has a value of 255 and each neighbor has a 0 value, then CV(n,m) is 255. Both examples indicate a high degree of local contrast or discontinuity.
  • the logic circuit 46 uses the above method, to determine the contrast value CV(n,m) for each value Val RA LC (n,m) of RA (t) to obtain a contour enhanced image data frame RC (t) in which the “harder” image contours or discontinuities are emphasized or enhanced, while “softer” image contours are reduced in significance.
  • step S 402 the logic circuit 46 correlates the current image data frame RC (t) and a reference image data frame RC REF(t ⁇ 1) by comparing them to determine an image correlation factor IC.
  • This factor is indicative of the correlation or degree of similarity (or difference) between the two image data frames independent of the particular image or photosensor array size.
  • An IC value of 0 indicates no image similarity and an IC value of 1 indicates a perfect match.
  • the image correlation factor IC is indicative of the number of corresponding photosensor elements 32 a within the photosensor array 32 (or sub-array S(X)) having the same value Val RA LC (n,m) within some tolerance value T for the current and reference image data frames or sets.
  • the tolerance value T accounts for minor image variations, such as may be caused by system vibration or other system “noise”.
  • the value from the current image data frame RC (t) corresponding to photosensor element E( 1 , 1 ) is compared with the value from the reference image data frame RC REF(t ⁇ 1) corresponding to photosensor element E 1 , 1 ), and if:
  • Val RC (t) ( 1 , 1 ) Val RC REF(t ⁇ 1) ( 1 , 1 ) ⁇ T,
  • the RC (t) and RC REF(t ⁇ 1) values of photosensor element E( 1 , 1 ) correlate. This is done for all photosensor elements 32 a within the photosensor array 32 or selected sub-set thereof, and the logic circuit 46 stores and sums each correlation occurrence for each element E(n,m). The logic circuit 46 then divides the resulting sum of correlation occurrences by the number of elements E(n,m) considered in determining the image correlation factor IC.
  • step S 403 the logic circuit 46 determines whether certain system start-up criteria are met. This is done to ensure that a stable image data frame RC (t) is stored as RC REF(t). Importantly, RC REF(t) must correspond to an optimized and stable image data frame RC (t) .
  • electrical and thermal transients occur as is typical for silicon integrated circuits.
  • satisfactory start-up criteria include: (1) a minimum number of image data frames that must be processed to allow electrical stabilization and the completion of the majority of EP and SSI optimization, where the minimum number of data frames is preferably 25 but may be in the range of 15 to 40; and (2) a stable reference image RC REF(t) , where RC REF(t) is sufficiently stable when AR is within the operating point range OP ⁇ R and IC exceeds 0.95 for at least 2 to 10 image data frames, but preferably 4 image data frames.
  • step S 403 If the start-up criteria are not met in step S 403 , then, in step 5404 , the logic circuit 46 stores RC (t) in RAM 50 as a reference image data frame RC REF(t) (which is RC REF(t ⁇ 1) where the current image data frame is RC (t) on the next system cycle) and the program returns to step S 310 . If the start-up criteria in step S 403 are met, then the program goes to step S 405 .
  • threshold values T 1 and T 2 are used to determine the degree to which the current and reference image data frames match or mismatch.
  • the values of T 1 and T 2 depend on the particular application and the degree of confidence or reliability required in the match/mismatch conditions of steps S 405 and S 406 .
  • appropriate threshold values may range from 0.0 to 0.6 for T 1 and from 0.95 to 1.0 for T 2 , but are preferably 0.6 and 0.95 for T 1 and T 2 , respectively.
  • RC REF(t) may be the same as RC (t) or may represent any appropriate combination of two or more image data frames.
  • RC REF(t) may be determined using a digital lag filter:
  • RC REF(t) RC REF(t ⁇ 1) +K ⁇ ( RC (t) ⁇ RC REF(t ⁇ 1),
  • K may be a constant.
  • step S 405 If IC does not exceed T 1 in step S 405 , then the image data frames are considered a mismatch. Even though T 1 is selected so that only significant differences between RC (t) and RC REF(t ⁇ 1) provide a mismatch condition, the logic circuit 46 determines in step S 408 whether the mismatch condition is a valid intrusion condition. This is because there are conditions that result in the logic circuit 46 erroneously determining a mismatch condition. For example, automotive electrical system noise may affect the ability of the photosensor array 32 to provide accurate photosensor element signals, although this normally occurs only for short periods given the nature of such noise.
  • step S 408 While not all system applications may require the same level of confidence for a correct mismatch condition, it has been found that requiring a number of successive mismatch conditions represents a good validation test for step S 408 . In particular, it has been found that this validation test better ensures that the mismatch condition is valid by requiring from 2 to 300 successive mismatch conditions. Alternatively, the validation test may require from 2 to 300 initial mismatch conditions and allow a number of match conditions in step S 405 , where the number of match conditions may be from 1 to 15 depending on the required number of mismatch conditions.
  • control output signals are generally of two types: (1) signals that may be used to control directly certain vehicle hardware (lights, horn, etc.); and (2) signals that may be used as inputs to other vehicle controller systems that directly interface with such hardware.
  • the logic circuit 46 may output any combination of these control output signals depending on the desired level of integration between the system of the present invention and other vehicle systems. Digital control signals, such as bistable signals or digitally coded words interpreted by other vehicle systems, are typical for most applications.
  • the logic circuit 46 If the logic circuit 46 outputs bi-stable control signals directly to vehicle hardware, then the control output signal lines may be latched in a high or low state to control the vehicle hardware. If the logic circuit 46 outputs control signals to a vehicle controller system, then a higher protocol level, (such as digitally coded words) may have to be output from the logic circuit 46 .
  • FIG. 12B shows the logic flow chart of the compartment image data storage system configuration (primary task routine S 500 ) of the vehicle interior monitoring systems of FIG. 12 .
  • step S 501 the image data frame RA (t) (although this may be RC (t) is tested to determine whether it is valid.
  • the logic circuit 46 may determine whether the array response AR is within the operating point range OP ⁇ R. More stringent validity tests may include vehicle feature recognition, in which the system attempts to identify reference vehicle features, such as the seats or window pillars, and if the logic circuit 46 cannot identify these reference features in RA (t) then it determines that RA (t) is invalid. If RA (t) is valid, then RA (t) may be optionally compressed in step S 502 using any appropriate digital compression method to reduce the amount of image data.
  • step S 503 the logic circuit 46 stores the image data in the nonvolatile memory 57 on a first-in-first-out (FIFO) basis.
  • the program may end or return to step S 310 to obtain and process additional image data frames depending on the particular application. If RA (t) is not valid, then in steps S 504 , S 505 , S 506 and S 507 , the logic circuit 46 determines whether the photosensor 2 has been intentionally defeated so that an accurate image data frame of the vehicle interior or compartment cannot be generated and stored in the nonvolatile memory 57 .
  • steps S 504 and S 506 if it is determined that both EP and SSI are minimums, then the photosensor 2 is probably being defeated by an intruder or vehicle thief who is blinding the photosensor 2 by directing a light source, such as a bright flashlight, directly at the photosensor 2 .
  • This action saturates the photosensor array 32 so that the image data frame appears “white”. Since the photosensor array 32 normally does not saturate when both EP and SSI are at their minimums, a “white” image data frame would not normally occur.
  • steps S 505 and S 507 if it is determined that both EP and SSI are maximums, then the photosensor 2 is probably being defeated by an intruder who is blinding the photosensor by placing a piece of tape or other opaque material over the lens 30 (or window) which the photosensor array 32 uses for “seeing” the vehicle interior 100 . This action results in a “black” image data frame. Since SSI is maximized to allow the photosensor array 32 to generate images even if there is insufficient natural light, a “black” image data frame would also not normally occur.
  • steps S 504 , S 505 and S 507 result in a “black” image condition or steps S 504 and S 505 result in a “white” image condition, then the logic circuit 46 outputs a control signal in step S 508 to the vehicle controller to disable the ignition control device and/or to the vehicle controller system to activate the horn and lights. Otherwise, EP and SSI have not reached their adjustment limits, and the system attempts to optimize them and generates another image data frame which is then again tested to determine its validity in step S 501 .
  • the headlights and sidelights of operating vehicles are turned on as night approaches or when background lighting levels fall below approximately 500 lux. More particularly, it is desirable to have the vehicle's headlights and sidelights automatically turn on when background lighting levels fall to a sufficiently low level and automatically turn off when background lighting levels rise sufficiently.
  • An advantage of the automatic rearview mirror system 20 is that the background light signal B Lt may be used to automatically turn on and off a vehicle's headlights and sidelights by controlling the vehicle lighting switch 45 .
  • B Lt is determined regardless of the presence of peak light sources, such as oncoming or following headlights, the directional constraints on how and where the sensor is located or positioned are avoided. Accordingly, using the photosensor array 32 of the present invention to provide additional vehicle lighting control functions results in lower costs and improved reliability over other headlight control systems.
  • the limited background light signal B Lt has been described for the purpose of controlling the reflectance levels of an automatic rearview mirror system 20 . Additionally, the logic circuit 46 may use B Lt to generate a vehicle lighting control signal to control the vehicle lighting switch 45 to turn on and off automatically the vehicle's headlights and sidelights.
  • B Lt The ability to use B Lt is important because the vehicle lighting switch 45 should not be responsive to rapid or small fluctuations in background light levels in the region of the desired point at which the vehicle lighting switch is turned on or off, i.e., the switch point. Such fluctuations can be caused by the shadowing effect of overhanging trees or structures or the lighting differences between the eastern and western skylines at dawn and dusk which may be encountered when turning the vehicle.
  • hysteresis is also provided between the switch-on and switch-off conditions of the vehicle lighting switch 45 to further stabilize operation of the switch 45 in such fluctuating light conditions. More specifically, if the required switch point for falling light The levels is SP, then the switch point for rising light levels is SP ⁇ (1+H), where H is a hysteresis factor typically in the range of about 0.005 to 0.5, but is preferably 0.2. Thus, if B Lt is less than SP, then the vehicle lighting control signal to the vehicle lighting switch 45 is set high to turn on the vehicle's headlights and sidelights. If B Lt is greater than SP ⁇ (1+H), then the vehicle lighting control signal to the vehicle lighting switch 45 is set low to turn off the vehicle's headlights and sidelights.
  • a time delay t d may be provided such that if the ignition switch is turned off when the headlight control signal is set high, the vehicle lighting control signal will remain high for a time t d and thereafter fall to a low value to turn off the vehicle's headlights and sidelights.
  • a manual control may also be provided to allow the driver to adjust the time delay t d .
  • the vehicle lighting control signal and, more specifically, the lighting control switch 45 may also be used to inhibit automatic control of the automatic rearview mirror system 20 .
  • the logic and control circuit 34 may be used to enable sensitivity switch 42 or some other switch allowing the driver to manually adjust the reflectance level of the mirrors 28 .
  • the driver may manually select a lower reflectance level during daylight conditions to provide protection against peak light sources, such as a bright setting sun.
  • the vehicle lighting control signal would indicate non-daylight conditions and the logic and control circuit 34 may then be used to disable manual control and return the automatic rearview mirror system 20 to full automatic control.
  • FIG. 6B shows another embodiment of a stand-alone vehicle lighting control system, which has a number of the components identified with respect to FIG. 6 .
  • the vehicle lighting control system of FIG. 6B may also be integrated with automatic rearview mirror system and vehicle interior monitoring system described herein.
  • the photosensor array 32 is directed generally forward of the vehicle so that it may sense a field of view forward of the rearview mirror 1 .
  • the forward field of view is through the vehicle's front windshield and generally in line with the primary vehicle direction.
  • the photosensor array 32 comprises a plurality of photosensor elements 32 a arranged in 160 columns and 120 rows (a 160 ⁇ 120 array) and has a forward field of view of approximately 50 degrees centered at the vehicle center line and a vertical field of view of approximately 30 degrees, where the vertical field of view is approximately 10 degrees above and 20 degrees below the horizon in the forward field of view. It should be understood that the forward field of view may also be provided to the photosensor array 32 by using any appropriate image directing optics or other appropriate means for directing a forward field of view onto the photosensor array 32 regardless of its orientation.
  • the logic and control circuit 34 processes the photosensor array signals corresponding to the forward field of view to determine an appropriate vehicle lighting configuration depending on the light information in the forward field of view. The methods used by the logic and control circuit 34 to determine the appropriate vehicle lighting configuration are described below. After determining the appropriate vehicle lighting configuration, the logic and control circuit 34 generates and applies control signals to headlight switches 29 , which comprise a low beam mode switch 29 a , a mid beam mode switch 29 b and a high beam mode switch 29 c , and to a vehicle running lights switch 31 and tail lights and side lights switches 35 . Also shown in FIG. 6B is a sensitivity control circuit 41 , which may be used to control the level of hysteresis in the vehicle lighting control system, and manual vehicle light switches 43 for manually controlling the vehicle lights.
  • the photosensor array 32 is preferably located within the vehicle interior since this provides protection against the outside elements, including dirt, moisture, rain and snow, as well as reduced exposure to ultraviolet light, and generally provides a relatively controlled environment, including temperature environment. It should be understood, however, that the photosensor array 32 may also be located in one or both of the external sideview mirrors 4 and 5 , or in any other appropriate location on the vehicle.
  • the methods defined for determining the change-limited background light signal B Lt may also be used to determine a change-limited background forward light signal B LFt that may be used to control the vehicle lighting system. Also, the methods previously described for determining and identifying peak light levels may generally be used to determine and identify whether there are other headlights and taillights in the driver's forward field of view.
  • the logic and control circuit 34 uses this information to control automatically the vehicle headlights (low beam, mid beam and high beam modes) so as to limit the annoyance or debilitation of other vehicle drivers forward of the vehicle.
  • the method for processing the forward field of view image is the same as that shown through step S 140 in the flow chart of FIG. 7A, and is generally the same as to steps S 150 and S 160 as detailed in the flow chart FIG.
  • FIGS. 13A, 13 B, 13 C and 13 D are the flow charts that show the methods used by the logic and control circuit 34 to determine the appropriate vehicle lighting configuration and to control the vehicle lighting system. The methods detailed in FIGS. 13A, 13 B, 13 C and 13 D may generally be described as follows:
  • B LFt After the logic and control circuit 34 determines B LFt, it determines whether B LFt exceeds a threshold B DD , which corresponds to the light level at dawn, dusk or a comparable lighting condition. If B LFt exceeds B DD , then a flag F DAY corresponding to a daytime condition, which indicates that the vehicle running lights, if any, may be turned on but that vehicle headlights and taillights should otherwise be off, and resets to zero flags F FLOW , F MID and F HIGH , which respectively correspond to the low, mid and high beam modes for the vehicle headlights.
  • a threshold B DD which corresponds to the light level at dawn, dusk or a comparable lighting condition. If B LFt exceeds B DD , then a flag F DAY corresponding to a daytime condition, which indicates that the vehicle running lights, if any, may be turned on but that vehicle headlights and taillights should otherwise be off, and resets to zero flags F FLOW , F
  • B LFt is less than B DD and exceeds a threshold B N , which corresponds to a light level at night below which the mid or high beam modes may be operated, then the logic and control circuit 34 sets F LOW to 1 and resets F DAY , F MID and F HIGH .
  • the logic and control circuit 34 processes a mid zone, which corresponds to a Sub-Array S(X) within the Array PA(N,M) of the photosensor array 32 .
  • This mid zone or zone of interest represents an appropriate area of the forward field of view image, in which the vehicle headlights may be set to their mid beam mode if there are no other vehicles as indicated by other vehicle light sources (headlights or taillights) within the mid zone. If there are no other vehicle light sources, then the logic and control circuit 34 sets F MID to 1 and resets F LOW . Otherwise, F LOW remains set, and the logic and control circuit 34 determines and processes the next set of photosensor element signals.
  • the logic and control circuit 34 processes a high zone corresponding to the Array PA(N,M).
  • the high zone represents an appropriate area of the forward field of view image, in which the vehicle headlights may be set to their high beam mode if there are no other vehicle light sources within the high zone. If there are no other vehicle light sources, then the logic and control circuit 34 sets F HIGH to 1 and resets F MID . Otherwise, F MID remains set, and the system determines and processes the next set of photosensor element signals.
  • More complex vehicle lighting configurations may be controlled by determining an appropriate zone of interest for each available vehicle lighting mode or pattern.
  • hysteresis is used to moderate the frequency of transitions between the various beam modes and is reflected in FIGS. 13A, 13 B, 13 C and 13 D by low beam counter LC, mid beam counter MC, high beam counter HC and night counter NC, each having corresponding hysteresis values LC 1 , MC 1 , HC 1 and NC 1 , respectively.
  • the hysteresis values may correspond to about 1 to 30 forward field of view image frames, and therefore correspond to a certain period of time since each image frame takes on the order of about 0.1 seconds to process.
  • hysteresis has only been provided for transitions from low to mid or mid to high transitions, while transitions from high to mid or mid to low occur after the processing of only one image frame.
  • hysteresis may also be used for transitions from high to mid or mid to low.
  • transitions to the initial low beam mode may be delayed on the order of 15 seconds to five minutes, rather than occurring within one image frame as described herein.
  • specific time delays of from about 1 to 15 seconds, or any other appropriate delay be used for transitions between beam modes.
  • the vehicle driver may use the sensitivity control circuit 41 to adjust the level of hysteresis.
  • the vehicle driver may also use the manual vehicle light switches 43 to override the vehicle lighting control system.
  • FIG. 13A shows the initialization of the system and the initial low beam mode determination
  • FIG. 13B shows the initial mid and high beam mode determinations
  • FIG. 13C shows subsequent transitions from the mid beam mode to either the low or high beam modes
  • FIG. 13D shows subsequent transitions from the high beam mode to the mid and low beam modes.
  • the logic and control circuit 34 sets flag F Day to 1, sets flags F LOW , F MID , F HIGH and F N to 0, and sets counters LC, MC, HC and NC to 0.
  • step S 610 the logic and control circuit 34 determines B LFt as previously described.
  • step S 620 if B LFt is not less than B DD , then the logic and control circuit 34 determines whether LC equals or exceeds LC 1 in step S 621 . If LC is less than LC 1 , then LC is incremented in step S 624 and the processing is returned to step S 610 . If LC equals or exceeds LC 1 , then the logic and control circuit 34 in step S 622 sets F Day to 1, resets flags F LOW , F MID and F HIGH to 0 and also resets a flag F TSL , which corresponds to the status of the vehicle tail lights and side lights.
  • step S 623 the logic and control circuit outputs control signals to disable all vehicle night lights, including the headlights, side lights and tail lights.
  • step S 620 If in step S 620 , B LFt is less than B DD , then the system goes to step S 630 .
  • step S 630 if LC exceeds 0, then LC is decremented in step S 631 and the system returns to step S 610 . If LC equals 0 in step S 630 , then the logic and control circuit 34 sets F Day to 0 in step S 640 , and then goes to step S 650 .
  • step S 650 if B LFt is not less than B N , then the logic and control circuit 34 determines whether NC equals or exceeds NC 1 in step S 651 . If not, then NC is incremented in step S 653 . If yes, then NC is set to NC 1 in step S 652 .
  • step S 900 F N is then reset and the system goes to step S 900 .
  • B LFt is less than B N
  • the system goes to step S 660 .
  • NC exceeds 0 in step S 660
  • NC is decremented in step S 661 and F N is reset in step S 662 , after which the system goes to step S 900 .
  • F N is set to 1 in step S 670 .
  • steps S 700 and S 800 if F MID and F HIGH are not 1, then the system also goes to step S 900 .
  • step S 900 F LOW and F TSL are set and LC is set to LC 1 .
  • step S 910 the logic and control circuit 34 enables the tail and side lights (TSL) and low beam mode, and proceeds to step S 920 .
  • TSL tail and side lights
  • FIG. 13B shows the logic for making an initial transition from the low beam mode to the mid beam mode and for making an initial transition from the initial mid beam mode to the initial high beam mode.
  • step S 920 if F N equals 1, then the system returns to step S 610 . Otherwise, the logic and control circuit 34 processes the Sub-Array S(X) in step S 930 to determine whether there are any other vehicles (OV) in S(X) in the forward field of view, as previously described.
  • step S 940 if OV is in S(X), then MC and HC are reset in step S 941 and the system returns to step S 610 . If not, then the system goes to step S 950 .
  • step S 951 If MC does not equal or exceed MC 1 , then MC is incremented in step S 951 and processing returns to step S 610 . Otherwise, F MID is set and F LOW is reset in step S 960 , and the logic and control circuit 34 outputs control signals to enable the mid beam mode and disable the low beam mode in step S 970 .
  • step S 980 the logic and control circuit 34 processes PA(N,M) to determine if there are any other vehicles (OV) in PA(N,M).
  • step S 990 if OV is not in PA(N,M), then HC is incremented and the system returns to step S 610 . Otherwise, F HIGH is set and F MID is reset in step S 1000 , after which the logic and control circuit 34 outputs control signals to enable the high beam mode and disable the mid beam mode in step S 1010 , and the system returns to step S 610 .
  • FIG. 13C shows the logic for making transitions from the mid beam mode to either low or high beam modes.
  • F MID equals 1 in step S 700 of FIG. 13A
  • the logic and control circuit 34 processes S(X) for OV in step S 710 .
  • F LOW is set and F MID and MC are reset in step S 721 , after which the logic and control circuit 34 outputs control signals to enable the low beam mode and disable the mid beam mode in step S 722 and the system returns to step S 610 .
  • the logic and control circuit 34 processes PA(N,M) for OV in step S 730 .
  • step S 740 if OV is in PN(N,M), then HC is reset in step S 741 and the system returns to step S 610 . Otherwise, in step S 750 , if HC does not equal or exceed HC 1 , then HC is incremented in step S 751 and processing returns to step S 610 . If HC equals or exceeds HC 1 in step S 750 , then F HIGH is set and F MID is reset, after which the logic and control circuit 34 outputs control signals to enable the high beam mode and disable the mid beam mode in step S 770 and then returns to step S 610 .
  • FIG. 13D shows transitions from the high beam mode to the mid beam and low beam modes.
  • F HIGH equals 1 in step S 800 of FIG. 13A
  • the system goes to step S 810 , in which the logic and control circuit 34 processes PA(N,M) for OV.
  • step S 820 if OV is not in PA(N,M), the system returns to step S 610 . Otherwise, F MID is set and F HIGH and HC are reset in step S 830 , after which the logic and control circuit 34 outputs control signals to enable the mid beam mode and disable the high beam mode in step S 840 .
  • step S 850 the logic and control circuit processes S(X) for OV.
  • step S 860 if OV is not in S(X), then the system returns to step S 610 . Otherwise, F LOW is set and F MID and MC are reset in step S 870 , after which the logic and control circuit 34 outputs control signals to enable the low beam mode and disable the high beam mode in step S 880 and then returns to step S 610 .
  • the above system may also be used to determine an appropriate vehicle lighting configuration and then controlling the vehicle lighting systems so as to improve the driver's forward field of view.
  • the system may be used to recognize veiling glare caused by scattered light that may be caused by fog, snow, rain or other adverse conditions.
  • the logic and control circuit 34 may be used to determine a contrast factor representing the level of contrast within the forward field of view. This information may then be used to select the appropriate vehicle lighting configuration so as to reduce the level of veiling glare.
  • the system may also be used to monitor varying windshield surface conditions caused by condensation, dirt, rain or snow.
  • the system may be used to identify these conditions by analyzing the forward field of view image frames for distortion, or degradation. This capability may be enhanced by using infra-red supplemental source illumination (SSI) having wavelengths within the responsive range of the photosensor array 32 .
  • SSI infra-red supplemental source illumination
  • the logic and control circuit 34 may be used to generate control signals to operate the vehicle's windshield wiper system, windshield washer system, defogger system or windshield de-icing system so as to improve forward viewing conditions.
  • the photosensor array 32 may be used to generate image frame data that controls or supplements the control of vehicle collision avoidance systems or other automatic vehicle systems using forward field of view information. Additionally, since the photosensor array 32 responds to a portion of the non-visible electromagnetic spectrum, as previously described, it may be used to receive non-visible, spatially or time varying data from objects in the forward field of view, such as vehicles or road signs having an infra-red source emitter, and to provide vehicle-to-vehicle or road-to-vehicle communications, which may be used to support intelligent vehicle and highway systems (IVHS), which are designed to improve road travel safety and efficiency.
  • IVHS intelligent vehicle and highway systems
  • FIG. 10 also shows the automatic rearview mirror system 20 of the present invention.
  • the system 20 is powered by the vehicle's electrical system (not shown) to which the system 20 is connected.
  • a voltage regulation and transient protection circuit 22 regulates power and protects the system 20 from voltage transients as is well known in the art.
  • the circuit 22 is connected to the vehicle's electrical system and to ground, and outputs a voltage of up to about 5 volts to power the mirror drive circuits 24 and the light sensing and logic circuit 26 .
  • the circuit 22 also has a ground line connected to the light sensing and logic circuit 26 .
  • the 5 volt line is also connected to the force-to-day switch 36 and the reverse-inhibit switch 38 (connected in parallel to the light sensing and logic circuit 26 ) which are used to force the mirrors 28 to their maximum reflectance level. More particularly, when either of these switches is closed, they generate a high level signal V H such as a 3 volt signal, which is input to the light sensing and logic circuit 26 . This high level signal overrides the normal operation of the light sensing and logic circuit 26 causing it to output a control signal to the drive circuits 24 to drive the mirrors 28 to their maximum reflectance level.
  • V H such as a 3 volt signal
  • the force-to-day switch 36 and the reverse-inhibit switch 38 may be alternatively configured to generate a low level signal when closed and a high level signal when open.
  • the force-to-day switch 36 is a manually operated switch and is preferably placed on the rearview mirror 28 a and may be switch 3 .
  • the reverse-inhibit switch 38 is connected to a reverse inhibit line in the vehicle's electrical system (not shown) so that the reverse-inhibit switch 38 is actuated automatically whenever the vehicle is in reverse gear.
  • the force-to-night switch 40 used to force the mirrors 28 to their minimum reflectance level, generates a high level signal V H when closed and a low level signal V L when opened.
  • the signal V H or V L is then input to the light sensing and logic circuit 26 .
  • the high level signal may, for example, be between 3 to 5 volts and the low level signal may be below 3 volts.
  • the high level signal overrides the normal operation of the light sensing and logic circuit 26 , as discussed with respect to FIGS. 7, 8 A and 8 B, causing the circuit 26 to output a control signal to the drive circuits 24 to drive the mirrors 28 to their minimum reflectance level.
  • the low level signal permits normal operation of the light sensing and logic circuit 26 .
  • the force-to-night switch 40 may be configured to generate a low level signal when closed and a high level signal when open.
  • the force-to-night switch 40 is also a manually operable switch, preferably located on the rearview mirror 28 a , and may also be switch 3 .
  • the light sensing and logic circuit 26 is also connected to the sensitivity control circuit 42 .
  • the circuit 42 enables the operator to manually adjust the sensitivity of the mirrors 28 using the switch 3 (shown in FIGS. 1 A and 1 B).
  • the sensitivity control circuit 42 may comprise a potentiometer whose voltage may be varied from zero to five volts. Alternatively, a single resistor may be used to provide a single preset sensitivity setting that cannot be changed by the driver.
  • the light sensing and logic circuit 26 comprises the photosensor array 32 (or other light sensing device) and the logic and control circuit 34 . These two devices may be either separate or commonly located on a single semiconductor substrate.
  • the light sensing and logic circuit 26 is preferably a single VLSI CMOS circuit.
  • the light sensing and logic circuit 26 outputs analog mirror control signals having voltages varying from zero to approximately 5 volts to the mirror drive circuits 24 and a vehicle lighting control signal of 0 to 5 volts to the vehicle lighting switch 45 .
  • the light sensing and logic circuit 26 may output a 5 volt pulse-width-modulated (PWM) signal to the mirror drive circuits 24 .
  • PWM pulse-width-modulated
  • the mirror drive circuits 24 then generate and apply drive voltages varying from a low voltage on the order of 0 volts to a high voltage on the order of 1 volt to drive the mirrors 28 .
  • the actual driving voltage (or current) may, of course, be significantly lower or higher depending on the variable reflectance mirror element 1 a used.
  • Each of the mirrors 28 preferably comprises a reflective electrochromic (EC) cell whose reflectance level may be varied from a maximum of anywhere from approximately 50 to 90 percent to a minimum of approximately 4 to 15 percent, and having a maximum driving voltage on the order of about 1 to 2 volts.
  • electrochromic devices change their reflectance level when a voltage or other appropriate drive signal is applied to the electrochromic device.
  • the mirrors 28 alternatively may comprise any other suitable variable reflectance mirror.
  • the light sensing and logic circuit 26 may be located remotely from the mirrors 28 of the system 20 .
  • the light sensing and logic circuit 26 be integral with the rearview mirror 28 a such that: (1) the center line of the field of view of the photosensor array 32 is substantially perpendicular to the reflective surface of the rearview mirror 28 a ; and (2) the horizontal field of view of the photosensor array 32 is aligned with the horizontal axis of the rearview mirror 28 a .
  • the photosensor array 32 receives the light that will be incident on the rearview mirror 28 a as shown in FIG. 6 .
  • the automatic rearview mirror system containing the photosensor array 32 may be extended to include a vehicle interior monitoring system configured as a vehicle intrusion detection system by vertically extending the effective field of view of the photosensor array 32 and by providing vehicle intrusion detection logic in the logic circuit 26 .
  • vehicle interior monitoring system configured as a vehicle intrusion detection system by vertically extending the effective field of view of the photosensor array 32 and by providing vehicle intrusion detection logic in the logic circuit 26 .
  • the automotive rearview mirror and vehicle interior monitoring systems do not have to function simultaneously in both the vehicle intrusion detection mode and automatic rearview mirror mode. Therefore, the operation of the vehicle intrusion detection mode may be described independently of the operation of the automatic rearview mirror mode.
  • a switch is used to input a mode select signal to the logic circuit 46 to select the desired operating mode.
  • each photosensor element 32 a is associated with a small and unique portion of the imaged scene.
  • each photosensor element 32 a senses light within its own image cone.
  • each photosensor element 32 a is responsive to an area approximately one (1) inch square at 100 inches, which is about the maximum distance from the photosensor array 32 mounted in the rearview mirror 1 to most vehicle cabin interior surfaces within the area of interest.
  • one set of about 6,400 (160 ⁇ 40 sub-array) photosensor elements 32 a are used in the automatic rearview mirror mode and another set of about 12,800 (160 ⁇ 80 sub-array) photosensor elements 32 a are used in the vehicle intrusion detection mode.
  • the ability of the photosensor array 32 a to resolve the area of interest into a number of data values and to select particular image information, while ignoring other image information, is significant and distinguishes this vehicle intrusion detection system from other vehicle intrusion detection systems and technologies.
  • the automatic rearview mirror and vehicle interior monitoring system as shown in the schematic block diagram of FIG. 10A is identical to the automatic rearview mirror system shown in the schematic block diagram of FIG. 10 except as follows.
  • the array size required for an independent automatic rearview mirror system must be expanded from 160 ⁇ 40 to 160 ⁇ 120 to provide a larger effective field of view that includes most of the vehicle interior 100 .
  • additional logic or control circuitry is incorporated in logic circuit 46 to process the vehicle intrusion detection logic of FIGS. 12 and 12A.
  • the light sensing and logic circuit 26 includes additional control input lines for the “arming” and “alerting” control input signals and control output lines to interface with vehicle hardware or vehicle controller systems.
  • the regulation and transient protection circuit 22 also has an additional vehicle power supply line (12 V BATTERY), and a switch or other logic for providing a mode select signal that is input to the light sensing and logic circuit 26 .
  • the regulation and transient protection 22 includes the additional vehicle battery power supply line for supplying power directly from the vehicle battery.
  • the regulation and transient protection circuit 22 also includes a switch or other logic circuit (not shown) to output a mode select signal to the light sensing and logic circuit 26 .
  • the mode select signal is low (0 volts) when power is not available through the ignition switch controlled power supply circuit and high (5 volts) when it is.
  • the light sensing and logic circuit 26 includes an input line to receive an “arming” input signal 49 a to actively arm the vehicle intrusion detection system.
  • vehicle systems are typically used to supply an “arming” input signal.
  • Such systems may be actuated by using conventional infrared or RF type remote control or by the activation of central door locking systems using the door key or entry combination keypad.
  • the light sensing and logic circuit 26 also includes input lines to receive an “alert” input signal(s) 49 b to increase the sampling rate, such as when a trunk lid opening has been detected and increased monitoring may be required.
  • the light sensing and logic circuit 26 also includes one or more output signal lines to the vehicle hardware 45 a and/or to the vehicle controller system 48 , for activating the horn and lights or disabling the ignition control device.
  • the control output signal is normally low (0 volts) and goes high (5 volts) when there is an intrusion condition, but may also be a data word providing more detailed information, (such as the location of the intrusion) to the vehicle controller system.
  • the regulation and transient protection circuit 22 When power is supplied to the automatic rearview mirror system through the ignition switch controlled power supply circuit, the regulation and transient protection circuit 22 outputs a high (5 volts) mode select signal to the logic circuit 46 . This causes it to select the automatic rearview mirror mode and the system functions as an automatic rearview mirror system as previously described.
  • the mode select signal goes low (0 volts) and the logic circuit 46 sets the system to a low power mode, in which the logic circuit 46 only monitors the status of the mode select and “arming” control input signals.
  • the vehicle intrusion detection mode is available, but the system is not “armed” and it is not monitoring the vehicle cabin.
  • the logic circuit 46 enters the vehicle intrusion detection mode described with respect to FIGS. 12 and 12A.
  • step S 301 the logic circuit 46 initializes the system (e.g., resets the counters, etc., used in the automatic rearview mirror mode) and sets EP to its maximum value and SSI to its minimum level. Since the lighting levels are not known and may be at any level within the full operating range of the system at the time of arming, the system must determine the optimum combination of EP and SSI by maximizing the number of photosensor elements 32 a providing useful image data. To minimize system power consumption, the method is biased to minimize SSI and maximize EP.
  • step S 310 the status of the mode select, “arming” and “alerting” signals is monitored to confirm the appropriate operating mode.
  • the system For example, if the “arming” signal goes inactive, then the system returns to a disarmed, low power mode and only monitors the mode select and “arming” signals. If there is no status change, then the system generates and stores RA (t) (using steps S 101 to S 140 of FIG. 7 ).
  • the logic circuit 46 ignores RAM array data corresponding to the 160 ⁇ 40 array of photosensor elements 32 a generally associated with the window areas as shown in FIGS. 3A and 3B, and processes the RAM array data corresponding to the 160 ⁇ 80 array of photosensor elements 32 a generally associated with the vehicle cabin interior generally excluding the window areas of FIGS. 3A and 3B. It should be understood that a trapezoidal sub-set of RAM array data, corresponding to the same sub-set of photosensor elements 32 a , may be selected so as to better correspond to the vehicle cabin interior excluding the window areas.
  • step S 320 the logic circuit 46 determines AR by calculating the average value of all the values in the selected sub-set of RAM array data.
  • AR may be in they range 0 to 255 (8-bit data resolution), but it is preferably at the operating point OP of 127 (mid-point of the range); however, for system stability purposes the range factor R results in an operating point OP range of 127 ⁇ 20.
  • step S 330 and S 360 it is determined whether AR is in the range OP ⁇ R. If AR is outside the range, then EP and SSI are incrementally increased or decreased according to steps S 341 , S 342 or S 351 , S 352 . This is repeated for every image data frame.
  • the system thus optimizes EP and SSI for the particular circumstances at system startup, and thereafter continues to adjust EP and SSI to maintain AR within the range OP ⁇ R as lighting conditions change. If AR is within the range, then the program enters the primary task S 400 in block S 370 .
  • the vehicle intrusion detection system is designed to be responsive or sensitive to movement or motion within the vehicle interior 100 and insensitive to changes in general lighting conditions, moving shadows, etc. The system does this by reducing every image data frame to its robust and unique characteristics, largely unaffected by random light sources or changes in general lighting conditions.
  • the contour enhanced image data frame RC (t) is stored as the reference image data frame. Every image data frame is processed in the same way as the reference image and is then compared to the reference image. Decisions are reached after several images have been compared producing the same result. Three conclusions are possible after comparing images in the manner described. Images may be essentially the same, significantly different or neither similar enough nor different enough to make a decision. If this first condition exists for long enough, changes to the reference image are considered. Confirmation of the differences over several images result in a concluded intrusion.
  • step S 401 the logic circuit 46 converts RA (t) to its contour enhanced form RC (t) by calculating the average difference between the value of RA (t) for each element E(n,m) and each of its eight (8) neighbors.
  • the system must electrically stabilize and must also adjust EP and SSI to optimize the image data frame stored as RC REF(t) . This is done by cycling at least several times from step S 310 through steps S 403 and S 404 and then returning to step S 310 .
  • step S 404 the image data frame RC (t) is stored in RAM 50 as RC REF(t) so that RC (t) and RC REF(t ⁇ 1) are available in step S 402 in RAM 50 for comparison.
  • step S 402 the correlation factor IC for RC (t) and RC REF(t ⁇ 1) is determined. During this start-up period, EP and SSI become stable.
  • step S 403 the start-up criteria are tested, as previously described, and if the count is greater than 25 and the images RC (t) and RC REF(t ⁇ 1) correlate (IC exceeds 0.95), then the system continues through step S 405 . Otherwise, it continues through step S 404 until the image is stable.
  • IC is tested against T 1 in step S 405 , where T 1 is 0.6 (T 1 may be less than 0.6). If the degree of correlation or correspondence between the current and reference image data frames is poor (IC is less than 0.6), then the image data frames are judged to be sufficiently different to suggest that vehicle intrusion has occurred. Vehicle intrusion detection systems are evaluated on their ability to detect intrusion conditions and to avoid false intrusion conditions.
  • step S 408 the number of successive mismatch conditions is counted and compared to a preset value of 20 (which may be in the range 2 to 300), and a valid intrusion detection condition is established in step S 408 after 20 successive mismatch conditions.
  • step S 409 the logic circuit 46 outputs control signals to vehicle hardware 45 a or to the vehicle controller system 48 for further processing, which may result in an alarm sounding, vehicle immobilization or other appropriate action.
  • the system continues to monitor the vehicle interior or compartment by returning to step S 310 . If the number of successive mismatch conditions falls below 20 in step S 408 , then the system returns to step S 310 .
  • step S 405 if IC is greater than 0.6, then the images are not sufficiently different to confirm an intrusion condition. It is desirable to update the reference image data frame RC REF(t) if changes occur due to minor and slowly changing conditions outside the vehicle, such as changing light levels or slowly moving shadows due to the sun tracking across the sky. Accordingly, in step S 406 , IC is compared to T 2 (where T 2 is 0.95 but may be in the range 0.95 to 1), and if IC exceeds T 2 , then the logic circuit 46 updates and stores the reference image data frame RC REF(t ⁇ l) in step S 407 . The logic circuit 46 may replace RC REF(t ⁇ 1) with RC (t) or modify RC REF(t ⁇ 1) as previously described. The system continues to monitor the vehicle interior by returning to step S 310 until the “arming” control input signal goes inactive.
  • the larger field of view provided by the 160 ⁇ 120 array of the vehicle intrusion detection system enables further analysis of the rearward scene.
  • the background light signal B t may be determined using a larger set of photosensor array elements 32 a .
  • the combination of the automatic rearview mirror detection system and vehicle intrusion detection system additionally provides an opportunity for using SSI to illuminate the vehicle interior under dark conditions for the purpose of precise identification of specific vehicle features such as those indicated in FIG. 2 A.
  • Vehicle feature identification is useful in the automatic rearview mirror system because it allows the logic circuit 46 to select each of the sub-arrays S(X) of photosensor elements 32 a corresponding to zones a, b and c indicated in FIGS. 3A and 3B. This is useful when the photosensor array 32 is positioned in the rearview mirror 1 . Active adjustment allows the logic circuit 46 to select sets or sub-arrays S(X) of photosensor elements 32 a such that zones a, b and c are indicative of identical vehicle regions independently of driver rearview mirror 1 adjustment.
  • the system described may be operated in a low power mode by reducing the sampling rate at which images are obtained and processed, such as one image data frame per second.
  • the logic circuit 46 may return to its normal sampling rate.
  • this may also be achieved by having the system use the lower sampling rate until the logic circuit 46 establishes a poor image correlation (i.e., IC ⁇ 0.6) in step S 406 and selects the higher sampling rate.
  • the vehicle interior monitoring system may also be configured as a compartment image data storage system to store any compartment image, such as the driver image, in the nonvolatile memory 57 .
  • the automatic rearview mirror and vehicle interior monitoring system configured as a compartment image data storage system is shown in the schematic block diagram of FIG. 10 A and the previous description of FIGS. 10 and 10A applies except as follows.
  • the light sensing and logic circuit 26 does not use control input lines for receiving the “arming” control input signal 49 a and the “alerting” control input signal(s) 49 b as in the vehicle intrusion detection system.
  • the additional vehicle power supply line (12 V BATTERY) and mode select signal line are also not used in the specific embodiment described herein.
  • the compartment image data storage system may be limited to operating when the vehicle has been started since both authorized and unauthorized drivers actuate the ignition switch to start the vehicle (the vehicle thief may, of course, break the steering column ignition lock system to do this).
  • the light sensing and logic circuit 26 includes input/output lines to interface with the nonvolatile memory/data access logic and port 65 , which comprises the nonvolatile memory 57 , access/security decoding logic 58 circuit and data access part 59 of FIG. 6 A.
  • the image data frame may be compressed using any appropriate digital image compression technique as discussed with respect to FIG. 6 A.
  • the image data frame is then stored in the nonvolatile memory 57 , such as an EEPROM or any other appropriate nonvolatile memory, which has sufficient storage to store a predetermined number of image data frames.
  • the compartment image data storage system may be configured to store a single image data frame in the nonvolatile memory 57 for each ignition cycle.
  • the regulation and transient protection circuit 22 supplies 5 volts to the light sensing and logic circuit 26 , which begins system initialization for a set period of between zero (0) seconds and two (2) minutes, but preferably 30 seconds. This delay condition or wait state reduces the opportunity for vehicle thieves to detect SSI which may be emitted during the image optimization process of FIG. 12 . After the wait state has ended, the compartment image data storage system operates as has already been described with respect to FIGS. 12A and 12B.
  • the nonvolatile memory 57 should be sufficiently large to store a number N of valid image data frames RA (t) to document N sequential ignition cycles where N is in the range of 2 to 10, but is preferably 5.
  • the image data frames are addressed via pointers that select a general memory location which are used to store each valid image data frame RA (t) .
  • the pointer addressing scheme is cycled on a first-in-first-out (FIFO) basis so that the most recent valid image data frames replace the “oldest” image data frames in the nonvolatile memory 57 .
  • FIFO first-in-first-out
  • multiple valid image data frames may be stored for a single ignition cycle.
  • This second version of the compartment image data storage system performs exactly as the first description except as follows. After storage of the initial image data frame, the system returns to step S 310 and the logic circuit 46 generates a random wait state ranging from 8 to 15 minutes during which the system stops generating image data frames. After the wait state has ended, the system proceeds to attempt generate another valid image data frame. This cycle of randomly waiting and then attempting to generate valid image data frames is continued as long as the ignition supplies power to the system. This approach is more difficult for thieves to defeat.
  • This system may also be configured as a real-time image data storage system (e.g., 30 frames per second).
  • An initiation sensor such as accelerometers, motion sensors, vibration sensors or any other sensor capable of detecting vehicle motion, inputs an initiation signal, and after receiving the initiation signal, the light sensing and logic circuit 26 generates and stores in real-time the image data frames for a predetermined period, such as 10 seconds.
  • the nonvolatile memory 57 is preferably housed in a separate module in a physically difficult to access location within the vehicle, such as high on the fire wall behind the instrument cluster.
  • the module is preferably a durable metal housing or other housing sufficiently durable so that it will protect the nonvolatile memory 57 from extreme shock or heat, such as might occur in a vehicle accident.
  • access may be limited by the security access/decoding logic 58 .
  • the security access codes necessary to access the image data frames may, for example, be distributed only to authorized persons. When the proper security access code is entered, the image data frames may be accessed through the access port 59 ; typically, the access port 59 is a multi-pin connector to which a data retrieval system may be connected.
  • vehicle interior monitoring system including the vehicle intrusion detection system and the compartment image data storage system configurations, may be implemented as an independent or stand-alone system in a module (without the automatic rearview mirror system), and that it may be mounted independently within the vehicle, such as in the headliner, headliner console or other appropriate areas.
  • the performance of the vehicle interior monitoring systems described herein may be enhanced by providing enhanced infrared reflectance characteristics in certain areas within the vehicle interior 100 .
  • some fibers such as cotton and silk
  • tend to reflect near infrared illumination better than other fibers such as nylon and rayon
  • a pattern may be established in the vehicle interior 100 such as on the driver seat 101 or passenger seat 102 or front or rear seats or on the vehicle's interior door panels, etc., by using different fibers or other materials to establish a pattern, such as a grid or any other appropriate pattern.
  • Near infrared illumination of the pattern provides a higher contrast image to the photosensor array 32 . This better ensures that the logic circuit 46 accurately determines, for example, the presence of an intruder, an occupant or other object (such as a child restraint system in the front passenger seat).
  • any near infrared reflective pattern in the vehicle will generally provide a higher contrast pattern to the photosensor array 32 because of natural sources (sunlight) or supplemental sources of near infrared of illumination.
  • light levels fall below some predetermined level (typically in the range of about 0.1 lux to 5 lux)
  • near infrared SSI may be used to provide a higher contrast image pattern to the photosensor array 32 .
  • the vehicle interior monitoring system may also be used to monitor the vehicle interior 100 to determine whether there is an adult occupant, a child restraint system or no occupant in the front or rear passenger seat areas.
  • Various mechanical and electrical sensors have been considered or used for detecting or sensing the size and presence of vehicle occupants, particularly those in the front passenger seat. These sensors include pressure sensors (mechanical and solid-state), accelerometers, ultrasonic sensors and mechanical or electrical switch mechanisms for indicating seat belt use.
  • sensors include pressure sensors (mechanical and solid-state), accelerometers, ultrasonic sensors and mechanical or electrical switch mechanisms for indicating seat belt use.
  • the vehicle interior monitoring system may be configured as a vehicle occupant detection system that may be used to aid in the intelligent deployment of air bags depending, for example, on the status of the vehicle occupant.
  • Image information such as size, shape, contour and motion may be processed by the logic circuit 46 to determine whether to output a control signal to the air bag deployment system to prevent an air bag from deploying (such as a passenger air bag when there is no front seat passenger) or for controlling the rate at which the airbag deploys.
  • FIGS. 6, 6 A, 6 B, 10 and 10 A are well known in the art relating to automatic rearview mirrors, vehicle lighting systems and vehicle intrusion detection systems, and their specific construction and operation is not critical to the invention or the best mode for carrying out the present invention.
  • the logic flow charts discussed in the specification and shown in FIGS. 7, 8 A, 8 B, 12 , 12 A, 12 B, 13 A, 13 B, 13 C and 13 D may be implemented in digital hardwired logic or programmed into well-known signal processors, such as microprocessors, by persons having ordinary skill in the art. Since such digital circuit construction or programming per se is not part of the invention, no further description thereof is deemed necessary.
US09/227,344 1993-02-26 1999-01-08 Vehicle control system and method Expired - Fee Related US6302545B1 (en)

Priority Applications (22)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
US09/227,344 US6302545B1 (en) 1993-02-26 1999-01-08 Vehicle control system and method
US09/441,341 US7339149B1 (en) 1993-02-26 1999-11-16 Vehicle headlight control using imaging sensor
US09/975,232 US6523964B2 (en) 1993-02-26 2001-10-11 Vehicle control system and method
US10/372,873 US6802617B2 (en) 1993-02-26 2003-02-24 Vehicle image capture system
US10/940,700 US6953253B2 (en) 1993-02-26 2004-09-14 Vehicle photosensing control system
US10/984,403 US7227459B2 (en) 1993-02-26 2004-11-09 Vehicle imaging system
US11/074,521 US8098142B2 (en) 1993-02-26 2005-03-08 Vehicle monitoring system
US11/246,593 US7344261B2 (en) 1993-02-26 2005-10-06 Vehicular vision system
US11/545,039 US7402786B2 (en) 1993-02-26 2006-10-06 Vehicle headlight control using imaging sensor with spectral filtering
US11/649,596 US7380948B2 (en) 1993-02-26 2007-01-04 Image sensing system for a vehicle
US11/650,629 US7325934B2 (en) 1993-02-26 2007-01-08 Image sensing system for a vehicle
US11/650,646 US7325935B2 (en) 1993-02-26 2007-01-08 Image sensing system for a vehicle
US11/651,289 US7388182B2 (en) 1993-02-26 2007-01-09 Image sensing system for controlling an accessory or headlight of a vehicle
US11/651,726 US7311406B2 (en) 1993-02-26 2007-01-10 Image sensing system for a vehicle
US11/626,535 US7459664B2 (en) 1993-02-26 2007-01-24 Image sensing system for a vehicle
US11/810,164 US8063759B2 (en) 1993-02-26 2007-06-05 Vehicle vision system
US11/936,166 US7423248B2 (en) 1993-02-26 2007-11-07 Automatic exterior light control for a vehicle
US11/958,916 US7425076B2 (en) 1993-02-26 2007-12-18 Vision system for a vehicle
US13/351,098 US8203440B2 (en) 1993-02-26 2012-01-16 Vehicular vision system
US13/525,763 US8314689B2 (en) 1993-02-26 2012-06-18 Vehicular vision system
US13/680,534 US8599001B2 (en) 1993-02-26 2012-11-19 Vehicular vision system
US14/093,981 US8917169B2 (en) 1993-02-26 2013-12-02 Vehicular vision system

Applications Claiming Priority (4)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
US08/023,918 US5550677A (en) 1993-02-26 1993-02-26 Automatic rearview mirror system using a photosensor array
PCT/US1994/001954 WO1994019212A2 (en) 1993-02-26 1994-02-25 Automatic rearview mirror and vehicle interior monitoring system using a photosensor array
US08/478,093 US5877897A (en) 1993-02-26 1995-06-07 Automatic rearview mirror, vehicle lighting control and vehicle interior monitoring system using a photosensor array
US09/227,344 US6302545B1 (en) 1993-02-26 1999-01-08 Vehicle control system and method

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US08/478,093 Continuation US5877897A (en) 1993-02-26 1995-06-07 Automatic rearview mirror, vehicle lighting control and vehicle interior monitoring system using a photosensor array
US09/135,565 Continuation US6097023A (en) 1993-02-26 1998-08-17 Vehicle headlight control using imaging sensor
US09/135,565 Continuation-In-Part US6097023A (en) 1993-02-26 1998-08-17 Vehicle headlight control using imaging sensor

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US09/441,341 Continuation US7339149B1 (en) 1993-02-26 1999-11-16 Vehicle headlight control using imaging sensor
US09/441,341 Continuation-In-Part US7339149B1 (en) 1993-02-26 1999-11-16 Vehicle headlight control using imaging sensor
US09/975,232 Continuation US6523964B2 (en) 1993-02-26 2001-10-11 Vehicle control system and method

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US08/478,093 Expired - Lifetime US5877897A (en) 1993-02-26 1995-06-07 Automatic rearview mirror, vehicle lighting control and vehicle interior monitoring system using a photosensor array
US09/227,344 Expired - Fee Related US6302545B1 (en) 1993-02-26 1999-01-08 Vehicle control system and method
US09/975,232 Expired - Fee Related US6523964B2 (en) 1993-02-26 2001-10-11 Vehicle control system and method
US10/372,873 Expired - Fee Related US6802617B2 (en) 1993-02-26 2003-02-24 Vehicle image capture system
US10/940,700 Expired - Fee Related US6953253B2 (en) 1993-02-26 2004-09-14 Vehicle photosensing control system
US11/074,521 Expired - Fee Related US8098142B2 (en) 1993-02-26 2005-03-08 Vehicle monitoring system
US11/246,593 Expired - Fee Related US7344261B2 (en) 1993-02-26 2005-10-06 Vehicular vision system
US11/649,596 Expired - Fee Related US7380948B2 (en) 1993-02-26 2007-01-04 Image sensing system for a vehicle
US11/650,646 Expired - Fee Related US7325935B2 (en) 1993-02-26 2007-01-08 Image sensing system for a vehicle
US11/650,629 Expired - Fee Related US7325934B2 (en) 1993-02-26 2007-01-08 Image sensing system for a vehicle
US11/651,726 Expired - Fee Related US7311406B2 (en) 1993-02-26 2007-01-10 Image sensing system for a vehicle
US11/958,916 Expired - Fee Related US7425076B2 (en) 1993-02-26 2007-12-18 Vision system for a vehicle
US13/351,098 Expired - Fee Related US8203440B2 (en) 1993-02-26 2012-01-16 Vehicular vision system
US13/525,763 Expired - Fee Related US8314689B2 (en) 1993-02-26 2012-06-18 Vehicular vision system
US13/680,534 Expired - Fee Related US8599001B2 (en) 1993-02-26 2012-11-19 Vehicular vision system
US14/093,981 Expired - Fee Related US8917169B2 (en) 1993-02-26 2013-12-02 Vehicular vision system

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US10/372,873 Expired - Fee Related US6802617B2 (en) 1993-02-26 2003-02-24 Vehicle image capture system
US10/940,700 Expired - Fee Related US6953253B2 (en) 1993-02-26 2004-09-14 Vehicle photosensing control system
US11/074,521 Expired - Fee Related US8098142B2 (en) 1993-02-26 2005-03-08 Vehicle monitoring system
US11/246,593 Expired - Fee Related US7344261B2 (en) 1993-02-26 2005-10-06 Vehicular vision system
US11/649,596 Expired - Fee Related US7380948B2 (en) 1993-02-26 2007-01-04 Image sensing system for a vehicle
US11/650,646 Expired - Fee Related US7325935B2 (en) 1993-02-26 2007-01-08 Image sensing system for a vehicle
US11/650,629 Expired - Fee Related US7325934B2 (en) 1993-02-26 2007-01-08 Image sensing system for a vehicle
US11/651,726 Expired - Fee Related US7311406B2 (en) 1993-02-26 2007-01-10 Image sensing system for a vehicle
US11/958,916 Expired - Fee Related US7425076B2 (en) 1993-02-26 2007-12-18 Vision system for a vehicle
US13/351,098 Expired - Fee Related US8203440B2 (en) 1993-02-26 2012-01-16 Vehicular vision system
US13/525,763 Expired - Fee Related US8314689B2 (en) 1993-02-26 2012-06-18 Vehicular vision system
US13/680,534 Expired - Fee Related US8599001B2 (en) 1993-02-26 2012-11-19 Vehicular vision system
US14/093,981 Expired - Fee Related US8917169B2 (en) 1993-02-26 2013-12-02 Vehicular vision system

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US20130076241A1 (en) 2013-03-28
US20140084789A1 (en) 2014-03-27
US7325935B2 (en) 2008-02-05
US7325934B2 (en) 2008-02-05
US5877897A (en) 1999-03-02
US20120113260A1 (en) 2012-05-10
US20120257059A1 (en) 2012-10-11
US6953253B2 (en) 2005-10-11
US6802617B2 (en) 2004-10-12
US20060028731A1 (en) 2006-02-09
US8314689B2 (en) 2012-11-20
US8098142B2 (en) 2012-01-17
US20070109654A1 (en) 2007-05-17
US8203440B2 (en) 2012-06-19
US8599001B2 (en) 2013-12-03
US20080094715A1 (en) 2008-04-24
US7311406B2 (en) 2007-12-25
US6523964B2 (en) 2003-02-25
US20070109651A1 (en) 2007-05-17
US20050030631A1 (en) 2005-02-10
US20040021947A1 (en) 2004-02-05
US7344261B2 (en) 2008-03-18
US20070109653A1 (en) 2007-05-17
US8917169B2 (en) 2014-12-23
US7425076B2 (en) 2008-09-16
US20070109652A1 (en) 2007-05-17
US20050146792A1 (en) 2005-07-07
US20020036830A1 (en) 2002-03-28
US7380948B2 (en) 2008-06-03

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