JP2008507294A - 菌株遺伝子操作による改善されたタンパク質発現のための方法 - Google Patents
菌株遺伝子操作による改善されたタンパク質発現のための方法 Download PDFInfo
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Abstract
Description
本出願は、2004年7月26日出願の米国特許仮出願第60/591,489号の優先権を主張する。
マイクロアレイテクノロジーは、単一アッセイにおいて数多くのポリヌクレオチドの存在と発現レベルを特定するために使用することができる。例えば、全てAffymetrix,Inc.に許諾された、1995年9月15日出願の米国特許第6,040,138号、1997年6月25日出願の米国特許第6,344,316号、1999年4月15日出願の米国特許第6,261,776号、2000年10月16日出願の米国特許第6,403,957号、2000年9月27日出願の米国特許第6,451,536号、2001年8月27日出願の米国特許第6,532,462号、2001年5月9日出願の米国特許第6,551,784号、1998年2月9日出願の米国特許第6,420,108号、1998年12月14日出願の米国特許第6,410,229号、2001年1月25日出願の米国特許第6,576,424号、2000年11月2日出願の米国特許第6,687,692号、1998年4月21日出願の米国特許第6,600,031号、2001年4月16日出願の米国特許第6,567,540号参照。
組換えタンパク質の望ましくない分解は、ある種の発現系の効率的な使用に対する障害となる。外来性タンパク質の発現は、しばしば宿主細胞においてストレス応答を誘導し、それは、例えば限られた炭素源に対する天然防御であり得る。全ての細胞は、分解性タンパク質を生産することができる数多くの遺伝子を含む。いずれのプロテアーゼが特定組換えタンパク質の発現に応答して所与の宿主によって調節されるかを予測することは不可能である。例えばP.フルオレセンス細菌は、200までのプロテアーゼとプロテアーゼ関連タンパク質を含む。
宿主細胞での組換えタンパク質の生産におけるもう1つの主要な障害は、細胞がしばしば可溶性又は活性タンパク質のいずれかを生産するように適切に用意されていないことである。タンパク質の一次構造はそのアミノ酸配列によって規定されるが、二次構造はαヘリックス又はβシートの存在によって規定され、三次構造は隣接する一続きのタンパク質の間の共有結合、例えばジスルフィド結合によって規定される。組換えタンパク質を発現するとき、特に大規模生産では、タンパク質自体の二次及び三次構造が決定的に重要である。タンパク質構造の何らかの有意の変化は、機能的に不活性な分子又は有意に低い生物活性を有するタンパク質を生じ得る。多くの場合、宿主細胞は、活性組換えタンパク質の適切な生産のために必要なフォールディング調節剤(FM)を発現する。しかし、使用可能な、経済的に満足し得るバイオテクノロジー産物を生産するために一般に必要とされる高い発現レベルでは、細胞はしばしば、組換えタンパク質をプロセシングするために十分な天然フォールディング調節剤を生産することができない。
ii)前記細胞の遺伝的プロフィールを分析し、組換えタンパク質又はペプチドの発現又は過剰発現時に上方調節される1又はそれ以上の内在性遺伝子産物を特定すること;及び
iii)細胞を遺伝的に修飾することによって1又はそれ以上の特定された内在性遺伝子産物の発現を変化させること
を含む、組換えタンパク質又はペプチドの発現を改善するための方法を提供する。
i)組換え宿主細胞又は生物において組換えタンパク質又はペプチドを発現すること;
ii)組換えタンパク質を発現するように修飾されていない宿主細胞又は組換えタンパク質を発現していない組換え細胞のいずれか1つにおけるよりも高いレベルで組換え細胞において発現される補償遺伝子又は遺伝子産物を特定するために組換え細胞の遺伝的プロフィールを分析すること;及び
iii)組換えタンパク質の発現、活性又は溶解度の上昇を達成する修飾組換え細胞を提供するために、組換え細胞における特定された補償遺伝子又は遺伝子産物の発現を遺伝子修飾によって変化させること
を含む、宿主細胞又は生物における組換えタンパク質又はペプチドの発現を改善するための方法を含む。
本発明の方法の第一工程では、宿主細胞を、組換えタンパク質又はペプチドを発現する能力を有するように修飾する。宿主細胞は、当技術分野で公知の何らかの手法を用いて修飾することができる。例えば組換えタンパク質は、細胞のゲノムに内在性であり、細胞にトランスフェクト又は形質転換される発現ベクターから発現することができる。発現ベクターの構築並びにトランスフェクション又は形質転換のための手法を以下で述べる。宿主細胞はまた、以下で述べるようにゲノム挿入物から組換えタンパク質又はペプチドを発現するように修飾することもできる。組換えタンパク質又はペプチドをコードする遺伝子を、相同的又は非相同的組換えなどの手法によって宿主細胞又は生物のゲノムに挿入することができる。これらの手法を以下で述べる。
以下で述べるように、宿主細胞又は生物は、標準手法を用いて組換えタンパク質又はペプチドを発現するように工作することができる。例えば組換えタンパク質は、宿主のゲノムに挿入したベクターから又は外来性遺伝子から発現することができる。外来性タンパク質を発現するために使用できるベクターは当技術分野において周知であり、以下で述べる。組換えタンパク質又はペプチドを発現するための遺伝子はまた、以下で述べるように、相同的又は非相同的組換えなどの手法を用いてゲノムに挿入することができる。
宿主細胞は、組換えタンパク質又はペプチドを発現するように設計されてきた。これらはいかなる種及びいかなる大きさでもあり得る。しかし、ある実施形態では、組換えタンパク質又はペプチドは、治療上有用なタンパク質又はペプチドである。一部の実施形態では、タンパク質は、哺乳動物タンパク質、例えばヒトタンパク質であり得、例えば増殖因子、サイトカイン、ケモカイン又は血液タンパク質であり得る。組換えタンパク質又はペプチドは、主として宿主細胞において不活性形態で発現され得る。ある実施形態では、組換えタンパク質又はペプチドは、100kD未満、50kD未満又は30kD未満の大きさである。ある実施形態では、組換えタンパク質又はペプチドは、少なくとも5、10、15、20、30、40、50又は100アミノ酸のペプチドである。
本発明の方法は、組換えタンパク質を発現するように修飾されていない宿主細胞又は組換えタンパク質を発現しない組換え細胞よりも高いレベルで組換え細胞において発現される補償遺伝子又は遺伝子産物を特定するために、組換え細胞の遺伝的プロフィールを分析することを含む。
1つの実施形態では、分析する遺伝的プロフィールはトランスクリプトームプロフィールである。完全なトランスクリプトームとは、一度にゲノムによって生産されるmRNA転写産物の完全なセットを指す。ゲノムと異なり、トランスクリプトームは動的であり、遺伝子発現の異なるパターンの故に異なる状況においてはかなり変化する。トランスクリプトームの研究であるトランスクリプトミクスは、遺伝子発現パターンを特定する包括的な手段である。分析するトランスクリプトームは、転写される遺伝子の公知の完全なセット、すなわち宿主細胞又は宿主生物のmRNA含量又は対応するcDNAを含み得る。cDNAは、ヌクレオチドの鎖、単離ポリヌクレオチド、ヌクレオチド、核酸分子、又は組換え又は合成によって創出される何らかのフラグメント又はその相補物であり得、二本鎖又は一本鎖、コード及び/又は非コードであり得、ゲノムDNA分子のエクソン又はイントロンであり得、炭水化物、脂質、タンパク質又は無機元素又は物質と結合し得る。ヌクレオチド鎖は、少なくとも5、10、15、30、40、50、60、70、80、90又は100ヌクレオチドの長さであり得る。トランスクリプトームはまた、遺伝子転写産物の公知のセットの一部だけを含み得る。例えばトランスクリプトームは、宿主における公知の転写産物の98%、95、90、85、80、70、60又は50%未満を含み得る。トランスクリプトームはまた、遺伝子の特定セットを標的することができる。
もう1つの実施形態では、分析する遺伝的プロフィールはプロテオームプロフィールである。宿主のプロテオームは、一度にゲノムによって生産されるタンパク質の完全なセットである。プロテオームは、各々のタンパク質が合成後に化学修飾され得るので、一般にゲノム又はトランスクリプトームよりもはるかに複雑である。多くのタンパク質は、宿主細胞に依存して、生産の間に切断されたり、リン酸化、アセチル化、メチル化されたり、又はそれらに付加された炭水化物基を有する。プロテオームはまた、非常に動的である。プロテオームの研究であるプロテオミクスは、タンパク質構造、タンパク質発現及び機能の数多くの異なる態様をカバーし得る。プロテオーム分析のための手法は、トランスクリプトミクスにおいて使用されるものほど直接的ではない。しかし、プロテオミクスの利点は、細胞の機能的分子が検討されることである。
プロテオーム分析法は、多くのタンパク質の存在率と分布を同時に測定することを可能にする。しかし、プロテオームへの変化の機能的影響は間接的にしか報告されない。もう1つのアプローチは、これらの低分子又は代謝産物のレベルを測定することである。本発明の方法において分析する遺伝的プロフィールは、それ故、メタボロームプロフィールを含み得る。特定宿主のメタボロームを分析するための方法は、様々な化学的及び物理的性質に従って代謝産物を分離するための、ガスクロマトグラフィー、高圧液体クロマトグラフィー及びキャピラリー電気泳動を含む。その後、質量分析などの方法を用いて分子を特定することができる。
本発明の方法は、組換え細胞においてより高いレベルで発現される補償遺伝子又は遺伝子産物を特定するために遺伝的プロフィールを分析することを含む。一般に、この工程は、多数の遺伝子又は遺伝子産物の発現の観測(例えば発現を検出すること及び/又は定量すること)を含む。発現は一般に、上述したようなトランスクリプトーム、プロテオーム又はメタボロームプロフィールへの宿主細胞遺伝子産物の結合を検出することによって観測される。結合の分析は、組換えタンパク質又はペプチドを発現する組換え宿主細胞とナイーブ宿主細胞又は前記タンパク質又はペプチドを発現しない組換え宿主細胞の間の結合の比較を含み得る。
この工程は、多数の遺伝子又は遺伝子産物の発現の観測(例えば発現を検出すること及び/又は定量すること)を含む。発現は一般に、上述したようなトランスクリプトーム、プロテオーム又はメタボロームプロフィールへの宿主細胞遺伝子産物の結合を検出することによって観測される。典型的には、少なくとも約10個の遺伝子、又は少なくとも約100個、又は少なくとも約1000個、及び/又は少なくとも約10,000個の異なる遺伝子を一度に検定することができる。前記方法は、前記遺伝子の1又はそれ以上のRNA転写産物を含む特定された核酸又はRNA転写産物に由来する核酸のプールを提供すること;核酸のプールを、表面に固定化されたオリゴヌクレオチドプローブのアレイにハイブリダイズすること、但し、前記アレイは100個以上の異なるオリゴヌクレオチドを含み、各々の異なるオリゴヌクレオチドは前記表面のあらかじめ定められ領域に位置し、各々の異なるオリゴヌクレオチドは少なくとも1つの共有結合を通して表面に結合しており、オリゴヌクレオチドプローブはRNA転写産物又はRNA転写産物に由来する核酸に相補的である;及びアレイ内のハイブリダイズした核酸を定量すること、を含み得る。2つの試料の間の遺伝子産物の発現を観測するための1つの手法の絵画的表示を図12に示す。
特定される遺伝子は、典型的には組換えタンパク質又はペプチドを発現する宿主細胞の遺伝的プロフィールを、組換えタンパク質又はペプチドを発現しない宿主細胞の遺伝的プロフィールと比較することによって特定される。反復実施形態では、修飾すべき特定遺伝子は、修飾すべき細胞(第二細胞)の遺伝的プロフィールを、それが修飾された細胞(第一細胞)と比較することによって特定される。特定される遺伝子は、第二細胞の遺伝的プロフィールを第一細胞の遺伝的プロフィールと比較すること及び第二細胞において発現が上昇している1又はそれ以上の遺伝子を特定することによって特定される。
特定される補償遺伝子
工程ii)において特定される補償遺伝子又は遺伝子産物、又はその相同的類似体、補因子又はサブユニットは、1又はそれ以上の特定された遺伝子の発現を上昇させる、低下させる、ノックイン又はノックアウトするように細胞を遺伝的に修飾するための戦略を設計するために使用される。公的データベースにおいて特定される遺伝子配列が、上述した手法によって遺伝子の発現を調節するための戦略を設計する、特にそのための構築物を設計するために使用できる。そのような手法は周知である。
本発明の1つの実施形態では、ゲノムからの少なくとも1個のプロテアーゼの発現を低下させる、前記少なくとも1個のプロテアーゼを阻害する又は除去することによって宿主細胞を修飾する。修飾はまた、一部の実施形態では、2個以上のプロテアーゼに対してであり得る。関連実施形態では、プロテアーゼ補因子又はプロテアーゼタンパク質の発現を低下させることによって細胞を修飾する。もう1つの実施形態では、天然プロモーターであり得る、プロテアーゼ又は関連タンパク質についてのプロモーターの阻害によって宿主細胞を修飾する。遺伝子修飾は、特定された遺伝子に対して相同なタンパク質を修飾するためであり得る。
CA族は、パパイン(C1)、カルパイン(C2)、ストレプトパイン(C10)及びユビキチン特異的ペプチダーゼ(C12、C19)のファミリー、並びにウイルスシステインエンドペプチダーゼの多くのファミリーを含む。
特定される上方調節遺伝子又は遺伝子産物は、1又はそれ以上のフォールディング調節剤であり得る。フォールディング調節剤は、例えばHSP70タンパク質、HSP110/SSEタンパク質、HSP40(DNAJ関連)タンパク質、GRPE様タンパク質、HSP90タンパク質、CPN60及びCPN10タンパク質、サイトゾルシャペロニン、HSP100タンパク質、低分子HSP、カルネキシン及びカルレティキュリン、PDI及びチオレドキシン関連タンパク質、ペプチジル−プロリルイソメラーゼ、シクロフィリンPPIアーゼ、FK−506結合タンパク質、パーブリン(Parvulin)PPIアーゼ、個々のシャペロニン、タンパク質特異的シャペロン又は細胞内シャペロンであり得る。フォールディング調節剤は、"Guidebook to Molecular Chaperones and Protein-Folding Catalysts" (1997) ed. M. Gething, Melbourne University, Australiaにおいて一般的に記述されている。
工程iii)において、本発明の方法は、修飾組換え細胞を提供するために遺伝子操作によって組換え細胞内の特定された補償遺伝子又は遺伝子産物の発現を変化させることを含む。1又はそれ以上の上方調節遺伝子、タンパク質又は代謝工程の特定後に、宿主のゲノムを修飾し得る。ある種の遺伝子又は遺伝子産物は、上方調節されると特定されても、細胞に必須であるか若しくは細胞又は生物に必須であり得る他の工程に影響を及ぼすことが知られているために、調節のために使用可能でないことがある。
組換えタンパク質を発現する宿主細胞のゲノムは、挿入又は組換え、例えば相同的組換えによってであり得る、遺伝子ターゲティング事象を通して修飾することができる。相同的組換えとは、配列相同性に基づくDNA組換えの過程を指す。相同的組換えは、内在性遺伝子における部位特異的修飾を可能にし、それ故ゲノム内に新規変化を工作することができる。相同的組換えにおける1つの工程はDNA鎖交換であり、これは、ヘテロ二本鎖DNAを含む中間体組換え構造を形成するための、相補的配列を含む少なくとも1本のDNA鎖とDNA二本鎖の対合を含む(例えばRadding, C. M. (1982) Ann. Rev. Genet. 16: 405; U.S. Pat. No. 4,888,274参照)。ヘテロ二重鎖DNAは、1本の相補鎖がDNA二本鎖に侵入している三重鎖形態を有する三本鎖DNAを含む、いくつかの形態をとり得ることができ(Hsieh, et al., Genes and Development 4: 1951 (1990); Rao, et al., (1991) PNAS 88:2984))、2本の相補的DNA鎖がDNA二本鎖と対合するときは、古典的オリデイ組換え連結又はχ構造 (Holliday, R., Genet. Res. 5: 282 (1964))あるいは二重Dループ ("Diagnostic Applications of Double-D Loop Formation" U.S. Ser. No. 07/755,462, filed Sep. 4, 1991)が形成され得る。ひとたび形成されると、ヘテロ二本鎖構造は、侵入DNA鎖の全部又は一部が受容DNA二本鎖にスプライシングされて、受容DNA二本鎖のセグメントを付加する又は置換するように、鎖切断と交換によって分割することができる。あるいは、ヘテロ二本鎖構造は、侵入鎖の配列が、侵入鎖を鋳型として用いるミスマッチ塩基の修復機構によって受容DNA二本鎖に導入される、遺伝子変換をもたらし得る(Genes, 3rd Ed. (1987) Lewin, B., John Wiley, New York, N. Y.; Lopez, et al., Nucleic Acids Res. 15: 5643(1987))。切断と再連結の機構によるか又は遺伝子交換の機構によるかに関わらず、相同的に対合する連結部でのヘテロ二本鎖DNAの形成は、1個のDNA分子から別のDNA分子に遺伝子配列情報を導入するのに役立ち得る。
ゲノムはまた、特定された遺伝子、特に特定されたプロテアーゼをコードするオープンリーディングフレーム内の1又はそれ以上のヌクレオチドの突然変異によって修飾することができる。遺伝子突然変異のための手法、例えば位置指定突然変異誘発は、当技術分野において周知である。一部のアプローチは、染色体DNAにおけるランダム突然変異の生成、例えばX線及び化学物質によって誘導されるものを焦点とする。DNAの規定領域を標的する突然変異誘発は多くの手法を含み、普及度は様々である。位置指定突然変異誘発へのインビトロアプローチは一般に3つのカテゴリーに分けられる:i)DNAのフラグメントを再構築する方法、例えばカセット突然変異誘発;ii)局在化ランダム突然変異誘発;及びiii)オリゴヌクレオチド指定突然変異誘発。
別の実施形態では、特定された遺伝子、典型的にはフォールディング調節剤又はフォールディング調節剤の補因子をコードする1又はそれ以上のベクターを含めることによって宿主細胞を修飾する。もう1つの実施形態では、外来性プロモーターを宿主細胞ゲノムに付加することを含む、フォールディング調節剤又はフォールディング調節剤の補因子についてのプロモーターを増強することによって宿主細胞を修飾する。
本発明の方法は、最適には宿主細胞における組換えタンパク質又はペプチドの生産上昇を導く。生産上昇は、所与の時間での宿主タンパク質のグラム当りのタンパク質の量の上昇を含み得るか、又は宿主細胞が組換えタンパク質又はペプチドを生産している時間の長さの上昇を含み得る。生産上昇は、組換え宿主細胞の増殖のために必要条件の改善を含み得る。生産上昇は、完全長タンパク質又はペプチドの生産上昇であり得る。改善がタンパク質レベルの上昇である場合は、タンパク質又はペプチドは、宿主細胞内の1又はそれ以上の封入体において生産され得る。
組換えタンパク質の改善された発現は、タンパク質の溶解度の上昇であり得る。組換えタンパク質又はペプチドは、宿主細胞の細胞質、ペリプラズム又は細胞外媒質から生産し、回収することができる。前記タンパク質又はペプチドは、不溶性又は可溶性であり得る。タンパク質又はペプチドは、1又はそれ以上の標的配列又は精製を助けるための配列を含み得る。
ある実施形態では、タンパク質はまた、適切なシグナル分泌配列に融合している場合、ペリプラズム内に分泌され得る。1つの実施形態では、シグナル配列は、リン酸結合タンパク質、Lys−Arg−Orn結合タンパク質(LAObp又はKRObp)分泌シグナルペプチド、外膜ポーリンE(OprE))分泌シグナルペプチド、アズリン)分泌シグナルペプチド、鉄(III)結合タンパク質[Fe(III)bp])分泌シグナルペプチド、又はリポタンパク質B(LprB))分泌シグナルペプチドであり得る。
(実施例)
表1 細菌株の概略
全ての試料を200ml標準振とうフラスコ実験から収集した。試料は、図に示すような種々の時点で採取した。各々の時点で、振とうフラスコから細胞培養10mlを収集し、RNAを安定化するためにRNAlater(Ambion,Austin,TX)試薬10mlと混合した。
各々のRNA試料について、蛍光ヌクレオチドCy3−dUTP又はCy5−dUTP(Amersham Pharmacia, Piscataway, NJ)を、ランダム六量体プライマー(Amersham)を用いた逆転写(RT)反応においてcDNAに組み込んだ。2つの標識cDNAプールを一緒にし、マイクロアレイスライドに適用した。マイクロアレイスライドは、P.フルオレセンス(P. fluorescens)の各々のORFである50量体アミノ修飾オリゴデオキシリボヌクレオチド(オリゴ)を含む。各々のオリゴを、SDDC−2ロボット(Virtek,Toronto,Canada−現在はBio−Rad Laboratories,Hercules,CAを通して配給されている)及びSMP3ピン(TeleChem International Inc.,Sunnyvale,CA)を使用して異なる位置の2つのスポットに関して2回プリントした。使用した顕微鏡スライドは、効率的なDNA結合のために正に荷電したエポキシ樹脂で被覆した(MWG Inc,Alameda,CA)。プリント後、スライドをMWGの仕様書に従って後処理した。データ解析をようにするためにBioDiscovery Inc.(El Segundo,CA)からのソフトウエアパッケージを使用した。このパッケージは、CloneTracker(商標)、ImaGene(商標)、GeneSight(商標) モジュール及びGeneDirector(商標)データベースから成る。各々のハイブリダイズしたスライドを、マイクロアレイに結合したCy3及びCy5標識cDNAの蛍光を測定するためにScanArray 5000(Packard BioScience,Billerica,MA)を用いて走査した。獲得した画像をImaGene(商標)で数量化し、生データをGeneSight(商標)で処理した。データ作成の間に、各遺伝子についてのスポット強度をバックグラウンド補正した;アレイ全体についての総シグナル強度を使用して、Cy5チャネルについてのシグナルをCy3チャネルに基準化した;各遺伝子についてのCy5対Cy3の基準化した比をlog2変換し、複製を一緒にした。
IPTG誘導後様々な時点で培養アリコートを収集し、10のOD600に基準化した。細胞溶解産物を11,000gで5分間の遠心分離によって可溶性と不溶性の分画に分けた。2.5μlのアリコートを2X NuPAGE LDS試料緩衝液(Invitrogen,San Diego,CA)、50μM DTTと混合し、H2Oを加えて10μlにして、その後95℃で5分間加熱した。タンパク質を分離し、Simply Blue Safestain(Invitrogen,San Diego,CA)を用いてクマシーブルーで染色した12%Nupageゲル上で視覚化した。
緑色蛍光タンパク質(COP)とヒト成長ホルモン(hGH)の融合物の蛍光活性によってタンパク質収率も測定した。hgh::COP融合構築物を野生型又はhslU突然変異型菌株に形質転換し、ウラシルを含まないM9グルコース寒天プレートで選択した。IPTG誘導細胞培養を5のOD600に基準化した。Spectramax Geminiマイクロプレート分光蛍光計(Molecular Devices,Sunnyvale,CA)を適切な設定(Ex485、Em538530バンドパスフィルター)下で使用して相対蛍光(RF)活性を測定した。
異種タンパク質の生産の間のFM及びプロテアーゼ遺伝子発現を検討するため、P.フルオレセンス(P. fluorescens)菌株DC206、280、240及び271を初期マイクロアレイ実験において使用した。DC206は宿主菌株であり、細胞増殖についての対照として使用した;DC280はベクターだけのプラスミドであり、マイクロアレイ実験についての対照として使用した;DC240は、可溶性である細胞質ニトリラーゼ酵素をコードするプラスミドを有するDC206である;DC271は、部分的に不溶性であるペリプラズムヒト成長ホルモン(pbp::hGH)をコードするプラスミドを有するDC206である。菌株を振とうフラスコ培地200ml中で増殖させ、OD575を測定することによって細胞増殖を観測した。接種後24時間目にIPTG誘導を実施した。全ての菌株が同様に増殖し、RNA単離及びDNAマイクロアレイを用いた転写プロファイリング(TxP)のための誘導の直前(0時間目)と4時間後に培養試料を採取した(図1)。
表3 実施例1−3において実施したマイクロアレイ実験の要約
表4 定常状態mRNA比のレベルがDC240及びDC280と比較してDC271においてより高いFM及びプロテアーゼ遺伝子のリスト。列記した数値は、IPTG誘導後4時間目対0時間目の比である。
上記で得た結果を確認するため、2つの菌株DC271とDC240の直接比較によって付加的なマイクロアレイ実験を実施した(表3のスライド7−10)。誘導後4時間目の時点での2つの菌株の比較は、部分的に可溶性のpbp::hGHを発現する細胞においてほとんど同一のセットのFM及びプロテアーゼ遺伝子が上方調節されることを確認した(表5)。表5に列記する全ての遺伝子が、完全に可溶性のニトリラーゼを生産する細胞と比較したとき、部分的に不溶性のhGHを生産する菌株において有意に(すなわち≧2倍)高く発現される。DC271とDC240の直接比較において、部分的に不溶性のhGH生産の間に有意に高い遺伝子発現値を示した時点比較に比べて(表4参照)数個の付加的なタンパク質が特定された。それらの遺伝子は、ClpBをコードするrxf08347、ClpAをコードするrxf04587、及びFkbPをコードするrxf05753を含んだ。大腸菌ClpBホモログは、DnaKJ−GrpEと共に封入体の再活性化に関与する。大腸菌からのClpAはシャペロン機能を有し、ClpPと一緒になったとき、タンパク質を分解する。大腸菌において、FkbPはペプチジル−プロリルイソメラーゼとして機能する。
表5 定常状態mRNAレベルがDC240と比較してDC271においてより高いFM及びプロテアーゼ遺伝子のリスト。列記した数値は、IPTG誘導後4時間目のDC271対DC240の比である。
DC271は部分的にペリプラズムヒト成長ホルモン(pbp::hGH)を発現するので、主として不溶性の細胞質hGHを発現する菌株において類似の又は異なるFM及びプロテアーゼ遺伝子が上方調節されるかどうかを検討した。DC369をこの実験で使用した。誘導後4時間目の試料を0時間目の時点の試料と比較し、表3(スライド11及び12)に示すようにマイクロアレイ実験を実施した。やはり、類似のFM及びプロテアーゼ遺伝子が上方調節されることが認められ、特定された遺伝子がペリプラズムフォールディング及びタンパク質分解ではなく細胞質フォールディング及びタンパク質分解に関与することを示唆した(表6)。実験において特定された遺伝子の要約を、上方調節の倍数と共に図4のベン図に示す。
表6 定常状態mRNAレベルが0時間目の時点と比較して誘導後4時間目にDC369においてより高いFM及びプロテアーゼ遺伝子のリスト。列記した数値は、IPTG誘導後4時間目対0時間目(誘導の直前)の比である。
2個の遺伝子hslVUが、最も高く上方調節される特定遺伝子の中に認められた。HslUは細胞質ATPアーゼである。大腸菌における相同タンパク質は、大腸菌のエネルギー依存性タンパク質分解を促進する第二タンパク質と共同して働くことができる。HslUは、プロテアソームのαサブユニットに相同性を有するタンパク質、HslVと相互作用する。大腸菌HslVUホモログは、Missiakas, D., et al. (1996) Identification and characterization of HsIV HsIU (CIpQ CIpY) proteins involved in overall proteolysis of misfolded proteins in Escherichia coli. Embo J 15:6899-909の中で、折りたたみ異常タンパク質の全体的タンパク質分解に関与することが報告された。DNA塩基配列分析は、P.フルオレセンスhslVU遺伝子が2シストロン性オペロンの一部である可能性が高いことを示唆した(図5)。
表7 プライマー
hslU遺伝子ノックアウトの影響を検討するため、2個の外来性タンパク質発現を、親菌株DC206と新たに構築した突然変異型菌株DC370の間で比較した。pbp::hGH(pDOW1323)及びhGH(pDOW1426)をコードする遺伝子を担持するプラスミドを各々コンピテントDC370細胞に形質転換し、それぞれ菌株DC373及びDC372を生じた。4つの菌株に関して標準振とうフラスコ増殖実験を実施した。図7は、野生型と突然変異型菌株が同様の増殖速度を有することを示す。試料をSDS−PAGEゲルで泳動させた(図8及び9)。結果は、プロテアーゼサブユニットHslUの欠失の故に突然変異型がより高い量のタンパク質を生産したことを示唆する。
認められたHslUの欠如のhGHの収率への影響はSDS−PAGE分析を用いて定量することが困難であるので、COP緑色蛍光タンパク質とhGHの間の融合タンパク質の蛍光によってタンパク質生産の一時的プロフィールを観測した。hGH::COP融合物を含むプラスミドを構築し、親菌株DC206及びhslU遺伝子欠失菌株DC370に形質転換して、菌株HJ104及びHJ105を生成した(表1)。標準振とうフラスコ増殖実験を実施し、蛍光測定のために様々な時点で試料を採取した(図10)。蛍光光度計からの読み取りは、hslUプロテアーゼ突然変異型菌株が親菌株と比較して有意に高いタンパク質発現レベルを有することを明らかに示した(図11)。この所見はSDS−PAGE分析によって得られた結果を裏付ける。野生型菌株と比較して、hslU突然変異型は、誘導後24時間目に相対蛍光の33.05%を上昇させた(図11の挿入図参照)。
Hslプロテアーゼは2つのサブユニット:hslUによってコードされるATP結合サブユニット及びhslVによってコードされるプロテアーゼサブユニット、から成る。先に構築したHslプロテアーゼノックアウト菌株はhslU遺伝子の挿入不活性化である。HslVが、もう1つ別のプロテアーゼのATP結合サブユニットと結合できることによってまだプロテアーゼとして機能し得るという懸念を取り除くため、hslUとhslV遺伝子の両方が染色体から除去された欠失菌株を構築した。
hGHタンパク質を発現するhslUV欠失菌株(菌株HJ115)のSDS−PAGE分析は、hslU挿入突然変異型菌株DC372を使用して先に認められたものと同様に(データは示していない)、野生型菌株DC369よりもはるかに高いタンパク質収率を示した。
表8 IPTG誘導後4時間目対0時間目(誘導の直前)の比に基づき、その定常状態mRNAレベルが野生型菌株(DC369)と比較してhslUVプロテアーゼ欠失菌株(HJ115)においてより高いプロテアーゼ遺伝子。
図4に示す転写プロファイリングデータに基づき、フォールディング調節剤(FM)DnaK及びDnaJの発現は、対照菌株と比較して組換えタンパク質を生産する菌株において上昇した(表4及び5参照)。hGHと共にGrpE、DnaK及びDnaJを共過剰生産した菌株を生産し、これが可溶性hGHのレベル上昇の蓄積を生じさせるかどうかを特定するために試験した。
P.フルオレセンス(P. fluorescens)grpE−dnaKJ遺伝子を、MB214(DNeasy;Qiagen,Valencia,CA)から単離した染色体DNAを鋳型とし、RC199(5’−ATATACTAGTAGGAGGTAACTTATGGCTGACGAACAGACGCA−3’)及びRC200(5’−ATATTCTAGATTACAGGTCGCCGAAGAAGC−3’)をプライマーとして使用して増幅し、PfuTurbo(Stratagene,La Jolla,CA)を製造者の指示に従って使用した。生じたPCR産物(4kb)をSpeI及びXbaI(上記プライマーにおいて下線を付した制限部位)で消化し、pDOW2236に連結して、tacプロモーターの制御下にgrpE−dnaKJ遺伝子を含むpDOW2240を作製した。プラスミドpDOW2240をSpeI及びHindIIIで消化し、生じたgrpE dnaKJを含む4.0kbフラグメントを、Qiaquick(Qiagen)を用いてゲル精製し、同じくSpeIとHindIIIで消化したpDOW2247に連結した。マンニトールプロモーターの制御下にgrpE−dnaKJを含む、生じたプラスミド、pDOW3501を、250μg/ml ウラシルを添加したM9グルコースプレート上で選択することによってDC388に形質転換した。最後に、pDOW1426を上記菌株(DC462)に電気穿孔し、M9グルコースプレートで選択して、2個の誘導的プラスミド:1)PtachGHを担持するpDOW1426及び2)PmtlgrpE−dnaKJを担持するpDOW3501、を有する菌株DC463を生じた。
DC463の2つの培養を振とうフラスコで増殖させた。誘導後24時間目にhGHについては0.1mM IPTG及びGrpE−DnaKJについては0.5%マンニトールを添加してタンパク質誘導を実施した。誘導後0、4、8、24及び48時間目に試料を収集した。各々の時点で、1mLに基準化した20個のOD600細胞を採集し、EasyLyse(商標)(Epicentre,Madison,WI)を用いて溶解して、14,000rpmで30分間の遠心分離によって可溶性と不溶性の分画に分けた。等容量の試料をBioRad(Hercules,CA)2xレムリ緩衝液と混合し、95℃で5分間加熱して、30μLを、1xトリスグリシンSDSランニング緩衝液(BioRad)を用いてBioRad 15%トリスHCl Criterionゲルに負荷した。図15に示すようにSimply Blue Safestain(Invitrogen,Carlsbad,CA)でタンパク質を視覚化した。生じたクマシー染色ゲルをMolecular Devices Personal Densitometer(Molecular Devices,Sunnyvale,CA)を用いて走査し、ImageQuantとエクセルを用いて解析を行った。図15に示すように、GrpE、DnaKJの共過剰発現はhGHの溶解度を有意に上昇させ、総タンパク質収率はより低かったが、標的タンパク質のほぼ100%を可溶性分画に変換した。IPTGとマンニトールの同時添加を用いてDC463の増殖と誘導を反復する付加的な実験は、GrpE DnaKJが共過剰生産されたとき、hGH溶解度の度合は様々であったが(50−100%:データは示していない)、ここで示す結果を厳密に模倣した。これらの所見は、転写プロファイリングに基づく標的菌株遺伝子操作が、組換えタンパク質の溶解度及び/又は収率を高めるための合理的菌株設計を導き得ることをさらに明らかにする。
Claims (53)
- i)組換え宿主細胞又は生物において組換えタンパク質又はペプチドを発現すること;
ii)前記組換え細胞の遺伝的プロフィールを分析し、前記組換えタンパク質を発現するように修飾されていない宿主細胞又は前記組換えタンパク質を発現していない組換え細胞におけるよりも高いレベルで前記組換え細胞において発現される1又はそれ以上の補償遺伝子又は遺伝子産物を特定すること;及び
iii)前記組換え細胞における前記特定された補償遺伝子又は遺伝子産物の発現を遺伝子修飾によって変化させ、組換えタンパク質の発現、活性又は溶解度の上昇を達成する修飾組換え細胞を提供すること、
を含む、宿主細胞又は生物における組換えタンパク質又はペプチドの発現を改善する方法。 - 前記修飾組換え細胞において前記タンパク質又はペプチドを発現することをさらに含む、請求項1に記載の方法。
- (a)前記修飾組換え細胞において前記組換えタンパク質又はペプチドを発現すること;
(b)前記修飾組換え細胞の遺伝的プロフィールを分析し、前記修飾組換え細胞において区別して発現される少なくとも1つの第二遺伝子又は遺伝子産物を特定すること;
(c)前記修飾組換え細胞における第前記二の特定された遺伝子産物の発現を変化させ、二重修飾された細胞を提供すること;及び
(d)前記二重修飾組換え細胞において前記タンパク質又はペプチドを発現すること
をさらに含む、請求項1に記載の方法。 - 工程a)−d)を反復することをさらに含む、請求項3に記載の方法。
- 前記特定された遺伝子又は遺伝子産物の発現を変化させることによって、細胞生存率が影響を受けるまで工程a)−d)を反復することを含む、請求項4に記載の方法。
- 前記組換えタンパク質又はペプチドの発現が標的エンドポイントに達するまで工程a)−d)を反復することを含む、請求項4に記載の方法。
- 前記遺伝的プロフィールが、前記組換え細胞の遺伝的プロフィールを前記宿主細胞の第二の遺伝的プロフィールと比較することによって分析される、請求項1に記載の方法。
- 前記遺伝的プロフィールがトランスクリプトームプロフィールである、請求項1に記載の方法。
- 前記トランスクリプトームプロフィールがマイクロアレイを通して決定される、請求項8に記載の方法。
- 前記遺伝的プロフィールがプロテオームプロフィールである、請求項1に記載の方法。
- 前記プロテオームプロフィールが二次元ゲル電気泳動、ICAT又はLC/MSを通して決定される、請求項10に記載の方法。
- 前記プロテオームプロフィールがペプチドアレイを通して決定される、請求項10に記載の方法。
- 前記ペプチドアレイが抗体アレイである、請求項12に記載の方法。
- 前記特定される遺伝子産物が、プロテアーゼ、プロテアーゼのサブユニット、プロテアーゼの補因子、プロテアーゼの発現に影響を及ぼす細胞又は遺伝子調節剤である、請求項1に記載の方法。
- 前記特定される遺伝子産物がプロテアーゼである、請求項14に記載の方法。
- 前記特定される遺伝子産物がプロテアーゼのサブユニットである、請求項14に記載の方法。
- 前記特定される遺伝子産物がプロテアーゼの補因子である、請求項14に記載の方法。
- 前記特定される遺伝子産物が、プロテアーゼの発現に影響を及ぼす細胞又は遺伝子調節剤である、請求項14に記載の方法。
- 前記特定される遺伝子産物が、D−アラニル−メソ−ジアミノピメリン酸エンドペプチダーゼ、亜鉛プロテアーゼ、ミクロソームジペプチダーゼ、細胞外メタロプロテアーゼ前駆体、細胞分裂タンパク質ftsH及び、遺伝子hslV、hslU、clpX、clpA及びclpB由来の遺伝子産物から成る群より選択される、請求項14に記載の方法。
- 前記組換えタンパク質又はペプチドが前記宿主細胞において発現されるとき、特定される遺伝子産物のmRNAレベルが上方調節される、請求項14に記載の方法。
- 前記特定された遺伝子産物を宿主細胞ゲノムから除去する、請求項14に記載の方法。
- 前記特定された遺伝子産物を相同的組換えによって除去する、請求項21に記載の方法。
- 前記特定される遺伝子産物が、フォールディング調節剤、フォールディング調節剤のサブユニット、フォールディング調節剤の補因子、又はフォールディング調節剤の発現に影響を及ぼす細胞又は遺伝子調節剤である、請求項1に記載の方法。
- 前記特定される遺伝子産物がフォールディング調節剤である、請求項23に記載の方法。
- 前記特定される遺伝子産物がフォールディング調節剤のサブユニットである、請求項23に記載の方法。
- 前記特定される遺伝子産物がフォールディング調節剤の補因子である、請求項23に記載の方法。
- 前記特定される遺伝子産物が、フォールディング調節剤の発現に影響を及ぼす細胞又は遺伝子調節剤である、請求項23に記載の方法。
- 前記フォールディング調節剤がシャペロンタンパク質である、請求項23に記載の方法。
- 前記フォールディング調節剤が、遺伝子cbpA、htpG、dnaK、dnaJ、fkbP2、groES及びgroELの遺伝子産物から成る群より選択される、請求項23に記載の方法。
- 前記特定される遺伝子産物の発現が、前記特定遺伝子、特定遺伝子の補因子、又は特定遺伝子の細胞又は遺伝子調節剤の発現を上昇させることによって変化する、請求項23に記載の方法。
- 前記発現上昇が、前記特定遺伝子産物をコードするDNAの組込みによる、請求項30に記載の方法。
- 前記発現上昇が、宿主細胞ゲノムへのプロモーターの挿入による、請求項30に記載の方法。
- 前記発現上昇が、前記宿主細胞への外来性ベクターの組込みによる、請求項30に記載の方法。
- 前記宿主細胞が微生物細胞である、請求項1に記載の方法。
- 前記宿主細胞がシュードモナス菌(Pseudomonad)である、請求項1に記載の方法。
- 前記宿主細胞がP.フルオレセンス(P. fluorescence)細胞である、請求項1に記載の方法。
- 前記宿主細胞が大腸菌細胞である、請求項1に記載の方法。
- 前記宿主細胞が、昆虫細胞、哺乳動物細胞、酵母細胞、真菌細胞及び植物細胞から成る群より選択される、請求項1に記載の方法。
- 前記マイクロアレイが、前記宿主細胞のゲノムの少なくとも50%に対する結合パートナーの試料を含む、請求項9に記載の方法。
- 前記マイクロアレイ手法が、前記宿主細胞のゲノムの少なくとも80%に対する結合パートナーの試料を含む、請求項9に記載の方法。
- 前記マイクロアレイが、前記宿主細胞のゲノムの少なくとも90%に対する結合パートナーの試料を含む、請求項9に記載の方法。
- 前記マイクロアレイが、前記宿主細胞のゲノムの少なくとも95%に対する結合パートナーの試料を含む、請求項9に記載の方法。
- 前記改善された発現が、組換えタンパク質又はペプチドの量の上昇である、請求項1に記載の方法。
- 前記改善された発現が、前記組換えタンパク質又はペプチドの溶解度の上昇である、請求項1に記載の方法。
- 前記改善された発現が、前記組換えタンパク質又はペプチドの活性の上昇である、請求項1に記載の方法。
- 前記遺伝的プロフィールが、遺伝子ファミリーにおける遺伝子のプロフィールである、請求項1に記載の方法。
- 前記プロフィールが、プロテアーゼ及びフォールディング調節剤を含む、請求項1に記載の方法。
- 前記プロフィールが本質的にプロテアーゼから成る、請求項46に記載の方法。
- 少なくとも2つのプロテアーゼの発現を低下させるように遺伝的に修飾された組換えタンパク質を発現する宿主細胞又は生物。
- D−アラニル−メソ−ジアミノピメリン酸エンドペプチダーゼ、亜鉛プロテアーゼ、ミクロソームジペプチダーゼ、細胞外メタロプロテアーゼ前駆体、細胞分裂タンパク質ftsH、及び遺伝子hslV、hslU、clpX、clpA及びclpB由来の遺伝子産物から成る群より選択される少なくとも1つのプロテアーゼの発現を低下させるように遺伝的に修飾された組換えタンパク質を発現する宿主細胞又は生物。
- 少なくとも1つのプロテアーゼの発現を低下させるように遺伝的に修飾された哺乳動物由来の組換えタンパク質を発現する宿主細胞又は生物。
- 前記組換えタンパク質がヒト成長ホルモンである、請求項52に記載の宿主細胞又は生物。
- フォールディング調節剤サブユニットではない少なくとも2つのフォールディング調節剤の発現を上昇させるように遺伝的に修飾された組換えタンパク質を発現する宿主細胞又は生物。
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KR20130019457A (ko) | 2013-02-26 |
US8603824B2 (en) | 2013-12-10 |
EP2412816A2 (en) | 2012-02-01 |
US20060110747A1 (en) | 2006-05-25 |
AU2005269527A1 (en) | 2006-02-09 |
WO2006014899A2 (en) | 2006-02-09 |
BRPI0513826A2 (pt) | 2010-06-22 |
EP2412816B1 (en) | 2014-12-03 |
AU2005269527B2 (en) | 2011-12-01 |
EP1774017B1 (en) | 2013-05-15 |
EP2412816A3 (en) | 2012-05-16 |
US9109229B2 (en) | 2015-08-18 |
JP2012055318A (ja) | 2012-03-22 |
KR101340708B1 (ko) | 2013-12-20 |
EP1774017A2 (en) | 2007-04-18 |
CN101031655A (zh) | 2007-09-05 |
EP1774017A4 (en) | 2009-05-06 |
CA2574953A1 (en) | 2006-02-09 |
WO2006014899A3 (en) | 2006-09-28 |
KR20070041592A (ko) | 2007-04-18 |
US20140162279A1 (en) | 2014-06-12 |
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