JP2009534309A - 治療剤の標的化送達のためのシステム - Google Patents
治療剤の標的化送達のためのシステム Download PDFInfo
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Abstract
Description
本願は、2006年3月31日に出願された米国特許仮出願U.S.S.N. 60/788,532(’532出願)に関連し、かつ、これに対して35 U.S.C. § 119(e)下での優先権を主張する。’532出願の全内容が、参照により本明細書中に組み込まれる。
米国政府は、本発明の開発に利用された助成金支援を提供した。特に、国立衛生研究所/国立癌研究所(契約番号CA 119349)および国立衛生研究所/国立画像生物医学・生物工学研究所(契約番号EB 003647)は、本発明の開発を支援した。米国政府は、本発明においてある権利を有し得る。
癌は、米国における死亡の主要原因の第2位である。100万人を超える人々が毎年癌を発症し、米国の全男性の約半分および全女性の3分の1が一生の間に癌を発症する。
本発明は、特定の器官、組織、細胞、および/または細胞内区画へ治療剤を選択的に送達するためのシステムを提供する。ある態様において、治療剤は病変組織へ特異的に送達される。ある態様において、治療剤は腫瘍(例えば、悪性腫瘍または良性腫瘍)へ特異的に送達される。ある態様において、治療剤は、前立腺癌と関連する腫瘍へ送達される。
アミノ酸:本明細書中において使用される場合、「アミノ酸」という用語は、その最も広い意味において、ポリペプチド鎖へ組み込まれ得る任意の化合物および/または物質を指す。ある態様において、アミノ酸は、一般構造H2N-C(H)(R)-COOHを有する。ある態様において、アミノ酸は、天然アミノ酸である。ある態様において、アミノ酸は合成アミノ酸であり;ある態様において、アミノ酸はD-アミノ酸であり;ある態様において、アミノ酸はL-アミノ酸である。「標準アミノ酸」または「天然アミノ酸」は、天然ペプチドにおいて共通して見られる20個の標準L-アミノ酸のいずれかを指す。「非標準アミノ酸」は、それが合成的に調製されるかまたは天然供給源から得られるかにかかわらず、標準アミノ酸以外の任意のアミノ酸を指す。本明細書中において使用される場合、「非天然アミノ酸」は、塩、アミノ酸誘導体(例えば、アミド)、および/または置換物を含むがこれらに限定されない、化学的に作製されたかまたは修飾されたアミノ酸を包含する。ペプチド中のカルボキシ−および/またはアミノ−末端アミノ酸を含むアミノ酸は、メチル化、アミド化、アセチル化、および/またはそれらの活性に悪影響を与えることなくペプチドの循環半減期を変化させ得る他の化学基での置換によって、修飾され得る。アミノ酸はジスルフィド結合に加わり得る。「アミノ酸」という用語は、「アミノ酸残基」と交換可能に使用され、遊離アミノ酸および/またはペプチドのアミノ酸残基を指し得る。前記用語が使用される文脈から、それが遊離アミノ酸を指すかまたはペプチドの残基を指すかが明らかとなる。
本発明は、特定の器官、組織、細胞、および/または細胞内区画へ治療剤を選択的に送達するためのシステムを提供する。ある態様において、治療剤は、病変組織へ特異的に送達される。ある態様において、治療剤は、腫瘍(例えば、悪性腫瘍または良性腫瘍)へ特異的に送達される。ある態様において、治療剤は、癌(例えば、前立腺癌)と関連する腫瘍へ送達される。
一般的に、本発明の標的粒子は、粒子を含む。任意の粒子が、本発明に従って使用され得る。ある態様において、粒子は、生分解性かつ生体適合性である。一般的に、生体適合性物質は、細胞に対して毒性ではない。ある態様において、細胞への物質の添加によりある閾値未満の細胞死が生じる場合、その物質は生体適合性であると考えられる。ある態様において、細胞への物質の添加により副作用が誘発されない場合、その物質は生体適合性であると考えられる。一般的に、生分解性物質は、治療に該当する期間(例えば、数週、数ヶ月、または数年)の経過にわたって生理学的条件下で分解するものである。ある態様において、生分解性物質は、細胞機構によって分解され得る物質である。ある態様において、生分解性物質は、化学的プロセスによって分解され得る物質である。ある態様において、粒子は、生体適合性でありかつ生分解性である物質である。ある態様において、粒子は、生体適合性であるが生分解性ではない物質である。ある態様において、粒子は、生分解性であるが生体適合性ではない物質である。
ある態様において、粒子は、ポリマーのマトリクスを含み得る。ある態様において、治療剤および/または標的化部分は、ポリマーマトリクスの表面と共有結合していてよい。ある態様において、共有結合はリンカーによって媒介されている。ある態様において、治療剤および/または標的化部分は、ポリマーマトリクスの表面と非共有結合していてよい。ある態様において、治療剤および/または標的化部分は、ポリマーマトリクスの表面と結合しているか、ポリマーマトリクス内に封入されているか、ポリマーマトリクスによって囲まれているか、および/またはポリマーマトリクスにわたって分散されていてよい。
ある態様において、粒子は、非ポリマー粒子(例えば、金属粒子、量子ドット、セラミック粒子、無機材料を含むポリマー、骨粒子、ウイルス粒子など)であり得る。ある態様において、送達される治療剤は、このような非ポリマー粒子の表面と結合していてよい。ある態様において、非ポリマー粒子は、金属原子(例えば、金原子)の凝集物などの、非ポリマー成分の凝集物である。ある態様において、送達される治療剤は、非ポリマー成分の凝集物の表面と結合しているか、および/または非ポリマー成分の凝集物内に封入されているか、非ポリマー成分の凝集物によって囲まれているか、および/または非ポリマー成分の凝集物にわたって分散されていてよい。
粒子(例えば、ナノ粒子、マイクロ粒子)は、当該分野において公知の任意の方法を使用して調製され得る。例えば、粒状製剤は、ナノ析出、流体チャネルを使用するフローフォーカシング(flow focusing)、スプレードライ、シングルおよびダブルエマルジョン溶媒蒸発(single and double emulsion solvent evaporation)、溶媒抽出、相分離、ミリング(milling)、マイクロエマルジョン法、マイクロファブリケーション、ナノファブリケーション、犠牲層、単純および複合コアセルベーション、ならびに当業者に周知の他の方法などの方法によって調製され得る。代替的または追加的に、単分散半導体、伝導性、磁性、有機、および他のナノ粒子についての水性および有機溶媒合成が、記載されている(Pellegrino et al., 2005, Small, 1:48;Murray et al., 2000, Ann. Rev. Mat. Sci, 30:545;およびTrindade et al., 2001, Chem. Mat., 13:3843)。
ある態様において、粒子は、任意で1または複数の界面活性剤を含み得る。ある態様において、界面活性剤は、増大された安定性、改善された均一性、または増加された粘度を有する粒子の作製を促進し得る。界面活性剤は、2またはそれ以上の分散媒体を使用する態様において特に有用であり得る。粒子中の界面活性剤の百分率は、0重量%〜99重量%、10重量%〜99重量%、25重量%〜99重量%、50重量%〜99重量%、または75重量%〜99重量%の範囲であり得る。ある態様において、粒子中の界面活性剤の百分率は、0重量%〜75重量%、0重量%〜50重量%、0重量%〜25重量%、または0重量%〜10重量%の範囲であり得る。ある態様において、粒子中の界面活性剤の百分率は、約1重量%、約2重量%、約3重量%、約4重量%、約5重量%、約10重量%、約15重量%、約20重量%、約25重量%、または約30重量%であり得る。
ある態様において、粒子は、1または複数の脂質を任意で含み得る。粒子中の脂質の百分率は、0重量%〜99重量%、10重量%〜99重量%、25重量%〜99重量%、50重量%〜99重量%、または75重量%〜99重量%の範囲にあり得る。ある態様において、粒子中の脂質の百分率は、0重量%〜75重量%、0重量%〜50重量%、0重量%〜25重量%、または0重量%〜10重量%の範囲にあり得る。ある態様において、粒子中の脂質の百分率は、約1重量%、約2重量%、約3重量%、約4重量%、約5重量%、約10重量%、約15重量%、約20重量%、約25重量%、または約30重量%であり得る。
ある態様において、粒子は、任意で1または複数の糖質を含み得る。粒子中の糖質の百分率は、0重量%〜99重量%、10重量%〜99重量%、25重量%〜99重量%、50重量%〜99重量%、75重量%〜99重量%の範囲にあり得る。ある態様において、粒子中の糖質の百分率は、0重量%〜75重量%、0重量%〜50重量%、0重量%〜25重量%、0重量%〜10重量%の範囲にあり得る。ある態様において、粒子中の糖質の百分率は、約1重量%、約2重量%、約3重量%、約4重量%、約5重量%、約10重量%、約15重量%、約20重量%、約25重量%、または約30重量%であり得る。
一般的に、本発明の標的化粒子は、1または複数の標的化部分を含む。本発明のある態様において、粒子は、1または複数の標的化部分と結合している。標的化部分は、器官、組織、細胞、細胞外基質、および/または細胞内区画と結合した成分へ結合する任意の部分である。ある態様において、このような成分は、「標的」または「マーカー」と呼ばれ、これらは、以下にさらに詳細に記載される。
本明細書中において使用される場合、「核酸標的化部分」は、標的へ選択的に結合する核酸である。ある態様において、核酸標的化部分は、核酸アプタマーである。アプタマーは、通常、特定の器官、組織、細胞、細胞外基質成分、および/または細胞内区画と結合している特定の標的構造体へ結合するポリヌクレオチドである。一般的に、アプタマーの標的化機能は、アプタマーの三次元構造に基づく。ある態様において、標的へのアプタマーの結合は、典型的に、アプタマーおよび標的の両方の二次元および/または三次元構造体間の相互作用によって媒介される。ある態様において、標的へのアプタマーの結合は、アプタマーの一次配列にのみ基づくのではなく、しかしアプタマーおよび/または標的の三次元構造に依存する。ある態様において、アプタマーは、相補的ワトソン−クリック塩基対形成によってそれらの標的へ結合し、これは、塩基対形成を妨害する構造体(例えば、ヘアピンループ)によって中断される。
(Lupold et al., 2002, Cancer Res., 62:4029)、
以下のヌクレオチド配列を有するA9アプタマー
(Lupold et al., 2002, Cancer Res., 62:4029;およびChu et al., 2006, Nuc. Acid Res., 34:e73)、それらの誘導体、および/またはそれらの特徴的部分が挙げられるが、これらに限定されない。
ある態様において、本発明に従う標的化部分は小分子であり得る。ある態様において、小分子は、サイズが約2000 g/mol未満である。ある態様において、小分子は、約1500 g/mol未満または約1000 g/mol未満である。ある態様において、小分子は、約800 g/mol未満または約500 g/mol未満である。
ある態様において、本発明に従う標的化部分は、タンパク質またはペプチドであり得る。ある態様において、ペプチドは、サイズが約5〜100個、10〜75個、15〜50個、または20〜25個のアミノ酸に及ぶ。ある態様において、ペプチド配列は、タンパク質の配列に基づき得る。ある態様において、ペプチド配列は、アミノ酸のランダムな配置であり得る。
ある態様において、本発明に従う標的化部分は、糖質を含み得る。1つの例を挙げると、ラクトースおよび/またはガラクトースが、肝細胞を標的化するために使用され得る。
ある態様において、本発明に従う標的化部分は、1または複数の脂肪酸基またはその塩を含み得る。ある態様において、脂肪酸基は、消化性の、長鎖(例えば、C8〜C50)の、置換または非置換の炭化水素を含み得る。ある態様において、脂肪酸基は、C10〜C20脂肪酸またはその塩であり得る。ある態様において、脂肪酸基は、C15〜C20脂肪酸またはその塩であり得る。ある態様において、脂肪酸基は、C15〜C25脂肪酸またはその塩であり得る。ある態様において、脂肪酸基は、不飽和であり得る。ある態様において、脂肪酸基は、一価不飽和であり得る。ある態様において、脂肪酸基は、多価不飽和であり得る。ある態様において、不飽和脂肪酸基の二重結合は、シス立体配座であり得る。ある態様において、不飽和脂肪酸基の二重結合は、トランス立体配座であり得る。
ある態様において、本発明に従う標的粒子は、器官、組織、細胞、細胞外基質、および/または細胞内区画と結合した1または複数の標的(例えば、抗原)へ特異的に結合する標的化部分を含む。ある態様において、標的粒子は、特定の器官または器官系と結合した標的へ特異的に結合する標的化部分を含む。ある態様において、本発明に従う標的粒子は、1または複数の細胞内標的(例えば、細胞小器官、細胞内タンパク質)へ特異的に結合する標的化部分を含む。ある態様において、標的粒子は、病変組織と結合した標的へ特異的に結合する標的化部分を含む。ある態様において、標的粒子は、特定の細胞型(例えば、内皮細胞、癌細胞、悪性細胞、前立腺癌細胞など)と結合した標的へ特異的に結合する標的化部分を含む。
本発明は、新規の標的化部分を設計するための方法を提供する。本発明は、さらに、候補標的化部分の混合物から新規の標的化部分を単離または同定するための方法を提供する。
本発明によれば、本発明の標的粒子は、例えば、治療薬、診断剤、および/または予防剤を含む、任意の薬剤の送達のために使用され得る。本発明に従って送達される例示的な薬剤としては、小分子、有機金属化合物、核酸、タンパク質(多量体タンパク質、タンパク質複合体などを含む)、ペプチド、脂質、糖質、ホルモン、金属、放射性元素および化合物、薬物、ワクチン、免疫薬など、ならびに/またはそれらの組み合わせが挙げられるが、これらに限定されない。
ある態様において、送達される薬剤は、薬学的活性を有する小分子および/または有機化合物である。ある態様において、前記薬剤は、臨床的に使用される薬物である。ある態様において、前記薬物は、抗癌剤、抗生物質、抗ウイルス薬、抗HIV薬、抗寄生虫薬、抗原虫薬、麻酔薬、抗凝固剤、酵素の阻害剤、ステロイド系薬剤、ステロイド系または非ステロイド系抗炎症薬、抗ヒスタミン薬、免疫抑制薬、抗新生物薬、抗原、ワクチン、抗体、うっ血除去薬、鎮静薬、オピオイド、鎮痛薬、解熱薬、避妊薬、ホルモン、プロスタグランジン、黄体ホルモン薬、抗緑内障薬、点眼薬、抗コリン作用薬、鎮痛薬、抗うつ剤、抗精神病薬、神経毒、睡眠薬、精神安定薬、抗痙攣薬、筋弛緩薬、抗パーキンソン病薬、鎮痙薬、筋肉収縮薬、チャネル遮断薬、縮瞳薬、抗分泌薬、抗体血栓薬、抗凝固剤、抗コリン作用薬、βアドレナリン遮断薬、利尿薬、心臓血管活性剤、血管作用薬、血管拡張薬、抗高血圧薬、血管新生剤、細胞−細胞外基質相互作用の調節因子(例えば、細胞増殖阻害剤および抗接着分子)、DNA、RNA、もしくはタンパク質合成の阻害剤などである。
本発明のある態様において、本発明の標的粒子は、1または複数の核酸(例えば、機能性RNA、機能性DNAなど)を、組織、細胞、または細胞内の場所(subcellular locale)などの特定の位置へ送達するために使用される。
一般的に、「機能性RNA」は、タンパク質をコードしないが、その代わりに、そのメンバーが細胞内で1または複数の異なる機能または活性を特徴的に有するRNA分子のクラスに属する、RNAである。異なる配列を有する機能性RNA分子の相対的活性は、異なり得、かつその中にRNAが存在する特定の細胞型に少なくとも一部依存し得ることが、理解される。従って、「機能性RNA」という用語は、あるクラスのRNA分子を指すように本明細書中において使用され、そのクラスの全てのメンバーが特定のセットの条件下でそのクラスの活性特性を実際に示すことを意味するようには意図されない。ある態様において、機能性RNAは、RNAi剤(例えば、低分子干渉RNA(siRNA)、ショートヘアピンRNA(shRNA)、およびマイクロRNA)、リボザイム、tRNA、rRNA、三重らせん形成に有用なRNAなどを含む。
ある態様において、送達される核酸はベクターである。本明細書中において使用される場合、「ベクター」という用語は、それが結合している別の核酸を輸送し得る核酸分子(典型的に、しかし必ずしもではなく、DNA分子)を指す。ベクターは、宿主細胞(例えば、本発明の標的粒子によって標的化された細胞)中におけるそれらが結合した核酸の染色体外での複製および/または発現を達成し得る。ある態様において、ベクターは、宿主細胞のゲノム中へ一体化し得る。
ある態様において、送達される薬剤は、タンパク質またはペプチドであり得る。ある態様において、ペプチドは、サイズが約5〜500、5〜250、5〜100、または5〜50、または5〜25アミノ酸の範囲内にある。ペプチドは、最大限に多様なペプチドのパネル(panel)を提供するように一貫して変化された配列および/またはランダム配列を含むペプチドのパネル由来のペプチドが、使用され得る。
ある態様において、送達される薬剤は、糖質、例えば、タンパク質と結合した糖質(例えば、糖タンパク質、プロテオグリカンなど)である。糖質は、天然であっても合成であってもよい。糖質はまた、誘導体化された天然糖質であり得る。ある態様において、糖質は、単糖または複合糖であり得る。ある態様において、糖質は、グルコース、フルクトース、ガラクトース、およびリボースを含むがこれらに限定されない、単糖類である。ある態様において、糖質は、ラクトース、スクロース、マルトース、トレハロース、およびセロビオースを含むがこれらに限定されない、二糖類である。ある態様において、糖質は、セルロース、微結晶性セルロース、ヒドロキシプロピルメチルセルロース(HPMC)、メチルセルロース(MC)、デキストロース、デキストラン、グリコーゲン、キサンタンゴム、ジェランガム(gellan gum)、デンプン、およびプルランを含むがこれらに限定されない、多糖類である。ある態様において、糖質は、マンニトール、ソルビトール、キシリトール、エリスリトール、マルチトール、およびラクチトールを含むがこれらに限定されない、糖アルコールである。
ある態様において、送達される薬剤は、脂質、例えば、タンパク質と結合している脂質(例えば、リポタンパク質)である。本発明に従って使用され得る例示的な脂質としては、油、脂肪酸、飽和脂肪酸、不飽和脂肪酸、必須脂肪酸、シス脂肪酸、トランス脂肪酸、グリセリド、モノグリセリド、ジグリセリド、トリグリセリド、ホルモン、ステロイド(例えば、コレステロール、胆汁酸)、ビタミン(例えば、ビタミンE)、リン脂質、スフィンゴリピド、およびリポタンパク質が挙げられるが、これらに限定されない。
ある態様において、送達される薬剤は、診断剤である。ある態様において、診断剤としては、ガス;陽電子放射断層撮影法(PET)、コンピューター断層撮影法(CAT)、単一光子放射コンピューター断層撮影法、X線、蛍光透視、および磁気共鳴画像法(MRI)において使用される市販のイメージング剤;制吐薬;ならびに造影剤が挙げられる。MRIにおける造影剤としての使用に好適な材料の例としては、ガドリニウムキレート、ならびに鉄、マグネシウム、マンガン、銅、およびクロムが挙げられる。CATおよびX線画像化に有用な材料の例としは、ヨウ素ベースの材料が挙げられる。
ある態様において、送達される薬剤は、予防剤である。ある態様において、予防剤は、ワクチンを含む。ワクチンは、単離されたタンパク質またはペプチド、不活性化された生物およびウイルス、死滅した生物およびウイルス、遺伝子的に変化された生物またはウイルス、および細胞抽出物を含み得る。予防剤は、インターロイキン、インターフェロン、サイトカイン、およびアジュバント、例えば、コレラ毒素、ミョウバン、フロイントアジュバントなどと組み合わせられ得る。予防薬は、以下を含んでよい:肺炎連鎖球菌(Streptococccus pnuemoniae)、インフルエンザ菌(Haemophilus influenzae)、黄色ブドウ球菌(Staphylococcus aureus)、化膿連鎖球菌(Streptococcus pyrogenes)、ジフテリア菌(Corynebacterium diphtheriae)、リステリア菌(Listeria monocytogenes)、炭疽菌(Bacillus anthracis)、破傷風菌(Clostridium tetani)、ボツリヌス菌(Clostridium botulinum)、ウェルシュ菌(Clostridium perfringens)、髄膜炎菌(Neisseria meningitidis)、淋菌(Neisseria gonorrhoeae)、ミュータンス連鎖球菌(Streptococcus mutans)、緑膿菌(Pseudomonas aeruginosa)、チフス菌(Salmonella typhi)、パラインフルエンザ菌(Haemophilus parainfluenzae)、百日咳菌(Bordetella pertussis)、野兎病菌(Francisella tularensis)、ペスト菌(Yersinia pestis)、コレラ菌(Vibrio cholerae)、レジオネラ・ニューモフィラ菌(Legionella pneumophila)、結核菌(Mycobacterium tuberculosis)、らい菌(Mycobacterium leprae)、梅毒トレポネーマ(Treponema pallidum)、レプトスピラ・インテロガン(Leptospirosis interrogans)、ボレリア・バーグドルフェリー(Borrelia burgdorferi)、カンフィロバクター・ジェジュニ(Camphylobacter jejuni)などのような、細菌生物の抗原;痘瘡ウイルス、インフルエンザAおよびB、呼吸器性シンシチウムウイルス(respiratory syncytial virus)、パラインフルエンザウイルス、麻疹ウイルス、HIVウイルス、水痘−帯状疱疹ウイルス、単純ヘルペス1型および2型、サイトメガロウイルス、エプスタイン−バーウイルス、ロタウイルス、ライノウイルス、アデノウイルス、パピローマウイルス、ポリオウイルス、ムンプスウイルス、狂犬病ウイルス、風疹ウイルス、コクサッキーウイルス、ウマ脳炎ウイルス、日本脳炎ウイルス、黄熱病ウイルス、リフトバレー熱ウイルス、A型、B型、C型、D型、およびE型肝炎ウイルスなどのような、ウイルスの抗原;クリプトコックス・ネオフォルマンス(Cryptococcus neoformans)、ヒストプラスマ・カプスラーツム(Histoplasma capsulatum)、カンジダ・アルビカンス(Candida albicans)、カンジダ・トロピカリス(Candida tropicalis)、ノカルジア・アステロイデス(Nocardia asteroides)、リケッチア・リケッチー(Rickettsia ricketsii)、リケッチア・チフィ(Rickettsia typhi)、肺炎マイコプラスマ(Mycoplasma pneumoniae)、クラミジア・シタシイ(Chlamydial psittaci)、クラミジア・トラコマチス(Chlamydial trachomatis)、熱帯熱マラリア原虫(Plasmodium falciparum)、トリパノソーマ・ブルース(Trypanosoma brucei)、赤痢アメーバ(Entamoeba histolytica)、トキソプラスマ・ゴンジイ(Toxoplasma gondii)、膣トリコモナス(Trichomonas vaginalis)、マンソン住血吸虫(Schistosoma mansoni)などのような、真菌、原生動物、および寄生生物の抗原。これらの抗原は、全滅した微生物(whole killed organism)、ペプチド、タンパク質、糖タンパク質、糖質、またはそれらの組み合わせの形態であり得る。
ある態様において、送達される治療剤は、栄養補助剤である。ある態様において、栄養補助剤は、基本的栄養価を提供し、健康または医療利益を提供し、かつ/または健康補助食品である。ある態様において、栄養補助剤は、ビタミン(例えば、ビタミンA、B、C、D、E、Kなど)、ミネラル(例えば、鉄、マグネシウム、カリウム、カルシウムなど)、または必須アミノ酸(例えば、リジン、グルタミン、ロイシンなど)である。
ある態様において、本発明の標的粒子は、粒子と1または複数の標的化部分(例えば、アプタマー)とを含む。ある態様において、本発明の標的粒子は、粒子と、1または複数の標的化部分と、送達される1または複数の治療剤とを含む。
本明細書中に記載される組成物および方法は、組織特異的および/または細胞型特異的マーカーに関連する任意の疾患、障害、および/または状態の治療および/または診断のために使用され得る。被験体としては、ヒトおよび/または他の霊長類;ウシ、ブタ、ウマ、ヒツジ、ネコ、および/またはイヌなどの商業的に関連する哺乳類を含む、哺乳類;および/または、ニワトリ、カモ、ガチョウ、および/またはシチメンチョウなどの商業的に関連する鳥類を含む、鳥類が挙げられるが、これらに限定されない。
ある態様において、本発明に従う標的粒子は、疾患、障害、および/または状態の1または複数の症状もしくは特徴の、治療、軽減、改善、緩和、発病の遅延、進行の抑制、重篤度の低下、および/または発生率の低下のために使用され得る。ある態様において、本発明の標的粒子は、癌を治療するために使用され得る。ある態様において、本発明の標的粒子は、前立腺癌を治療するために使用され得る。
ある態様において、本発明の標的粒子は、疾患、障害、および/または状態を診断するために使用され得る。ある態様において、本発明の標的粒子は、癌を診断するために使用され得る。ある態様において、本発明の標的粒子は、前立腺癌を診断するために使用され得る。ある態様において、このような診断方法は、被験体の体内の腫瘍を物理的に検出するおよび/または位置を特定するための、本発明の標的粒子の使用を含み得る。
本発明のある態様において、粒子は、本質的に検出可能でない大部分の材料を含む。粒子は、1または複数の蛍光性、発光性、または磁性部分を含む。例えば、粒子は、蛍光性もしくは発光性物質、または磁気材料のより小さな粒子を含み得る。ある態様において、蛍光性または発光性色素などの光学的に検出可能な部分が、粒子コアおよび/またはコーティング層によって、封じ込められているか、埋め込まれているか、または封入されている。蛍光性および発光性部分は、上記により詳細に記載されたように、種々の異なる有機または無機小分子を含む。
ある態様において、他のアプローチによって検出され得る粒子が使用され得るが、粒子は、検出可能な光学的および/または磁気的特性を有する。光学的に検出可能な粒子は、細胞生存と適合性である光学的手段を使用して、生存している細胞内で検出可能であるものである。光学的検出は、スペクトルの光学領域(即ち、約180 nmから数ミクロンに及ぶスペクトルのその部分)の範囲内の光の散乱、放射、および/または吸収を検出することによって達成される。任意で、細胞を含有する試料は、電磁エネルギーの供給源へ暴露される。本発明のある態様において、粒子またはその成分による電磁エネルギー(例えば、所定の波長の光)の吸収の後に、より長い波長の光が放射され、放射された光が検出される。ある態様において、粒子による光の散乱が検出される。本発明のある態様において、電磁スペクトルの可視光部分に入る光、即ち、人の肉眼によって検出可能であるスペクトルの部分(約400 nm〜約700 nm)が、検出される。本発明のある態様において、スペクトルの赤外線または紫外線領域内に入る光が検出される。
本発明は、治療有効量の粒子、1または複数の標的化部分(例えば、アプタマー)、および送達される1または複数の治療剤;ならびに1または複数の薬学的に許容される賦形剤を含む、新規の標的粒子を提供する。ある態様において、本発明は、本明細書中に記載されるような本発明の標的粒子を含む薬学的組成物を提供する。このような薬学的組成物は、任意で、1または複数の追加の治療的に活性な物質を含み得る。ある態様によれば、本発明の組成物を含む薬学的組成物を、それを必要とする被験体へ投与する方法が、提供される。ある態様において、本発明の組成物は、ヒトへ投与される。本発明の目的について、「有効成分」という句は、一般的に、粒子と、1または複数の標的化部分(例えば、アプタマー)と、送達される1または複数の治療剤とを含む、本発明の標的粒子を指す。
ある態様において、治療有効量の本発明の組成物は、疾患、障害、および/または状態の診断の前、同時、および/または後に、患者および/または生物へ送達される。ある態様において、治療量の本発明の組成物は、疾患、障害、および/または状態の症状の発症の前、同時、および/または後に、患者および/または生物へ送達される。ある態様において、本発明の標的粒子の量は、疾患、障害、および/または状態の1又は複数の症状もしくは特徴の、治療、軽減、改善、緩和、発病の遅延、進行の抑制、重篤度の低下、および/または発生率の低下のために十分である。
本発明は、本発明の標的粒子を1または複数含む種々のキットを提供する。例えば、本発明は、本発明の標的粒子および使用説明書を含むキットを提供する。キットは、複数の異なる標的粒子を含み得る。キットは、任意の組み合わせで、任意の多数の追加の成分または試薬を含み得る。種々の組み合わせの全ては明確には記載されていないが、各組み合わせは本発明の範囲内に含まれる。
実施例1:インビボ標的化薬物送達のための官能化PLGA-PEGナノ粒子の製剤化
材料および方法
材料
2’-フルオロピリミジン、ヘキサエチレングリコールスペーサーによって結合した5’-アミノ基、および3’-反転されたTキャップを有する)は、純度90%超でRNA-TEC(ベルギー、ルーバン)によってカスタム合成された。
カルボキシレート官能化コポリマーPLGA-b-PEGを、COOH-PEG-NH2をPLGA-COOHへ結合することによって合成した。塩化メチレン(10 mL)中のPLGA-COOH(5 g, 0.28 mmol)を、1-エチル-3-(3-ジメチルアミノプロピル)-カルボジイミド(EDC, 230 mg, 1.2 mmol)の存在下で、過剰量のN-ヒドロキシスクシンイミド(NHS, 135 mg, 1.1 mmol)を用いて、PLGA-NHSへ変換した。PLGA-NHSをエチルエーテル(5 mL)で析出させ、エチルエーテルおよびメタノールの氷冷混合物中において繰り返し洗浄し、残渣NHSを除去した。真空乾燥後、PLGA-NHS(1g, 0.059 mmol)をクロロホルム(4 mL)に溶解し、続いてNH2-PEG-COOH(250 mg, 0.074 mmol)およびN,N-ジイソプロピルエチルアミン(28 mg, 0.22 mmol)を添加した。12時間後、前記コポリマーを冷メタノールで析出させ、同一の溶媒(3 x 5 mL)で洗浄し、未反応PEGを除去した。得られたPLGA-PEGブロックコポリマーを真空乾燥し、さらに処理することなしにナノ粒子(NP)調製のために使用した。
以前に記載されたように(Farokhzad et al., 2006, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci., USA, 103:6315;およびFonseca et al., 2002, J. Control. Release, 83:273)、薬物封入されたカルボキシレート化PLGA-b-PEG NPの形成のために、ナノ析出法を使用した。簡単に記載すると、ドセタキセル(または14C-パクリタキセル)を、水と混和性である種々の有機溶媒に溶解した。ポリマーを同様に溶解し、前記薬物と混合した。前記薬物−ポリマー溶液を非溶媒である水へ添加することによって、NPが形成された。得られたNP懸濁液を、室温で6時間、カバーしないで(uncovered)撹拌した。NPを、遠心分離(10,000 x gで10分)によって、または限外濾過(3000 x g で15分、Amicon Ultra, Ultracel膜, 100,000 NMWL, Millipore, Billerica, MA)によって精製した。PLGA-b-PEG NPを、同様に、再懸濁し、水で洗浄し、回収した。
粒度分布を、動的光散乱(Brookhaven Instruments Corporation 90 plus Particle Sizer, 676 nmレーザー)によって、25℃および90°の散乱角で、約1 mg NP/mL水の濃度にて、測定した。強度―加重平均値を、3つの測定の平均値として記録した。
NPをアセトニトリルに溶解し、HPLCによって三回測定し、ドセタキセル含有量を測定した。Agilent 1100 HPLC(Palo Alto, CA)は、一定流量1 mL/分での水およびアセトニトリル(v/v 50/50)の非勾配移動相を伴う、UV検出器および逆相ペンタフルオロフェニルカラム(Curosil-PFP, 250 x 4.6 mm, 5 μ, Phenomenex, Torrance, CA)を備えた。ドセタキセルピークを227 nmの波長で測定し、標準曲線と比較することによって定量的に測定した。
PLGA-b-PEG NP(10 μg/μL)を水に懸濁し、EDC(400 mM)およびNHS(200 mM)と共に20分間インキュベートした。次いで、NPを、DNアーゼ、RNアーゼを含まない水(3 x 15 mL)で繰り返し洗浄し、続いて限外濾過を行った。NHS活性化されたNPを、5’-アミノ-RNAアプタマー(1 μg/μL)と反応させた。得られたNP-Apt標的粒子を、限外濾過によって超純水(15 mL)で洗浄し、表面結合したアプタマーを90℃で変性させ、氷上でのスナップ冷却(snap-cooling)の間、結合立体配座をとらせた。NP懸濁液を使用まで4℃で維持した。
MITのDivision of Comparative Medicineの監視下で、かつNIHのPrinciples of Laboratory Animal Careに従って、全ての動物研究を行った。ヒト異種移植前立腺癌腫瘍を、8週齢balb/cヌードマウス(Charles River Laboratories, Wilmington, MA)において誘発した。媒体およびマトリゲル(BD Biosciences, Franklin Lakes, NJ)の1:1混合液に懸濁された3 x 106 LNCaP細胞(即ち、ヒト前立腺腺癌の転移病巣から確立された細胞株)を、マウスの右横腹に皮下注射した。腫瘍誘発における使用の前に、10%ウシ胎仔血清、100単位/mLペニシリンG、および100 μg/mLストレプトマイシンが補充されたRPMI-1640倍地中において、LNCaP細胞を培養した。
スチューデントt検定を使用して試料の統計分析を行い、<0.05のp値を統計的に有意であると考えた。報告される全てのデータは、特に記載されない限り、平均+/−標準偏差である。
PLGA-b-PEGコポリマーの合成
NPサイズ分布を制御するための出発点として、薬物およびポリマーを可溶化するために使用される有機溶媒の種類を変化させることの効果を分析した。以前の研究は、水中における有機溶媒の混和性が、所定の溶媒:水システムについてNPサイズに影響を与え得ることを示唆していた(Galindo-Rodriguez et al., 2004, Pharm. Res., 21:1428;およびBilati et al., 2005, Eur. J. Pharm. Sci., 24:67)。一般的に、混和性は、溶媒および水の両方の溶解度パラメータ(δ)を比較することによって、定量的に表され得る(Yu et al., General principles governing dissolution of materials in solvents, ChemTec Publishing, 2001)。溶媒がより混和性となるにつれて、溶媒間の溶解度パラメータの差(Δδ)は最小化される。NPサイズおよび水との溶媒混和性の関係を、4つの有機溶媒を使用して測定し、溶解度パラメータに対するNPサイズの依存性を観察した。図2に示されるように、PLGA-b-PEG NPのサイズと、この研究において使用された4つの有機溶媒の水混和性とは、一般的に相関しており;全ての他の形成パラメータは一定に維持されたままで、水混和性の増加(図2に示される矢印によって表されるように、Δδの減少)は、平均NPサイズの減少へ至った。試験した中で最も水混和性の溶媒であるDMF中において調製されたNPは、最も小さな粒子となった。いかなる特定の理論にも拘束されることを望まないが、これは、水へのより効率的な溶媒拡散およびポリマー分散に起因し得る。
1%、5%および10%ドセタキセルが負荷されたNPを比較して、得られたNPサイズ分布に対するドセタキセル負荷の効果を分析した。所定のNP製剤(150 nm NP)について、粒子調製物の多分散性は、以下の通りに、ドセタキセル濃度に伴って増加した:1%負荷について0.154から、5%負荷について0.203へ、および10%負荷について0.212へ。NPの粒度分布は、二相性傾向を示し、より小さな直径の粒子の分布が、より大きな直径の粒子の分布と同時に生じた(図4)。より小さな粒子に対応する分布は、薬物濃度の増加に伴ってシフトしなかった。2つのサイズ分布のより大きな直径の場所は、薬物負荷が増加するにつれて、より高くへシフトした(サイズは、約300 nmから1200 nmへ増加、図4)。これらの製剤間の唯一の差異は薬物負荷の量であるので、形成されるNPの有意な量は、その低い水溶性に起因する、封入されていないドセタキセルの凝集に起因し得る。
ナノ析出によって形成されたNPは、一般的に界面活性剤を必要としない;しかし、界面活性剤の欠如は、形成後にNP凝集を引き起こし得る。例えば、高速遠心分離は、ペレット化の際の凝集に起因して、粒度を大幅に増大させ得る。NP(約80 nm)を10,000 x gで10分間遠心分離した後、約20%〜30%の直径の増加が、遠心分離工程の各々について観察された(図5A)。しかし、凝集を引き起こす機械的な力は、低速限外濾過によって大幅に回避され得る(図5A)。市販の遠心分離濾過機の使用によって、複数の洗浄工程の間に、粒度は再現可能に制御される。
NPとアプタマーとの結合を調べるために、および反応後にNPと結合していないアプタマーの成功した除去を実証するために、PAGEを使用した。カップリング剤を添加しないで(-EDC、図6)アプタマーとNPとを混合することによって、結合していないアプタマーのバンドは示されず、アプタマーとNPとの非特異的相互作用が無いことを示している。EDCの添加を伴う(+EDC、図6)結合は、洗浄前および後の両方で、NPへ共有結合したRNAと一致しかつゲル上ではランする(run)ことができないRNAバンドへ至る。限外濾過で繰り返し洗浄した後、結合していないアプタマーは、もはや検出されなかった(図6)。
形成パラメータおよびNPサイズに対するそれらの効果の研究の結果、サイズおよび薬物負荷の点で最適なNP製剤を、インビボ研究のために選択した。研究のために、14C-パクリタキセル(トレース薬剤として役立つ)を、PLGA-b-PEG NPへの1%の薬物負荷で封入した。パクリタキセルは、ドセタキセルに関連するタキサン薬物であり、放射化学物として市販されている。得られたNPは156.8 +/- 3.9 nmのサイズであり(sized)、アプタマーとのバイオ結合後、NP-Apt標的粒子の最終サイズは、188.1 ± 4.0 nmであると測定された。全3時点で、腫瘍において回収された14C-パクリタキセル用量は、対照NPグループと比較して、NP-Apt標的化グループについてより高かった(図7)。NP-Apt標的化グループについて2、6、および24時間での組織1グラム当たりの%注射用量の値は、それぞれ、1.49 ± 0.92、1.98 ± 1.72、および0.83 ± 0.21であった(平均値± S.D.、n = 4)。NP対照グループについて、2、6、および24時間でのそれぞれの値は、1.10 ± 0.20、0.96 ± 0.44、および0.22 ± 0.07であった。研究の24時間終了時で、腫瘍におけるレベルは、NP-Aptグループについて3.77倍より高かった(p=0.002、n=4)。2および6時間の時点で、腫瘍におけるNP-Aptのレベルは、対照よりも、それぞれ、1.35倍および2.06倍より高く、しかし、差は統計的に有意ではなかった。2時間グループおよび6時間グループの両方において、NP-Aptの腫瘍内濃度は、NP対照と比較して増加し、一方、大半の他の組織におけるレベルは、循環中のより少ないNPと平行して減少した。いかなる特定の理論にも拘束されることを望まないが、時間にわたって腫瘍中において回収された薬物の濃度が、増強された透過性および保持(EPR)効果および標的化効果の両方を示すことを可能にする。24時間で腫瘍中における顕著により高い濃度を維持するNP-Apt標的粒子の能力は、恐らく、標的化されたLNCaP細胞による取り込みに起因し、一方、標的化リガンドを有しないNPグループは、細胞取り込みがなく、時間とともに腫瘍から拡散した。LNCaP細胞へのNP-Apt標的粒子の同様の強い結合が、インビトロで観察された(Farokhzad et al., 2004, Cancer Research, 64:7668)。両方のグループについての腫瘍中における濃度は、この時間の間に薬物の大部分を放出し得るNPのブラスト効果(burst effect)に起因して、6および24時間の時点から低下することが可能である(Fonseca et al., 2002, J. Control. Release, 83:273)。腫瘍部位で放出された薬物は、細胞によって吸収されない場合、拡散し得るかまたは該部位から除去され得る。
当業者は、本明細書中に記載される本発明の特定の態様に対する多くの均等物を、認識するか、または慣用的に過ぎない実験を使用して確かめ得る。本発明の範囲は、上記の説明に限定されるようには意図されず、しかしむしろ、添付の特許請求の範囲に記載される通りである。
Claims (105)
- 粒子;
標的化部分(targeting moiety);および
治療剤;
を含む標的粒子(targeted particle)であって、
該粒子がポリマーマトリクスを含み、
該ポリマーマトリクスがポリエステルを含み、かつ
該標的化部分が前立腺癌細胞を標的化する、
標的粒子。 - 粒子がナノ粒子である、請求項1記載の標的粒子。
- 粒子がマイクロ粒子である、請求項1記載の標的粒子。
- 粒子が中実粒子である、請求項1〜3のいずれか一項記載の標的粒子。
- 粒子が中空粒子である、請求項1〜3のいずれか一項記載の標的粒子。
- ポリエステルが、PLGA、PLA、PGA、ポリカプロラクトン、およびポリ酸無水物からなる群より選択される、請求項1〜5のいずれか一項記載の標的粒子。
- ポリエステルがPLGAである、請求項1〜6のいずれか一項記載の標的粒子。
- ポリマーマトリクスが2またはそれ以上のポリマーを含む、請求項1〜7のいずれか一項記載の標的粒子。
- 少なくとも1つのポリマーが、ポリエチレン、ポリカーボネート、ポリ酸無水物、ポリヒドロキシ酸、ポリプロピルフメレート(polypropylfumerate)、ポリカプロラクトン、ポリアミド、ポリアセタール、ポリエーテル、ポリエステル、ポリ(オルトエステル)、ポリシアノアクリレート、ポリビニルアルコール、ポリウレタン、ポリホスファゼン、ポリアクリレート、ポリメタクリレート、ポリシアノアクリレート、ポリ尿素、ポリスチレン、ポリアミン、およびそれらの組み合わせからなる群より選択される、請求項8記載の標的粒子。
- 少なくとも1つのポリマーが、ポリエステル、ポリ酸無水物、ポリエーテル、ポリウレタン、ポリメタクリレート、ポリアクリレート、およびポリシアノアクリレートからなる群より選択される、請求項8記載の標的粒子。
- 少なくとも1つのポリマーがポリアルキレングリコールである、請求項8記載の標的粒子。
- 少なくとも1つのポリマーがポリエチレングリコール(PEG)である、請求項8記載の標的粒子。
- ポリマーマトリクスが2またはそれ以上のポリマーのコポリマーを含む、請求項1〜12のいずれか一項記載の標的粒子。
- コポリマーがPLGAおよびPEGのコポリマーである、請求項13記載の標的粒子。
- 粒子が直径1000 nm未満である、請求項1〜14のいずれか一項記載の標的粒子。
- 粒子が直径500 nm未満である、請求項1〜15のいずれか一項記載の標的粒子。
- 粒子が直径400 nm未満である、請求項1〜16のいずれか一項記載の標的粒子。
- 粒子が直径300 nm未満である、請求項1〜17のいずれか一項記載の標的粒子。
- 粒子が直径200 nm未満である、請求項1〜18のいずれか一項記載の標的粒子。
- 粒子が直径100 nm未満である、請求項1〜19のいずれか一項記載の標的粒子。
- 粒子が直径50 nm未満である、請求項1〜20のいずれか一項記載の標的粒子。
- 標的粒子がタンパク質、脂質、または糖質を含む、請求項1〜21のいずれか一項記載の標的粒子。
- 標的化部分がタンパク質である、請求項1〜22のいずれか一項記載の標的粒子。
- タンパク質標的化部分が前立腺癌細胞へ特異的に結合し得る、請求項23記載の標的粒子。
- タンパク質標的化部分が、抗体、受容体、サイトカイン、ペプチドホルモン、アビマー(avimer)、アフィボディー(affibody)からなる群より選択される、請求項23記載の標的粒子。
- タンパク質標的化部分が、前立腺特異的膜抗原(PSMA)へ特異的に結合する抗体である、請求項23記載の標的粒子。
- 標的化部分が小分子である、請求項1〜22のいずれか一項記載の標的粒子。
- 小分子標的化部分が、前立腺癌細胞へ特異的に結合し得る、請求項27記載の標的粒子。
- 小分子標的化部分が、前立腺特異的膜抗原(PSMA)へ特異的に結合する抗体である、請求項27記載の標的粒子。
- 小分子標的化部分が、葉酸、前立腺特異的膜抗原(PSMA)ペプチダーゼ阻害剤 チオールおよびインドールチオール誘導体、ヒドロキサメート誘導体、PBDAベースの阻害剤、尿素ベースの阻害剤、アンドロゲン受容体標的化剤、ならびにポリアミンからなる群より選択される、請求項27記載の標的粒子。
- 標的化部分が核酸である、請求項1〜22のいずれか一項記載の標的粒子。
- 核酸標的化部分がアプタマーである、請求項31記載の標的粒子。
- アプタマーが、1または複数の修飾されたヌクレオチドを含み、かつ、エンドヌクレアーゼ分解、エキソヌクレアーゼ分解、またはエンドヌクレアーゼ分解およびエキソヌクレアーゼ分解の両方に対して実質的に耐性である、請求項32記載の標的粒子。
- アプタマーが1または複数のL-エナンチオマーヌクレオシドを含む、請求項32または33記載の標的粒子。
- アプタマーの3’末端、5’末端、または3’末端および5’末端の両方における1または複数の内在(internal)ヌクレオチドが反転され、3’-3’または5’-5’ヌクレオチド結合が得られる、請求項32〜34のいずれか一項記載の標的粒子。
- アプタマーが前立腺癌細胞へ特異的に結合し得る、請求項32〜35のいずれか一項記載の標的粒子。
- アプタマーが前立腺特異的膜抗原(PSMA)へ特異的に結合する、請求項32〜36のいずれか一項記載の標的粒子。
- アプタマーが、配列番号:1のヌクレオチド配列、その誘導体、またはその特徴的部分を含む、請求項32〜37のいずれか一項記載の標的粒子。
- アプタマーが、配列番号:1のヌクレオチド配列、その誘導体、またはその特徴的部分に相同である、請求項32〜37のいずれか一項記載の標的粒子。
- アプタマーが、配列番号:2のヌクレオチド配列、その誘導体、またはその特徴的部分を含む、請求項32〜37のいずれか一項記載の標的粒子。
- アプタマーが、配列番号:2のヌクレオチド配列、その誘導体、またはその特徴的部分に相同である、請求項32〜37のいずれか一項記載の標的粒子。
- アプタマーが、配列番号:3のヌクレオチド配列、その誘導体、またはその特徴的部分を含む、請求項32〜37のいずれか一項記載の標的粒子。
- アプタマーが、配列番号:3のヌクレオチド配列、その誘導体、またはその特徴的部分に相同である、請求項32〜37のいずれか一項記載の標的粒子。
- 標的への標的化部分の特異的結合により、前立腺癌細胞への治療剤の送達がもたらされる、請求項1〜43のいずれか一項記載の標的粒子。
- 標的が、タンパク質、核酸、糖質、脂質、およびそれらの組み合わせからなる群より選択される、請求項44記載の標的粒子。
- 標的がタンパク質を含む、請求項44記載の標的粒子。
- 標的が、細胞表面受容体、インテグリン、膜貫通タンパク質、イオンチャネル、膜輸送体タンパク質、細胞内タンパク質、可溶性タンパク質、小分子、腫瘍マーカー、それらの特徴的部分、およびそれらの組み合わせからなる群より選択される、請求項45記載の標的粒子。
- 標的が腫瘍マーカーである、請求項44記載の標的粒子。
- 標的が前立腺癌特異的マーカーである、請求項44記載の標的粒子。
- 標的が、前立腺特異的抗原、ヒト腺性カリクレイン2、前立腺酸性フォスファターゼ、前立腺特異的膜抗原(PSMA)、アンドロゲン受容体、インスリン様成長因子、インスリン様成長因子結合タンパク質、膜貫通タンパク質24P4C12、前立腺幹細胞抗原、カルベオリン(calveolin)、PHOR-1、C型レクチン膜貫通抗原、103P2D6がコードするタンパク質、前立腺特異的レダクターゼポリペプチド、およびIL-11受容体-αからなる群より選択される、請求項48または49記載の標的粒子。
- 標的がPSMAである、請求項48または49記載の標的粒子。
- 標的が内皮癌特異的マーカーである、請求項44〜51のいずれか一項記載の標的粒子。
- 標的が核酸を含む、請求項44記載の標的粒子。
- 標的が、糖タンパク質、糖類、およびグリコカリックスからなる群より選択される糖質である、請求項44記載の標的粒子。
- 標的への標的化部分の特異的結合が、標的化部分の三次元的特徴に依存する、請求項44〜54のいずれか一項記載の標的粒子。
- 標的への標的化部分の特異的結合が、標的の三次元的特徴に依存する、請求項44〜54のいずれか一項記載の標的粒子。
- 治療剤が、小分子、タンパク質、核酸、糖質、脂質、およびそれらの組み合わせからなる群より選択される、請求項1〜56のいずれか一項記載の標的粒子。
- 治療剤が抗癌剤である、請求項1〜57のいずれか一項記載の標的粒子。
- 治療剤が、抗体、組換え抗体、ヒト化抗体、それらの特徴的部分、およびそれらの組み合わせからなる群より選択される、請求項1〜58のいずれか一項記載の標的粒子。
- 治療剤が酵素である、請求項1〜59のいずれか一項記載の標的粒子。
- 治療剤が、低分子干渉RNA、スモールヘアピンRNA(small hairpin RNA)、またはマイクロRNAである、請求項1〜57のいずれか一項記載の標的粒子。
- 治療剤が診断剤である、請求項1〜56のいずれか一項記載の標的粒子。
- 診断剤が、蛍光性部分、放射性核種、ガス、制吐薬、および造影剤からなる群より選択される、請求項62記載の標的粒子。
- 放射性核種が、γ放射体、陽電子放射体、X線放射体、β放射体、およびα放射体からなる群より選択される、請求項63記載の標的粒子。
- 診断剤が、陽電子放射断層撮影法(PET)、コンピューター断層撮影法(CAT)、単一光子放射コンピューター断層撮影法、X線、蛍光透視、または磁気共鳴画像法(MRI)において使用されるイメージング剤である、請求項62記載の標的粒子。
- 治療剤が予防剤である、請求項1〜57のいずれか一項記載の標的粒子。
- 予防剤がワクチンである、請求項66記載の標的粒子。
- 治療剤が栄養補助剤である、請求項1〜57のいずれか一項記載の標的粒子。
- 栄養補助剤が、ビタミン、ミネラル、必須アミノ酸、植物抽出物、動物抽出物、およびそれらの組み合わせからなる群より選択される、請求項68記載の標的粒子。
- 標的化部分が前記粒子と結合している、請求項1〜69のいずれか一項記載の標的粒子。
- 標的化部分が前記粒子と非共有結合している、請求項1〜70のいずれか一項記載の標的粒子。
- 標的化部分が、前記粒子の表面と結合しているか、前記粒子内に封入されているか、前記粒子によって囲まれているか、または前記粒子にわたって分散されている、請求項71記載の標的粒子。
- 標的化部分が、少なくとも1つの共有結合を介して前記粒子と結合している、請求項1〜70のいずれか一項記載の標的粒子。
- 共有結合が脂肪族リンカーまたはヘテロ脂肪族リンカーによって媒介されている、請求項73記載の標的粒子。
- 共有結合がポリエーテルリンカーによって媒介されている、請求項73記載の標的粒子。
- 治療剤が前記粒子と結合している、請求項1〜75のいずれか一項記載の標的粒子。
- 治療剤が前記粒子と非共有結合している、請求項1〜76のいずれか一項記載の標的粒子。
- 治療剤が、前記粒子の表面と結合しているか、前記粒子内に封入されているか、前記粒子によって囲まれているか、または前記粒子にわたって分散されている、請求項77記載の標的粒子。
- 治療剤が、少なくとも1つの共有結合を介して前記粒子と結合している、請求項1〜76のいずれか一項記載の標的粒子。
- 共有結合が炭化水素リンカーによって媒介されている、請求項79記載の標的粒子。
- 共有結合がポリエーテルリンカーによって媒介されている、請求項79記載の標的粒子。
- 請求項1〜81のいずれか一項記載の標的粒子および薬学的に許容される賦形剤を含む、薬学的組成物。
- 少なくとも1つの細胞を含む被験体を提供する工程;
請求項1〜81のいずれか一項記載の標的粒子を提供する工程;および
該標的粒子を該被験体へ投与する工程
を含む、被験体へ標的粒子を投与する方法。 - 前記標的粒子が薬学的に許容される賦形剤をさらに含む、請求項83記載の方法。
- 標的粒子を提供する工程が、粒子を作製することを含む、請求項83または84記載の方法。
- 粒子を作製する工程が、粒子を製造する工程、粒子を精製する工程、および所定のサイズの粒子を単離する工程を含む、請求項83〜85のいずれか一項記載の方法。
- 粒子が、ナノ析出、スプレードライ、シングルエマルジョン溶媒蒸発(single emulsion solvent evaporation)、ダブルエマルジョン溶媒蒸発(double emulsion solvent evaporation)、溶媒抽出、相分離、ミリング(milling)、マイクロファブリケーション、ナノファブリケーション、犠牲層、単純コアセルベーション、複合コアセルベーション、およびそれらの組み合わせからなる群より選択されるプロセスによって製造される、請求項86記載の方法。
- 粒子がナノ析出によって製造される、請求項86記載の方法。
- 粒子が、流体チャネルを使用するフローフォーカシング(flow focusing)によって製造される、請求項86記載の方法。
- 所定のサイズの粒子がふるいを使用して単離される、請求項86〜89のいずれか一項記載の方法。
- 標的粒子が、経口、静脈内、筋内、動脈内、髄内、髄腔内、皮下、脳室内、経皮、皮膚間(interdermal)、経直腸、膣内、腹腔内、局所、経皮、経粘膜、経鼻、頬側、経腸、または舌下経路によって被験体へ投与される、請求項83〜90のいずれか一項記載の方法。
- 標的粒子が、経口的に、静脈内に、または非経口的に被験体へ投与される、請求項83〜90のいずれか一項記載の方法。
- 標的粒子が、気管内注入、気管支注入、または吸入によって前記被験体へ投与される、請求項83〜90のいずれか一項記載の方法。
- 標的粒子が、口腔スプレー、鼻腔スプレー、またはエアロゾルとして前記被験体へ投与される、請求項83〜90のいずれか一項記載の方法。
- 標的粒子が前立腺へ直接投与される、請求項83〜90のいずれか一項記載の方法。
- 標的粒子が前立腺癌細胞へ直接投与される、請求項83〜90のいずれか一項記載の方法。
- 標的粒子が、局所投与によって前立腺癌細胞へ直接投与される、請求項96記載の方法。
- 標的粒子が、前立腺癌細胞を含む組織への注射によって、前立腺癌細胞へ直接投与される、請求項96記載の方法。
- 標的粒子が、定位手術による前立腺癌細胞でのまたは前立腺癌細胞付近での標的粒子の移入によって、前記被験体へ投与される、請求項96記載の方法。
- 標的粒子が、腫瘍の外科的切除の間の前立腺癌細胞でのまたは前立腺癌細胞付近での標的粒子の移入によって、前記被験体へ投与される、請求項96記載の方法。
- 治療剤を提供する工程;
ポリマーを提供する工程;
標的化部分を提供する工程;
該ポリマーと該治療剤とを混合して粒子を調製する工程;および
該粒子と該標的化部分とを結合する工程
を含む、標的粒子の調製方法であって、
該ポリマーがポリエステルを含み、かつ標的化部分が前立腺癌細胞を標的化する、方法。 - 粒子を精製する工程をさらに含む、請求項101記載の方法。
- 所与のサイズの粒子を単離する工程をさらに含む、請求項101または102記載の方法。
- 請求項1〜81のいずれか一項記載の標的粒子および使用説明書を含む、キット。
- 請求項82記載の薬学的組成物および使用説明書を含む、キット。
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Also Published As
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US20100266491A1 (en) | 2010-10-21 |
US20150023875A1 (en) | 2015-01-22 |
JP2017119707A (ja) | 2017-07-06 |
CA2648099A1 (en) | 2008-09-04 |
EP2007435A4 (en) | 2013-07-17 |
CA2648099C (en) | 2012-05-29 |
JP2013209373A (ja) | 2013-10-10 |
EP2007435B1 (en) | 2019-12-18 |
WO2008105773A2 (en) | 2008-09-04 |
US20140017327A1 (en) | 2014-01-16 |
US8802153B2 (en) | 2014-08-12 |
WO2008105773A3 (en) | 2008-11-06 |
EP2007435A2 (en) | 2008-12-31 |
US8709483B2 (en) | 2014-04-29 |
ES2776100T3 (es) | 2020-07-29 |
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