CN103339010A - 区域驾驶 - Google Patents

区域驾驶 Download PDF

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Publication number
CN103339010A
CN103339010A CN2011800579540A CN201180057954A CN103339010A CN 103339010 A CN103339010 A CN 103339010A CN 2011800579540 A CN2011800579540 A CN 2011800579540A CN 201180057954 A CN201180057954 A CN 201180057954A CN 103339010 A CN103339010 A CN 103339010A
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China
Prior art keywords
vehicle
control
zone
chaufeur
route
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Application number
CN2011800579540A
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CN103339010B (zh
Inventor
迈克尔·史蒂文·蒙特梅洛
德米特里·A·多尔戈夫
克里斯多佛·保罗·厄姆森
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Giant Holdings Ltd.
Waymo LLC
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Google LLC
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Abstract

道路图可以包括诸如道路、车道、路口以及在这些特征之间的连接的信息的图网。该道路图还可以包括与特定规则相关联的一个或多个区域510。区域510可以包括驾驶典型地富有挑战性的位置,诸如汇合、施工区域或其他障碍。在一个示例中,规则可以要求自主车辆300-B向驾驶员警示车辆正接近区域。车辆300-B因此可以要求驾驶员取得对转向、加速、减速等的控制。在另一个示例中,区域520可以由驾驶员指定并且可以例如使用无线电链路或其他网络来向其他附近的车辆广播,使得其他车辆可以能够在相同位置处观察到相同的规则或至少向其他车辆的驾驶员通知另一个驾驶员感到该位置对自主驾驶不安全。

Description

区域驾驶
相关申请的交叉引用
本申请要求于2011年6月1日提交的题为“ZONE DRIVING”的美国专利申请No.13/150,589、于2010年10月5日提交的题为“AUTONOMOUS VEHICLES”的美国临时申请No.61/390,094、以及于2010年10月8日提交的题为“AUTONOMOUS VEHICLES”的美国临时申请No.61/391,271的利益,因此通过引用将其全部公开内容合并入本文。
背景技术
自主车辆使用各种计算系统来帮助将驾驶员从一个位置运送到另一个位置。一些自主车辆可能需要来自诸如引航员、驾驶员或司机的操作者的一些初始输入或连续输入。例如自动驾驶仪系统的其他系统仅在该系统已被启用时才可以被使用,这允许操作者从手动模式(其中操作者实行对车辆的移动的高度控制)切换到自主模式(其中车辆基本上自行驾驶)到介于两者之间的模式。
这些自主车辆可以基于使用非常详细的地图结合用于检测车辆的周围环境中的物体的传感器来在位置之间自行操纵,以将车辆从一个位置操纵到另一个位置。这可能需要车辆导航通过他或她可能觉得允许车辆自行操纵不特别安全的地区。例如,驾驶员可能在诸如汇合、交通环路、复杂路口等的地区感到不那么安全,所述区域可能被认为对自主车辆操纵通过来说过于复杂。因此,驾驶员可能觉得有必要连续监视车辆的位置,以防驾驶员必须取得对车辆的控制。这可能减少自主车辆的有用性和驾驶员的安全感觉。
发明内容
本公开的一个方面提供了用于操纵车辆的方法。该方法包括访问包括一个或多个区域的地图信息,每一个区域与指示驾驶员取得对车辆的控制方面的控制的规则相关联;通过处理器基于该地图信息来识别路线,其中该路线需要车辆通过该一个或多个区域中的至少一个区域;通过处理器朝目的地操纵车辆;以及当车辆在该至少一个区域的沿着路线的预先确定的距离内时,识别与该至少一个区域相关联的规则,识别所识别的规则的控制方面,以及向驾驶员通知控制所识别的控制方面通过该至少一个区域的需求。
在一个示例中,所识别的控制方面包括转向、加速和制动中的至少一个。在另一个示例中,该方法还包括接收指示驾驶员已取得对所识别的控制方面的控制的信息;等待直到车辆已离开该至少一个区域并且驾驶员已交出对所识别的控制方面的控制;以及继续沿着该路线朝向目的地操纵车辆。在另一个示例中,该方法还包括接收识别目的地位置的输入,以及识别路线进一步基于目的地位置。该方法还可以包括从驾驶员接收避开该至少一个区域的指令;生成不通过该至少一个区域的到目的地的新路线;以及沿着该新路线操纵车辆。在另一个示例中,该方法还包括当驾驶员尚未取得对所识别的控制方面的控制时并且一旦车辆到达该至少一个区域,沿着该路线操纵车辆通过该至少一个区域。在另一个示例中,该方法还包括基于驾驶员控制车辆的给定控制方面来识别第一位置;基于驾驶员交出对控制车辆的给定控制方面的控制来识别第二位置;基于第一位置和第二位置来生成新区域;基于给定控制方面为该新区域生成新规则;以及将该新区域和新规则与地图信息一起存储。该方法还可以包括将该新区域和新规则传输给另一个车辆。
本发明的另一个方面提供了程序的计算机可读指令被存储在其上的有形的、非暂时性计算机可读存储介质。所述指令当由处理器执行时,促使该处理器执行操纵车辆的方法。该方法包括访问包括一个或多个区域的地图信息,每一个区域与指示驾驶员取得对车辆的控制方面的控制的规则相关联;通过处理器基于该地图信息来识别路线,其中该路线需要车辆通过该一个或多个区域中的至少一个区域;通过处理器朝目的地操纵车辆;以及当车辆在该至少一个区域的沿着路线的预先确定的距离内时,识别与该至少一个区域相关联的规则,识别所识别的规则的控制方面,以及向驾驶员通知控制所识别的控制方面通过该至少一个区域的需求。
在一个示例中,所识别的控制方面包括转向、加速和制动中的至少一个。在另一个示例中,该方法还包括接收指示驾驶员已取得对所识别的控制方面的控制的信息;等待直到车辆已离开该至少一个区域并且驾驶员已交出对所识别的控制方面的控制;以及继续沿着该路线朝向目的地操纵车辆。在另一个示例中,该方法还包括接收识别目的地位置的输入,以及识别路线进一步基于目的地位置。该方法还可以包括从驾驶员接收避开该至少一个区域的指令;生成不通过该至少一个区域的到目的地的新路线;以及沿着该新路线操纵车辆。在另一个示例中,该方法还包括当驾驶员尚未取得对所识别的控制方面的控制时并且一旦车辆到达该至少一个区域,沿着该路线操纵车辆通过该至少一个区域。在另一个示例中,该方法还包括基于驾驶员控制车辆的给定控制方面来识别第一位置;基于驾驶员交出对控制车辆的给定控制方面的控制来识别第二位置;基于第一位置和第二位置来生成新区域;基于给定控制方面为该新区域生成新规则;以及将该新区域和新规则与地图信息一起存储。该方法还可以包括将该新区域和新规则传输给另一个车辆。
本公开的又另一个方面提供了一种车辆。该车辆包括多个控制方面,其用于控制车辆的移动;存储器,其存储包括一个或多个区域的地图信息,每一个区域与指示驾驶员取得对该多个控制方面中的至少一个控制方面的控制的规则相关联;以及处理器,其被耦接到该多个控制方面和存储器。该处理器可操作来基于该地图信息来识别路线,其中该路线需要车辆通过该一个或多个区域中的至少一个区域;沿着该路线操纵车辆;以及当车辆在该至少一个区域的沿着路线的预先确定的距离内时,识别与该至少一个区域相关联的规则,识别所识别的规则的控制方面,以及向驾驶员通知控制所识别的控制方面通过该至少一个区域的需求。
在一个示例中,该处理器进一步可操作来当驾驶员尚未取得对所识别的控制方面的控制时并且一旦车辆到达该至少一个区域,沿着该路线操纵车辆通过该至少一个区域。在另一个示例中,该处理器还可操作来基于驾驶员控制车辆的给定控制方面来识别第一位置;基于驾驶员交出对车辆的给定控制方面的控制来识别第二位置;基于第一位置和第二位置来生成新区域;基于给定控制方面为该新区域生成新规则;以及将该新区域和新规则与地图信息一起存储。该处理器还可以可操作来将该新区域和新规则传输给另一个自主车辆。在另一个示例中,所识别的控制方面包括转向系统、加速系统和制动系统中的至少一个。
本公开的又进一步方面提供了操纵车辆的方法。该方法包括通过处理器在道路上沿着当前路径操纵车辆;确定车辆是否在与需要驾驶员取得对车辆的至少一个控制方面的控制的规则相关联的至少一个区域的沿着当前路径的一定距离内;以及当车辆在该至少一个区域的沿着当前路径的该一定距离内时,向驾驶员通知对控制该至少一个控制方面通过该至少一个区域的需求。
在一个示例中,该至少一个控制方面包括转向、加速和制动中的至少一个。在另一个示例中,该方法还包括接收指示驾驶员已取得对所识别的控制方面的控制的信息;等待直到车辆已离开该至少一个区域并且驾驶员已交出对所识别的控制方面的控制;以及通过处理器继续操纵车辆。在另一个示例中,该方法还包括当驾驶员尚未取得对该至少一个控制方面的控制时并且一旦车辆到达该至少一个区域,操纵车辆通过该至少一个区域。在另一个示例中,该方法还包括基于驾驶员控制车辆的给定控制方面来识别第一位置;基于驾驶员交出对车辆的给定控制方面的控制来识别第二位置;基于第一位置和第二位置来生成新区域;基于给定控制方面为该新区域生成新规则;以及将该新区域和新规则与地图信息一起存储。该方法还可以包括将该新区域和新规则传输给另一个车辆。
附图说明
图1是依据示例性实施例的系统的功能图。
图2是依据示例性实施例的自主车辆的内部。
图3是依据示例性实施例的自主车辆的外部。
图4是依据示例性实施例的道路地图。
图5是依据示例性实施例的另一个道路地图。
图6是依据示例性实施例的另一个道路地图。
图7是依据示例性实施例的另一个道路地图。
图8是依据示例性实施例的另一个道路地图。
图9A-9C是依据示例性实施例的流程图。
图10是依据示例性实施例的另一个示例性道路地图。
具体实施方式
如图1中所示,依据本公开的一个方面的自主驾驶系统100包括带有各种组件的车辆101。虽然本公开的某些方面结合特定类型的车辆尤其有用,然而,车辆101可以是任何类型的车辆,包括但不限于:汽车、卡车、摩托车、公共汽车、船、飞机、直升机、剪草机、娱乐车辆、游乐园车辆、农用设备、施工设备、电车、高尔夫球车、火车以及手推车。车辆可以具有一个或多个计算机,诸如包含处理器120、存储器130和典型地存在于通用计算机中的其他组件的计算机110。
存储器130存储处理器120可访问的信息,包括可以由处理器120执行或另外使用的指令132和数据134。存储器130可以是能够存储处理器可访问的信息的任何类型的,包括计算机可读介质或存储可以借助于电子设备读取的数据的其他介质,诸如硬盘驱动器、存储器卡、ROM、RAM、DVD或其他光盘,以及其他能写和只读存储器。系统和方法可以包括前述的不同组合,由此指令和数据的不同部分被存储在不同类型的介质上。
指令132可以是待由处理器直接(诸如,机器码)或间接(诸如,脚本)执行的任何指令集。例如,指令可以作为计算机代码被存储在计算机可读介质上。在这方面,可以在本文中交替地使用词语“指令”和“程序”。指令可以以目标代码格式被存储以供处理器直接处理,或以任何其他计算机语言,包括根据需求被解释或预先被编译的脚本或独立源代码模块集合被存储。在下面更详细地说明了指令的功能、方法和例程。
依据指令132,数据134可以由处理器120检索、存储或修改。例如,尽管所主张的主题不受任何特定数据结构限制,然而,数据可以被存储在计算机寄存器中、作为具有多个不同字段和记录的表在关系数据库中、在XML文档或平面文件中。还可以以任何计算机可读格式对数据进行格式化。仅作为进一步示例,图像数据可以被存储为由像素网格组成的位图,其依据压缩或非压缩、无损(例如,BMP)或有损(例如,JPEG)、和基于位图或向量(例如,SVG)的格式以及用于绘制图形的计算机指令被存储。数据可以包括足以识别相关信息的任何信息,诸如编号、描述文本、专有代码、对存储在同一存储器的其他区域或不同存储器(包括其他网络位置)中的数据的引用或功能使用来计算相关数据的信息。
处理器120可以是任何常规处理器,诸如商用CPU。替选地,处理器可以是专用设备,诸如ASIC或其他基于硬件的处理器。尽管图1将计算机110的处理器、存储器和其他元件在功能上图示为在同一块内,然而,本领域技术人员应当理解的是,处理器、计算机或存储器实际上可以包括可以或可以不被存储在同一物理外壳内的多个处理器、计算机或存储器。例如,存储器可以是位于与计算机110的外壳不同的外壳中的硬盘驱动器或其他存储介质。因此,对处理器或计算机的引用应当被理解为包括对可以或可以不并行操作的处理器或计算机或存储器集合的引用。组件中的部分,诸如转向组件、加速和减速组件,每一个可以具有仅执行与该组件的特定功能有关的计算的其自身处理器,而不是使用单个处理器来执行在本文所述的步骤。
在本文所述的各种方面中,处理器可以位于远离车辆的地方并且与车辆无线地通信。在其他方面中,在本文所述的处理中的部分在被布置在车辆内的处理器上执行,并且其他由远程处理器执行,包括采取执行单个操纵所需的步骤。
计算机110可以包括通常结合计算机使用的所有组件,诸如中央处理单元(CPU)、存储数据134和指令——诸如web浏览器——的存储器(例如,RAM和内部硬盘驱动器)、电子显示器142(例如,具有屏幕的监视器、小型LCD触摸屏或可操作来显示信息的任何其他电子设备)、用户输入140(例如,鼠标、键盘、触摸屏和/或麦克风)以及用于采集关于人的状态和愿望的明确(例如,手势)或隐含(例如“人睡着了”)信息的各种传感器(例如,摄像机)。
在一个示例中,计算机110可以是并入车辆101中的自主驾驶计算系统。图2描绘了自主车辆的内部的示例性设计。该自主车辆可以包括非自主车辆的所有特征,例如:转向装置,诸如方向盘210;导航显示装置,诸如导航显示器215;以及齿轮选择器装置,诸如变速杆220。该车辆还可以具有各种用户输入设备,诸如变速杆220、触摸屏217或按钮输入219,用于激活或失活一个或多个自主驾驶模式以及用于使驾驶员或驾驶员290能够向自主驾驶计算机110提供诸如导航目的地的信息。
车辆101可以包括一个或多个额外的显示器。例如,车辆可以包括用于显示与自主车辆或其计算机的状态有关的信息的显示器225。在另一个示例中,车辆可以包括用来指示车辆101的当前状态的状态指示装置138(参见图1),诸如状态栏230。在图2的示例中,状态栏230显示“D”和“2mph”,其指示该车辆目前处于驾驶模式并且正以每小时2英里移动。在这方面,车辆可以在电子显示器上显示文本、照亮车辆101的部分,诸如方向盘210、或提供各种其他类型的指示。
自主驾驶计算系统可以能够与车辆的各种组件通信。例如,返回到图1,计算机110可以与车辆的中央处理器160通信,并且可以向/从车辆101的各种系统——例如,制动180、加速182、发信号184和导航186系统——发送和接收信息,以控制车辆101的移动、速度等。另外,当被启用时,计算机110可以控制车辆101的这些功能中的部分或全部,因此,是完全或仅仅部分自主的。应当理解的是,尽管各种系统和计算机110被示出为在车辆101内,然而,这些元件可以在车辆101外部或物理上分隔较大距离。
车辆还可以包括与计算机110通信的地理位置组件144,其用于确定设备的地理位置。例如,位置组件可以包括用来确定设备的纬度、经度和/或海拔位置的GPS接收器。也可以使用诸如基于激光器的定位系统、惯性辅助GPS或基于相机的定位的其他位置系统,来识别车辆的位置。车辆的位置可以包括绝对地理位置,诸如纬度、经度和海拔,以及相对位置信息,诸如相对于即刻围绕其的其他汽车的位置,其通常可以以比绝对物理位置小的噪声被确定。
车辆还可以包括与计算机110通信的其他设备,诸如用来确定车辆的方向和速度或对其的改变的加速计、陀螺仪或另一个方向/速度检测设备146。仅作为示例,加速设备146可以确定其相对于重力的方向或垂直于其的平面的俯仰、偏航或滚转(或对其的改变)。设备还可以跟踪速度的增加或减小以及这样的改变的方向。可以自动向用户、计算机110、其他计算机以及前述的组合提供如在本文所阐述的设备的对位置和取向数据的供给。
计算机110可以通过控制各种组件来控制车辆的方向和速度。作为示例,如果车辆正在完全自主模式下操作,则计算机110可以促使车辆加速(例如,通过增加提供给发动机的燃料或其他能源)、减速(例如,通过减少供应给发动机的燃料或通过施加制动)以及改变方向(例如,通过使两个前轮变向)。
车辆还可以包括一个或多个物体检测组件148,其用于检测在车辆外部的物体,诸如其他车辆、道路中的障碍物、交通信号灯、标志、树等。检测系统可以包括激光器、声呐器、雷达、相机或记录可以由计算机110处理的数据的任何其他检测设备。例如,如果车辆是小型驾驶员车辆,则汽车可以包括安装在顶部或其他便利位置的激光器。
如图3中所示,小型驾驶员车辆300可以包括分别安装在该车辆的前面和顶部的激光器310和311。激光器310可以具有150米的范围、三十度垂直视场以及三十度水平视场。激光器311可以具有50-80米的范围、三十度垂直视场以及360度水平视场。激光器可以向车辆提供计算机可以使用来识别各种物体的位置和距离的范围和强度信息。在一个方面中,激光器可以通过绕着其轴旋转并且改变其俯仰来测量在车辆和面向车辆的物体表面之间的距离。
车辆还可以包括各种雷达检测单元,诸如用于自适应巡航控制系统的那些。雷达检测单元可以位于汽车的前面和后面以及前保险杠的任一侧。如图3的示例中所示,车辆300包括位于车辆的侧面(仅一个侧面被示出)、前面和后部的雷达检测单元320-323。这些雷达检测单元中的每一个可以具有200米的范围、达18度视场,以及60米的范围、达56度视场。
在另一个示例中,多种相机可以被安装在车辆上。相机可以被安装在预先确定的距离处,以使可以使用自2个或更多个相机的图像的视差来计算距各种物体的距离。如图3中所示,车辆300可以包括安装在靠近后视镜(未示出)的挡风玻璃340下面的2个相机330-331。相机330可以包括200米的范围和30度水平视场,而相机331可以包括100米的范围和60度水平视场。
前述传感器可以允许车辆评估其环境并对其环境作出潜在响应,以为驾驶员、其他驾驶员以及在该环境中的物体或人最大程度保障安全。应当理解的是,车辆类型、传感器的数量和类型、传感器位置、传感器视场以及传感器的传感器域仅是示例性的。还可以利用各种其他配置。
除上述传感器外,计算机还可以使用来自典型非自主车辆的传感器的输入。例如,这些传感器可以包括胎压传感器、发动机温度传感器、制动热传感器、刹车片状态传感器、轮胎面传感器、燃料传感器、油位和质量传感器、空气质量传感器(用于检测温度、湿度或空气中的微粒)等。
这些传感器中的许多实时提供由计算机处理的数据,即,传感器可以在或超过一定范围的时间连续更新其输出来反映被感知的环境,并且连续或根据需求向计算机提供该更新的输出,以使计算机能够响应于所感知的环境,确定车辆的当时方向或速度是否应当被修改。
除处理各种传感器所提供的数据外,计算机可以依赖于在先前时间点获取并且预期持续的环境数据,而不考虑车辆的在环境中的存在。例如,返回到图1,数据134可以包括详细的地图信息136,例如,识别道路的形状和高度、车道线、路口、人行横道、速度限制、交通信号、建筑物、标志、实时交通信息、或其他这样的物体和信息的高度详细的地图。例如,地图信息可以包括与各种道路段相关联的明确速度限制信息。速度限制数据可以被手动输入或使用例如光学字符识别从先前拍摄的速度限制标志的图像扫描。地图信息可以包括纳入上面列出的物体中的一个或多个的三维地形地图。例如,车辆可以基于实时数据(例如,使用其传感器来确定另一辆汽车的当前GPS位置)和其他数据(例如,将该GPS位置与先前存储的特定于车道的地图数据进行比较来确定另一辆汽车是否在变向车道内),来确定预期另一辆汽车变向。
再次,尽管在本文将地图信息描绘为基于图像的地图,然而,地图信息不必完全基于图像(例如,光栅)。例如,地图信息可以包括一个或多个道路图或诸如道路、车道、路口和在这些特征之间的连接的信息的图网。每一个特征可以被存储为图数据并且可以与信息相关联,所述信息诸如地理位置和其是否被链接到其他相关特征,例如,停车标志可以被链接到道路和路口等。在一些示例中,相关联的数据可以包括道路图的基于网格的索引,以允许对某些道路图特征的有效查找。
例如,图4的地图400是包括在立交桥部分425处在高速路420下面通过的双车道道路的道路图的一部分的示例性图示表示。该地图包括特征,诸如道路410的东行车道412、西行车道414和出口车道416。类似地,高速路420包括中线422、北行车道424、南行车道426和肩状物428。道路410的东行车道通过出口车道416、入口坡道430和加速车道440与高速路420连接。该地图还可以包括额外的道路细节,诸如双黄线450和车道线452以及标志(未示出)或其他道路特征。
在一些示例中,地图信息可以包括区域。每一个区域可以包括与特定规则相关联的地理定位区或点。区域可以包括驾驶对人类和计算机来说可能变得复杂或富有挑战性的地方,诸如汇合、施工区域或其他障碍。如在下面更详细描述的,区域的规则可以要求自主车辆向驾驶员警示该车辆正接近对车辆自主驾驶可能富有挑战性的地区。在一个示例中,车辆可能需要驾驶员取得对转向、加速、减速等的控制。在另一个示例中,区域的规则可以要求自主车辆向驾驶员发出警示,而不是要求驾驶员取得控制,车辆可以降低其速度和/或增加其(在该自主车辆和另一个车辆之间的)跟车距离。
例如,如图5的地图500中所示,地图信息可以包括区域510。该区域包括加速车道440,在那里,汇合入交通对自主车辆可能很难。由于这个困难,可以使区域510与当在区域510内时要求驾驶员取得对自主车辆的转向、加速和/或制动的控制的规则相关联。
除上述并且在附图中图示的操作外,现将描述各种操作。应当理解的是,下面的操作不必按照下述精确顺序被执行。相反,各种步骤可以按照不同的顺序或同时被处理,并且步骤还可以被添加或省略。
自主车辆可以通过按照路线在两个位置之间运送其自身、驾驶员、乘客和/或货物。例如,驾驶员可以输入目的地并且激活车辆的自主模式。作为响应,车辆的计算机可以基于道路图、其当前位置和目的地来计算路线。路线可以包括诸如何处变向、以什么速度行进、何处查看交通信号、何处因路口或停车标志停车等的信息。例如,如图6的地图600中所示,路线610可以要求自主车辆走道路410并且离开进入高速路420。这可以要求车辆在道路410的东行车道412中行进到出口车道416、到入口坡道430、到加速车道440并且上到高速路420。虽然不是所有路线都可以包括区域,然而,在图6的示例中,路线610还要求自主车辆通过区域510。
如图7的地图700中所示,自主车辆300沿着路线610行进。随着自主车辆300接近区域510,自主车辆的计算机可以识别与区域510相关联的规则。如上所述,区域510的规则可以在自主车辆通过区域510,例如沿着路线610从点710到点720时,要求驾驶员取得对转向、加速和制动的控制。
自主车辆可以通过向驾驶员提供视觉或听觉提示,来向驾驶员通知车辆正接近带有特定规则的区域。通知可以基于到该区域的时间和距离的组合。如果自主车辆正以合理速度移动,则通知可以基于穿过到该区域的剩余距离的估计时间。例如,如果车辆1正以每小时25英里移动,则当车辆1距该区域X距离时,可以发出通知。如果车辆2正以每小时50英里移动,则当车辆2距该区域2X距离时,可以发出通知。因此,到区域的时间对车辆1和2两者来说可以是相同的。如果自主车辆正以非常慢的速度移动,例如,处于走走停停的交通中,则通知可以基于到该区域的距离。
例如,在到达点710之前,自主车辆300的计算机可以例如在显示器225上、在状态栏230上、可听见地等向驾驶员提出警告,该警告指示车辆正接近需要驾驶员取得对车辆的控制的区域的某一距离或在该距离内。例如,车辆可以显示与地图700相似的、高亮该区域的地图,并且通过扬声器宣告“请在通过该区域时,取得对车辆的控制”。警告还可以包括闪光、哔哔声、振动等。
响应于该警告,驾驶员可以选择在该区域周围导航、忽略该区域和规则、或仅接管对自主车辆的一个或多个方面的控制。例如,驾驶员可以请求自主车辆在该区域周围自行沿特定路线行进,以使驾驶员不必取得控制。驾驶员可以例如使用诸如触摸屏或按钮输入219的一个或多个输入来说出其请求或选择选项。自主车辆的计算机可以自行改道,并且识别不需要车辆通过区域的新路线。
在另一个示例中,驾驶员可以选择忽略该区域。作为响应,如果能够的话,车辆可以继续自行驾驶通过该区域。在不存在其他车辆、步行者、障碍物等的情况下,这可以是有帮助的。在这种情况下,车辆可以停止警告驾驶员、可以继续向驾驶员警告车辆正接近区域(直到车辆到达该区域)、或例如在车辆在该区域内的情况下,警告可以改变。新的警告可以稍微更严重,例如,未能取得控制的警告在某些情况下可能是危险的,增加了听觉或触觉提示、闪光等。
在一些示例中,规则可以仅要求驾驶员取得对转向、加速和制动或所有这些特征的控制。例如,如果区域是步行者典型地在其中步行的公园或其他位置,则车辆可以显著地减速并且要求驾驶员仅仅通过转动方向盘210来进行导引。在另一个示例中,如果区域是到高速路上的汇合,则自主车辆可以自行导引来保持在车道中间,而驾驶员基于汇合交通,控制加速和减速(汽油和制动)来调整车辆的速度。
在又另一个示例中,驾驶员可以指示自主车辆在驾驶员恢复对车辆的控制或向车辆提供进一步指令之前,在特定道路上继续,而不是按照特定路线到目的地。例如,驾驶员可以允许车辆的计算机在驾驶员取得对方向盘、加速、制动等的控制之前,沿着高速路对车辆进行导引并且控制车辆的速度。在该示例中,计算机可以控制车辆沿车辆当前所处的道路或特定车道的路径行进。如果车辆正接近如果车辆继续沿着当前路径则该车辆将通过的区域,则计算机可以向驾驶员通知接近的区域。计算机还可以识别取得对某一控制特征(转向、制动、加速等)的控制的需求,以及计算机还可以采取上述动作中的一个或多个。作为响应,如上所述,驾驶员可以取得对控制特征的控制、忽略警告、在区域周围使车辆沿特定路线行进等。
然而,仅仅接近区域可能不足以发起对驾驶员的警告。例如,如图8的地图800中所示,自主车辆300-A正在道路410的东行车道412中沿着接近高速路420的立交桥部分425的路线810行进。尽管车辆正接近区域510,然而,当车辆实际上没有行进通过区域510,而是在该区域下面时,自主车辆实际上可以不向驾驶员提供任何警告。类似地,自主车辆300-B正在经过区域610的高速路420的北行车道424中沿着路线820行进。再次,尽管车辆300-B可以非常接近区域610,然而,当车辆实际上可能没有行进通过区域610,而是紧挨该区域时,车辆可以不向其驾驶员提供警告。
图9A-9C的流程图900提供了上述过程的示例性概述。如图9A的块902中所示,自主车辆的计算机可以识别车辆的目的地位置和当前位置。例如,驾驶员可以将目的地位置输入到车辆的导航设备中。车辆的当前位置可以基于从一个或多个地理位置设备接收的数据来确定。在块904,计算机访问包括一个或多个区域的地图信息。每一个区域与要求驾驶员取得对车辆的控制方面的控制的规则相关联。例如,规则可以当车辆在该区域中时要求驾驶员控制车辆的转向、加速和/或制动。在块906,计算机基于地图信息来生成从当前位置到目的地位置的路线,其中该路线需要车辆通过至少一个区域。如上所述,该路线不一定包括区域。
在块908,计算机然后沿着路线朝目的地控制车辆。在块910,计算机确定车辆是否正接近该至少一个区域。例如,基于车辆的当前速度,计算机可以确定车辆是否在距该区域的特定距离或到达该区域的估计时间内。如果不是,则在块908,计算机继续朝目的地控制车辆。返回到块910,如果计算机确定车辆正接近至少一个区域,则在块912,计算机识别与该至少一个区域相关联的规则和控制方面。
在块914,计算机然后向驾驶员通知控制所识别的控制方面通过该至少一个区域的需求。在一个示例中,在块916,计算机接收指示驾驶员已取得对所识别的控制方面的控制的信息。在块918,计算机等待,直到车辆已离开该至少一个区域并且驾驶员已交出对所识别的控制方面的控制。在块908,计算机然后继续沿着路线朝向目的地控制车辆。
在另一个示例中,驾驶员可以决定指示计算机避开该至少一个区域。如图9B的块920中所示,计算机从驾驶员接收避开该区域的指令。作为响应,在块922,计算机生成不通过该至少一个区域的到目的地的新路线。在块908,计算机然后继续沿着该新路线朝向目的地控制车辆。
在又另一个示例中,在向驾驶员通知接近的区域之后,计算机可能没有接收到输入,如图9C的块924中所示。计算机可以继续向驾驶员通知控制所识别的控制方面通过该至少一个区域的需求。一旦车辆到达该至少一个区域,在块926,计算机可以控制车辆通过该至少一个区域。在块908,计算机然后继续沿着路线朝向目的地控制车辆。
如上所述,区域可以在道路图中预先识别或可以由驾驶员根据需求设置。例如,注意到临时施工或路障的驾驶员可以将该位置标记为车辆不应当自主驾驶的位置。在这方面,驾驶员可以取得对车辆的控制,并且同时,为该位置生成区域规则。新区域可以在驾驶员已取得对自主车辆的控制的情况下开始,并且在驾驶员已向计算机交出控制的情况下结束。在一些示例中,新区域可以由车辆暂时存储。时长可以基于关于区域的原因。例如,一些施工项目可能只花费一天时间,而其他的可能花费长得多的时间。在该示例中,驾驶员可以使用输入来识别计算机保留该区域的时间。
例如,如图10的地图1000中所示,自主车辆300正沿着道路1010驾驶。该道路包括诸如南行车道1002、北行车道1004、双黄线1006、车道线1008等的特征。在该示例中,车辆300正按照路线1020沿着北行车道1004行进。随着车辆300接近点1050,驾驶员可以识别临时施工情况。在该示例中,锥状物1030已被安设以在施工车辆1040周围使车辆沿特定路线行进。车辆300可以识别所有这些物体,但是其计算机可以确定自行沿特定路线行进通过锥状物是不能胜任的,因为它们将要求车辆进入南行车道。在该示例中,驾驶员可以在点1050取得对车辆的控制,并且当车辆已清除临时施工情况时,在点1060交出对车辆的控制。作为响应,车辆可以在驾驶员取得了对车辆的控制的点1050和1060之间、在道路1000的北行车道中生成新区域。
一旦已生成了新区域,还可以将该新区域广播给其他附近的自主车辆。例如,自主车辆可以使用无线电链路或其他网络,使得其他车辆可以能够在该新区域观察到相同的规则(取得对转向、加速和/或制动的控制)或向其他车辆的驾驶员通知另一个驾驶员感到该位置对自主驾驶不安全。返回到图10,车辆300可以向其他车辆传输识别在高速路1000的北行车道中的、在该驾驶员取得了对车辆的控制的点1050和1060之间的新区域的信息。作为另一个车辆,按照通过点1050朝向点1060的路线接近点1050,另一个车辆可以向其自身驾驶员显示通知。这些通知可以类似于上述通知,但是还可以指示该区域是另一个驾驶员最近识别的区域。
自主车辆还可以允许驾驶员在区域周围导航或仅仅预先忽略它们。例如,车辆的默认状况可以是使车辆沿特定路线行进通过区域,如果其是到目的地的最快线路。驾驶员可以在输入目的地时选择避开区域或可以选择关闭区域特征,使得不发出警告并且无论如何,车辆驾驶通过区域。驾驶员还可以选择永久忽略区域、仅忽略存储在车辆的地图中的那些、或忽略其他驾驶员所识别和其他驾驶员的自主车辆所广播的区域。
因为可以在不背离权利要求所限定的主题的情况下,利用上述特征的这些和其他变体和组合,示例性实施例的前面描述应当作为说明来采用,而不是作为对权利要求所限定的主题的限制。还应当理解的是,在本文所述的示例的提供(以及表述为“诸如”、“例如”“包括”等的子句)应当不被解释为将所主张的主题限制于特定示例;相反,示例意在仅说明许多可能方面的部分。
工业实用性
本发明享有广泛的工业实用性,包括但不限于对具有自主操作模式的车辆的使用。

Claims (24)

1.一种用于操纵车辆的方法,所述方法包括:
访问包括一个或多个区域的地图信息,每一个区域与指示驾驶员取得对所述车辆的控制方面的控制的规则相关联;
通过处理器基于所述地图信息来识别路线,其中所述路线需要所述车辆通过所述一个或多个区域中的至少一个区域;
通过所述处理器朝目的地操纵所述车辆;以及
当所述车辆在所述至少一个区域的沿着所述路线的预先确定的距离内时,识别与所述至少一个区域相关联的所述规则,识别所识别的规则的控制方面,以及向所述驾驶员通知控制所识别的控制方面通过所述至少一个区域的需求。
2.根据权利要求1所述的方法,其中所识别的控制方面包括转向、加速和制动中的至少一个。
3.根据权利要求1所述的方法,进一步包括:
接收指示所述驾驶员已取得对所识别的控制方面的控制的信息;
等待,直到所述车辆已离开所述至少一个区域并且所述驾驶员已交出对所识别的控制方面的控制;以及
继续沿着所述路线朝向所述目的地操纵所述车辆。
4.根据权利要求1所述的方法,进一步包括接收识别目的地位置的输入,以及其中识别所述路线进一步基于所述目的地位置。
5.根据权利要求4所述的方法,进一步包括:
从所述驾驶员接收避开所述至少一个区域的指令;
生成不通过所述至少一个区域的到所述目的地的新路线;以及
沿着所述新路线操纵所述车辆。
6.根据权利要求1所述的方法,进一步包括:当所述驾驶员尚未取得对所识别的控制方面的控制时,一旦所述车辆到达所述至少一个区域,就沿着所述路线操纵所述车辆通过所述至少一个区域。
7.根据权利要求1所述的方法,进一步包括:
基于所述驾驶员控制所述车辆的给定控制方面来识别第一位置;
基于所述驾驶员交出对所述控制车辆的所述给定控制方面的控制来识别第二位置;
基于所述第一位置和所述第二位置来生成新区域;
基于所述给定控制方面为所述新区域生成新规则;以及
将所述新区域和所述新规则与所述地图信息一起存储。
8.根据权利要求7所述的方法,进一步包括将所述新区域和所述新规则传输给另一个车辆。
9.一种程序的计算机可读指令被存储在其上的有形的、非暂时性计算机可读存储介质,所述指令当由处理器执行时,促使所述处理器执行操纵车辆的方法,所述方法包括:
访问包括一个或多个区域的地图信息,每一个区域与指示驾驶员取得对所述车辆的控制方面的控制的规则相关联;
基于所述地图信息来识别路线,其中所述路线需要所述车辆通过所述一个或多个区域中的至少一个区域;
通过所述处理器沿着所述路线操纵所述车辆;以及
当所述车辆在所述至少一个区域的沿着所述路线的预先确定的距离内时,识别与所述至少一个区域相关联的所述规则,识别所识别的规则的控制方面,以及向所述驾驶员通知控制所识别的控制方面通过所述至少一个区域的需求。
10.根据权利要求9所述的有形的、非暂时性计算机可读存储介质,其中所识别的控制方面包括转向、加速和制动中的至少一个。
11.根据权利要求9所述的有形的、非暂时性计算机可读存储介质,其中所述方法进一步包括:
接收指示所述驾驶员已取得对所识别的控制方面的控制的信息;
等待,直到所述车辆已离开所述至少一个区域并且所述驾驶员已交出对所识别的控制方面的控制;以及
继续沿着所述路线操纵所述车辆。
12.根据权利要求9所述的有形的、非暂时性计算机可读存储介质,进一步包括接收识别目的地位置的输入,以及其中识别所述路线进一步基于所述目的地位置。
13.根据权利要求9所述的有形的、非暂时性计算机可读存储介质,其中所述方法进一步包括:
从所述驾驶员接收避开所述至少一个区域的指令;
生成不通过所述至少一个区域的到所述目的地的新路线;以及
沿着所述新路线操纵所述车辆。
14.一种车辆,包括:
多个控制方面,所述多个控制方面用于控制所述车辆的移动;
存储器,所述存储器存储包括一个或多个区域的地图信息,每一个区域与指示驾驶员取得对所述多个控制方面中的至少一个控制方面的控制的规则相关联;
处理器,所述处理器耦接到所述多个控制方面和所述存储器,所述处理器可操作来:
基于所述地图信息来识别路线,其中所述路线需要所述车辆通过所述一个或多个区域中的至少一个区域;
沿着所述路线操纵所述车辆;以及
当所述车辆在所述至少一个区域的沿着所述路线的预先确定的距离内时,识别与所述至少一个区域相关联的所述规则,识别所识别的规则的控制方面,以及向驾驶员通知控制所识别的控制方面通过所述至少一个区域的需求。
15.根据权利要求14所述的设备,其中所述处理器可进一步操作来:当所述驾驶员尚未取得对所识别的控制方面的控制时并且一旦所述车辆到达所述至少一个区域,则沿着所述路线操纵所述车辆通过所述至少一个区域。
16.根据权利要求14所述的方法,其中所述处理器可进一步操作来:
基于所述驾驶员控制所述车辆的给定控制方面来识别第一位置;
基于所述驾驶员交出对所述车辆的所述给定控制方面的控制来识别第二位置;
基于所述第一位置和所述第二位置来生成新区域;
基于所述给定控制方面为所述新区域生成新规则;以及
将所述新区域和所述新规则与所述地图信息一起存储。
17.根据权利要求16所述的设备,其中所述处理器可进一步操作来将所述新区域和所述新规则传输给另一个自主车辆。
18.根据权利要求14所述的设备,其中所识别的控制方面包括转向系统、加速系统和制动系统中的至少一个。
19.一种操纵车辆的方法,所述方法包括:
通过处理器在道路上沿着当前路径操纵所述车辆;
确定所述车辆是否在与需要驾驶员取得对所述车辆的至少一个控制方面的控制的规则相关联的至少一个区域的沿着所述当前路径的一定距离内;以及
当所述车辆在所述至少一个区域的沿着所述当前路径的所述一定距离内时,向所述驾驶员通知控制所述至少一个控制方面通过所述至少一个区域的需求。
20.根据权利要求19所述的方法,其中所述至少一个控制方面包括转向、加速和制动中的至少一个。
21.根据权利要求20所述的方法,进一步包括:
接收指示所述驾驶员已取得对所识别的控制方面的控制的信息;
等待,直到所述车辆已离开所述至少一个区域并且所述驾驶员已交出对所识别的控制方面的控制;以及
通过所述处理器继续操纵所述车辆。
22.根据权利要求19所述的方法,进一步包括:当所述驾驶员尚未取得对所述至少一个控制方面的控制时,一旦所述车辆到达所述至少一个区域,就操纵所述车辆通过所述至少一个区域。
23.根据权利要求19所述的方法,进一步包括:
基于所述驾驶员控制所述车辆的给定控制方面来识别第一位置;
基于所述驾驶员交出对所述车辆的所述给定控制方面的控制来识别第二位置;
基于所述第一位置和所述第二位置来生成新区域;
基于所述给定控制方面为所述新区域生成新规则;以及
将所述新区域和所述新规则与所述地图信息一起存储。
24.根据权利要求23所述的方法,进一步包括将所述新区域和所述新规则传输给另一个车辆。
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