JP2022531841A - ハンチントン病を予防又は処置するためのp16INK4a阻害剤 - Google Patents
ハンチントン病を予防又は処置するためのp16INK4a阻害剤 Download PDFInfo
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Abstract
Description
「p16INK4」は、本明細書中で使用される場合、CDK(サイクリン依存性キナーゼ)阻害剤のInk4ファミリーの主要なメンバーである。これはINK4a/ARF遺伝子座内で染色体9p21に位置するCDKN2A遺伝子によりコードされ、この遺伝子は、異なるプロモーターを伴う2つの異なるタンパク質:p16Ink4a及びp19ARFをコードする。これは、S期を阻害することによって、細胞周期進行の調節に寄与する。細胞周期調節におけるp16Ink4aの作用に加えて、このタンパク質は、アポトーシス、細胞浸潤及び血管形成などの他の過程にも関与している。
又は
又は
一実施形態では、本発明による組成物、医薬組成物又は薬剤は、中枢神経系への薬剤の送達を促進する送達系と合わせて使用され得る。例えば、様々な血液脳関門(BBB)透過性促進剤を使用して、治療剤に対する血液脳関門の透過性を一過性に及び可逆的に上昇させ得る。このようなBBB透過性促進剤としては、ロイコトリエン、ブラジキニンアゴニスト、ヒスタミン、タイトジャンクション破壊剤(例えばゾヌリン、zot)、高張液(例えばマンニトール)、細胞骨格収縮剤及び短鎖アルキルグリセロール(例えば1-O-ペンチルグリセロール)が挙げられるが限定されない。経口、舌下、非経口、埋め込み、鼻腔及び吸入経路は、中枢神経系への活性薬剤の送達を提供し得る。いくつかの実施形態では、本発明によるp16INK4阻害剤、組成物、医薬組成物又は薬剤は、末梢神経系への影響を最小限に抑えて中枢神経系に対して投与され得る。
一実施形態では、本発明による少なくとも1つのp16INK4阻害剤、組成物、医薬組成物又は薬剤は、即時放出形態で投与されるものである。
本発明はさらに、HDの予防及び/又は処置を必要とする対象におけるHDの予防及び/又は処置での使用のための、p16INK4阻害剤、組成物、医薬組成物又は薬剤に関する。これは、HDの予防及び/又は処置を必要とする対象に本発明によるp16INK4阻害剤、組成物、医薬組成物、薬剤又はワクチン組成物を投与することによって、HDを予防及び/又は処置する方法にも関する。
本発明を次の実施例によりさらに例示する。
細胞培養
発明者らは、HD患者(女性、20歳:72Q/19Q)由来のヒトiPSC及びそのCAG修正対応物(21Q/19Q:C116)を使用した[An MCet al.,Genetic correction of Huntington’s disease phenotypes in induced pluripotent stem cells.Cell Stem Cell.2012;11(2):253-63]。これらの細胞を記載のようにNSCに分化させた[Ring KL,et al.,Genomic Analysis Reveals Disruption of Striatal Neuronal Development and Therapeutic Targets in Human Huntinghton’s Disease Neural Stem Cells. Stem Cell Reports.2015;5(6):1023-38]。簡潔に述べると、ReLesR(STEMCELL technologies)でiPSCを継代し、bFGFを含まないES培地(20%KnockOut Serum Replacement(Gibco)、2.48mM L-グルタミン、1X NEAA、15.4mM HEPES、50μM β-メルカプトエタノール、100U/mlペニシリン、100μg/mlストレプトマイシン及び4ng/ml塩基性繊維芽細胞増殖因子(bFGF)(PeproTech、100-18B)を補給したEmbryonic Stem culture medium:KnockOut DMEM/F12(Gibco))中で低吸着ペトリ皿(0,1%アガロースでコーティング)にて細胞塊を培養した。2日ごとにES培地の25%をEB分化培地(20%FBS、1X非必須アミノ酸、50μM β-メルカプトエタノール、100U/mlペニシリン及び100μg/mlストレプトマイシンを補給したDMEM)により置き換えた。第8日に、培地の100%が胚様体(EB)培地となった。第10日に、神経誘導培地(1X N2(Gibco)、100U/mlペニシリン及び100μg/mlストレプトマイシンを補給したDMEM/F12)及び25ng/ml bFGF中でポリ-L-オルニチン/ラミニン(それぞれpO/L、Sigma-Aldrich P4957及びL2020)コーティングした皿にEBを付着させた。培地を2日ごとに交換した。10~12日後に、STEMdiff(商標)Neural Rosette Selection Reagent(STEMCELL Technologies)を使用してロゼットを採取し、完全神経増殖培地(NPM)(Neurobasal medium、1X B27サプリメント(Gibco)、2mM L-グルタミン、25ng/ml bFGF、10ng/ml白血病阻害因子(LIF)(Peprotech、300-05)、100U/mlペニシリン、100μg/mlストレプトマイシン)中でpO/Lコーティングプレート上に播種した。NSCマーカーであるネスチンに対する(Sigma-Aldrich、1:200)及びSOX1(Sigma-Aldrich、1:50)に対する抗体及びiPSCマーカーOCT3/4に対する抗体(Pierce antibodies、1:500)を使用して、免疫蛍光によってNSCへの分化のレベルを試験した。全実験にわたるNSCへの分化のレベルは少なくとも98%であった。Applied Stemcell Inc.(Menlo Park,CA)により行われるマルチカラーFISH分析を使用して実験を行う前にゲノムの完全性に対してiPSC株を検証した。プレパターン化アクチビンA NSCを作製するために、第10日にEB段階開始後、上のプロトコールを使用して作製したNSCを一貫して25ng/mlアクチビンA(Peprotech)中で維持した。
RNeasyキット(Qiagen)を使用してトータルRNAを細胞から単離し、製造者の説明書キット(Ambion)に従いDNAフリーDNA除去キットを使用してDNase処理した。製造者の説明書に従い、RevertAID First Strand cDNA synthesis kit(Thermo Fisher scientific、K1622)を使用して、等量のトータルRNA(1μg)を逆転写した。ファーストストランドcDNAを希釈し、リアルタイム定量的PCR分析で鋳型として使用した。LightCycler 480 Real-Time PCR Systemを使用して、GoTaq qPCR Master Mix(Promega,A6002)を使用するqRT-PCRを行った。次のプライマーを使用して3つ組でqRT PCR実験を行った:FOXO3:フォワード:5’-AGGGAGTTTGGTCAATCAGAA-3’(配列番号1)、リバース:5’-TGGAGATGAGGAATCAAAGTT-3’(配列番号2);Ryk:フォワード:5’-CCACTTCTACGCGTGTGTTT-3’(配列番号3)、リバース:5’-GCCCTTGGGAACTACTGC-3’((配列番号36);p16INK4:フォワード:5’-CCAACGCACCGAATAGTTACG-3’(配列番号4)、リバース:5’-GCGCTGCCCATCATCATG-3’(配列番号5);p14ARF:フォワード:5’-CCCTCGTGCTGATGCTACTG-3’(配列番号6)、リバース:5’-CATCATGACCTGGTCTTCTAGGAA-3’(配列番号7);CDKN2AIP:フォワード:5’-GTGTATAGGGTCGGCCATCAA-3’(配列番号8)、リバース:5’-CCTGCCGTTGTTACCTGAGAG-3’(配列番号9);SERTAD1:フォワード:5’-CTCAAGCTCCACCACAGCCT-3’(配列番号10)、リバース:5’-AGTGTTCACGACCAGCACCA-3’(配列番号11);ETS2:フォワード:5’-CTGGGCATTCCAAAGAACCC-3’(配列番号12)、リバース:5’-CCAGACTGAACTCATTGGTGG-3’(配列番号13);ETS1フォワード:5’-GGGAGGACCAGTCGTGGTAAA-3’(配列番号14)、リバース:5’-CACGCTGCAGGCTGTTGAAAG-3’(配列番号15);p21CIP1:フォワード:5’-CACCGAGGCACTCAGAGGAG-3’(配列番号16)、リバース5’-CCGCCATTAGCGCATCACAG-3’(配列番号17);p27KIP1:フォワード:5’-TAATTGGGGCTCCGGCTAACT-3’(配列番号18)、リバース:5’-TGCAGGTCGCTTCCTTATTCC-3’(配列番号19);HRPT:フォワード:5’-ATGCTGAGGATTTGGAAAGG-3’(配列番号20)リバース:5’-CTCCCATCTCCTTCATCACA-3’(配列番号21);ACTB:フォワード:5‘-CCAACCGCGAGAAGATGA-3’(配列番号22)、リバース:5’-CCAGAGGCGTACAGGGATAG-3’(配列番号23);FOSB:フォワード:5’-TGACAGTGTTATCCCAAGACCC-3’(配列番号34)、リバース:5’-CCAGCAGGACGGCATCA-3’(配列番号35)。95℃で10分間、この後、95℃で15秒、60℃で30秒及び72℃で30秒を40サイクルでQRT-PCRを行った。LightCycler480ソフトウェア(Roche)及びアドバンスト相対定量(advanced relative quantification)法を使用して、データを分析した。3回の測定に対する平均サイクル閾値(Ct)の値により遺伝子発現を定量した。2-ΔΔCt式に従い、2つのハウスキーピング遺伝子(HPRT及びACTB)に対して標的遺伝子発現を正規化した。GraphPad Prism v6を使用して統計分析(二元配置ANOVA及びt検定)を行った。
8ウェルNunc Lab-Tek II Chamber Slides(Thermo Fisher Scientific)において播種したNSC(及びMSNに分化させたもの)を4%パラホルムアルデヒドで室温(RT)にて15分間固定し、PBSで2回洗浄した。PBS中で15分間、RTにて0.25%Triton X-100(Sigma-Aldrich)で細胞を透過処理し、次にPBSで2回洗浄した。RTで30分間、PBS中5%ロバ血清及び1%BSAを使用して、ブロッキング処理を行った。細胞をPBSで洗浄し、一次抗体とともに4℃にて一晩温置し、PBSで3回洗浄し、蛍光二次抗体とともに暗所でRTにて2時間温置した。PBSで3回洗浄した後、DAPI(Thermo Fisher Scientific)とともにProLong Gold antifadeを使用してカバースリップを載せた。スライドをRTにて暗所で24時間硬化させ、Plan Apoλ20X/0.75対物レンズを使用してNikon Eclipse Ti-U顕微鏡上でイメージングを行った。次のものに対する一次抗体、p16INK4a(Abcam、ab108349)、HMGB1(Abcam、ab18256)及びネスチン(SCBT、sc-23927)を1:100希釈で使用した。γH2AXに対する一次抗体(Merck Millipore、05-636)を1:1000希釈で使用した。二次Alexa Fluor抗体はInvitrogenから購入した。Gen5ソフトウェアを使用して画像分析を行った。TIFF画像をモノクロ画像に変換し、DAPI染色核を使用して一細胞分析を行い、関心のある領域を定めた。
25ng/mlアクチビンA(Peprotech、AF-120-14E)を添加して、上記のようにNSCを培養した。老化染色キット(#9860、Cell Signaling Technology)を使用してNSCを染色した。DAPIで核を染色し、上記のようにカバースリップを載せた。Lionheart FX Automated Microscope及び10X Plan Fluorite WD 10 NA 0.3対物レンズを使用して画像を捕捉した。Gen5ソフトウェアを使用して画像解析を行った。TIFF画像をモノクロ画像に変換し、DAPI染色核を使用して一細胞分析を行い、関心のある領域を定め、平均SA-β-gal強度/細胞を定量した。
60mm皿又は6ウェルプレートを100μg/mlポリ-D-リジン(Sigma-Aldrich、P6407)でコーティングし、次にMatrigel(1:60、Corning)でコーティングした。NSCを播種し、NPM中で培養した。コンフルエント時に、1週間にわたりSynaptojuice A培地でNSCを処理し、続いてSynaptojuice B培地により37℃で10日間処理した[71]。25ng/mlアクチビンAをSynaptojuice A及びSynaptojuice B培地の両方に添加した。2日ごとに半量の培地交換を行った。次のものに対する抗体を使用した免疫蛍光によって、得られたMSNの特徴を評価した:β-III-チューブリン(SCBT、sc-80005)、DARPP-32(SCBT、sc-11365)、カルビンディンD-28K(Sigma-Aldrich、C9848)、GABA(Sigma-Aldrich、A2052)、MAP2(EMD Millipore、AB5622)。MSNはこれらのマーカーに対して陽性標識された。DARPP-32発現もRT-PCRにより判定した。
FOXO3 siRNA(ON-TARGET+SMARTプール、L-003007-00-0020)、ETS1 siRNA(ON-TARGET+SMARTプール、L-003887-00-0005)、ETS2 siRNA(ON-TARGET+SMARTプール、L-003888-00-0005)及び陰性対照siRNA(ON-TARGET+非標的対照プール、D-001810-10-20)はDharmacon(GE-Healthcare)から入手した。以前に検証したCDKN2AのsiRNA標的エクソン1は、p16INK4A siRNA-1(配列番号32:5’-AACGCACCGAATAGTTACGGT-3’)[Kan CY et al.,Endothelial cell dysfunction and cytoskeletal changes associated with repression of p16(INK4a)during immortalization.Oncogene.2012;31(46):4815-27helial cell dysfunction and cytoskeletal changes associated with repression of p16(INK4a)during immortalization.Oncogene.2012;31(46):4815-27]及びp16INK4A siRNA-2(配列番号33:5’-CUGCCCAACGCACCGAAUA-3’)[Lejeune FX,et al.,Large-scale functional RNAi screen in C.elegans identifies gene that regulate the dysfunction of mutant polyglutamine neurons.BMC Genomics. 2012;13:91.Epub 2012/03/15]及び非特異的対照47%CG siRNAはEurofins Genomicsから入手した。製造者の指針に従い、Neon System 100μlキット(Life Technologies MK10096)を使用してヒトNSCに対して遺伝子移入を行った。簡潔に述べると、Stempro Accutase(Life Technologies、A1110501)を用いて細胞を回収し、DPBSで洗浄し、緩衝液R中で細胞2x107個/mlで再懸濁した。細胞2x106個を250nM siRNAと混合した。エレクトロポレーションのために使用した条件は、パルス電圧1400V、パルス幅20ms及び2パルスであった。2mLの抗生物質なしの予め温めた増殖培地を用いて6ウェルマトリゲルコーティングプレートに細胞を播種し、37℃で温置した。遺伝子移入48時間後に、トータルRNA抽出前に6時間にわたり、bFGF及びLIFなしの培地に完全NPMを置き換えた。
遺伝子型ごとに6ウェルずつ、細胞0.5~1x105個/ウェルで24ウェルプレートにヒトNSCを播種した。37℃及び5%CO2で1、2、3、4及び5日後、製造者のプロトコールに従い、10%v/v AlamarBlue(登録商標)試薬(ThermoFisher Scientific、DAL1025)を含有する500μL新鮮培地で培地を置き換えた。次に、プレートを37℃で3時間温置した。読み取りのために、各ウェルからの100μlを96ウェルプレートに移した。Infinite(登録商標)F500マイクロプレートリーダー(Tecan Genios)を使用して、蛍光(550及び595nmの励起及び発光波長)を測定した。AlamarBlue(登録商標)の100%還元型、(即ち121℃で15分間オートクレーブにかけた10%v/vAlamarBlue(登録商標)を含有する培地)を陽性対照として使用した。10%v/vAlamarBlueを含有する培地があり細胞がないウェルを陰性対照として使用した。第X日の試料のAlamarBlue(登録商標)蛍光シグナル-陰性対照のシグナルとして、各遺伝子型及び各日に対する相対蛍光強度を計算した。Prism v6を使用して統計分析(二元配置ANOVA)を行った。
細胞遺伝子移入48時間後に行った場合、ヒトNSCを24時間の増殖因子欠乏に供し(上記のようなエレクトロポレーションによる)、その後、製造者の説明書に従い、ApoLive-Glo Multiplexアッセイ(Promega,G6410)を使用して細胞生存能及びカスパーゼ-3/7活性を検出した。簡潔に述べると、10μlの試薬(GF-AFC基質)を各ウェルに添加し、プレート振盪器で30秒間穏やかに混合した。37℃で30分間の温置後、プレートリーダーFLUOstar Optima(360nmでEx、490nmでEm、BMG Labtech)を使用して蛍光を測定した。次に、50μlのカスパーゼ-Glo(登録商標)3/7試薬を各ウェルに添加し、30秒間穏やかに混合した。次にこれらのプレートを室温で30分間温置し、プレートリーダーFLUOstar Optima(BMG Labtech)を使用して各試料の発光を測定した。点あたり5回の反復を使用してカスパーゼ-3/7アッセイを行い、データは、カスパーゼ-3/7活性(RLU)を細胞生存能(RFU)で除したものとして表した。GraphPad Prism v6を使用して統計分析(スチューデントt検定)を行った。
スチューデントのt検定、テューキーの多重比較検定により多重検定に対して補正した一元配置ANOVA又は二元配置ANOVAを使用して統計を行った。少なくとも3回全実験を反復した。P<0.05を有意とみなした。
p16INK4aがストレス応答における細胞老化の重要なエフェクターであると仮定すると[Baker DJ,Childs BG,Durik M,Wijers ME,Sieben CJ,Zhong J]、発明者らの結果(図1A~D)から、FOXO3標的再プログラミングの1つの結果が、一連のニューロン分化においてHD NSCにより獲得される細胞老化特性に対抗することであるという可能性が生じる。従って発明者らは、アクチビンA背腹側プレパターン化C116及びHD細胞においてp16INK4a発現をアッセイした(図2)。アクチビンAがヒトiPSCの線条体突起ニューロン分化を効率的に指揮することが報告されているので、この目的で、発明者らはアクチビンA誘導性背腹側プレパターン化を使用した[Biswas SC,Zhang Y,Iyirhiaro G,Willett RT,Rodriguez Gonzalez Y,Cregan SP,et al.,Sertad1 plays an essential role in developmental and pathological neuron death.J Neurosci.2010;30(11):3973-82]。C116プレパターン化NSCと比較して、p16INK4amRNAレベルがHDで上昇した(図2A)。対応して、ICCにより測定した場合、C116 NSCと比較して、プレパターン化HDにおいてp16INK4a陽性細胞のレベルがより高かった(図2B及び2C)。さらに、広く使用される推定上の老化マーカーである老化関連β-ガラクトシダーゼ(SA-β-gal)活性は、HDにおいて、C116 NSCと比較してより高かった(図2D、2E及び2F)。次に、発明者らは、さらなる非アイソジェニックなHD iPSC(即ちND41656及びND42222)及び対照iPSC(即ちMIN08i-33114.B及びND42241)株由来のNSCにおいて細胞老化について試験した。アイソジェニックなNSCモデルでの発明者らの以前の知見と一致して、発明者らは、非アイソジェニックなHD NSC株において、p16INK4a発現のロバストな上昇(図3A及び3B)及びSA-γ-ガラクトシダーゼ活性上昇(図3C)を報告する。これらの結果は、HD NSCにおける細胞老化がHD突然変異の存在に直接起因し、アイソジェニックなHD NSCにより示される老化表現型がクローン依存性(clonal dependency)の結果であるという可能性を排除し得ることを実証する。
FOXO因子は、いくつかの組織において幹細胞ホメオスタシスの重要な調節因子であり[Ohtani N,et al.Opposing effects of Ets and Id proteins on p16INK4a expression during cellular senescence.Nature.2001;409(6823):1067-70,Arber C,et al.Activin A directs striatal projection neuron differentiation of human pluripotent stem cells.Development(Cambridge,England).2015;142(7):1375-86 aniczek JR,Kelly C,Noakes Z,et al.Activin A directs striatal projection neuron differentiation of human pluripotent stem cells.Development(Cambridge,England).2015;142(7):1375-86]、以前の試験から、p16INK4aが、造血幹細胞プールの維持を調節するためのFOXO因子に対して下流で作用し得ることが示唆された。[Ohtani N,et al.Opposing effects of Ets and Id proteins on p16INK4a expression during cellular senescence.Nature.2001;409(6823):1067-70]]。発明者らの結果(図1)から、ストレスをかけられたヒトHD NSCにおいてETS2を抑圧することによりFOXO3活性がp16INK4a上昇に対抗し得ることが示唆される。さらに、ヒトHD NSCは細胞老化マーカーのレベル上昇を示し、これはニューロンに分化するときにさらに上昇し(図2~4)、p16INK4aは幹細胞において加齢表現型を促進すると考えられる[Davalos AR,et al.p53-dependent release of Alarmin HMGB1 is a central mediator of senescent phenotypes.J Cell Biol.2013;201(4):613-29]。従って、HD NSCにおけるFOXO3活性は、HDにおける神経幹細胞プールのホメオスタシスにおいてp16INK4aの効果に対抗し得る。従って、発明者らは、培養における細胞倍増時間及び血清欠乏後のカスパーゼ-3/7活性化のレベルにより測定した場合の細胞脆弱性におけるFOXO3又はp16INK4aの抑制の効果を試験した。
HDニューロン活動亢進(興奮毒性につながる)は、異なるモデルにおいて記載されている(Excitotoxic neuronal death and the pathogenesis of Huntington’s disease.Estrada Sanchez AM1,Mejia-Toiber J,Massieu L.Arch Med Res.2008 Apr;39(3):265-76;Arnoux I,Willam M,Griesche N,et al.Metformin reverses early cortical network dysfunction and behavior changes in Huntington’s disease.Elife.2018;7:e38744.Published 2018 Sep 4.doi:10.7554/eLife.38744)。ここで、発明者らは、この現象を試験するためにiPSC由来のMSNを使用した。さらに、発明者らは、DSBを生成させるトポイソメラーゼII阻害剤であるエトポシドを使用してニューロン活動をDNA損傷修復能と連結させた。DSBは、クロマチンを開き、それが転写機構に近づけるようにすると考えられており、従って特異的なゲノム部位での転写を活性化する。DSB修復能は、これらのゲノム部位での正常な転写低下につなげられる。
Claims (12)
- ハンチントン病(HD)の予防及び/又は処置での使用のための、p16INK4a阻害剤。
- 核酸又はペプチド、低分子化合物分子又は市販の薬物である、請求項1に記載の使用のためのp16INK4a阻害剤。
- 前記核酸が、siRNA、shRNA、マイクロRNA、非コードRNA、デオキシリボサイム(deoxyribosyme)、アンチセンスオリゴヌクレオチド、リボザイムDNAzyme、修飾又は合成DNA又はRNA変性耐性ポリヌクレオシドアミド、ペプチド核酸(PNA)、ロック核酸(LNA)、他の核酸塩基含有ポリマー、アプタマー又はポリヌクレオチド標的遺伝子編集又は何らかのそれらの組み合わせなど、p16INK4aを妨害するRNAをコードする、請求項2に記載の使用のためのp16INK4a阻害剤。
- 前記ペプチドが、リガンド、キナーゼの阻害剤、低分子化合物分子、例えばPPARγアンタゴニストなど、又はレチノイドX受容体(RXR)アンタゴニスト、低分子SIRT1活性化因子、FOXO因子の活性を刺激可能な化合物、AMPK活性化因子などを含む群の間で選択される、請求項2に記載のp16INK4a阻害剤。
- 前記リガンドが、抗体、Fab、Fab’、F(ab’)2、Fv、dsFv、scFv、ダイアボディー、トリアボディー、テトラボディー、アプタマー又はVHHドメインである、請求項4に記載のp16INK4a阻害剤。
- 請求項1~5の何れか1項に記載の少なくとも1つのp16INK4a阻害剤を含む、HDの処置又は予防での使用のための組成物。
- 医薬組成物であり、少なくとも1つの薬学的に許容可能な賦形剤をさらに含む、請求項6に記載の使用のための組成物。
- さらに、細胞特異的な標的化のためのペプチドをコードする核酸配列を含有し、及び/又は細胞特異的発現を可能にする核酸を含有する、請求項6又は7の何れか1項に記載の組成物。
- HDを処置するための1つ以上の活性薬剤及び/又は前記活性薬剤の副作用を処置するための1つ以上の活性薬剤をさらに含む、請求項6~8に記載の使用のための組成物。
- 治療的有効量で前記対象に投与される、請求項1~9の何れか1項に記載の使用のための少なくとも1つのp16INK4a阻害剤を含む薬剤又は請求項1~9の何れか1項に記載の使用のための組成物。
- 前記対象がHDと診断されている、HDに対する遺伝的素因を呈する、又はHDに罹患している、請求項1~10の何れか1項に記載の使用のためのp16INK4a阻害剤、組成物又は薬剤。
- 前記対象がHDと診断されている、請求項11に記載の使用のためのp16INK4a阻害剤、組成物又は薬剤。
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