JP2002516062A - 二本鎖rnaによる遺伝子阻害 - Google Patents
二本鎖rnaによる遺伝子阻害Info
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- JP2002516062A JP2002516062A JP2000525538A JP2000525538A JP2002516062A JP 2002516062 A JP2002516062 A JP 2002516062A JP 2000525538 A JP2000525538 A JP 2000525538A JP 2000525538 A JP2000525538 A JP 2000525538A JP 2002516062 A JP2002516062 A JP 2002516062A
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Abstract
Description
GM−17164、HD−33769およびGM−07231による米国政府補
助で行われた。米国政府は、本発明にある種の権利を有する。
害に関する。
にわたる切実なニーズであった。このゴールを達成するために大きな努力が投じ
られてきたが、この問題に対するより総括的な解決が未だ必要とされている
するのに使われてきた。有益ではあるが、そのような技術には面倒な突然変異誘
発やスクリーニングプログラムを必要とし、遺伝子操作がよく確立された生物体
(例えば、選択し得るマーカーの存在、遺伝子分離および有性生殖を制御する能
力)に限定され、また所望の突然変異を分離するために多数の細胞または生物体
を犠牲にすることが可能な用途に限定されている。そのような状況下においても
、古典的遺伝子技術では所定の特異的標的遺伝子、特に複雑な遺伝経路が関連す
るときに、突然変異をつくることができない。多くの分子遺伝学の応用は、古典
的遺伝子スクリーニング技術を超えて、そして細胞または生物体の特定のグルー
プの遺伝子発現における目的とする変化を効率的につくる能力を必要とする。そ
のような応用のいくつかは、知識を基礎としたプロジェクトであり、特異的遺伝
子産物(或いは産物等)の欠失がどのような効果を細胞或いは生物体の行動にも
たらすかを理解することが重要である。他の応用は工学を基礎とするものであり
、例えば、特異的遺伝子産物(或いは産物等)が減少しているか除去されている
細胞或いは生物体の群をつくることが重要である場合である。更に別のクラスの
応用は治療を基礎とするものであり、それは、特異的遺伝子産物(或いは産物等
)の量を減じる或いは除去することが、生物体(例えばヒト)を機能させるため
に有効である。別のクラスの応用は疾病モデルの提供であり、生きた生物体の生
理的機能が、その生物体のゲノムを永久に変化させることなく、特異的遺伝子産
物(或いは産物等)を減じるか或いは除去するように遺伝子操作されるものであ
る。
渉を遺伝子工学処理する新しい方法をもたらした。それらの方法を以下に記載す
る。
て最も一般的に記載された方法であった。アンチセンス戦略として、目的とする
遺伝子に対するメッセンジャーRNAに相補的な一本鎖核酸の化学量論的量を細
胞に導入する。アンチセンスを基礎とする方法のいくつかの困難性は、運搬、安
定性、および必要容量に関するものである。一般的に、細胞は一本鎖核酸に対す
る取り込み機構を有していない、それゆえ非修飾一本鎖物質の取り込みは極端に
非効率である。細胞に取り込まれるのを待つ間に、一本鎖物質は分解してしまう
。なぜなら、アンチセンス干渉には、干渉物質が比較的高濃度(内部mRNAの
濃度またはそれ以上)で蓄積することが必要であり、運搬されるべき必要量が効
率の主な妨げである。結果として、アンチセンス技術の開発において、多くの努
力が、ヌクレアーゼ消化に対して安定であり、そして細胞に容易に拡散して行く
ことができる修飾核酸の製造に焦点を合わせてきた。遺伝子治療または他の全身
への適用のためにアンチセンス干渉を使用することは、非天然類縁体からの合成
に必要な大量のオリゴヌクレオチド、その合成費用、および各細胞に高投与量を
以ってしても干渉物質を充分な濃度で均一なプールを維持することの困難さによ
って制限されてきた。
基礎とするものである。この方法は、三本鎖構造をとるためのある種の核酸集団
のまれな性能による。生理的条件下においては、核酸は事実上すべて一本鎖また
は二本鎖であり、そして三本鎖を形成するとしてもまれである。しかし、時々、
ある種の単純なプリンまたはピリミジンに富む配列は、極端なpH条件下のin
vitroで(即ち、試験管内において)三本鎖分子を形成することができる
ことが知られている。そのような構造は、一般に生理条件下での非常に一過性の
ものであるから、三本鎖構造を作ることを意図した非修飾核酸の単純な運搬は、
干渉を生じることはない。アンチセンスについても、in vivoで使用する
ための三本鎖技術の開発は、in vivoで細胞によってより安定でより容易
に吸収される修飾核酸の開発に焦点が合わされてきた。この技術の開発の付加的
目標は、三本鎖物質の形成が生理的pHにおいて効率的に進行するような修飾核
酸を製造することであった。
作手順の一群である。この方法は、植物で最初記載され、非連鎖で相同遺伝子の
沈黙の原因となる導入遺伝子の作用に関するものであった。より最近になって、
共抑制に類似の現象が、二つの動物:C.elegansおよびDrosoph
ila、で報告された。共抑制は最初、強力で有用な遺伝子座の過剰発現を達成
する試みで導入遺伝子を用いたグループからの報告で、偶然に観察された。ある
場合には、過剰発現は成功したが、しかし多くの場合、結果は予測とは逆であっ
た。それらの場合、導入遺伝子植物は実際内部遺伝子のより弱い発現を示した。
植物における導入遺伝子介在共抑制について、いくつかの機構の提案がなされた
が、それら機構についての提案のすべては仮説として残り、プロセスの決定的な
機構の記述は提案されていない。共抑制を説明するために提案されたモデルは二
つの異なったカテゴリーに置くことができる。一組の提案においては、二つの異
なった染色体位置の間のDNAまたはクロマチンレベルでの直接の物理的相互作
用が起こると仮定し、未だ未知の機構が遺伝子発現のde novoメチル化お
よび引続く抑制を導くとしている。別のものは、導入遺伝子座で合成されるある
種のRNA中間体を想定し、それが内部遺伝子に干渉をもたらすよう作用すると
している。RNAに干渉する性質および干渉過程の本質は決定されていない。最
近、RNAウイルスでの一連の実験で、干渉過程でのRNA中間体の可能性をい
く分か支持することが提案された。これらの実験で、複製されるRNAウイルス
は、目的とする遺伝子からの分節を含むよう修飾される。この修飾ウイルスは、
次いで、内部遺伝子の発現に干渉する作用があるかを試験される。この技術の初
めの結果は、勇気付けられるものであったが、しかし、干渉効果の原因であるウ
イルスRNAの性質は決定されておらず、そしていずれの場合においても、植物
ウイルスの宿主である植物に限定されていた。
いる。アンチセンス介在遺伝子干渉法は、内部mRNAの濃度と等しいか或いは
より大きい濃度で特異的一本鎖核酸分子を細胞内部へ運搬するという、主な課題
を有している。二本鎖RNA介在阻害は、運搬されるべき物質の安定性および効
果的な阻害に必要な濃度の両方で、有利性を有している。以下に、我々は、モデ
ル生物体C.elegansにおいて、本発明は同様のアンチセンス法よりも少
なくとも100倍、より効果的である(即ち、dsRNAは、遺伝子発現を減少
させることにおいて、精製アンチセンスRNAの注入よりも少なくとも100倍
、より効果的である)ことを開示する。それらの比較は、また、二本鎖RNAに
よる阻害はアンチセンス干渉とは異なった機構により起こることを明らかにして
いる。
に対して異議を唱えている。三本鎖構造は、あったとしても、生理条件下でまれ
に起こり、プリンとピリミジンの非常にまれな長い塩基配列に限られている。対
照的に、dsRNA介在阻害は生理条件下で効率よく起こり、広い種々の阻害と
標的ヌクレオチド配列で起こる。本発明は、公知の機能を有する遺伝子で変異な
しに表現型模写を起こし、18の異なった遺伝子の発現を阻害するのに使用され
た。三重らせん形成の極端な環境および配列の束縛は、C.elegansにお
けるdsRNA介在阻害が三重鎖構造により媒介されるということを起こりそう
もなくしている。
んでいる。別のタイプの生物体に応用する観点からみると、植物の共抑制現象を
拡張するのは困難である。共抑制を基にした一般的技術を創出することにおいて
ややこしくなるのは、植物におけるある種の導入遺伝子は内部遺伝子座の抑制を
導き、あるものはそうでないと云うことである。C.elegansおよびDr
osophilaでの成績は、ある種の導入遺伝子は干渉の原因となる(即ち、
対応する内部遺伝子座の活性が定量的に減少する)が、しかし殆どの導入遺伝子
はそのような効果を生み出さないことを示している。植物、線虫、および昆虫に
おける予測される効果の欠如は、遺伝子発現を阻害するためにゲノムに導入遺伝
子を単純に加えることの有用性を大きく制限する。植物におけるウイルス介在共
抑制は非常に効果的にみえるが、しかし多くの欠点を有している。第一に、ウイ
ルス構造のどのような面が観察された干渉について臨界的かが明確でないことで
ある。他の系に拡張するには、そのような性質を有する系で有用なウイルスを見
つけ出すことを要し、そしてそのような有用なウイルス剤のライブラリーは多く
の生物体では得ることができない。第二に、遺伝子変化に有効な、生物体内で複
製するウイルスの使用(即ち、長期または短期の遺伝子治療)には、本発明にお
いて定義される核酸を使用するよりも、有害な効果に対してかなりモニタリング
や監視を必要とする。
のいくつかの長所は以下に考察されるが、しかし多くの別法がバイオテクノロジ
ーおよび遺伝子工学分野の当業者には明らかであろう。
分的または完全な二本鎖の性状のRNAを、細胞内または細胞外環境に導入する
ことを含む。阻害は、標的遺伝子の部分からのヌクレトチド配列が阻害性RNA
を作るように選択されることで、特異的である。我々は、本方法が、(1)遺伝
子発現の阻害を作り出すのに効果的であり、(2)標的遺伝子に特異的であり、
そして(3)標的遺伝子の多くの異なった型の阻害が一般的にできる、ことを開
示する。
細胞に存在する病原体の遺伝子である。特定の標的遺伝子および運搬される二本
鎖RNA物質の投与量に依存して、その処置は標的遺伝子の部分的或いは完全な
機能の喪失をもたらす。標的細胞の少なくとも99%において遺伝子発現の減少
または喪失が示された。注入物質の投与量が低い程およびdsRNAの投与後の
時間が長い程、細胞のより小さな画分で阻害が起こる。細胞における遺伝子発現
の定量は、標的mRNAの蓄積のレベル、または標的タンパク質の翻訳で同程度
の阻害量を示す。
主鎖或いはヌクレオチドのいずれかに対する修飾も含む。二本鎖構造は、一本の
自己相補的RNA鎖または二本の相補的RNA鎖によって形成される。RNA二
重鎖形成は、細胞の内部或いは外部のいずれでも開始される。RNAは少なくと
も細胞当り1コピーの供給ができるような量で導入される。二本鎖物質の高投与
量はより効果的な阻害をもたらす。阻害は、RNAの二重領域に相当するヌクレ
オチド配列が遺伝子阻害に対し標的となるように配列特異的である。標的遺伝子
の一部に同じヌクレオチド配列を含有するRNAが阻害に好ましい。標的配列に
関して挿入、欠失、および一点突然変異を有するRNA配列は、阻害に効果的で
あることが見出されている。それゆえ、配列の同一性は当業者が公知のアライン
メント・アルゴリズムと、ヌクレオチド配列間のパーセント相異を計算すること
によって最適化される。或いは、RNAの二重領域は、標的遺伝子転写の部分と
ハイブリダイズすることができるヌクレオチド配列として機能的に定義される。
る(例えば、植物、動物、原生動物、ウイルス、細菌、または真菌)。RNAは
in vivo或いはin vitroのいずれでも合成される。細胞の内部R
NAポリメラーゼはin vivoで転写を媒介し、或いはクローン化RNAポ
リメラーゼはin vivoまたはin vitroで転写に使用することがで
きる。in vivoで導入遺伝子からの転写、或いは発現構築のために、制御
領域がRNA鎖(または複数鎖)を転写するのに使用される。
体の体腔、間質空間、生物体の循環内に細胞外導入され、経口的に導入され、或
いはRNAを含有する溶液中に生物体をつけることによって導入することができ
る。経口導入法は生物体の食物と共にRNAを直接混合することを含み、また、
食物として使用される種をRNAを発現するように遺伝子工学処理し、感染され
るべき生物体に給餌する、遺伝子工学的処理法も含む。核酸導入の物理的方法は
、細胞内に直接注入する方法、或いはRNA溶液の生物体への細胞外注入法を含
む。
るRNAの濃度の低さ、二本鎖RNAの安定性、および阻害の有効性。天然由来
の核酸の低濃度の使用可能性はアンチセンス干渉のいくつかの不利を避ける。本
発明は、三本鎖形成に基づく技術ではあるが、in vitroでの使用或いは
特定の配列組成に限定されるものではない。アンチセンス干渉、三本鎖干渉、お
よび共抑制とは異なり、本発明は、標的遺伝子の特別な組み合わせ、標的遺伝子
のヌクレトチド配列の特別な部分、或いは特別な導入遺伝子またはウイルス運搬
方法に限定されるものではない。これらの事柄は、目的とする標的遺伝子の遺伝
子発現を阻害するための先行技術に従って一般的な戦略を計画するのに重大な障
害となっている。
。増殖およびスクリーニングプログラムは、特異的な、標的遺伝子破壊の結果を
急速にアッセイすることによって加速することができる。遺伝子破壊は標的遺伝
子の機能を見出すため、標的遺伝子が病的条件の原因または予防に関連している
疾病モデルを生産するため、および改善された経済的性質の生物体を生産するた
めに使用することができる。
配列特異的阻害を作り出す方法を提供する。細胞内の標的遺伝子の発現を阻害す
るための方法が提供される。本方法は、部分的または完全な二本鎖の性状のRN
Aを細胞内へ導入することを含む。阻害は配列特異的であり、標的遺伝子の一部
分からのヌクレトチド配列が阻害性RNAを作るように選択されることで、配列
特異的である。我々は、本方法が、(1)遺伝子発現の阻害を作り出すのに効果
的であり、(2)標的遺伝子に特異的であり、そして(3)標的遺伝子の多くの
異なった型の阻害が一般的にできる、ことを開示する。
、ゲノムに存在する細胞性遺伝子)、導入遺伝子(即ち、細胞のゲノムの異所部
位に挿入された遺伝子構造)、或いは感染後に細胞に存在する病原体の遺伝子で
ある。特定の標的遺伝子および運搬される二本鎖RNA物質の投与量に依存して
、この処置は標的遺伝子の部分的或いは完全な機能の喪失をもたらす。標的細胞
の少なくとも99%において遺伝子発現の減少または喪失が示されている。
物のレベルの欠失(または観測し得る減少)に関係する。特異性は、細胞の他の
遺伝子に影響を与えずに標的遺伝子を阻害する作用に関係している。阻害の結果
は、細胞または生物体の外部の性状(以下に実施例で示すように)を試験するこ
とによって、或いは生化学的技術、例えばRNA溶液ハイブリダイゼーション、
ヌクレアーゼ防御、ノーザンハイブリダイゼーション、逆転写、ミクロアレーに
よる遺伝子発現モニタリング、抗体結合、固相酵素免疫検定法(ELISA)、
ウエスタンブロッティング、ラジオイムノアッセイ(RIA)、その他のイムノ
アッセイ、および蛍光活性化細胞分析(FACS)によって確認することができ
る。細胞株または生物体全体におけるRNA介在阻害について、遺伝子発現は、
タンパク質産物が容易に測定されるレポーターまたは薬剤耐性遺伝子の使用によ
り有利に測定できる。そのようなレポーター遺伝子は、アセトヒドロキシ酸シン
ターゼ(AHAS)、アルカリ性ホスファターゼ(AP)、ベータガラクトシダ
ーゼ(LacZ)、ベータグルクロニダーゼ(GUS)、クロラムフェニコール
アセチルトランスフェラーゼ(CAT)、グリーン蛍光タンパク質(GFP)、
西洋ワサビペルオキシダーゼ(HRP)、ルシフェラーゼ(Luc)、ノパリン
シンターゼ(NOS)、オクトピンシンターゼ(OCS)、およびそれらの誘導
体を含む。複数の選択的マーカーは、アンピシリン、ブレオマイシン、クロラム
フェニコール、ゲンタマイシン、ヒグロマイシン、カナマイシン、リンコマイシ
ン、メトトレキセート、ホスフィノスリシン、ピューロマイシン、およびテトラ
サイクリンに対する耐性を付与することにより得られる。
ない細胞と比較して10%、33%、50%、90%、95%、または99%よ
り大きな程度の阻害を定量することが可能である。注入量の投与量が低いほどお
よびdsRNAの投与後の時間が長いほど、細胞のより小さな画分において阻害
が得られる(例えば、少なくとも標的遺伝子の10%、20%、50%、75%
、90%、または95%)。細胞における遺伝子発現の定量は、標的mRNAの
蓄積のレベル、または標的タンパク質の翻訳で同様の阻害量を示している。例示
として、阻害の効果は、細胞内の遺伝子産物の量を評価することによって決定す
ることができる。mRNAは、阻害性二本鎖RNAに対して使われた領域外のヌ
クレオチド配列を有するハイブリダイゼーションプローブを用いて検出すること
ができ、また翻訳されたペプチドは、その領域のポリペプチド配列に対する抗体
で検出される。
主鎖或いはヌクレオチドのいずれかに対する修飾も含む。例えば、天然RNAの
ホスホジエステル結合は、窒素またはイオウのヘテロ原子を少なくとも一つ含む
ように修飾される。RNA構造の修飾は、dsRNAによって生じるいくつかの
生物体における一般的なパニック応答を避けながら特異的遺伝子阻害を起こすよ
うに仕立てることができる。同様に、塩基はアデノシンデアミナーゼの活性を阻
止するように修飾することができる。RNAは酵素的に或いは部分的/全有機合
成によって製造され、そして修飾リボヌクレオチドは、in vitro酵素的
または有機合成によって導入することができる。
て形成される。RNA二重鎖形成は細胞の内部或いは外部のいずれでも開始され
る。RNAは少なくとも細胞当り1コピーの供給ができるような量で導入される
。二本鎖物質の高投与量(例えば、細胞当り少なくとも5、10、100、50
0或いは1000コピー)はより効果的な阻害をもたらす。低投与量は、特異的
応用に使用するのに有用である。阻害は配列特異的であり、RNAの二重領域に
相当するヌクレオチド配列が遺伝子阻害に対し標的となる。
い。標的配列に関して挿入、欠失、および一点突然変異を有するRNA配列は、
阻害に効果的であることが見出された。それゆえ、配列の同一性は、当業者に公
知の配列比較およびアラインメント・アルゴリズム(GribskovおよびD
evereus、「配列分析プライマー(Sequence Analysis
Primer)」、Stockton Press、1991、および同書に
引用された文献を参照)と、ヌクレトチド配列間のパーセント相異を、例えば、
デフォルトパラメーターを使ったBESTFITソフトウェアで実行される、S
mith−Waterman アルゴリズム(例えば、University
of Wisconsin Genetic Computing Group
)で計算することによって最適化される。阻害RNAと標的遺伝子の部分の間が
、90%より大きい配列同一性、或いは100%同等の配列同一性が好ましい。
或いは、RNAの二重領域は、標的遺伝子転写の部分とハイブリダイズすること
ができるヌクレオチド配列として機能的に定義することができる(例えば、40
0mM・NaCl、40mM・PIPES・pH6.4、1mM・EDTA、5
0℃または70℃で12−16時間ハイブリダイゼーション;次いで洗浄)。同
一ヌクレオチド配列の長さは、少なくとも25、50、100、200、300
または400塩基である。
、本発明の実施に必要ではない。それゆえ、本発明は、遺伝子突然変異、株多型
性、或いは進化の多様性により起こり得る配列変化に耐えることができる利点を
有する。
る。生物体は、植物、動物、原生動物、ウイルス、細菌、または真菌である。植
物は、単子葉植物、双子葉植物または裸子植物であり、動物は、脊椎動物または
無脊椎動物である。好ましい微生物は、農業または工業により使用されているも
のであり、そしてそれらは、植物または動物に病原性のあるものである。真菌は
カビおよび酵母形態の両者の生物体を含む。
、綿、アマ、エンドウ、ナタネ、米、ライ麦、ベニバナ、モロコシ、大豆、ヒマ
ワリ、タバコ、および小麦);野菜類(例えば、アスパラガス、ビート、ブロッ
コリー、キャベツ、ニンジン、カリフラワー、セロリ、キウリ、ナス、レタス、
タマネギ、トウガラシ、ポテト、カボチャ、大根、ホウレンソウ、ウリ、サトイ
モ、トマト、およびズッキーニ);果実およびナッツ(例えば、アーモンド、リ
ンゴ、アプリコット、バナナ、ブラックベリー、ブルーベリー、カカオ、チェリ
ー、ココナツ、クランベリー、ナツメヤシ、ファジョア、フィルバート、ブドウ
、グレープフルーツ、グアバ、キーウイ、レモン、マンゴ、メロン、ネクタリン
、オレンジ、パパや、パッションフルーツ、モモ、ピーナツ、ナシ、パインアッ
プル、ピスタチオ、プラム、ラズベリー、イチゴ、タンジェリン、クルミ、およ
びスイカ);および観賞植物(例えば、ハンノキ、トネリコ、ハコヤナギ、アザ
レア、カバノキ、ツゲ、ツバキ、カーネーション、キク、エルム、モミ、キヅタ
、ジャスミン、ビャクシン、カシ、ヤシ、ポプラ、マツ、セコイア、シャクナゲ
、バラ、およびゴム)を含む。
、ハムスター、マウス、ラット、サル、およびヒト;無脊椎動物としては線虫、
その他の虫、ショウジョウバエ、およびその他の昆虫を含む。線虫の代表的な属
は、動物感染性のもの(例えば、鉤虫属Ancylostoma、回虫属Asc
aridia、回虫属Ascaris、ブノストムム属Bunostomum、
セノラブディティス属Caenorhabditis、毛頭虫属Capilla
ria、シャベルチア属Chabertia、クーペリア属Cooperia、
ジクチロカウルスDictyocaulus、捻転胃虫属Haemonchus
、ヘテラキス属Heterakis、ネマトディルス属Nematodirus
、腸結節虫属Oesophagostomum、オステルタジア属Ostert
agia、蟯虫属Oxyuris、パラアスカリス属Parascaris、円
虫属Strongylus、トキサスカリス属Toxascaris、鞭虫属T
richuris、毛様線虫属Trichostrongylus、Tfhch
onema、トキソカラ属Toxocara、ウンシナリア属Uncinari
a)および植物感染性のもの(例えば、Bursaphalenchus、Cr
iconemella、Diiylenchus、Ditylenchus、シ
ストセンチュウGlobodera、Helicotylenchus、Het
erodera、ナガハリセンチュウ属Longidorus、ネコブセンチュ
ウMelodoigyne、Nacobbus、Paratylenchus、
ネグサレセンチュウ属Pratylenchus、Radopholus、Ro
telynchus、Tylenchus、およびニセハリセンチュウXiph
inema)を含む。昆虫の代表的な目は、鞘翅目、双翅目、鱗翅目、および同
翅目を含む。
分裂または非分裂、柔組織または上皮、不死化または形質転換、その他から得ら
れる。細胞は、幹細胞或いは分化細胞である。分化した細胞型は、脂肪細胞、繊
維芽細胞、筋細胞、心筋細胞、内皮細胞、ニューロン、グリア、血液細胞、巨核
球、リンパ球、マクロファージ、好中球、好酸球、好塩基球、マスト細胞、白血
球、顆粒球、角質細胞、軟骨細胞、骨芽細胞、破骨細胞、肝細胞、および内分泌
腺または外分泌腺、を含む。
細胞の内部RNAポリメラーゼは、in vivoで転写を媒介し、或いはクロ
ーン化RNAポリメラーゼはin vivoまたはin vitroで転写に使
用することができる。in vivoで導入遺伝子からの転写、或いは発現構築
のために、制御領域(例えば、プロモーター、エンハンサー、サイレンサー、ス
プライスドナーおよびアクセプター、ポリアデニル化)がRNA鎖(または複数
鎖)を転写するのに使用される。阻害は、臓器、組織、或いは細胞型における特
異的転写、環境条件の刺激(例えば、感染、ストレス、温度、化学的誘導物質)
、および/または発生の段階または年齢において遺伝子工学転写により標的とさ
れる。RNA鎖はポリアデニル化されてもよいしされなくてもよい。RNA鎖は
、細胞の翻訳装置によってポリペプチドに翻訳され得るものでもよいし翻訳され
得ないものでもよい。RNAは、手動または自動化された反応によって化学的ま
たは酵素的に合成することができる。RNAは細胞RNAポリメラーゼまたはバ
クテリオファージRNAポリメラーゼ(例えば、T3、T7、SP6)によって
合成することができる。発現構築の使用および製造は当業者に公知である32、33、 34 (WO第97/32016号;米国特許5,593,874号、第5,698
,425号、第5,712,135号、第5,789,214号、および第5,
804,693号;およびそれらに引用された文献類を参照)。もし、化学的或
いはin vitro酵素的合成によって合成された場合は、RNAは、細胞に
導入される前に精製される。例えば、RNAは、溶媒または樹脂での抽出、沈殿
、電気泳動、クロマトグラフィ、またはこれらの組合せによって混合物から精製
することができる。代りに、RNAは、試料処理のためによる喪失を避けるため
精製をしないか或いは最小限にして使用される。RNAは、貯蔵のため乾燥され
るか、水溶液に溶解される。溶液には、二本鎖のアニーリング、および/または
安定化を促進するためにバッファーまたは塩を含む。
間質空間、生物体の循環内に細胞外導入され、経口的に導入され、或いはRNA
を含有する溶液中に生物体をつけることによって導入される。経口導入法は生物
体の食物と共にRNAを直接混合することを含み、また、食物として使用される
種をRNAを発現するように遺伝子工学処理し、感染されるべき生物体に給餌す
る、遺伝子工学的処理法も含む。例えば、RNAは植物にスプレーされるか、植
物に感染することが知られている病原体のいくらかまたは全部を殺すに充分な量
のRNAが発現するように、植物は遺伝子工学処理される。核酸導入の物理的方
法は、例えば、細胞内に直接注入するか、或いは生物体への細胞外注入を行う方
法が使用される。我々は、C.elegansにおいて、細胞外に導入された二
本鎖RNAが遺伝子発現を阻害することを、本明細書で開示する。血管或いは血
管外循環、血液またはリンパ系、篩部、根部、および脳脊髄液は、RNAが導入
される部位である。組換え構造からRNAを発現するトランスジェニック生物体
は、構造体を受精卵、胚の幹細胞、或いは適当な生物体から誘導された別の多能
性細胞に導入することによって作ることができる。
被覆された粒子による衝撃、RNA溶液中での細胞または生物体の浸潤、或いは
RNAの存在下での細胞膜の電気穿孔を含む。ウイルス粒子にパッケージされた
ウイルス構造体は、発現構造体を細胞内に効率的に導入すること、および発現構
造体によってコードされたRNAの転写の両方を達成することができる。細胞に
核酸を導入する、その他の公知の方法、例えば脂質介在担体輸送、化学介在輸送
、例えばリン酸カルシウム、その他、が使用され得る。かくして、RNAは、一
つまたはそれより多い以下の活性を実行する成分にそって導入される:細胞によ
るRNA取り込みの増強、二重鎖のアニーリングの促進、アニールされた鎖の安
定化、または標的遺伝子の別の阻害の増加。
。例えば、dsRNAはガン細胞または腫瘍に導入され、そしてガン性/腫瘍性
の表現型の保持に必要な遺伝子の遺伝子発現を阻害する。疾病またはその他の病
状を予防するために、疾病/病状の開始または保持に必要な標的遺伝子が選択さ
れる。治療は、疾病に関連する症状、或いは病状に関連する臨床指標の改善を含
む。
宿主の免疫抑制の直接の原因となることができ、また病状の複製、病状の転移、
または感染の保持に必須となり得る。阻害RNAは、in vitroまたはe
x vivoで導入することができ、次いで動物を治療が影響する状態におく、
或いはin vivo投与によって直接治療することができる。遺伝子治療の方
法は想像することができる。例えば、病原体によって感染のリスクがある細胞或
いは既に感染した細胞、特にヒト免疫不全ウイルス(HIV)感染、は本発明に
よるRNAの導入による治療の標的となり得る。標的遺伝子は、病原体或いは病
原体がその宿主に侵入した原因である宿主遺伝子、病原体または宿主の薬物代謝
、病原体のゲノムの複製または組込み、宿主における感染の成立または伝播、ま
たは病原体の次世代の組立、である。予防の方法(即ち、予防またはリスクの減
少した感染)、或いは感染に関連した症状の頻度または重症度の減少、は予想す
ることができる。
展開にも使用することができ、それらは以下を含む:アプドーマ、分離腫、鰓腫
、悪性カルチノイド症候群、カルチノイド心疾患、ガン腫[例えば、Walke
r,基底細胞、好塩基性偏平上皮、ブラウン・ピアス(Brown−Pearc
e)、管、エールリッヒ腫瘍、in situ、クレブス2(Krebs2)、
メルケル(Merkel)細胞、粘液性、非小細胞肺、燕麦細胞、乳頭、硬性ガ
ン、細気管支、気管支、偏平上皮細胞、および移行性細胞]、組織球性不全、白
血病(例えば、B細胞、混合細胞、ヌル細胞、T細胞、T細胞慢性、HTLV−
II関連、リンパ球性急性、リンパ球性慢性、肥満細胞、および骨髄性)、組織
球症悪性、ホジキン病、免疫増殖性小、非ホジキンリンパ腫、形質細胞増殖症、
網内症、メラノーマ(melanoma)、軟骨芽細胞腫、軟骨腫、軟骨肉腫、
繊維腫、繊維肉腫、巨細胞腫瘍、組織球腫、脂肪腫、脂肪肉腫、中皮腫、粘液腫
、骨腫、骨肉腫、ユーイング肉腫、滑膜腫、腺繊維種、腺様リンパ腫、癌肉腫、
脊索腫、頭蓋咽頭腫、未分化胚細胞腫、過誤腫、間葉腫、中腎腫、筋肉腫、エナ
メル上皮腫、セメント質腫、歯牙腫、奇形腫、胸腺腫、栄養膜疾患、腺癌、腺腫
、胆管腫、コレステリン腫、円柱腫、嚢胞腺癌、嚢胞腫、顆粒膜細胞腫、半陰陽
性卵巣腫瘍、肝癌、汗腺腫、膵島細胞腫、ライディッヒ細胞腫、乳頭腫、セルト
リ細胞腫、卵胞膜細胞腫、平滑筋腫、平滑筋肉腫、筋芽細胞腫、筋腫、筋肉腫、
横紋筋腫、横紋筋肉腫、脳室上衣細胞腫、筋神経腫、グリオーム(glioma
)、髄芽細胞腫、髄膜腫、神経鞘腫、神経芽細胞腫、神経上皮腫、神経線維腫、
神経腫、傍神経節腫、非クロム親和性傍神経節腫、角化血管腫、好酸球増加症を
伴う血管リンパ系過形成、硬化性血管腫、血管腫症、血管球腫、血管内皮腫、血
管腫、血管周囲細胞腫、血管肉腫、リンパ管腫、リンパ管筋腫、リンパ管肉腫、
松果体腫、癌肉腫、軟骨肉腫、葉状嚢肉腫、線維肉腫、血管肉腫、平滑筋肉腫、
白血肉腫、脂肪肉腫、リンパ管肉腫、筋肉腫、粘液肉腫、卵巣癌、横紋筋肉腫、
肉腫(例えば、ユーイング、実験的、カポジ、および肥満細胞)、新生物(例え
ば、骨、胸、消化系、結腸直腸、肝、膵、下垂体、精巣、眼窩、頭頚部、中枢神
経系、聴覚、骨盤、呼吸器、および泌尿生殖器)、神経線維腫症、および頚部異
形成、および細胞が不死化または形質転換された他の状態の治療。本発明は、化
学療法、冷凍療法、温熱療法、放射線療法、その他のような、別の治療様相と組
合せて使用することができる。
チド配列にも限定されることはない。しかし、以下の、可能性のある標的遺伝子
の組を例示目的として表示することにする:発生遺伝子(例えば、接着分子、サ
イクリンキナーゼ阻害剤、Wntファミリー群、Paxファミリー群、Wing
edらせんファミリー群、ホックスファミリー群、サイトカイン/リンホカイン
およびそれらのレセプター);がん遺伝子(例えば、ABL1、BCL1、BC
L2、BCL6、CBFA2、CBL、CSFIR、ERBA、ERBB、EB
RB2、ETS1、ETV6、FGR、FOS、FYN、HCR、HRAS、J
UN、KRAS、LCK、LYN、MDM2、MLI、MYB、MYC、MYC
L1、MYCN、NRAS、PIM1、PML、RET、SRC、TAL1、T
CL3、およびYES);がん抑制遺伝子(例えば、APC、BRCA1、BR
CA2、MADH4、MCC、NF1、NF2、RB1、TP53、およびWT
1);および酵素(例えば、ACCシンターゼおよびオキシダーゼ、ACPデサ
チュラーゼおよびヒドロキシラーゼ、ADPグルコースピロホスホリラーゼ、A
TPアーゼ、アルコールデヒドロゲナーゼ、アミラーゼ、アミログルコシダーゼ
、カタラーゼ、セルラーゼ、カルコンシンターゼ、キチナーゼ、シクロオキシゲ
ナーゼ、デカルボキシラーゼ、デキストリナーゼ、DNAおよびRNAポリメラ
ーゼ、ガラクトシダーゼ、グルカナーゼ、グルコースオキシダーゼ、顆粒結合ス
ターチシンターゼ、GTPアーゼ、ヘリカーゼ、ヘミセルラーゼ、インテグラー
ゼ、イヌリナーゼ、インベルターゼ、イソメラーゼ、キナーゼ、ラクターゼ、リ
パーゼ、リポキシゲナーゼ、リゾチーム、ノパリンシンターゼ、オクトピンシン
ターゼ、ペクチンエステラーゼ、ペルオキシダーゼ、ホスファターゼ、ホスホリ
パーゼ、ホスホリラーゼ、フィターゼ、植物生長調節シンターゼ、ポリガラクチ
ュロナーゼ、プロテイナーゼおよびペプチダーゼ、プラナーゼ(プルラナーゼ)
、組換え酵素、逆転写酵素、RUBISCOs、トポイソメラーゼ、およびキシ
ラナーゼ)。
による感染に対する感受性、または変化した果実熟成性を伴う植物の生産方法を
含むことができる。標的遺伝子は、酵素、植物構造タンパク質、病因に関する遺
伝子、または植物の非タンパク質性部分の生産に関連する酵素(例えば、炭水化
物または脂質)である。もし、植物において、RNAを転写するのに発現構造体
が使用されると、傷害またはストレス誘導性、組織特異性(例えば、果実、種子
、葯、花、葉、根)、またはその他制御し得る(例えば、感染、光、温度、化学
)プロモーターによる転写が使用される。病因に関連した代謝経路または遺伝子
における一つまたはそれより多い点において酵素を阻害することによって、効果
が増強される。各活性は影響を受け、効果は多数の異なった成分を標的とするこ
とによって拡大される。代謝もまた、経路のフィードバック制御或いは好ましく
ない代謝副産物を阻害することによって操作され得る。
たは真菌による農作物の破壊を減少するのに使用することができる。そのような
植物およびその病原性のいくつかは、「米国の植物病」(Plant Dise
ases in the United States)、U.S.Dept.
of Agriculture Handbook No.165、 196
0);「北米における植物寄生性線虫種の分布」(Distribution
of Plant−Parasitic Nematode Species
in North America)、Society of Nematol
ogists,1985);および「米国における植物および植物製品の真菌」
(Fungi on Plants and Plant Products
in the United States)、American Phyto
pathological Society,1989)に表示されている。農
産物に障害を与える能力を減じた昆虫、或いは他の危害を加える昆虫の農産物に
対する障害を防止する改良された能力を持った昆虫をつくることができる。更に
、いくつかの線虫は植物病原菌のベクターであり、植物に影響のない他の有益な
線虫によって攻撃され得る。もし、植物病が病原体の生活環の特殊な段階に関連
しているなら、標的遺伝子の阻害活性は、特殊な発生段階(例えば、変態)に入
るのを遅延するため、或いは防ぐために使用することができる。病原体間の相互
作用は、本発明によって、農産物の障害を制限するために修飾され得る。例えば
、有益な線虫がそれらの有害な餌動物を攻撃するための能力が、本発明によって
行動を制御する線虫の遺伝子を阻害することによって増強される。
有益な方法で相互作用している。例えば、ある種の細菌は、窒素を固定する共生
関係に関わっており、そしてある種の真菌は植物ホルモンを生産している。その
ような有益な相互作用は、本発明を、植物および/または微生物の標的遺伝子活
性を阻害するのに使用することによって促進される。
害するために二本鎖RNAを使用することを含む、生物体における遺伝子機能を
同定する方法である。伝統的な遺伝子スクリーニングによる突然変異の時間のか
かる複雑な単離に代って、標的遺伝子活性の量を減じおよび/またはタイミング
を変える本発明を採用することによって、機能的ゲノミクスが未特定の遺伝子の
機能を決定するのを予測することができる。本発明は、医薬品に対する強力な標
的を決定すること、発生に関連した正常および病的状態を理解すること、出生後
の発育/加齢に関連するシグナリング経路を決定すること、に使用できる。酵母
、D.melanogasterおよびC.elegansゲノムの全配列を含
むゲノムおよび発現遺伝子ソースから得られるヌクレオチド配列情報獲得の加速
するスピードと本発明を組み合わせて、生物体(例えば、線虫)の遺伝子機能を
決定することができる。特定のコドンを使用するため異なった生物体を優先する
こと、関連した遺伝子産物の配列データベースを検索すること、遺伝子形質の連
鎖地図をヌクレオチドが由来する物理的地図と関連付けること、および人工知能
法が、配列決定プロジェクトで得られるヌクレオチド配列から推定されるオープ
ンリーディングフレームを決定するのに使用され得る。
て、遺伝子発現を阻害することができる。生長、発生、代謝、疾病耐性、或いは
その他の生物学的プロセスにおける機能の改変が、ESTの遺伝子産物の正常な
役割を暗示する。
が、本発明を高処理量のスクリーニング(HTS)に使用することを可能にする
。例えば、二重RNAは、標的細胞/生物体から導かれた遺伝子ライブラリーの
挿入の周辺のプライマーを使用した増幅反応によって製造することができる。挿
入は、ゲノムDNAまたはmRNA(例えば、cDNAおよびcRNA)から誘
導される。ライブラリーからの個々のクローンは複製され、対で別の反応に単離
されるが、しかしライブラリーは、本発明の実行およびプロセスの自動化のため
に必要な工程を最小限にし、プロセスの自動化を可能にするために、個々の反応
容器(例えば、96穴マイクロタイタープレート)に保持することが好ましい。
異なった発現遺伝子を阻害することができる二重RNAを含有する溶液を、決め
られた順序にマイクロタイタープレート上に位置する個々の穴に入れる。そして
各穴の生細胞/生物体について、標的遺伝子活性の阻害による行動或いは発育に
おける変化または修飾を測定することができる。増幅したRNAは、標的遺伝子
を含有する細胞/生物体に、直接給餌するまたは注入することができる。或いは
、二重RNAは、ライブラリーを作るのに使用される発現構造体からin vi
voまたはin vitro転写によって製造することができる。構造体は、ラ
イブラリーの個々のクローンとして複製されRNAを製造するために転写するこ
とができる。各クローンは、標的遺伝子を含有する細胞/生物体に、直接給餌ま
たは注入することができる。標的遺伝子の機能は、遺伝子活性が阻害されるとき
、細胞/生物体に有している効果から測定することができる。このスクリーニン
グ法は、多数を処理することができる小さな材料、例えば、ナズナ、細菌、ショ
ウジョウバエ、真菌、線虫、ウイルス、ゼブラフィッシュ、および哺乳類由来の
組織培養細胞、を分析することができる。
される)に応じて発色、蛍光または発光シグナルを産生する線虫またはその他の
生物体は、プロモーターを制御するDNA結合タンパク質を同定するためのHT
Sフォーマットで測定することができる。測定の最も単純な形において、負の調
節の阻害はシグナルの増加、正の調節の阻害はシグナルの減少となる。
していると決定されるなら、本発明は、遺伝子多型が直接特徴に関係があるかど
うかを洞察するのに使うことができる。例えば、遺伝子多型を定義するフラグメ
ントまたはそのような遺伝子多型の近辺の配列は、RNAを生産するために増幅
することができ、二重RNAは生物体に導入することができ、そして特徴の変化
が阻害に相関しているかどうかを決定することができる。勿論、この種の測定の
陰性結果については、例えば、標的遺伝子の阻害は致死性となる、標的遺伝子の
阻害は観察し得る変化をもたらさない、フラグメントは標的遺伝子を阻害するこ
とができないようなヌクレオチド配列を含んでいる、或いは標的遺伝子の活性は
冗長であるなど、些細な説明がある
または細胞内区画の特定の段階での細胞または生物体の生存に必要とされるので
あろう。条件突然変異に相当する機能は、生存に必要とされないときまたは場所
で標的遺伝子の阻害活性によって産生されるのであろう。本発明は、標的ゲノム
に永久的な突然変異を導入することなく、生物体の発生の特定の時に或いは場所
にRNAの添加をすることができる。
ファミリーをつくるなら、本発明は、そのファミリーメンバーの機能を特異的に
阻害するまたは区別するため適当なエクソンを通じて阻害することができる。例
えば、択一的にスプライシングされた膜貫通ドメインを含むホルモンは、膜結合
型および分泌型の両者で発現される。膜貫通ドメインの前で翻訳を停止するナン
センス突然変異を分離する代りに、本発明に従って、膜貫通ドメインを含有する
エクソンを標的とし、そして膜結合ホルモンの発現を阻害することによって、分
泌されたホルモンのみが有するという機能的結果を決定することができる。
たはin vivoで導入するために必要な試薬の少なくとも一つを有するキッ
トの成分として使用することができる。好ましい成分は、dsRNAおよびds
RNAの導入を促進するベヒクルである。そのようなキットは、キットのユーザ
ーが本発明を実施するための指示書を含むこともできる。
造体を形質移入した生物体を包含する。本発明の農薬は、殺蛛形類剤、殺昆虫剤
、殺線虫剤、殺ウイルス剤、殺菌剤、および/または殺カビ剤として使用される
。例えば、地上で接近し得る植物の部分(例えば、花、果実、蕾、葉、種子、シ
ュート、樹皮、幹)は農薬をスプレーされ、土壌は地表下に生育する植物の部分
に農薬が接近するように鋤かれ、或いは有害生物は農薬と直接接触させられる。
もし、有害生物が相互に干渉し合うなら、RNAはそれらの間で伝達される。代
りに、もし、標的遺伝子の阻害が植物の生長または発育に有益な効果をもたらす
なら、前記したRNA、発現構造体、或いは形質移入した生物体は栄養剤と考え
られる。どちらの場合においても、植物の遺伝子工学は、本発明の目的を達成す
るためには必要とされない。
抵抗性、またはその病原効果、生長の改善、或いは新規な開発パターン、を生じ
るdsRNAを製造するために遺伝子工学処理することができる。
体の形状で末端使用者に運搬される:例えば、粉体、顆粒、エマルジョン、ペー
スト、溶液、濃縮剤、懸濁液、またはカプセル化剤で末端使用者に運搬される。
安全および有効に使用するための指示書は製剤と一緒に提供される。製剤は、直
接使用できるが、しかし、濃縮剤は、製剤調製者または末端使用者によって提供
される増量剤と混合することにより、稀釈することが必要である。同様に、エマ
ルジョン、ペースト、或いは懸濁液は、末端使用者により、使用前にある種の調
合工程が行われることが必要である。製剤は、当業者に公知の化学添加剤、例え
ば、固形担体、ミネラル、媒体、分散在、界面活性剤、粘着剤、結合剤、および
その他の補助剤、の組み合わせを含む。保存剤および安定剤が、貯蔵を有効なら
しめるために製剤に加えられる。農産物または植物は、別の農薬または肥料と同
時にまたは別々に処理される。処理方法は、振掛、散布または注ぎ、鋤き、噴霧
、霧化、および被覆を包含する。製剤の精密な物理的形態および化学的組成、お
よびその適用方法は、本発明の目的を促進するため、および広く行われる習慣に
従って選択される。発現構造体および複製し得る形質移入された宿主も、また、
製剤の残留および/または拡散を促進する。
gannsで示した。
れる1、2。多くのそのような効果は、注入した一本鎖RNAと内部転写体の間の
ハイブリダイゼーションに依存した単一のアンチセンス機構の結果であると信じ
られていた。別の場合において、より複雑な機構が示唆されている。RNA介在
機構の一例は、線虫C.elegansにおける、RNA干渉(RNAi)現象
であった。RNAiは遺伝子発現を操作するための種々の研究において使用され
てきた3、4。
説明するのが困難であった。また、RNA干渉についての臨界要件の明確な理解
の欠如は、注入に次いで初期段階を超えてRNAiを拡張する試みについて失敗
と部分的な成功の散発的な記録を導くことになった。文献においてしばしば云わ
れていることは、センスおよびアンチセンスRNA調製物はそれぞれ十分干渉を
引き起こすと云うことであった3、4。そのような状況の唯一の先行する報告は、
植物においてであって、共抑制のプロセスがある場合には有用であり、他では失
敗であり、成功する機会の高い干渉プロトコルを企画する能力はない、という同
様な結果を有するというものであった。C.elegansでの研究で、我々は
、有効かつ均一な遺伝子阻害を与えるRNA構造を発見した。先行文献は、RN
A構造が遺伝子発現の阻害に対し臨界的特徴であることを教示または示唆してい
なかった。実際、干渉を作り出す粗センスおよびアンチセンス調製物の作用3、4
は、RNA構造は臨界因子ではないことを指示していたのであった。代りに、多
くの植物での文献および多くのC.elegansでの進行中の研究は、標的遺
伝子配列またはその染色体の場所の詳細な特徴が遺伝子発現を干渉する臨界的特
徴であった、という可能性に付いて焦点を合わせていたのである。
深く精製し、それぞれの遺伝子特異的阻害につき試験した。粗センスおよびアン
チセンス調製物は強い干渉活性を有していたが、精製したセンスおよびアンチセ
ンスRNAはほんの限界的な阻害活性を有していたのみであった。このことは、
多くの分子生物学の技術は、特異的in vitroプロモーター(例えば、T
3またはT7RNAポリメラーゼ)、或いは特徴的なプロモーターでin vi
voで生産されたRNAは大部分一本鎖から産生される、という仮定に基づいて
いたのであるから、予期せざることであった。本発明者らは、RNAの小画分が
、観察された遺伝子阻害をもたらした、普通でない構造を有しているのかどうか
をしらべるため、それらの粗調製物の精製を行った。二本鎖の性状が遺伝子阻害
に寄与しているかどうかを厳しく試験するため、本発明者らは、更に一本鎖RN
Aの精製を行い、個々の鎖について二本鎖ハイブリッドと共に、阻害活性を比較
した。
れらによって、いずれにせよ、限定または制限されるものではない。
備的遺伝子解析の結果から、活性の初期比較するため、unc−22遺伝子を選
択した3、8。活性の減少は激しい痙攣表現型の増加をもたらしたが、完全な機能
の喪失は筋肉構造の欠損および減少した自発運動性の付加的出現をもたらした。
unc−22は、多くの、しかし非必須の筋肉線維タンパク質をコードしている 7-9 。unc−22mRNAは、横紋筋細胞当り数千コピー存在する3。
ンスRNAsは、ほんの限界的阻害活性を有しており、観察し得る効果を得るた
めには非常に高投与量の注入RNAを必要とする(図4)。対照的に、センス+
アンチセンス混合物は、内部遺伝子活性の阻害に高い効果をもたらした(図4)
。混合物は、少なくとも、遺伝子発現の阻害において、一本鎖よりも二桁の大き
さで、より効果があった。試験したセンス+アンチセンス混合物の最低投与量、
成体当り各鎖の約60,000分子、は平均100子孫で痙攣表現型をもたらし
た。unc−22発現は、約500細胞で胚において始まる。この点で、始めに
注入された物質は、最大限細胞当り数分子に稀釈されている。
)の精製を反映しているか、または鎖間に何らかの代りの相乗作用が考えられる
。電気泳動分析は、注入された物質が大部分二本鎖であることを示した。dsR
NAをアニール混合物からゲル精製し、強力な阻害活性が保持されていることが
見出された。注入前のアニーリングは阻害と両立できるが、その必要はなかった
。低塩でセンス+アンチセンスRNAsの混合(最小dsRNA生成条件下)、
或いはセンス+アンチセンス鎖の急速な逐次注入は、完全な阻害をもたらした。
センス+アンチセンスRNAの逐次注入の間の長い間隔(>1時間)は、阻害活
性の劇的な減少の結果となった。このことは、注入された一本鎖が分解したか、
さもなくば相補鎖がないと到達し得ないことになったのであろう。
ある種の生物体は、パニック応答機構を活性化するdsRNA依存性プロテイン
キナーゼを有している10。多分、センス+アンチセンス相乗効果が、そのような
パニック機構によりアンチセンス効果の非特異的増強を反映した可能性がある。
このことは、このケースでは見出せなかった:unc−22に関連しないdsR
NAセグメントを共注入したが、阻害を媒介するunc−22一本鎖の作用を増
強しなかった。また、しらべたことは、二本鎖構造を、一本鎖セグメントに対し
cisに配置したとき、阻害活性を増強することができたかどうか、であった。
そのような増強は見られなかった。一本鎖unc−22セグメントの5′または
3′に位置した非関連二本鎖配列は阻害を促進しなかった。そして、遺伝子特異
的阻害は、dsRNA配列が標的遺伝子のホモロジー領域内に存在するときにの
み観察された。
れた動物の子孫は、特徴的なunc−22機能喪失突然変異と区別できない行動
を示した。dsRNAの標的特異性は、よく特徴づけられた表現型と3つの付加
的遺伝子を用いて効果を表わした(図1および表1)。unc−54は、全筋肉
収縮に必要な体壁筋肉ミオシン重鎖イソ型をコードしており7、11、12、fem−
1は、精子生産の両性に必要なアンキリンリピートを有するタンパク質をコード
しており13、14、そしてhlh−1は、適切な体型および自動運動性に必要なミ
オDファミリーのC.elegansホモロジーをコードしている15、16。これ
らの遺伝子のそれぞれについて、dsRNAの注入により、公知のヌル突然変異
表現型を表わした時期別産子群の子孫を生産したが、精製一本鎖は遺伝子発現に
おいて有意な減少を生じなかった。一つの例外と共に、dsRNA注入の表現型
の結果の全てが、相当する遺伝子の阻害から期待されるものであった。例外(セ
グメントunc54C、これはunc−54ヌル突然変異では見られなかった胚
性および幼生分裂停止表現型を誘導した)は例示的であった。このセグメントは
高度にカバーされたミオシン運動領域をカバーしており、別の高度に関連するミ
オシン重鎖遺伝子の活性を阻害することが期待された17。このことの解釈は、d
sRNAと標的遺伝子のヌクレオチド配列の比較で100%より少ない同一性を
示している本発明の使用を支持している。unc54Cセグメントは今日までの
我々の全体の経験でユニークなものであった:別の18のdsRNAの効果は、
全て特徴的なヌル突然変異から予期される効果に限定されていた。
阻害効果を示唆している。unc−54およびhlh−1筋肉表現型は、特に、
多数の欠損筋肉細胞となることが知られている11、16。細胞レベルでのdsRN
Aの阻害効果を試験するため、体筋肉の二つの異なったGFP由来蛍光レポータ
ータンパク質を発現するトランスジェニック系を使用した。gfpを目標とした
dsRNAの注入は、蛍光細胞の画分の劇的な減少を生じた(図2)。両レポー
ター遺伝子は、陰性細胞にはなく、少数の陽性細胞が一般的に両GFP型を発現
していた。
低投与量では、本発明者らは、動物がふ化したときに存在する胚から由来した筋
肉細胞にしばしば阻害を見た。これらの分化した細胞における阻害効果は、幼生
の生長中持続した。これらの細胞は、影響された動物が生長するに従って僅かに
或いは全くさらにGFPを生産しなかった。14の出生後に由来した横紋筋は初
期の幼生期に生じたものであり、それはより阻害に耐性であった。これらの細胞
は、更に分裂を繰り返した(胎仔筋肉に対し13−14対8−918、19)。gf
pdsRNAの高濃度では、胎生期または胎生期以降に生じた細胞を含め偶然の
単一逸脱細胞と共に、事実上全ての横紋筋体壁筋肉において、阻害が認められた
。後期幼生発達の間に生じた非横紋筋性外陰筋は、注入RNAの試験した全ての
濃度で遺伝子阻害に耐性を示した。後者の結果は、他の系における本発明の使用
を評価するのに重要である。第一に、生物体からの細胞の一組において失敗が見
られたことは、その生物体に本発明の応用が完全にできないことを示しているも
のではないことを示している。第二に、必ずしも生物体の全ての組織で、生物体
に使用されている本発明が影響を及ぼす必要はないことが判ることが重要である
。このことは、ある種の状況における進歩として役立つであろう。
可能な標的および機構の本質を明らかにするのに役立つ。
メントは、検出される阻害を生じない(表1)。転写後レベルでの阻害の可能性
と整合性があるが、これらの実験は遺伝子のレベルでの阻害を排除していない。
(図3)。ここでは、性腺および初期胚に豊富なmex−3転写20が標的とされ
、明白なin situハイブリダイゼーションを行うことができる5。mex
−3から由来したdsRNAセグメントが注入された動物において、内部のme
x−3mRNAは観察されなかった(図3D)、しかし精製mex−3アンチセ
ンスRNAの注入は、実質的な内部mRNAレベルを保持した動物をもたらした
(図3C)。
。unc−22、gfp、またはlacZに対しdsRNAの頭または尾部の体
腔への注入は、子孫の時期別産子群における遺伝子発現の特異的および健全な阻
害を生じた(表2)。阻害が、これら注入における性腺の一過性「狭窄」を除い
て、両性腺腕部の子孫において見られた。若年成体の体腔または性腺に注入した
dsRNAは、また、注入した動物の体性組織における遺伝子特異的阻害を生じ
た(表2)。
NAに応答することができる。細菌がC.elegansの天然の食餌源である
。細菌は摂取され、動物の咽頭で砕かれ、そして細菌内容物が消化管に取り込ま
れる。結果は、dsRNAを発現するE.coli細菌は、それを採取したC.
elegans線虫幼生に特異的阻害効果を与えることができることを示してい
る。
のセグメントを、バクテリオファージR7RNAポリメラーゼにより二方向転写
するようにデザインされたプラスミド構造体に挿入することによって、E.co
liに、相当するdsRNAが発現された。これら実験に使用されたdsRNA
セグメントは、前記マイクロインジェクション実験において使用されたものと同
じであった(図1を参照)。これら細菌をC.elegantに給餌した結果か
ら得られた効果を、dsRNAをマイクロインジェクションした動物によって達
成された効果と比較した。
ドする。unc−22ヌル突然変異は、動物が一過性の筋肉収縮のみを続けるこ
とができる、特徴的な均一の痙攣表現型を生産する。野生型動物にunc−22
からdsRNAセグメントを発現している細菌を給餌すると、高画分(85%)
が、unc−22遺伝子に対し部分的な機能喪失を特徴とする、弱いがしかし顕
著な痙攣表現型を表わした。C.elegansfem−1遺伝子は、性決定経
路の後期成分をコードする。ヌル突然変異は、精子の生産を防ぎ、雌性として発
生する正倍数体(XX)動物に導き、それに対し野生型XX動物は雌雄同体とし
て発生する。野生型動物がfem−1に相当するdsRNAを発現する細菌を食
すると、画分(43%)が精子欠損(雌)表現型を示し、それは不妊である。最
後に、導入遺伝子の遺伝子発現を阻害する作用を評価した。gfp導入遺伝子を
保有する動物にgfpレポーターに相当するdsRNAを発現する細菌を給餌す
ると、GFP蛍光の全体のレベルでの明らかな減少が、集団の約12%に観察さ
れた(図5、パネルBおよびCを参照)。
からの異なったdsRNAを有する細菌は、痙攣を生じなかった、unc−22
およびfem−1からのdsRNAsはgfp発現を減少しなかった、そしてg
fpおよびunc−22からのdsRNAは雌を生産しなかった。これらの阻害
効果は、明らかにdsRNAによって媒介されていた:gfpまたはunc−2
2のいずれかに対しセンスまたはアンチセンス鎖のみを発現する細菌は、それら
の捕食者C.elegansに明らかな表現型効果をもたらさなかった。
。幼生を記載したdsRNA(1mg/ml)の溶液に24時間つけ、そして正
常の培地に戻し、2日間標準条件下で生育させた。unc−22dsRNAは、
図1からのフラグメントds−unc22Aである。pos−1およびsqt−
3dsRNAsは全長cDNAクローンからのものである。pos−1は胚発生
の初期に必要とされる母性を与えるのに必須の成分をコードする。pos−1活
性を除く突然変異は、skn様突然変異の特徴がある初期胚停止を有する29、30
。sqt−3のクローニング活性パターンは記載されている31。C.elega
ns sqt−3突然変異体はcol−1コラーゲン遺伝子において突然変異を
有する31。影響された動物の表現型が注目される。これらの実験における明らか
な表現型の効果の出現率は、unc−22に対し5−10%、pos−1に対し
50%、およびsqt−3に対し5%であった。これらは不確定な表現型模写の
頻度である。他の処理動物は観察し得ない標的遺伝子に相当する限界欠損を有し
ていたかもしれない。各処理は全く遺伝子特異的であり、unc−22dsRN
AはUnc−22表現型のみを生産し、pos−1dsRNAはPos−1表現
型のみを生産し、そしてsqt−3dsRNAはSqt−3表現型のみを生産し
た。
版されたものである。それらの出版および総説は、Fire,A.et al.
,Nature,391,806−811,1998;Timmons,L.&
Fire,Nature,395,854,1998;およびMontgom
ery,M.K.& Fire,A.Trends in Genetics,
14,255−258,1998に記載されている。
機能の研究のために使われる道具を著しく増強するものである。特に、機能解析
は、特異的な機能が決定されていない目的のコード領域21の多くに適応可能であ
る。それらのいくつかの観察結果は、遺伝子発現の阻害プロセスのデザインに影
響するdsRNAの性質を示している。例えば、観察された一例では、ミオシン
遺伝子の間を占めているヌクレオチド配列が、関連する遺伝子ファミリーのいく
つかのメンバーの遺伝子発現を阻害する。
し6、次いで二つの逐次DNase処理で鋳型の除去を行った。センス、アンチ
センス、および混合RNA集団を比較しなければならない場合においては、RN
Aは、低ゲル化温度アガロースの電気泳動により精製した。ゲル精製産物は、元
の「センス」および「アンチセンス」調製物に見られた少数のバンドの多くがな
くなっていた。それでもなお、精製RNA調製物の10%以下のRNA種が観察
されなかった。ゲル精製なしに、「センス」および「アンチセンス」調製物は著
しい阻害を生じた。この阻害活性は、ゲル精製によって減少されたか除去された
。対照的に、ゲル精製および非ゲル精製のRNA調製物のセンス+アンチセンス
混合物は、同じ効果を生じた。
アンチセンスアニーリングを、37℃、10−30分間、注入バッファー27中で
行った。大部分が二本鎖物質の生成を、標準(非変性)アガロースゲルでの移動
試験により確認した。各RNA対につき、適切な長さの二本鎖RNAに予期され
たように、ゲルシフトが観察された。低塩バッファー(5mM・Tris−HC
l、pH7.5、0.5mM・EDTA)での二つの鎖の共インキュベーション
は、in vitroでの二本鎖RNAの可視的生成には不十分であった。un
c22BおよびgfpGに対する非アニールセンス+アンチセンスRNAsを阻
害効果で試験した、そして個々の一本鎖よりもより活性であることが見出された
が、同じもののプレアニール処理調製物よりも2−4倍活性が劣っていた。
るサイズに相当する単一電気泳動した種を、ゲル電気泳動で二回精製を行った。
この物質は、高い阻害活性を保持していた。
106分子のRNAを注入されるよう構成された。センス、アンチセンス、およ
びdsRNA活性の比較のため、注入はRNAの等量(即ち、一本鎖のモル濃度
の半分のdsRNA)で比較した。成体当り注入された分子数は、注入された物
質中のRNAの濃度(エチジウムブロミド染色から推定)および注入容量(注入
部位における目に見える変化から推定)に基いた概算の近似値として与えられた
。個々の動物間で注入容量の数倍の変動が可能である。しかし、そのような変動
は本明細書での結論に影響しなかった。
される特徴は、行動、食餌、ふ化、体型、性的同一性、および生殖能力であった
。gfp27およびlacZ活性の阻害はPD4251株を用いて評価された。こ
の株は、三つのプラスミド:pSAK4(ミトコンドリア標的GFPを誘導する
myo−3プロモーター)、pSAK2(核標的GFP−LacZ融合を誘導す
るmyo−3プロモーター)、および選択し得るマーカーとしてdpy−20サ
ブクローン27、より作られた集積アレイ(ccIs4251)を含有する安定し
たトランスジェニック株である。この株は、全ての体筋肉で、ミトコンドリアお
よび核局在の組み合わせで、GFPを産生する。二つの顕著なコンパートメント
はこれらの細胞中で容易に見分けることができ、元のGFP構造体のいずれかま
たはどちらでもないの両者を発現する細胞の間の区別を容易にしている。
、20−100plの溶液を排出することにより行われた(文献25を参照)。
体腔注入は同様な手順で、二つの性腺腕部の位置を超えた頭部および尾部の領域
に針を挿入することにより行われた。間質細胞の細胞質への注入は、RNA輸送
の別の効果的な意味があり、動物にとって最も非破壊的である。回収そして標準
固形培地に移した後、注入された動物は、16時間の間隔で新鮮培地プレートに
移された。この結果、表現型の相異を単純に同定する一連の半同調コホート(c
ohorts)が得られた。表現困難性の特徴的な一過性のパターンが子孫の間
にみられた。先ず、影響を受けない子孫が造られる短い「クリアランス」期間が
ある。これらは、注入時に存在する非透過性孵化卵を含む。クリアランス期間の
後、阻害表現型を示す個体が産生される。幾日かかけて、注入された動物が産卵
した後、ある場合においては、性腺は「復帰」し,不完全に影響されたまたは表
現型として正常な子孫をつくることができる。
使用された遺伝子を示す。RNA介在阻害を試験するために使用した遺伝子に対
するイントロン・エクソン構造を示す(エクソン:塗りつぶしたます目;イント
ロン:空白のます目;5′および3′非翻訳領域:斜線;unc−229、un
c−5412、fem−114、およびhIh−115)。これらの遺伝子は,(1)
決定された分子構造、(2)ヌル表現型の性質を示す古典的遺伝子データ、を基
準として選択された。阻害効果について試験された各セグメントは、遺伝子名に
単文字が続く形で表わした(例えば、unc22C)。ゲノムDNA由来のセグ
メントは、遺伝子の上に示し、cDNA由来のセグメントは遺伝子の下に示す。
これら遺伝子の各々に対する注入した二本鎖RNAの結果を、表1に記載する。
各遺伝子のコード領域からのdsRNA配列は、その遺伝子に対するヌル表現型
に類似した表現型を産生した。
これらの実験は、二つの異なったレポータータンパク質を発現するレポーター株
(PD4251と称される)、核GFP−LacZおよびミトコンドリアGFP
において実施された。これらレポータータンパク質の蛍光性状は、遺伝子の観察
された阻害の範囲および普遍性を決定するために蛍光顕微鏡下で個々の細胞を検
査することを可能にした。ds−unc22ARNAは陰性対照として注入され
た。これら注入動物の子孫におけるGFP発現は、影響されなかった。これら子
孫のGFPパターンは、核(核に局在したGFP−LacZ)およびミトコンド
リア(ミトコンドリアの標的GFP)に顕著な傾向を伴って、親株と同じように
出現した:若年の幼生(図2A)、成体(図2B)、および高倍率の成体体壁(
図2C)。
D−F)。観察され得るGFP蛍光は細胞の95%に亙って完全に失われている
。幼生に僅かな活性細胞がみられた(図2Dは一つの活性細胞のある幼生を示す
;非注入対照は全ての81体壁筋肉細胞にGFP活性を示した)。阻害は全ての
組織において効果がなかった:全外陰部筋組織は成体動物で活性GFPを発現し
た(図2E)。まれにGFP陽性体壁筋肉細胞が成体動物にみられた(2つの活
性細胞を図2Fに示す)。阻害は標的特異的であった(図2G−I)。動物にd
s−lacZLRNAを注入した。これは核には影響しミトコンドリアレポータ
ー構造には影響しない筈のものである。この注入から誘導された動物において、
ミトコンドリア標的GFPは影響が現れなかった(図2Gにおける幼生)が、核
標的GFP−LacZがほとんど全ての細胞で欠失していた。典型的な成体は、
ほとんど全ての体壁筋肉において核GFP−LacZが欠失していたが、外陰部
筋肉には活性が残存した(図2H)。図2のスケールバーは20μmである。
胚に対するin situハイブリダイゼーションによって示した(図3、パネ
ルA−D)。1262ntのmex−3cDNAクローン20を、少し(325n
t)オーバーラップしている二つのセグメント、mex−3Aおよびmex−3
B、に分割した。mex−3BアンチセンスまたはdsRNAは成体動物の性腺
に注入し、そして固定前に、標準培養条件下で24時間保持し、in situ
ハイブリダイゼーションを行った(文献5を参照)。mex−3BdsRNAは
100%胚休止を作り出したが、これに対し、アンチセンス注入からの胚の>9
0%が孵化した。mex−3Aに相当するアンチセンスプローブを内在性mex
−3mRNAの分布を測定するために使用した(暗く染色)。4細胞期の胚を測
定した。1から8細胞期および注入した成体の生殖細胞系において、類似の結果
が観察された。陰性対照(ハイブリダイゼーションプローブを欠く)は染色を欠
くことが示された(図3A)。非注入親は内在性mex−3RNAの正常パター
ンを示した(図3B)。mex−3RNAの観察されたパターンは、文献20に
前に書いた通りであった。精製mex−3BアンチセンスRNAの注入は、せい
ぜい穏当な効果を生み出した。得られた胚はmex−3mRNAを保持したが、
レベルは幾分か野生型よりも低かった(図3C)。対照的に、mex−3Bに相
当するdsRNAを注入した親からの胚では、mex−3RNAは検出されなか
った(図3D)。図3のスケールは、各胚が約50μm長である。
関数として測定した(図4)。unc22Aからの精製アンチセンスおよびセン
スRNAをそれぞれ或いはアニール混合物として注入した。「対照」は関連のな
いdsRNA(gfpG)である。注入動物は、新鮮な培養プレートに、注入後
6時間(カラム標識1)、15時間(カラム標識2)、27時間(カラム標識3
)、41時間(カラム標識4)、および56時間(カラム標識5)に移した。成
体に生育した子孫を、生育環境での運動性でスコアー化し、0.5mMレバミゾ
ール中で試験した。主グラフは、各々の行動クラスの画分を示す。子宮における
および注入時に既に卵殻に覆われた胚は、影響されないので含まれていない。下
の左のダイヤグラムは、unc−22遺伝子投与とunc−22ヘテロ接合体お
よび倍数体の間の遺伝的に導かれる関係を示す8、3。
の遺伝子阻害の例を示す。dsRNAを生産するための一般的な戦略は、バクテ
リオファージT7プロモーターのフランキングコピーの間の目的とするセグメン
トを、細菌のプラスミド構造体にクローニングすることである(図5A)。誘導
し得る(Lac)プロモーターからのT7ポリメラーゼ遺伝子を発現する細菌株
(BL21/DE3)28を宿主として使用した。ヌクレアーゼ耐性dsRNAが
形質移入された細菌の溶解物中に検出された。比較し得る阻害結果が、二つの細
菌発現系で得られた。GFP発現C.elegans株、PD4251(図2参
照)、は天然細菌宿主を摂食した。これらの動物は体筋肉に、均一に高いレベル
のGFP蛍光を示す(図5B)。PD4251動物は、fgpのコード領域に相
当するdsRNAを発現する細菌の食餌で飼育された。この実験の条件下で、こ
れら動物の12%がGFPの劇的な減少を示した(図5C)。別の戦略として、
T7プロモーターの単一コピーを、unc−22或いはgfpのいずれかの標的
遺伝子のセグメントに対する、逆方向複製の発現を推進するのに使用した。これ
は、比較的有効であった。
、当業者のレベルの例示であり、それらの開示は、本明細書にそれらの全部をと
りいれている。
生殖腺腕部に)。4−6時間後(子宮から清澄な授精前の卵に)注入した動物を
移し、20−22時間に卵を採取した。子孫表現型は孵化およびそれに続く12
−24時間間隔でスコア化した。 a:RNA投与量と表現型応答の間の関係について半定量的な評価を得るため
、我々は、一連の異なった濃度で各々のunc22ARNA調製物を注入した。
試験した最高濃度(性腺当たり3.6×106モル)で、個々のセンスおよびア
ンチセンスunc22A調製物は幾分か識別できる痙攣(それぞれ子孫の1%お
よび11%)を生じた。ds−unc22ARNAの比較投与で、全ての子孫で
識別できる痙攣を生じたが、ds−unc22ARNAの120倍低い投与量で
子孫の30%に識別できる痙攣を生じた。 b:unc22Cは、また、介在イントロン(43nt)を有する。 c:fem1Aもまた、イントロン10の部分(131nt)を有する。 d:最初の影響を受けた時期別産子群(注入後4−24時間に産卵)の動物は
、unc−54のヌル突然変異体と区別できない運動欠損を示した。これらの動
物のいくつかは(25−75%)産卵できなかった(unc−54ヌル突然変異
体の別の表現型)が、しかし抑制動物の残りは産卵陽性であった。このことは、
外陰筋におけるunc−54活性の部分的阻害を示している。後期の時期別産子
群の動物は、しばしば体壁筋のサブセットに収縮性を伴った、著しい部分的機能
喪失表現型を示す。 e:hlh−1阻害RNAの表現型は、ds−hlh1A注入体の事実上全て
の子孫、およびds−hlh1Bとds−hlh1Cからの影響を受けた動物の
約半数、にみられる休止胚および部分的に伸長したL1幼生(hlh−1ヌル表
現型)ならびに(ds−hlh1Bおよびds−hlh1Cからの動物の残りに
みられる)余り激しくない一連の欠損を含む。余り激しくない表現型はhlh−
1の機能の部分的喪失の特徴である。 f:これらの注入宿主、PD4251、はミトコンドリアGFPおよび核GF
P−LacZの両者を発現する。このことは、gfp(全ての蛍光を喪失)およ
びlacZ(核の蛍光を喪失)の阻害を同時に測定することが可能となる。表に
、L1幼生としての動物のスコアリングを記載する。ds−gfpGは、これら
幼生において、85体筋肉の0−3を除く全てでGFPの喪失をもたらした。こ
れらの動物は成体に成熟するにつれて、GFP活性は0−5の別の体壁筋および
8つの外陰筋においてみられた。
の両者を発現する、GFPレポーター株PD4251に対して行われた。これは
、gfp(よりかすかな全体の蛍光)、lacZ(核蛍光の喪失)、およびun
c−22(痙攣)の阻害を同時に測定することを可能にする。体腔注入は、性腺
に注入する事故を最小にするため、尾部に対して行った;同等の結果が、体腔の
前部領域に注入する際に観察された。注入の同じ組合せが単一性腺腕部に行われ
た。注入の全ての部位に対して、全ての子孫の時期産別子群は、表1に記載され
たのと同じ表現型を示した。これには、注入および非注入性腺腕から得られた子
孫を含んでいる。注入動物は、回復後3日間スコア化し、その結果は、それらの
子孫よりも幾分少ない劇的な表現型を示した。このことは、注入された成体に既
に存在する産物の残存に一部起因したのであろう。ds−unc22B注入後、
注入動物の一部が、標準的生長条件下で弱い痙攣を生じた(21動物中10)。
レバミゾール治療の結果、これら動物の100%(21/21)に痙攣が生じた
。類似の効果が、ds−unc22Aでも見られた。ds−gfpG或いはds
−lacZLの注入は対応するGFP活性の劇的な減少を生じた(しかし、除去
はできなかった)。ある場合には、単離細胞または動物の一部は強力なGFP活
性を保持した。これらは、外陰部の前部領域および周辺に最もしばしばみられた
。ds−gfpG或いはds−lacZLの注入は、痙攣を生じなかったが、こ
れに対し、ds−unc22AはGFP蛍光パターンの変化を生じなかった。
か、に関連して記載されているが、本発明は、開示された実施態様に限定され或
いは制限されるものではなく、反対に、付属する請求項の精神および範囲内に包
含される種々の修飾および等価の組み合わせを包括することが意図されているこ
とが理解される。
と無く、当業者に自明のことであり、そのような変形は、本発明の範囲内に入る
ことが意図されていると理解されるべきである。
た遺伝子を示す。RNA介在阻害を試験するために使用した遺伝子に対するイン
トロン・エクソン構造を示す(エクソン:塗りつぶしたます目;イントロン:空
白のます目;5′および3′非翻訳領域:斜線;unc−229、unc−541 2 、fem−114、およびhIh−115)。
らの実験は、二つの異なったレポータータンパク質を発現するレポーター株(P
D4251と称される)、核GFP−LacZおよびミトコンドリアGFPにお
いて実施された。顕微鏡写真は、蛍光顕微鏡によって可視化した、注入された動
物の子孫を示す。パネルA(幼生)、B(成体)、およびC(成体体壁;高倍率
)は対照RNA(ds−unc22A)を注入した結果を示す。パネルD−Fは
、ds−gfpGを注入した動物の子孫を示す。パネルG−Iは特異性を明らか
にしている。動物は、核に影響を及ぼすがミトコンドリアのレポーター構造には
影響を及ぼさない、ds−lacZLRNAを注入されたものである。パネルH
は、ほとんど全ての体壁に核GFP−LacZを欠くが、外陰筋には残留してい
る、典型的な成体を示す。スケールバーは20μmである。
RNAの効果を示す。顕微鏡写真は胚に対するin situハイブリダイゼー
ションを示す(暗く染まっている)。パネルA:ハイブリダイゼーションプロー
ブが欠けていて染色の欠如を示す陰性対照。パネルB:非注入親からの胚(内因
性mex−3RNA20の正常なパターン)。パネルC:精製mex−3Bアンチ
センスRNAを注入した親からの胚。これらの胚および親動物は、mex−3m
RNAを、野生型よりはいく分レベルが少ないが、保持している。パネルD:m
ex−3Bに相当するdsRNAを注入した親からの胚;mex−3RNAは検
出されなかった。スケール:各胚は長さ約50μm。
グラフは、各々の行動クラスの画分を示す。子宮におけるおよび注入時に既に卵
殻に覆われた胚は、影響されないので含まれていない。子孫のコホート群は、1
は0−6時間、2は6−15時間、3は15−27時間、4は27−41時間、
および5は41−56時間、標識したものである。下の左のダイヤグラムは、u
nc−22遺伝子投与とunc−22ヘテロ接合体および倍数体の分析に基づく
行動との間の遺伝的に導かれる関係を示す8、3。
後の遺伝子阻害の例を示す。パネルA:バクテリオファージT7プロモーターの
フランキングコピーの間に目的とするセグメントをクローニングし、そして誘導
し得る(Lac)プロモーターからのT7ポリメラーゼ遺伝子を発現する細菌株
(BL21/DE3)28を形質移入し、セグメントの両鎖を転写することによる
、dsRNAを生産するための一般的な戦略。パネルB:天然の細菌宿主を摂食
した、GFP発現C.elegans株、PD4251(図2を参照)。パネル
C:gfpのコード領域に相当するdsRNAを発現する細菌の食餌で飼育した
PD4251動物。
Claims (39)
- 【請求項1】 標的遺伝子の発現を阻害するのに充分な量のリボ核酸(RN
A)を細胞に導入することを含み、そのRNAは、標的遺伝子の一部と比較して
同一のヌクレオチド配列を有する二本鎖構造を含むものである、細胞の標的遺伝
子の発現を阻害する方法。 - 【請求項2】 標的遺伝子が細胞遺伝子である請求項1記載の方法。
- 【請求項3】 標的遺伝子が内部遺伝子である請求項1記載の方法。
- 【請求項4】 標的遺伝子が導入遺伝子である請求項1記載の方法。
- 【請求項5】 標的遺伝子がウイルス遺伝子である請求項1記載の方法。
- 【請求項6】 細胞が動物由来である請求項1記載の方法。
- 【請求項7】 細胞が植物由来である請求項1記載の方法。
- 【請求項8】 細胞が無脊椎動物由来である請求項6記載の方法。
- 【請求項9】 細胞が線虫由来である請求項8記載の方法。
- 【請求項10】 同一のヌクレオチド配列が少なくとも50塩基長である請
求項1記載の方法。 - 【請求項11】 標的遺伝子発現が少なくとも10%阻害される請求項1記
載の方法。 - 【請求項12】 細胞が生物体内に存在し、標的遺伝子発現の阻害が機能表
現型の喪失を表わす請求項1記載の方法。 - 【請求項13】 RNAが、自己相補性である一本鎖を含むものである請求
項1記載の方法。 - 【請求項14】 RNAが、二本の分離した相補鎖を含む請求項1記載の方
法。 - 【請求項15】 細胞外でのRNA二本鎖形成の開始と、二本の相補鎖の合
成を更に含む請求項14記載の方法。 - 【請求項16】 細胞内でのRNA二本鎖形成の開始と、二本の相補鎖の合
成を更に含む請求項14記載の方法。 - 【請求項17】 細胞が生物体内に存在し、そしてRNAが生物体の体腔内
でかつ細胞外に導入される請求項1記載の方法。 - 【請求項18】 細胞が生物体内に存在し、そしてRNAが生物体へ細胞外
注入により導入される請求項1記載の方法。 - 【請求項19】 細胞が第一の生物体内に存在し、そして第一の生物体に対
して第二のRNA含有生物体を給餌することにより、RNAが第一の生物体に導
入される請求項1記載の方法。 - 【請求項20】 第二の生物体がRNA二本鎖を産生するように、遺伝子工
学処理される請求項19記載の方法。 - 【請求項21】 細胞内の発現構造体がRNAを産生する請求項1記載の方
法。 - 【請求項22】 (a)標的細胞が標的遺伝子を含有し、そして標的遺伝子
が標的細胞において発現するような、標的細胞を含有する生物体を用い; (b)生物体にリボ核酸(RNA)を接触させ、そのRNAは二重のリボ核酸鎖
である二本鎖構造で構成され、その鎖の一つは標的遺伝子の一部分と二重鎖を形
成することができるものであり;そして (c)RNAを標的細胞に導入し、それにより標的遺伝子の発現を阻害する ことを含む、標的遺伝子の発現を阻害する方法。 - 【請求項23】 生物体が動物である請求項22記載の方法。
- 【請求項24】 生物体が植物である請求項22記載の方法。
- 【請求項25】 生物体が無脊椎動物である請求項22記載の方法。
- 【請求項26】 生物体が線虫である請求項22記載の方法。
- 【請求項27】 RNAを含む製剤を植物に適用または接近させ、それによ
り植物の線虫感染に関連する疾病を減少させる請求項26記載の方法。 - 【請求項28】 同一ヌクレオチド配列が少なくとも50ヌクレオチド長で
ある請求項22記載の方法。 - 【請求項29】 標的遺伝子発現が少なくとも10%阻害される請求項22
記載の方法。 - 【請求項30】 RNAが、生物体の体腔内でかつ標的細胞の外部に導入さ
れる請求項22記載の方法。 - 【請求項31】 RNAが細胞外注入により生物体中に導入される請求項2
2記載の方法。 - 【請求項32】 RNAを含有する食物で生物体を給餌することにより、生
物体をRNAと接触させる請求項22記載の方法。 - 【請求項33】 RNAを転写する遺伝子工学処理をした宿主が食物を含む
請求項32記載の方法。 - 【請求項34】 RNAの少なくとも一本鎖が、発現構造体の転写により産
生される請求項22記載の方法。 - 【請求項35】 生物体が線虫であり、そして発現構造体が植物中に含有さ
れ、そして植物の線虫感染に関連した疾病をそれによって減少させる請求項35
記載の方法。 - 【請求項36】 発現構造体が少なくとも一つのリボ核酸(RNA)を転写
し、そしてRNAがリボ核酸の二重鎖である二本鎖構造を形成した発現構造体を
含有する細胞であって、それにより該細胞が二本鎖RNA構造を含有し、そして
RNAが標的遺伝子を含有する生物体に接触するとき標的遺伝子の発現を阻害す
ることができる、上記細胞。 - 【請求項37】 請求項36記載の該細胞を含有するトランスジェニック動
物。 - 【請求項38】 請求項36記載の該細胞を含有するトランスジェニック植
物。 - 【請求項39】 細胞において標的遺伝子の発現を阻害するための試薬を含
むキットであって、該キットは、標的遺伝子の発現を阻害するのに十分な量のリ
ボ核酸(RNA)を細胞に導入するための手段を含み、そしてRNAは、標的遺
伝子の一部分に比較して同一ヌクレオチド配列を有する二本鎖構造を有している
、上記キット。
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US09/215,257 US6506559B1 (en) | 1997-12-23 | 1998-12-18 | Genetic inhibition by double-stranded RNA |
US09/215,257 | 1998-12-18 | ||
PCT/US1998/027233 WO1999032619A1 (en) | 1997-12-23 | 1998-12-21 | Genetic inhibition by double-stranded rna |
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JP2002542263A (ja) * | 1999-04-21 | 2002-12-10 | ワイス | ポリヌクレオチド配列の機能を阻害するための方法および組成物 |
WO2004106515A1 (ja) | 2003-05-28 | 2004-12-09 | Scimedia Ltd. | 抗bambi抗体、及びそれを含有する大腸癌及び肝臓癌の診断剤又は治療剤 |
JP2005192556A (ja) * | 2003-12-12 | 2005-07-21 | National Institute Of Advanced Industrial & Technology | インターフェロン応答が軽減された長い干渉用二重鎖rna |
JP2005348733A (ja) * | 2004-06-10 | 2005-12-22 | National Taiwan Univ | プロスタグランジンレダクターゼ |
JP2006522831A (ja) * | 2003-04-09 | 2006-10-05 | アルナイラム ファーマシューティカルズ インコーポレイテッド | iRNA複合体 |
WO2007026958A1 (ja) | 2005-09-01 | 2007-03-08 | Suntory Limited | トリプトファントランスポーター遺伝子及びその用途 |
WO2007066595A1 (ja) | 2005-12-05 | 2007-06-14 | Suntory Limited | 形質転換酵母を用いるセラミドの製造方法 |
WO2007097113A1 (en) | 2006-02-24 | 2007-08-30 | Suntory Limited | Gene encoding protein responsible for flocculation property of yeast and use thereof |
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- 1998-12-21 AU AU19380/99A patent/AU743798C/en not_active Expired
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2014
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2015
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US7560438B2 (en) | 2009-07-14 |
WO1999032619A1 (en) | 1999-07-01 |
US6506559B1 (en) | 2003-01-14 |
CA2311999A1 (en) | 1999-07-01 |
CA2311999C (en) | 2016-02-23 |
AU1938099A (en) | 1999-07-12 |
AU743798B2 (en) | 2002-02-07 |
US20080248576A1 (en) | 2008-10-09 |
AU743798C (en) | 2006-02-09 |
US8283329B2 (en) | 2012-10-09 |
US20080081373A1 (en) | 2008-04-03 |
EP2267131B1 (en) | 2017-04-19 |
US20080050342A1 (en) | 2008-02-28 |
US20130029425A1 (en) | 2013-01-31 |
US20130230492A1 (en) | 2013-09-05 |
US20160208280A1 (en) | 2016-07-21 |
EP1042462A1 (en) | 2000-10-11 |
US20030051263A1 (en) | 2003-03-13 |
JP5148028B2 (ja) | 2013-02-20 |
US7622633B2 (en) | 2009-11-24 |
US10358653B2 (en) | 2019-07-23 |
US8580754B2 (en) | 2013-11-12 |
JP2015133993A (ja) | 2015-07-27 |
US20030056235A1 (en) | 2003-03-20 |
JP5969889B2 (ja) | 2016-08-17 |
US7538095B2 (en) | 2009-05-26 |
EP2267131A1 (en) | 2010-12-29 |
US20030055020A1 (en) | 2003-03-20 |
JP2009291209A (ja) | 2009-12-17 |
US20140350083A1 (en) | 2014-11-27 |
JP2013048629A (ja) | 2013-03-14 |
US9102939B2 (en) | 2015-08-11 |
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