Classifications

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  • A61K38/08—Peptides having 5 to 11 amino acids
• • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
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  • A61K39/395—Antibodies; Immunoglobulins; Immune serum, e.g. antilymphocytic serum
• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
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  • C07K7/00—Peptides having 5 to 20 amino acids in a fully defined sequence; Derivatives thereof
  • C07K7/02—Linear peptides containing at least one abnormal peptide link
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  • A61K47/50—Medicinal preparations characterised by the non-active ingredients used, e.g. carriers or inert additives; Targeting or modifying agents chemically bound to the active ingredient the non-active ingredient being chemically bound to the active ingredient, e.g. polymer-drug conjugates
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  • A61K47/51—Medicinal preparations characterised by the non-active ingredients used, e.g. carriers or inert additives; Targeting or modifying agents chemically bound to the active ingredient the non-active ingredient being chemically bound to the active ingredient, e.g. polymer-drug conjugates the non-active ingredient being a modifying agent
  • A61K47/68—Medicinal preparations characterised by the non-active ingredients used, e.g. carriers or inert additives; Targeting or modifying agents chemically bound to the active ingredient the non-active ingredient being chemically bound to the active ingredient, e.g. polymer-drug conjugates the non-active ingredient being a modifying agent the modifying agent being an antibody, an immunoglobulin or a fragment thereof, e.g. an Fc-fragment
  • A61K47/6801—Drug-antibody or immunoglobulin conjugates defined by the pharmacologically or therapeutically active agent
  • A61K47/6803—Drugs conjugated to an antibody or immunoglobulin, e.g. cisplatin-antibody conjugates
  • A61K47/68031—Drugs conjugated to an antibody or immunoglobulin, e.g. cisplatin-antibody conjugates the drug being an auristatin
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  • A61K47/6811—Drugs conjugated to an antibody or immunoglobulin, e.g. cisplatin-antibody conjugates the drug being a protein or peptide, e.g. transferrin or bleomycin
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  • A61K47/6835—Medicinal preparations characterised by the non-active ingredients used, e.g. carriers or inert additives; Targeting or modifying agents chemically bound to the active ingredient the non-active ingredient being chemically bound to the active ingredient, e.g. polymer-drug conjugates the non-active ingredient being a modifying agent the modifying agent being an antibody, an immunoglobulin or a fragment thereof, e.g. an Fc-fragment the modifying agent being an antibody or an immunoglobulin bearing at least one antigen-binding site
  • A61K47/6851—Medicinal preparations characterised by the non-active ingredients used, e.g. carriers or inert additives; Targeting or modifying agents chemically bound to the active ingredient the non-active ingredient being chemically bound to the active ingredient, e.g. polymer-drug conjugates the non-active ingredient being a modifying agent the modifying agent being an antibody, an immunoglobulin or a fragment thereof, e.g. an Fc-fragment the modifying agent being an antibody or an immunoglobulin bearing at least one antigen-binding site the antibody targeting a determinant of a tumour cell
• • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
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  • A61K47/6835—Medicinal preparations characterised by the non-active ingredients used, e.g. carriers or inert additives; Targeting or modifying agents chemically bound to the active ingredient the non-active ingredient being chemically bound to the active ingredient, e.g. polymer-drug conjugates the non-active ingredient being a modifying agent the modifying agent being an antibody, an immunoglobulin or a fragment thereof, e.g. an Fc-fragment the modifying agent being an antibody or an immunoglobulin bearing at least one antigen-binding site
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• • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
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  • A61K47/6889—Conjugates wherein the antibody being the modifying agent and wherein the linker, binder or spacer confers particular properties to the conjugates, e.g. peptidic enzyme-labile linkers or acid-labile linkers, providing for an acid-labile immuno conjugate wherein the drug may be released from its antibody conjugated part in an acidic, e.g. tumoural or environment
• • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
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• • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
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• • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
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• • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
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• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
  • C07K—PEPTIDES
  • C07K16/00—Immunoglobulins [IGs], e.g. monoclonal or polyclonal antibodies
  • C07K16/18—Immunoglobulins [IGs], e.g. monoclonal or polyclonal antibodies against material from animals or humans
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• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
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  • C07K—PEPTIDES
  • C07K2317/00—Immunoglobulins specific features
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• • Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
  • Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
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• • Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
  • Y10—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC
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Definitions

• MONOMETHYLVA COMPOUNDS CAPABLE OF CONJUGATION TO LIGANDS CONTINUITY
• the present invention is directed to a Drug Compound and more particularly to Drug-Linker-Li gand Conjugates, Drug-Linker Compounds, and Drug- Ligand Conjugates, to compositions including the same, and to methods for using the same to treat cancer, an autoimmune disease or an infectious disease.
• the present invention is also directed to antibody-drug conjugates, to compositions including the same, and to methods for using the same to treat cancer, an autoimmune disease or an infectious, disease.
• the invention also relates to methods of using antibody-drug conjugate compounds for in vitro, in situ, and in vivo diagnosis or treatment of mammalian cells, or associated pathological conditions.
• a drug e.g., chemotherapeutic (anti-cancer), cytotoxic, enzyme inhibitor agents and antiviral or antimicrobial drugs
• chemotherapeutic anti-cancer
• cytotoxic enzyme inhibitor agents
• antiviral or antimicrobial drugs cytotoxic, enzyme inhibitor agents
• oral administration of drugs is considered to be a convenient and economical mode of administration, it shares the same concerns of non-specific toxicity to unaffected cells once the drug has been absorbed into the systemic circulation. Further complications involve problems with oral bioavailability and residence of drug in the gut leading to additional exposure of gut to the drug and hence risk of gut toxicities. Accordingly, a major goal has been to develop methods for specifically targeting agents to cells and tissues.
• the benefits of such treatment include avoiding the general physiological effects of inappropriate delivery of such agents to other cells and tissues, such as uninfected cells.
• Intracellular targeting may be achieved by methods, compounds and formulations which allow accumulation or retention of biologically active agents, i.e. active metabolites, inside cells.
• Monoclonal antibody therapy has been established for the targeted treatment of patients with cancer, immunological and angiogenic disorders.
• the use of antibody-drug conjugates for the local delivery of cytotoxic or cytostatic agents, e.g., drugs to kill or inhibit tumor cells in the treatment of cancer Syrigos and Epenetos (1999) Anticancer Research 19:605-614; Niculescu-Duvaz and Springer (1997) Adv. Drg. Del. Rev.
• toxins may affect their cytotoxic and cytostatic effects by mechanisms including tubulin binding, DNA binding, or topoisomerase inhibition (Meyer, D.L.
• cytotoxic drugs tend to be inactive or less active when conjugated to large antibodies or protein receptor ligands.
• ZENALIN® is an antibody- radioisotope conjugate composed of a murine IgGl kappa monoclonal antibody directed against the CD20 antigen found on the surface of normal and malignant B lymphocytes and n ⁇ In or 90 Y radioisotope bound by a thiourea linker-chelator (Wiseman et al (2000) Eur. Jour. Nucl. Med. 27(7):766-77; Wiseman et al. (2002) Blood 99(12):4336-42; Witzig et al (2002) J. Clin. Oncol.
• ZEVALIN has activity against B-cell non-Hodgkin's Lymphoma (NHL), administration results in severe and prolonged cytopenias in most patients.
• MYLOTARGTM (gemtuzumab ozogamicin, Wyeth Pharmaceuticals), an antibody drug conjugate composed of a hu CD33 antibody linked to calicheamicin, was approved in 2000 for the treatment of acute myeloid leukemia by injection (Drugs of the Future (2000) 25(7):686; U.S. Patent Nos.
• Cantuzumab mertansine an antibody drug conjugate composed of the huC242 antibody linked via the disulfide linker SPP to the maytansinoid drug moiety, DM1
• CanAg such as colon, pancreatic, gastric, and others.
• MLN-2704 (Millennium Pharm., BZL Biologies, Immunogen Inc.), ah antibody drug conjugate composed of the anti-prostate specific membrane antigen (PSMA) monoclonal antibody linked to the maytansinoid drug moiety, DM1 , is under development for the potential treatment of prostate tumors.
• PSMA anti-prostate specific membrane antigen
• DM1 maytansinoid drug moiety
• SMCC non-disulfide linker
• TA.l mouse murine monoclonal antibody
• the SMCC linker was considered therein to be "noncleavable.”
• Several short peptidic compounds have been isolated from the marine mollusc Dolabella auricularia and found to have biological activity (Pettit etal (1993) Tetrahedron 49:9151; Nakamura et al (1995) Tetrahedron Letters 36:5059-5062; Sone et al. (1995) Jour. Org Chem. 60:4474). Analogs of these compounds have also been prepared, and some were found to have biological activity (for a review, see Pettit et al. (1998) Anti-Cancer Drug Design 13:243-277). For example, auristatin E (U.S. Patent No.
• Dolastatin 10 is a synthetic analogue of the marine natural product
• Dolastatin 10 an agent that inhibits tubulin polymerization by binding to the same domain on tubulin as the anticancer drug vincristine (G. R. Pettit, (1997) Prog. Chem. Org. Nat. Prod. 70:1-79).
• Dolastatin 10, auristatin PE, and auristatin E are linear peptides having four amino acids, three of which are unique to the dolastatin class of compounds, and a C-terminal amide.
• auristatin peptides auristain E (AE) and monomethylauristatin (MMAE), synthetic analogs of dolastatin, were conjugated to: (i) chimeric monoclonal antibodies cBR96 (specific to Lewis Y on carcinomas); (ii) cACIO which is specific to CD30 on hematological malignancies (Klussman, et al. (2004), Bioconjugate Chemistry 15(4):765-773; Doronina et al. (2003) Nature Biotechnology 21(7):778-784; "Monomethylvaline Compounds Capable of Conjugation to Ligands"; Francisco et al (2003) Blood 102(4):1458-1465; U.S.
• anti-CD20 antibodies such as RITUXAN® (WO 04/032828) for the treatment of CD20-expressing cancers and immune disorders
• anti-EphB2 antibodies 2H9 and anti-IL-8 for treatment of colorectal cancer
• E- selectin antibody Bhaskar et al (2003) Cancer Res. 63:6387-6394
• other anti- CD30 antibodies WO 03/043583.
• Auristatin E conjugated to monoclonal antibodies are disclosed in Senter et al, Proceedings of the American Association for Cancer Research, Volume 45, Abstract Number 623, presented March 28, 2004.
• the ErbB family of receptor tyrosine kinases are important mediators of cell growth, differentiation and survival.
• the receptor family includes four distinct members including epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR, ErbBl, HER1), HER2 (ErbB2 or pi 85" e "), HER3 (ErbB3) and HER4 (ErbB4 or tyro2).
• a panel of anti-ErbB2 antibodies has been characterized using the human breast tumor cell line SKBR3 (Hudziak et al, (1989) Mol Cell. Biol 9(3):1165-1172. Maximum inhibition was obtained with the antibody called 4D5 which inhibited cellular proliferation by 56%. Other antibodies in the panel reduced cellular proliferation to a lesser extent in this assay. The antibody 4D5 was further found to sensitize ErbB2-overexpressing breast tumor cell lines to the cytotoxic effects of TNF- ⁇ (U.S. Patent No. 5677171).
• the anti-ErbB2 antibodies discussed in Hudziak et al. are further characterized in Fendly et al (1990) Cancer Research 50:1550-1558; Kotts et al. (1990) In vitro 26(3):59A; Sarup et al
• HERCEPTIN® Trastuzumab
• Kd 5 nM
• HER2 ErbB2
• Trastuzumab is an IgGl kappa antibody that contains human framework regions with the complementarity-determining regions of a murine antibody (4D5) that binds to HER2. Trastuzumab binds to the HER2 antigen and thus, inhibits the growth of cancerous cells. Because Trastuzumab is a humanized antibody, it minimizes any HAMA response in patients.
• the humanized antibody against HER2 is produced by a mammalian cell (Chinese Hamster Ovary, CHO) suspension culture.
• the HER2 (or c-erbB2) proto-oncogene encodes a transmembrane receptor protein of 185kDa, which is structurally related to the epidermal growth factor receptor.
• HER2 protein overexpression is observed in 25%-30% of primary breast cancers and can be determined using an immunohistochemistry based assessment of fixed tumor blocks (Press MF, et al. (1993) Cancer Res 53:4960-70.
• Trastuzumab has been shown, in both in vitro assays and in animals, to inhibit the proliferation of human tumor cells that overexpress HER2 (Hudziak RM, et al (1989) Mol Cell Biol 9: 1165-72; Lewis GD, et al (1993) Cancer Immunol Immunother; 37:255-63; Baselga J, et al (1998) Cancer Res. 58:2825-2831).
• Trastuzumab is a mediator of antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity, ADCC (Hotaling TE, et al (1996) [abstract]. Proc. Annual Meeting Am Assoc Cancer Res; 37:471 ; Pegram MD, et al (1997) [abstract].
• HERCEPTIN® as a single agent is indicated for the treatment of patients with metastatic breast cancer whose tumors overexpress the HER2 protein and who have received one or more chemotherapy regimens for their metastatic disease.
• HERCEPTIN® in combination with paclitaxel is indicated for treatment of patients with metastatic breast cancer whose tumors overexpress the HER2 protein and who have not received chemotherapy for their metastatic disease.
• HERCEPTIN® is clinically active in patients with ErbB2-overexpressing metastatic breast cancers that have received extensive prior anti-cancer therapy (Baselga et al, (1996) J. Clin. Oncol. 14:737-744).
• the murine monoclonal anti-HER2 antibody inhibits the growth of breast cancer cell lines that overexpress HER2 at the 2+ and 3+ (1-2 x 10 6 HER2 receptors per cell) level, but has no activity on cells that express lower levels of HER2 (Lewis et al, (1993) Cancer Immunol. Immunother. 37:255-263). Based on this observation, antibody 4D5 was humanized (huMAb4D5-8, rhuMAb HER2, U.S. Patent No.
• HERCEPTIN is a breakthrough in treating patients with ErbB2- overexpressing breast cancers that have received extensive prior anti-cancer therapy, some patients in this population fail to respond or respond only poorly to HERCEPTIN treatment.
• the present invention provides Drug-Linker-Ligand compounds having the Formula la:
• L- is a Ligand unit
• -A a -W w -Yy- is a Linker unit (LU)
• the Linker unit includes: -A- is a Stretcher unit, a is 0 or 1, each -W- is independently an Amino Acid unit, w is an integer ranging from 0 to 12, -Y- is a Spacer unit, and y is 0, 1 or 2; p ranges from 1 to about 20; and -D is a Drug unit having the Formulas D E and D F :
• R 2 is selected from H and C ⁇ -C 8 alkyl
• R 3 is selected from H, -Cs alkyl, C 3 -C 8 carbocycle, aryl, C ⁇ -C 8 alkylaryl, C ⁇ -C 8 alkyl-(C 3 -C 8 carbocycle), C 3 -C 8 heterocycle and C ⁇ -C 8 alkyl-(C 3 -Cs heterocycle)
• R 4 is selected from H, - alkyl, C 3 -C 8 carbocycle, aryl, -Cs alkylaryl, C ⁇ -C 8 alkyl-(C 3 -C 8 carbocycle), C 3 -C 8 heterocycle and C ⁇ -C 8 alkyl-(C 3 -C 8 heterocycle)
• R 5 is selected from H and methyl; or R 4 and R 5 jointly form a carbocyclic ring and have the formula
• R a and R b are independently selected from H, C ⁇ -C 8 alkyl and C 3 -C 8 carbocycle and n is selected from 2, 3, 4, 5 and 6;
• R 6 is selected from H and C ⁇ -C 8 alkyl;
• R 7 is selected from H, -C 8 alkyl, C 3 -C 8 carbocycle, aryl, -C 8 alkylaryl, C ⁇ -C 8 alkyl-(C 3 -C 8 carbocycle), C 3 -C 8 heterocycle and -C 8 alkyl-(C 3 -C 8 heterocycle);
• each R 8 is independently selected from H, OH, C ⁇ -C 8 alkyl, C 3 -C 8 carbocycle and O-(C ⁇ -C 8 alkyl);
• R is selected from H and -Cs alkyl;
• R 10 is selected from aryl or C 3 -C 8 heterocycle;
• Z is O, S, NH, or NR 12 , wherein R
• R 2 is selected from hydrogen and -Ci-Cs alkyl
• R 3 is selected from hydrogen, -C ⁇ -C 8 alkyl, -C 3 -C 8 carbocycle, aryl, -C ⁇ -C 8 alkyl-aryl, -C ⁇ -C 8 alkyl-(C 3 -C 8 carbocycle), -C 3 -C 8 heterocycle and -C ⁇ -C 8 alkyl-(C 3 -C 8 heterocycle)
• R 4 is selected from hydrogen, -C]-C 8 alkyl, -C 3 -C 8 carbocycle, -aryl, -Ci- C 8 alkyl-aryl, -C ⁇ -C 8 alkyl-(C 3 -C 8 carbocycle), -C 3 -C 8 heterocycle and -C ⁇ -C 8 alkyl-(C 3 - C 8 heterocycle) wherein R 5 is selected from -H and -methyl; or R
• compositions are provided including an effective amount of a Drug-Linker-Ligand Conjugate and a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier or vehicle.
• the invention provides pharmaceutical compositions comprising an effective amount of a Drug-Linker Compound and a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier or vehicle.
• the invention provides compositions comprising an effective amount of a Drug-Ligand Conjugate having a cleavable Drug unit from the Drug-Ligand Conjugate and a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier or vehicle.
• the invention provides methods for killing or inhibiting the multiplication of a tumor cell or cancer cell including administering to a patient in need thereof an effective amount of a Drug-Linker Compound.
• the invention provides methods for killing or inhibiting the multiplication of a tumor cell or cancer cell including administering to a patient in need thereof an effective amount of a Drug-Linker-Ligand Conjugate.
• the invention provides methods for killing or inhibiting the multiplication of a tumor cell or cancer cell including administering to a patient in need thereof an effective amount of a Drug-Ligand Conjugate having a cleavable Drug unit from the Drug-Ligand Conjugate.
• the invention provides methods for treating cancer including administering to a patient in need thereof an effective amount of a Drug-Linker Compound.
• the invention provides methods for treating cancer including administering to a patient in need thereof an effective amount of a Drug-Linker- Ligand Conjugate.
• the invention provides methods for treating cancer including administering to a patient in need thereof an effective amount of a Drug-Ligand Conjugate having a cleavable Drug unit from the Drug-Ligand Conjugate.
• the invention provides methods for killing or inhibiting the replication of a cell that expresses an autoimmune antibody including administering to a patient in need thereof an effective amount of a Drug-Linker Compound.
• the invention provides methods for killing or inhibiting the replication of a cell that expresses an autoimmune antibody including administering to a patient in need thereof an effective amount of a Drug-Linker-Ligand Conjugate.
• the invention provides methods for killing or inhibiting the replication of a cell that expresses an autoimmune antibody including administering to a patient in need thereof an effective amount of a Drug-Ligand Conjugate having a cleavable Drug unit from the Drug-Ligand Conjugate.
• the invention provides methods for treating an autoimmune disease including administering to a patient in need thereof an effective amount of a Drug-Linker Compound.
• the invention provides methods for treating an autoimmune disease including administering to a patient in need thereof an effective amount of a Drug-Linker-Ligand Conjugate.
• the invention provides methods for treating an autoimmune disease including administering to a patient in need thereof an effective amount of a Drug-Ligand Conjugate having a cleavable Drug unit from the Drug-Ligand Conjugate.
• the invention provides methods for treating an infectious, disease including administering to a patient in need thereof an effective amount of a Drug-Linker Compound.
• the invention provides methods for treating an infectious disease including administering to a patient in need thereof an effective amount of a Drug-Linker-Ligand Conjugate.
• the invention provides methods for treating an infectious disease including administering to a patient in need thereof an effective amount of a Drug-Ligand Conjugate having a cleavable Drug unit from the Drug-Ligand Conjugate.
• the invention provides methods for preventing the multiplication of a tumor cell or cancer cell including administering to a patient in need thereof an effective amount of a Drug-Linker Compound.
• the invention provides methods for preventing the multiplication of a tumor cell or cancer cell including administering to a patient in need thereof an effective amount of a Drug-Linker-Ligand Conjugate.
• the invention provides methods for preventing the multiplication of a tumor cell or cancer cell including administering to a patient in need thereof an effective amount of a Drug-Ligand Conjugate having a cleavable Drug unit from the Drug-Ligand Conjugate.
• the invention provides methods for preventing cancer including administering to a patient in need thereof an effective amount of a Drug- Linker Compound.
• the invention provides methods for preventing cancer including administering to a patient in need thereof an effective amount of a Drug-Linker-Ligand Conjugate.
• the invention provides methods for preventing cancer including administering to a patient in need thereof an effective amount of a
• the invention provides methods for preventing the multiplication of a cell that expresses an autoimmune antibody including administering to a patient in need thereof an effective amount of a Drug-Linker Compound. In another aspect, the invention provides methods for preventing the multiplication of a cell that expresses an autoimmune antibody including administering to a patient in need thereof an effective amount of a Drug-Linker-Ligand Conjugate.
• the invention provides methods for preventing the multiplication of a cell that expresses an autoimmune antibody including administering to a patient in need thereof an effective amount of a Drug-Ligand Conjugate having a cleavable Drug unit from the Drug-Ligand Conjugate.
• the invention provides methods for preventing an autoimmune disease including administering to a patient in need thereof an effective amount of a Drug-Linker Compound.
• the invention provides methods for preventing an autoimmune disease including administering to a patient in need thereof an effective amount of a Drug-Linker-Ligand Conjugate.
• the invention provides methods for preventing an autoimmune disease including administering to a patient in need thereof an effective amount of a Drug-Ligand Conjugate having a cleavable Drug unit from the Drug-Ligand Conjugate.
• the invention provides methods for preventing an infectious disease including administering to a patient in need thereof an effective amount of a Drug-Linker Compound.
• the invention provides methods for preventing an infectious disease including administering to a patient in need thereof an effective amount of a Drug-Linker-Ligand Conjugate.
• the invention provides methods for preventing an infectious disease including administering to a patient in need thereof an effective amount of a Drug-Ligand Conjugate having a cleavable Drug unit from the Drug-Ligand Conjugate.
• a Drug Compound is provided which can be used as an intermediate for the synthesis of a Drug-Linker Compound having a cleavable Drug unit from the Drug-Ligand Conjugate.
• a Drug-Linker Compound is provided which can be used as an intermediate for the synthesis of a Drug-Linker-Ligand Conjugate.
• compounds having having Formula la' are provided:
• Ab includes an antibody including one which binds to to CD30, CD40, CD70, and Lewis Y antigen
• A is a Stretcher unit
• a is 0 or 1
• each W is independently an Amino Acid unit
• w is an integer ranging from 0 to 12
• Y is a Spacer unit
• y is 0, 1 or 2
• p ranges from 1 to about 20
• D is a Drug unit selected from Formulas D E and Dp:
• R 2 is selected from H and -Cs alkyl
• R 3 is selected from H, -Cs alkyl, C 3 -C 8 carbocycle, aryl, C ⁇ -C 8 alkylaryl, C ⁇ -C 8 alkyl-(C 3 -C 8 carbocycle), C 3 -Cs heterocycle and -Cs alkyl-(C 3 -C 8 heterocycle)
• R 4 is selected from H, C ⁇ -C 8 alkyl, C 3 -C 8 carbocycle, aryl, C ⁇ -C 8 alkylaryl, C C 8 alkyl-(C 3 -C 8 carbocycle), C 3 -C 8 heterocycle and C ⁇ -C 8 alkyl-(C 3 -C 8 heterocycle)
• R 5 is selected from H and methyl; or R 4 and R 5 jointly form a carbocyclic ring and have the formula -(CR a R b ) contend- wherein R a and R b are independently selected from H, C C C C
• Ab is not an antibody which binds to an ErbB receptor or which binds to one or more of receptors (l)-(35): (1) BMPR1B (bone morphogenetic protein receptor-type IB, Genbank accession no. NM_001203);
• MPF MPF, MSLN, SMR, megakaryocyte potentiating factor, mesothelin, Genbank accession no. NM_005823
• Napi3b (NAPI-3B, NPTIIb, SLC34A2, solute carrier family 34 (sodium phosphate), member 2, type II sodium-dependent phosphate transporter 3b, Genbank accession no. NM_006424);
• Sema 5b (FLJ 10372, KIAA1445, Mm.42015, SEMA5B, SEMAG, Semaphorin 5b Hlog, sema domain, seven thrombospondin repeats (type 1 and type 1- like), transmembrane domain (TM) and short cytoplasmic domain, (semaphorin) 5B, Genbank accession no. AB040878); (8) PSCA hlg (2700050C12Rik, C530008Ol6Rik, RIKEN cDNA 2700050C12, RIKEN cDNA 2700050C12 gene, Genbank accession no. AY358628);
• ETBR Endothelin type B receptor, Genbank accession no. AY275463
• MSG783 hypothetical protein FLJ20315, Genbank accession no. NM_017763
• STEAP2 (HGNC_8639, IPCA-1, PCANAP1 , STAMP1, STEAP2, STMP, prostate cancer associated gene 1, prostate cancer associated protein 1, six transmembrane epithelial antigen of prostate 2, six transmembrane prostate protein, Genbank accession no. AF455138);
• TrpM4 (BR22450, FLJ20041, TRPM4, TRPM4B, transient receptor potential cation channel, subfamily M, member 4, Genbank accession no. NM_017636);
• CRIPTO CR, CR1, CRGF, CRIPTO, TDGF1, teratocarcinoma- derived growth factor, Genbank accession no. NP_003203 or NM_003212
• CD21 CR2 (Complement receptor 2) or C3DR (C3d/Epstein Ban- virus receptor) or Hs.73792, Genbank accession no. M26004);
• CD79b (IGb (immunoglobulin-associated beta), B29, Genbank accession no. NM_000626);
• FcRH2 (IFGP4, IRTA4, SPAP1 A (SH2 domain containing phosphatase anchor protein la), SPAP1B, SPAPIC, Genbank accession no.
• HER2 (Genbank accession no. Ml 1730);
• NCA Genbank accession no. Ml 8728
• MDP Genebank accession no. BC017023
• IL20R ⁇ Genebank accession no. AF184971
• PSCA Genbank accession no. AJ297436
• GEDA Genebank accession no. AY260763
• BAFF-R Genebank accession no. NP_443177.1
• CD22 Genebank accession no. NP-001762.1
• CD79a (CD79A, CD79 ⁇ , immunoglobulin-associated alpha, a B cell- specific protein that covalently interacts with Ig beta (CD79B) and forms a complex on the surface with Ig M molecules, transduces a signal involved in B-cell differentiation, Genbank accession No. NP_001774.1);
• CXCR5 (Burkitt's lymphoma receptor 1, a G protein-coupled receptor that is activated by the CXCL13 chemokine, functions in lymphocyte migration and humoral defense, plays a role in HIV-2 infection and perhaps development of AIDS, lymphoma, myeloma, and leukemia, Genbank accession No. NP_001707.1);
• HLA-DOB Beta subunit of MHC class II molecule (la antigen) that binds peptides and presents them to CD4+ T lymphocytes, Genbank accession No.
• P2X5 Purinergic receptor P2X ligand-gated ion channel 5, an ion channel gated by extracellular ATP, may be involved in synaptic transmission and neurogenesis, deficiency may contribute to the pathophysiology of idiopathic detrusor instability, Genbank accession No. NP_002552.2);
• CD72 B-cell differentiation antigen CD72, Lyb-2, Genbank accession No. NP_001773.1
• LY64 Lymphocyte antigen 64 (RP105), type I membrane protein of the leucine rich repeat (LRR) family, regulates B-cell activation and apoptosis, loss of function is associated with increased disease activity in patients with systemic lupus erythematosis, Genbank accession No. NP_005573.1); (34) FCRH1 (Fc receptor-like protein 1 , a putative receptor for the immunoglobulin Fc domain that contains C2 type Ig-like and IT AM domains, may have a role in B-lymphocyte differentiation, Genbank accession No.
• RP105 Lymphocyte antigen 64
• LRR leucine rich repeat
• the invention provides pharmaceutical compositions comprising an effective amount of a Drug-Linker- Antibody Conjugate and a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier or vehicle.
• compositions comprising an effective amount of a Drug- Antibody Conjugate having a cleavable Drug unit (moiety) from the Drag-Antibody Conjugate and a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier or vehicle.
• the invention provides methods for killing or inhibiting the multiplication of a tumor cell or cancer cell including administering to a patient in need thereof an effective amount of a Drug-Linker-Antibody Conjugate.
• the invention provides methods for killing or inhibiting the multiplication of a tumor cell or cancer cell including administering to a patient in need thereof an effective amount of a Drug- Antibody Conjugate having a cleavable Drug unit from the Drug- Antibody Conjugate.
• the invention provides methods for treating cancer including administering to a patient in need thereof an effective amount of a Drug-Linker- Antibody Conjugate.
• the invention provides methods for treating cancer including administering to a patient in need thereof an effective amount of a Drug- Antibody Conjugate having a cleavable Drug unit from the Drug- Antibody Conjugate.
• the invention provides methods for killing or inhibiting the replication of a cell that expresses an autoimmune antibody including administering to a patient in need thereof an effective amount of a Drug-Linker- Antibody Conjugate.
• the invention provides methods for killing or inhibiting the replication of a cell that expresses an autoimmune antibody including administering to a patient in need thereof an effective amount of a Drug- Antibody Conjugate having a cleavable Drug unit from the Drug-Antibody Conjugate.
• the invention provides methods for treating an autoimmune disease including administering to a patient in need thereof an effective amount of a Drug-Linker- Antibody Conjugate. In yet another aspect, the invention provides methods for treating an autoimmune disease including administering to a patient in need thereof an effective amount of a Drag-Antibody Conjugate having a cleavable Drug unit from the Drug- Antibody Conjugate. In still another aspect, the invention provides methods for treating an infectious disease including administering to a patient in need thereof an effective amount of a Drug-Linker- Antibody Conjugate.
• the invention provides methods for treating an infectious disease including administering to a patient in need thereof an effective amount of a Drug-Antibody Conjugate having a cleavable Drug unit from the Drug-Antibody Conjugate.
• the invention provides methods for preventing the multiplication of a tumor cell or cancer cell including administering to a patient in need thereof an effective amount of a Drag-Linker-Antibody Conjugate.
• the invention provides methods for preventing the multiplication of a tumor cell or cancer cell including administering to a patient in need thereof an effective amount of a Drag- Antibody Conjugate having a cleavable Drag unit from the Drag-Antibody Conjugate.
• the invention provides methods for preventing cancer including administering to a patient in need thereof an effective amount of a Drag-Linker-Antibody Conjugate. In yet another aspect, the invention provides methods for preventing cancer including administering to a patient in need thereof an effective amount of a Drag-Antibody Conjugate having a cleavable Drug unit from the Drug-Antibody Conjugate. In another aspect, the invention provides methods for preventing the multiplication of a cell that expresses an autoimmune antibody including administering to a patient in need thereof an effective amount of a Drag-Linker- Antibody Conjugate.
• the invention provides methods for preventing the multiplication of a cell that expresses an autoimmune antibody including administering to a patient in need thereof an effective amount of a Drug- Antibody Conjugate having a cleavable Drug unit from the Drug- Antibody Conjugate.
• the invention provides methods for preventing an autoimmune disease including administering to a patient in need thereof an effective amount of a Drag-Linker-Antibody Conjugate.
• the invention provides methods for preventing an autoimmune disease including administering to a patient in need thereof an effective amount of a Drag-Antibody Conjugate having a cleavable Drug unit from the Drug- Antibody Conjugate.
• the invention provides methods for preventing an infectious disease including administering to a patient in need thereof an effective amount of a Drag-Linker-Antibody Conjugate. In still another aspect, the invention provides methods for preventing an infectious disease including administering to a patient in need thereof an effective amount of a Drag- Antibody Conjugate having a cleavable Drug unit from the Drag- Antibody
• a Drug Compound is provided which can be used as an intermediate for the synthesis of a Drug-Linker Compound having a cleavable Drug unit from the Drug-Antibody Conjugate.
• a Drug-Linker Compound is provided which can be used as an intermediate for the synthesis of a Drag-Linker- Antibody Conjugate-
• the present invention provides Drug-Linker-Antibody
• Ab is an antibody which binds to one or more of the antigens (l)-(35): (1) BMPR1B (bone morphogenetic protein receptor-type IB, Genbank accession no. NM_001203); (2) E16 (LAT1, SLC7A5, Genbank accession no. NM_003486); (3) STEAP1 (six transmembrane epithelial antigen of prostate, Genbank accession no. NM_012449); (4) 0772P (CA125, MUC16, Genbank accession no.
• BMPR1B bone morphogenetic protein receptor-type IB, Genbank accession no. NM_001203
• E16 LAT1, SLC7A5, Genbank accession no. NM_003486
• STEAP1 ix transmembrane epithelial antigen of prostate, Genbank accession no. NM_012449
• 0772P CA125, MUC16, Genbank accession no.
• MPF MPF
• MSLN MSLN
• SMR megakaryocyte potentiating factor
• mesothelin Genbank accession no. NM_005823
• Napi3b NAPI-3B, NPTIIb, SLC34A2, solute carrier family 34 (sodium phosphate), member 2, type II sodium-dependent phosphate transporter 3b, Genbank accession no.
• Sema 5b (FLJ10372, KIAA1445, Mm.42015, SEMA5B, SEMAG, Semaphorin 5b Hlog, sema domain, seven thrombospondin repeats (type 1 and type 1- like), transmembrane domain (TM) and short cytoplasmic domain, (semaphorin) 5B, Genbank accession no. AB040878); (8) PSCA hlg (2700050C12Rik, C530008O16Rik, RIKEN cDNA 2700050C12, RIKEN cDNA 2700050C12 gene, Genbank accession no.
• AY358628 (9) ETBR (Endothelin type B receptor, Genbank accession no. AY275463); (10) MSG783 (RNF124, hypothetical protein FLJ20315, Genbank accession no. NM_017763); (11) STEAP2 (HGNC_8639, IPCA-l , PCANAP1, STAMP1 , STEAP2, STMP, prostate cancer associated gene 1, prostate cancer associated protein 1, six transmembrane epithelial antigen of prostate 2, six transmembrane prostate protein, Genbank accession no. AF455138); (12) TrpM4 (BR22450, FLJ20041, TRPM4, TRPM4B, transient receptor potential cation channel, subfamily M, member 4, Genbank accession no.
• TrpM4 (BR22450, FLJ20041, TRPM4, TRPM4B, transient receptor potential cation channel, subfamily M, member 4, Genbank accession no.
• CRIPTO CR, CR1, CRGF, CRIPTO, TDGF1, teratocarcinoma- derived growth factor, Genbank accession no. NP_003203 or NM_003212
• CD21 CR2 (Complement receptor 2) or C3DR (C3d/Epstein Ban virus receptor) or Hs.73792, Genbank accession no. M26004
• CD79b IGb (immunoglobulin-associated beta), B29, Genbank accession no. NM_000626)
• FcRH2 IFGP4, IRTA4, SPAP1A (SH2 domain containing phosphatase anchor protein la), SPAP1B, SPAP1C, Genbank accession no.
• HER2 (Genbank accession no. Ml 1730); (18) NCA (Genbank accession no. M18728); (19) MDP (Genbank accession no. BC017023); (20) -L20R ⁇ (Genbank accession no. AF184971); (21) Brevican (Genbank accession no. AF229053); (22) E ⁇ hb2R (Genbank accession no. NM_004442); (23) ASLG659 (Genbank accession no. AX092328); (24) PSCA (Genbank accession no. AJ297436); (25) GEDA (Genbank accession no. AY260763); (26) BAFF-R (Genbank accession no.
• CD22 Genbank accession no. NP-001762.1
• CD79a CD79A, CD79 ⁇ , immunoglobulin-associated alpha, a B cell-specific protein that covalently interacts with Ig beta (CD79B) and forms a complex on the surface with Ig M molecules, transduces a signal involved in B-cell differentiation, Genbank accession No.
• CXCR5 Burkitt's lymphoma receptor 1 , a G protein-coupled receptor that is activated by the CXCL13 chemokine, functions in lymphocyte migration and humoral defense, plays a role in HIN-2 infection and perhaps development of AIDS, lymphoma, myeloma, and leukemia, Genbank accession No. NPJ301707.1);
• HLA-DOB Beta subunit of MHC class II molecule (la antigen) that binds peptides and presents them to CD4+ T lymphocytes, Genbank accession No.
• NP_0Q2111.1 31) P2X5 (Purinergic receptor P2X ligand-gated ion channel 5, an ion channel gated by extracellular ATP, may be involved in synaptic transmission and neurogenesis, deficiency may contribute to the pathophysiology of idiopathic detrusor instability, Genbank accession No. NP_002552.2); (32) CD72 (B-cell differentiation antigen CD72, Lyb-2, Genbank accession No.
• NP_001773.1 (33) LY64 (Lymphocyte antigen 64 (RP105), type I membrane protein of the leucine rich repeat (LRR) family, regulates B-cell activation and apoptosis, loss of function is associated with increased disease activity in patients with systemic lupus erythematosis, Genbank accession No. NP_005573.1); (34) FCRH1 (Fc receptor-like protein 1, a putative receptor for the immunoglobulin Fc domain that contains C2 type Ig-like and IT AM domains, may have a role in B-lymphocyte differentiation, Genbank accession No.
• RP105 Lymphocyte antigen 64
• LRR leucine rich repeat
• NP_443170.1 or (35) IRTA2 (Immunoglobulin superfamily receptor translocation associated 2, a putative immunoreceptor with possible roles in B cell development and lymphomagenesis; deregulation of the gene by translocation occurs in some B cell malignancies, Genbank accession No. NP_112571.1);
• A is a Stretcher unit, a is 0 or 1, each W is independently an Amino Acid unit, w is an integer ranging from 0 to 12, Y is a Spacer unit, and y is 0, 1 or 2, p ranges from 1 to about 20, and D is a Drug moiety selected from Formulas D E and Dp:
• R is selected from H and Ci-Cs alkyl
• R 3 is selected from H, -Cs alkyl, C 3 -C 8 carbocycle, aryl, -Cs alkylaryl, C ⁇ -C 8 alkyl-(C 3 -C 8 carbocycle), C 3 -C 8 heterocycle and C C 8 alkyl-(C 3 -Cs heterocycle)
• R 4 is selected from H, Q-Cs alkyl, C 3 -Cs carbocycle, aryl, -Cs alkylaryl, Ci-Cs alkyl-(C 3 -C8 carbocycle), C 3 -Cs heterocycle and -C 8 alkyl-(C 3 -C 8 heterocycle)
• R 5 is selected from H and methyl; or R 4 and R 5 jointly form a carbocyclic ring and have the formula -(CR a R b
• the antibody of the antibody-drug conjugate (ADC) of the invention specifically binds to a receptor encoded by an ErbB2 gene.
• the antibody of the antibody-drag conjugate is a humanized antibody selected from huMAb4D5-l, huMAb4D5-2, huMAb4D5-3, huMAb4D5-4, huMAb4D5-5, huMAb4D5-6, huMAb4D5-7 and huMAb4D5-8 (Trastuzumab).
• the invention includes an article of manufacture comprising an antibody-drug conjugate compound of the invention; a container; and a package insert or label indicating that the compound can be used to treat cancer characterized by the overexpression of an ErbB2 receptor.
• the invention includes a method for the treatment of cancer in a mammal, wherein the cancer is characterized by the overexpression of an ErbB2 receptor and does not respond, or responds poorly, to treatment with an anti-ErbB2 antibody, comprising administering to the mammal a therapeutically effective amount of an antibody-drag conjugate compound of the invention.
• a substantial amount of the drug moiety is not cleaved from the antibody until the antibody-drug conjugate compound enters a cell with a cell- surface receptor specific for the antibody of the antibody-drug conjugate, and the drag moiety is cleaved from the antibody when the antibody-drag conjugate does enter the cell.
• the bioavailability of the antibody-drug conjugate compound or an intracellular metabolite of the compound in a mammal is improved when compared to a drag compound comprising the drug moiety of the antibody-drag conjugate compound, or when compared to an analog of the compound not having the drug moiety.
• the drug moiety is intracellularly cleaved in a mammal from the antibody of the compound, or an intracellular metabolite of the compound.
• the invention includes a pharmaceutical composition comprising an effective amount of the antibody-drug conjugate compound of the invention, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, and a pharmaceutically acceptable diluent, carrier or excipient.
• the composition may further comprise a therapeutically effective amount of chemotherapeutic agent such as a tubulin-forming inhibitor, a topoisomerase inhibitor, and a DNA binder.
• the invention includes a method for killing or inhibiting the proliferation of tumor cells or cancer cells comprising treating tumor cells or cancer cells with an amount of the antibody-drug conjugate compound of the invention, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or solvate thereof, being effective to kill or inhibit the proliferation of the tumor cells or cancer cells.
• the invention includes a method of inhibiting cellular proliferation comprising exposing mammalian cells in a cell culture medium to an antibody drug conjugate compound of the invention, wherein the antibody drug conjugate compound enters the cells and the drug is cleaved from the remainder of the antibody drug conjugate compound; whereby proliferation of the cells is inhibited.
• the invention includes a method of treating cancer comprising administering to a patient a formulation of an antibody-drag conjugate compound of the invention and a pharmaceutically acceptable diluent, carrier or excipient.
• the invention includes an assay for detecting cancer cells comprising: (a) exposing cells to an antibody-drug conjugate compound of the invention; and
• Figure 1 shows an in vivo, single dose, efficacy assay of c AC 10- mcMMAF in subcutaneous Karpas-299 ALCL xenografts.
• Figure 2 shows an in vivo, single dose, efficacy assay of cAClO- mcMMAF in subcutaneous L540cy.
• Figures 3a and 3b show in vivo efficacy of cBR96-mcMMAF in subcutaneous L2987.
• the filed triangles in Figure 3a and arrows in Figure 3b indicate the days of therapy.
• Figures 4a and 4b show in vitro activity ⁇ /cAOO-antibody-drug conjugates against CD30 + cell lines.
• Figures 5a and 5b show in vitro activity of cBR96-antibody-drag conjugates against Le y+ cell lines.
• Figures 6a and 6b show in vitro activity of clF6-antibody-drug conjugates against CD70 + renal cell carcinoma cell lines.
• Figure 7 shows an in vitro, cell proliferation assay with SK-BR-3 cells treated with antibody drug conjugates (ADC): -•- Trastuzumab-MC-vc-PAB-MMAF, 3.8 MMAF/Ab, -o- Trastuzumab-MC-MMAF, 4.1 MMAF/Ab, and - ⁇ - Trastuzu ab- MC-MMAF, 4.8 MMAF/Ab, measured in Relative Fluorescence Units (RLU) versus ⁇ g/ml concentration of ADC.
• H Trastuzumab where H is linked via a cysteine [cys].
• Figure 8 shows an in vitro, cell proliferation assay with BT-474 cells treated with ADC: -•- Trastuzumab-MC-vc-PAB-MMAF, 3.8 MMAF/Ab, -o- Trastuzumab-MC-MMAF, 4.1 MMAF/Ab, and - ⁇ - Trastuzumab-MC-MMAF, 4.8 MMAF/Ab.
• Figure 9 shows an in vitro, cell proliferation assay with MCF-7 cells treated with ADC: -•- Trastuzumab-MC-vc-PAB-MMAF, 3.8 MMAF/Ab, -o- Trastuzumab-MC-(N-Me)vc-PAB-MMAF, 3.9 MMAF/Ab, and - ⁇ - Trastuzumab-MC- MMAF, 4.1 MMAF/Ab.
• Figure 10 shows an in vitro, cell proliferation assay with MDA-MB-468 cells treated with ADC: -•- Trastuzumab-MC-vc-PAB-MMAE, 4.1 MMAE/Ab, -o- Trastuzumab-MC-vc-PAB-MMAE, 3.3 MMAE/Ab, and - ⁇ - Trastuzumab-MC-vc-PAB- MMAF, 3.7 MMAF/Ab.
• Figure 11 shows a plasma concentration clearance study after administration of H-MC-vc-PAB-MMAF-TEG and H-MC-vc-PAB-MMAF to Sprague- Dawley rats: The administered dose was 2 mg of ADC per kg of rat.
• H Trastuzumab
• Figure 13 shows the mean tumor volume change over time in athymic nude mice with MMTV-HER2 Fo5 Mammary tumor allografts dosed on Day 0 with: Vehicle, Trastuzumab-MC-vc-PAB-MMAE (1250 ⁇ g/m 2 ) and Trastuzumab-MC-vc- PAB-MMAF (555 ⁇ g/m 2 ).
• H Trastuzumab).
• Figure 14 shows the mean tumor volume change over time in athymic nude mice with MMTV-HER2 Fo5 Mammary tumor allografts dosed on Day 0 with 10 mg/kg (660 ⁇ g/m 2 ) of Trastuzumab-MC-MMAE and 1250 ⁇ g/m 2 Trastuzumab-MC-vc- PAB-MMAE.
• Figure 15 shows the mean tumor volume change over time in athymic nude mice with MMTN-HER2 Fo5 Mammary tumor allografts dosed on Day 0 with Vehicle and 650 ⁇ g/m 2 trastuzumab-MC-MMAF.
• Figure 16 shows the mean tumor volume change over time in athymic nude mice with MMTV-HER2 Fo5 Mammary tumor allografts dosed on Day 0 with Vehicle and 350 ⁇ g/m 2 of four trastuzumab-MC-MMAF conjugates where the MMAF/trastuzumab (H) ratio is 2, 4, 5.9 and 6.
• Figure 17 shows the Group mean change, with error bars, in animal (rat) body weights (Mean ⁇ SD) after administration of Vehicle, trastuzumab-MC-val-cit- MMAF, trastuzumab-MC(Me)-val-cit-PAB-MMAF, trastuzumab-MC-MMAF and trastuzumab-MC-val-cit-PAB-MMAF.
• Figure 18 shows the Group mean change in animal (rat) body weights (Mean ⁇ SD) after administration of 9.94 mg/kg H-MC-vc-MMAF, 24.90 mg/kg H-MC- vc-MMAF, 10.69 mg/kg H-MC(Me)-vc-PAB-MMAF, 26.78 mg/kg H-MC(Me)-vc-PAB- MMAF, 10.17 mg/kg H-MC-MMAF, 25.50 mg/kg H-MC-MMAF, and 21.85 mg/kg H- MC-vc-PAB-MMAF.
• H trastuzumab.
• the MC linker is attached via a cysteine of trastuzumab for each conjugate.
• Figure 19 shows the Group mean change, with error bars, in Sprague
• Dawley rat body weights (Mean ⁇ SD) after administration of trastuzumab (H)-MC- MMAF at doses of 2105, 3158, and 4210 ⁇ g m 2 .
• the MC linker is attached via a cysteine of trastuzumab for each conjugate.
• an antibody typically has a Y-shaped protein consisting of four amino acid chains, two heavy and two light. Each antibody has primarily two regions: a variable region and a constant region.
• the variable region located on the ends of the arms of the Y, binds to and interacts with the target antigen.
• This variable region includes a complementary determining region (CDR) that recognizes and binds to a specific binding site on a particular antigen.
• CDR complementary determining region
• the constant region located on the tail of the Y, is recognized by and interacts with the immune system (Janeway, C, Travers, P., Walport, M., Shlomchik (2001) Immuno Biology, 5th Ed., Garland Publishing, New York).
• a target antigen generally has numerous binding sites, also called epitopes, recognized by CDRs on multiple antibodies. Each antibody that specifically binds to a different epitope has a different structure. Thus, one antigen may have more than one corresponding antibody.
• the term "antibody” as used herein, also refers to a full-length immunoglobulin molecule or an immunologically active portion of a full-length immunoglobulin molecule, i.e., a molecule that contains an antigen binding site that immunospecifically binds an antigen of a target of interest or part thereof, such targets including but not limited to, cancer cell or cells that produce autoimmune antibodies associated with an autoimmune disease.
• the immunoglobulin disclosed herein can be of any type (e.g., IgG, IgE, IgM, IgD, and IgA), class (e.g., IgGl, IgG2, IgG3, IgG4, IgAl and IgA2) or subclass of immunoglobulin molecule.
• the immunoglobulins can be derived from any species. In one aspect, however, the immunoglobulin is of human, murine, or rabbit origin.
• the antibodies are polyclonal, monoclonal, bispecific, human, humanized or chimeric antibodies, single chain antibodies, Fv, Fab fragments, F(ab') fragments, F(ab') 2 fragments, fragments produced by a Fab expression library, anti-idiotypic (anti-Id) antibodies, CDR's, and epitope-binding fragments of any of the above which immunospecifically bind to cancer cell antigens, viral antigens or microbial antigens.
• monoclonal antibody refers to an antibody obtained from a population of substantially homogeneous antibodies, i.e., the individual antibodies comprising the population are identical except for possible naturally-occurring mutations that may be present in minor amounts. Monoclonal antibodies are highly specific, being directed against a single antigenic site. Furthermore, in contrast to polyclonal antibody preparations which include different antibodies directed against different determinants (epitopes), each monoclonal antibody is directed against a single determinant on the antigen. In addition to their specificity, the monoclonal antibodies are advantageous in that they may be synthesized uncontaminated by other antibodies.
• the modifier "monoclonal” indicates the character of the antibody as being obtained from a substantially homogeneous population of antibodies, and is not to be construed as requiring production of the antibody by any particular method.
• the monoclonal antibodies to be used in accordance with the present invention may be made by the hybridoma method first described by Kohler et al. (1975) Nature 256:495, or may be made by recombinant DNA methods (see, U.S. Patent No. 4816567).
• monoclonal antibodies may also be isolated from phage antibody libraries using the techniques described in Clackson et al (1991) Nature, 352:624-628 and Marks et al (1991) J. Mol Biol, 222:581-597, for example.
• the monoclonal antibodies herein specifically include "chimeric" antibodies in which a portion of the heavy and/or light chain is identical with or homologous to corresponding sequences in antibodies derived from a particular species or belonging to a particular antibody class or subclass, while the remainder of the chain(s) is identical with or homologous to corresponding sequences in antibodies derived from another species or belonging to another antibody class or subclass, as well as fragments of such antibodies, so long as they exhibit the desired biological activity (U.S.
• MAbs monoclonal antibodies
• Hybridoma technology which refers to a cloned cell line that produces a single type of antibody, uses the cells of various species, including mice (murine), hamsters, rats, and humans.
• Another method to prepare MAbs uses genetic engineering including recombinant DNA techniques.
• Monoclonal antibodies made from these techniques include, among others, chimeric antibodies and humanized antibodies.
• a chimeric antibody combines DNA encoding regions from more than one type of species.
• a chimeric antibody may derive the variable region from a mouse and the constant region from a human.
• a humanized antibody comes predominantly from a human, even though it contains nonhuman portions.
• a humanized antibody may contain a completely human constant region.
• the variable region may be partially derived from a human.
• the nonhuman, synthetic portions of a humanized antibody often come from CDRs in murine antibodies. In any event, these regions are crucial to allow the antibody to recognize and bind to a specific antigen.
• murine antibodies can be used. While useful for diagnostics and short-term therapies, murine antibodies cannot be administered to people long-term without increasing the risk of a deleterious immunogenic response.
• HAMA Human Anti-Mouse Antibody
• a HAMA response can cause toxic shock or even death.
• Chimeric and humanized antibodies reduce the likelihood of a HAMA response by minimizing the nonhuman portions of administered antibodies.
• chimeric and humanized antibodies have the additional benefit of activating secondary human immune responses, such as antibody dependent cellular cytotoxicity.
• Antibody fragments comprise a portion of an intact antibody, preferably comprising the antigen-binding or variable region thereof. Examples of antibody fragments include Fab, Fab', F(ab') 2 , and Fv fragments; diabodies; linear antibodies; single-chain antibody molecules; and multispecific antibodies formed from antibody fragment(s).
• an “intact” antibody is one which comprises an antigen-binding variable region as well as a light chain constant domain (CL) and heavy chain constant domains, CHI, CH2 and CH3.
• the constant domains may be native sequence constant domains (e.g., human native sequence constant domains) or amino acid sequence variant thereof.
• the intact antibody may have one or more "effector functions" which refer to those biological activities attributable to the Fc region (a native sequence Fc region or amino acid sequence variant Fc region) of an antibody. Examples of antibody effector functions include Clq binding; complement dependent cytotoxicity; Fc receptor binding; antibody-dependent cell-mediated cytotoxicity (ADCC); phagocytosis; down regulation of cell surface receptors (e.g., B cell receptor; BCR), etc.
• intact antibodies can be assigned to different "classes.” There are five major classes of intact antibodies: IgA, IgD, IgE, IgG, and IgM, and several of these may be further divided into “subclasses” (isotypes), e.g., IgGl, IgG2, IgG3, IgG4, IgA, and IgA2.
• the heavy-chain constant domains that conespond to the different classes of antibodies are called ⁇ , ⁇ , ⁇ , ⁇ , and ⁇ , respectively.
• the subunit structures and three- dimensional configurations of different classes of immunoglobulins are well known.
• ErbB2 and "HER2” are used interchangeably herein and refer to human HER2 protein described, for example, in Semba et al, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA, 82:6497-6501 (1985) and Yamamoto et al, (1986) Nature, 319:230-234 (Genebank accession number X03363).
• the term “erbB2” refers to the gene encoding human ErbB2 and "neu” refers to the gene encoding rat pl85neu.
• Preferred ErbB2 is native sequence human ErbB2.
• Antibodies to ErbB receptors are available commercially from a number of sources, including, for example, Santa Cruz Biotechnology, Inc., California, USA.
• ErbB ligand is meant a polypeptide which binds to and/or activates an ErbB receptor.
• the ErbB ligand may be a native sequence human ErbB ligand such as epidermal growth factor (EGF) (Savage et al. (1972) J. Biol. Chem., 247:7612-7621); transforming growth factor alpha (TGF- ⁇ ) (Marquardt et al. (1984) Science 223: 1079- 1082); amphiregulin also known as schwanoma or keratinocyte autocrine growth factor (Shoyab et al.
• EGF epidermal growth factor
• TGF- ⁇ transforming growth factor alpha
• amphiregulin also known as schwanoma or keratinocyte autocrine growth factor
• ErbB ligands which bind EGFR include EGF, TGF- ⁇ , amphiregulin, betacellulin, HB-EGF and epiregulin.
• ErbB ligands which bind ErbB3 include heregulins.
• ErbB ligands capable of binding ErbB4 include betacellulin, epiregulin, HB-EGF, NRG-2, NRG-3, NRG-4 and heregulins.
• the ErbB ligand may also be a synthetic ErbB ligand.
• the synthetic ligand may be specific for a particular ErbB receptor, or may recognize particular ErbB receptor complexes.
• a synthetic ligand is the synthetic heregulin/EGF chimera biregulin (see, for example, Jones et al, (1999) FEBS Letters, 447:227-231, which is incorporated by reference).
• "Heregulin” (HRG) refers to a polypeptide encoded by the heregulin gene product as disclosed in U.S. Patent No. 5641869 or Marchionni et al, Nature, 362:312- 318 (1993).
• heregulins include heregulin- ⁇ , heregulin- ⁇ l , heregulin- ⁇ 2 and heregulin- ⁇ 3 (Holmes et al, Science, 256:1205-1210 (1992); and U.S. Patent Nno.
• NDF neu differentiation factor
• ARIA acetylcholine receptor-inducing activity
• GGFs glial growth factors
• SMDF sensory and motor neuron derived factor
• the term includes biologically active fragments and/or amino acid sequence variants of a native sequence HRG polypeptide, such as an EGF-like domain fragment thereof (e.g., HRG ⁇ l 177-244 ).
• "ErbB hetero-oligomer” is a noncovalently associated oligomer comprising at least two different ErbB receptors.
• An "ErbB dimer” is a noncovalently associated oligomer that comprises two different ErbB receptors. Such complexes may form when a cell expressing two or more ErbB receptors is exposed to an ErbB ligand.
• ErbB oligomers such as ErbB dimers
• ErbB dimers can be isolated by immunoprecipitation and analyzed by SDS-PAGE as described in Sliwkowski et al, J. Biol Chem., 269(20): 14661-14665 (1994), for example.
• ErbB hetero-oligomers include EGFR-ErbB2 (also refened to as HER1/HER2), ErbB2-ErbB3 (HER2 HER3) and ErbB3-ErbB4 (HER3/HER4) complexes.
• the ErbB hetero-oligomer may comprise two or more ErbB2 receptors combined with a different ErbB receptor, such as ErbB3, ErbB4 or EGFR (ErbBl).
• a "native sequence” polypeptide is one which has the same amino acid sequence as a polypeptide, e.g., tumor-associated antigen receptor, derived from nature. Such native sequence polypeptides can be isolated from nature or can be produced by recombinant or synthetic means. Thus, a native sequence polypeptide can have the amino acid sequence of naturally-occurring human polypeptide, murine polypeptide, or polypeptide from any other mammalian species.
• amino acid sequence variant refers to polypeptides having amino acid sequences that differ to some extent from a native sequence polypeptide.
• amino acid sequence variants will possess at least about 70% homology with at least one receptor binding domain of a native ligand, or with at least one ligand binding domain of a native receptor, such as a tumor-associated antigen, and preferably, they will be at least about 80%, more preferably, at least about 90% homologous with such receptor or ligand binding domains.
• the amino acid sequence variants possess substitutions, deletions, and/or insertions at certain positions within the amino acid sequence of the native amino acid sequence.
• Sequence identity is defined as the percentage of residues in the amino acid sequence variant that are identical after aligning the sequences and introducing gaps, if necessary, to achieve the maximum percent sequence identity. Methods and computer programs for the alignment are well known in the art.
• Antibody-dependent cell-mediated cytotoxicity and “ADCC” refer to a cell-mediated reaction in which nonspecific cytotoxic cells that express Fc receptors (FcRs) (e.g., Natural Killer (NK) cells, neutrophils, and macrophages) recognize bound antibody on a target cell and subsequently cause lysis of the target cell.
• FcRs Fc receptors
• ADCC activity of a molecule of interest may be assessed in vitro, such as that described in U.S. Patent No. 5500362 or 5821337.
• Useful effector cells for such assays include peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) and Natural Killer (NK) cells.
• PBMC peripheral blood mononuclear cells
• NK Natural Killer
• ADCC activity of the molecule of interest may be assessed in vivo, e.g., in a animal model such as that disclosed in Clynes et al, Prco. Natl. Acad. Sci.
• Fc receptor or “FcR” are used to describe a receptor that binds to the Fc region of an antibody.
• the prefened FcR is a native sequence human FcR.
• a preferred FcR is one which binds an IgG antibody (a gamma receptor) and includes receptors of the Fc ⁇ RI, Fc ⁇ RII, and Fc ⁇ RIH subclasses, including allelic variants and alternatively spliced forms of these receptors.
• Fc ⁇ RII receptors include Fc ⁇ RIIA (an “activating receptor”) and Fc ⁇ RIIB (an “inhibiting receptor”), which have similar amino acid sequences that differ primarily in the cytoplasmic domains thereof.
• Activating receptor Fc ⁇ RIIA contains an immunoreceptor tyrosine-based activation motif (IT AM) in its cytoplasmic domain.
• Inhibiting receptor Fc ⁇ RIIB contains an immunoreceptor tyrosine-based inhibition motif (ITIM) in its cytoplasmic domain.
• ITIM immunoreceptor tyrosine-based inhibition motif
• FcR neonatal receptor
• “Complement dependent cytotoxicity” or “CDC” refers to the ability of a molecule to lyse a target in the presence of complement.
• the complement activation pathway is initiated by the binding of the first component of the complement system (CI q) to a molecule (e.g., an antibody) complexed with a cognate antigen.
• a CDC assay e.g., as described in Gazzano-Santoro et al, J. Immunol. Methods, 202:163 (1996), may be performed.
• the term “variable” refers to the fact that certain portions of the variable domains differ extensively in sequence among antibodies and are used in the binding and specificity of each particular antibody for its particular antigen.
• variable domains of antibodies differ in three segments called hypervariable regions both in the light chain and the heavy chain variable domains.
• the more highly conserved portions of variable domains are called the framework regions (FRs).
• the variable domains of native heavy and light chains each comprise four FRs, largely adopting a ⁇ -sheet configuration, connected by three hypervariable regions, which form loops connecting, and in some cases forming part of, the ⁇ -sheet structure.
• the hypervariable regions in each chain are held together in close proximity by the FRs and, with the hypervariable regions from the other chain, contribute to the formation of the antigen-binding site of antibodies (see Kabat et al (1991) Sequences of Proteins of Immunological Interest, 5th Ed.
• variable domains are not involved directly in binding an antibody to an antigen, but exhibit various effector functions, such as participation of the antibody in antibody dependent cellular cytotoxicity (ADCC).
• ADCC antibody dependent cellular cytotoxicity
• hypervariable region refers to the amino acid residues of an antibody which are responsible for antigen-binding.
• the hypervariable region generally comprises amino acid residues from a "complementarity determining region" or "CDR" (e.g., residues 24-34 (LI), 50-56 (L2) and 89-97 (L3) in the light chain variable domain and 31-35 (HI), 50-65 (H2) and 95-102 (H3) in the heavy chain variable domain; Kabat et al supra) and/or those residues from a "hypervariable loop” (e.g., residues 26-32 (LI), 50-52 (L2) and 91-96 (L3) in the light chain variable domain and 26- 32 (HI), 53-55 (H2) and 96-101 (H3) in the heavy chain variable domain; Chothia and Lesk (1987) J. Mol.
• CDR complementarity determining region
• "Framework Region” or "FR” residues are those variable domain residues other than the hypervariable region residues as herein defined. Papain digestion of antibodies produces two identical antigen-binding fragments, called “Fab” fragments, each with a single antigen-binding site, and a residual "Fc” fragment, whose name reflects its ability to crystallize readily. Pepsin treatment yields an F(ab') 2 fragment that has two antigen-binding sites and is still capable of cross- linking antigen.
• Fv is the minimum antibody fragment which contains a complete antigen- recognition and antigen-binding site. This region consists of a dimer of one heavy chain and one light chain variable domain in tight, non-covalent association.
• variable domain interacts to define an antigen-binding site on the surface of the VH-VL dimer.
• the six hypervariable regions confer antigen-binding specificity to the antibody.
• a single variable domain or half of an Fv comprising only three hypervariable regions specific for an antigen
• the Fab fragment also contains the constant domain of the light chain and the first constant domain (CHI) of the heavy chain.
• Fab' fragments differ from Fab fragments by the addition of a few residues at the carboxy terminus of the heavy chain CHI domain including one or more cysteines from the antibody hinge region.
• Fab'-SH is the designation herein for Fab' in which the cysteine residue(s) of the constant domains bear at least one free thiol group.
• F(ab') 2 antibody fragments originally were produced as pairs of Fab' fragments which have hinge cysteines between them. Other chemical couplings of antibody fragments are also known.
• the "light chains" of antibodies from any vertebrate species can be assigned to one of two clearly distinct types, called kappa (K) and lambda ( ⁇ ), based on the amino acid sequences of their constant domains.
• K kappa
• ⁇ lambda
• the Fv polypeptide further comprises a polypeptide linker between the VH and VL domains which enables the scFv to form the desired structure for antigen binding.
• a polypeptide linker between the VH and VL domains which enables the scFv to form the desired structure for antigen binding.
• humanized antibodies are human immunoglobulins (recipient antibody) in which residues from a hypervariable region of the recipient are replaced by residues from a hypervariable region of a non-human species (donor antibody) such as mouse, rat, rabbit or nonhuman primate having the desired specificity, affinity, and capacity.
• donor antibody such as mouse, rat, rabbit or nonhuman primate having the desired specificity, affinity, and capacity.
• framework region (FR) residues of the human immunoglobulin are replaced by corresponding non-human residues.
• humanized antibodies may comprise residues that are not found in the recipient antibody or in the donor antibody. These modifications are made to further refine antibody performance.
• the humanized antibody will comprise substantially all of at least one, and typically two, variable domains, in which all or substantially all of the hypervariable loops conespond to those of a non-human immunoglobulin and all or substantially all of the FRs are those of a human immunoglobulin sequence.
• the humanized antibody optionally also will comprise at least a portion of an immunoglobulin constant region (Fc), typically that of a human immunoglobulin.
• Fc immunoglobulin constant region
• Humanized anti-ErbB2 antibodies include huMAb4D5-l , huMAb4D5-2, huMAb4D5-3, huMAb4D5-4, huMAb4D5-5, huMAb4D5-6, huMAb4D5-7 and huMAb4D5-8 (HERCEPTIN®) as described in Table 3 of U.S. Patent No. 5821337 expressly incorporated herein by reference; humanized 520C9 (WO 93/21319) and humanized 2C4 antibodies as described herein below.
• An "isolated" antibody is one which has been identified and separated and/or recovered from a component of its natural environment.
• Contaminant components of its natural environment are materials which would interfere with diagnostic or therapeutic uses for the antibody, and may include enzymes, hormones, and other proteinaceous or nonproteinaceous solutes.
• the antibody will be purified (1) to greater than 95% by weight of antibody as determined by the Lowry method, and most preferably more than 99% by weight, (2) to a degree sufficient to obtain at least 15 residues of N-terminal or internal amino acid sequence by use of a spinning cup sequenator, or (3) to homogeneity by SDS-PAGE under reducing or nonreducing conditions using Coomassie blue or, preferably, silver stain.
• Isolated antibody includes the antibody in situ within recombinant cells since at least one component of the antibody's natural environment will not be present.
• an antibody "which binds" an antigen of interest is one capable of binding that antigen with sufficient affinity such that the antibody is useful in targeting a cell expressing the antigen.
• An antibody which "induces apoptosis” is one which induces programmed cell death as determined by binding of annexin V, fragmentation of DNA, cell shrinkage, dilation of endoplasmic reticulum, cell fragmentation, and/or formation of membrane vesicles (called apoptotic bodies).
• the cell is a tumor cell, e.g., a breast, ovarian, stomach, endometrial, salivary gland, lung, kidney, colon, thyroid, pancreatic or bladder cell.
• phosphatidyl serine (PS) translocation can be measured by annexin binding; DNA fragmentation can be evaluated through DNA laddering; and nuclear/chromatin condensation along with DNA fragmentation can be evaluated by any increase in hypodiploid cells.
• PS phosphatidyl serine
• a "disorder" is any condition that would benefit from treatment of the present invention. This includes chronic and acute disorders or diseases including those pathological conditions which predispose the mammal to the disorder in question.
• Non- limiting examples of disorders to be treated herein include benign and malignant tumors; leukemia and lymphoid malignancies, in particular breast, ovarian, stomach, endometrial, salivary gland, lung, kidney, colon, thyroid, pancreatic, prostate or bladder cancer; neuronal, glial, astrocytal, hypothalamic and other glandular, macrophagal, epithelial, stromal and blastocoelic disorders; and inflammatory, angiogenic and immunologic disorders.
• the term "therapeutically effective amount” refers to an amount of a drug effective to treat a disease or disorder in a mammal.
• the therapeutically effective amount of the drug may reduce the number of cancer cells; reduce the tumor size; inhibit (i.e., slow to some extent and preferably stop) cancer cell infiltration into peripheral organs; inhibit (i.e., slow to some extent and preferably stop) tumor metastasis; inhibit, to some extent, tumor growth; and/or relieve to some extent one or more of the symptoms associated with the cancer.
• the drug may prevent growth and/or kill existing cancer cells, it may be cytostatic and/or cytotoxic.
• efficacy can, for example, be measured by assessing the time to disease progression (TTP) and/or determining the response rate (RR).
• TTP time to disease progression
• RR response rate
• Intracellular metabolite refers to a compound resulting from a metabolic process or reaction inside a cell on an antibody drug conjugate (ADC).
• the metabolic process or reaction may be an enzymatic process such as proteolytic cleavage of a peptide linker of the ADC, or hydrolysis of a functional group such as a hydrazone, ester, or amide.
• Intracellular metabolites include, but are not limited to, antibodies and free drag which have undergone intracellular cleavage after entry, diffusion, uptake or transport into a cell.
• intracellularly cleaved and “intracellular cleavage” refer to a metabolic process or reaction inside a cell on an Drug-Ligand Conjugate, a Drug-Linker- Ligand Conjugate, an an antibody drug conjugate (ADC) or the like whereby the covalent attachment, e.g., the linker, between the drug moiety (D) and the antibody (Ab) is broken, resulting in the free drug dissociated from the antibody inside the cell.
• ADC antibody drug conjugate
• the cleaved moieties of the Drug-Ligand Conjugate, a Drug-Linker-Ligand Conjugate or ADC are thus intracellular metabolites.
• bioavailability refers to the systemic availability (i.e., blood/plasma levels) of a given amount of drug administered to a patient. Bioavailability is an absolute term that indicates measurement of both the time (rate) and total amount (extent) of drug that reaches the general circulation from an administered dosage form.
• cytotoxic activity refers to a cell-killing, cytostatic or anti- proliferation effect of an antibody drug conjugate compound or an intracellular metabolite of an antibody drug conjugate compound. Cytotoxic activity may be expressed as the IC 5 0 value which is the concentration (molar or mass) per unit volume at which half the cells survive.
• cancer and “cancerous” refer to or describe the physiological condition in mammals that is typically characterized by unregulated cell growth.
• tumor comprises one or more cancerous cells.
• cancer include, but are not limited to, carcinoma, lymphoma, blastoma, sarcoma, and leukemia or lymphoid malignancies. More particular examples of such cancers include squamous cell cancer (e.g., epithelial squamous cell cancer), lung cancer including small-cell lung cancer, non- small cell lung cancer ("NSCLC”), adenocarcinoma of the lung and squamous carcinoma of the lung, cancer of the peritoneum, hepatocellular cancer, gastric or stomach cancer including gastrointestinal cancer, pancreatic cancer, glioblastoma, cervical cancer, ovarian cancer, liver cancer, bladder cancer, hepatoma, breast cancer, colon cancer, rectal cancer, colorectal cancer, endometrial or uterine carcinoma, salivary gland carcinoma, kidney or renal cancer, prostate cancer, vulval cancer, thyroid cancer, hepatic carcinoma, anal carcinoma, penile carcinoma, as well as head and
• An "ErbB2-expressing cancer” is one which produces sufficient levels of ErbB2 at the surface of cells thereof, such that an anti-ErbB2 antibody can bind thereto and have a therapeutic effect with respect to the cancer.
• a cancer "characterized by excessive activation" of an ErbB2 receptor is one in which the extent of ErbB2 receptor activation in cancer cells significantly exceeds the level of activation of that receptor in non-cancerous cells of the same tissue type. Such excessive activation may result from overexpression of the ErbB2 receptor and/or greater than normal levels of an ErbB2 ligand available for activating the ErbB2 receptor in the cancer cells. Such excessive activation may cause and/or be caused by the malignant state of a cancer cell.
• the cancer will be subjected to a diagnostic or prognostic assay to determine whether amplification and/or overexpression of an ErbB2 receptor is occurring which results in such excessive activation of the ErbB2 receptor.
• the cancer may be subjected to a diagnostic or prognostic assay to determine whether amplification and/or overexpression an ErbB2 ligand is occuning in the cancer which attributes to excessive activation of the receptor. In a subset of such cancers, excessive activation of the receptor may result from an autocrine stimulatory pathway.
• a cancer which "overexpresses" an ErbB2 receptor is one which has significantly higher levels of an ErbB2 receptor at the cell surface thereof, compared to a noncancerous cell of the same tissue type.
• Such overexpression may be caused by gene amplification or by increased transcription or translation.
• ErbB2 receptor overexpression may be determined in a diagnostic or prognostic assay by evaluating increased levels of the ErbB2 protein present on the surface of a cell (e.g., via an immunohistochemistry assay; MC).
• FISH fluorescent in situ hybridization
• PCR polymerase chain reaction
• Overexpression of the ErbB2 ligand may be determined diagnostically by evaluating levels of the ligand (or nucleic acid encoding it) in the patient, e.g., in a tumor biopsy or by various diagnostic assays such as the IHC, FISH, southern blotting, PCR or in vivo assays described above.
• shed antigen e.g., ErbB2 extracellular domain
• a biological fluid such as serum
• serum see, e.g., U.S. Patent No. 4933294; WO 91/05264; U.S. Patent No. 5401638; and Sias et al, (1990) /. Immunol. Methods, 132: 73-80.
• various other in vivo assays are available to the skilled practitioner.
• a detectable label e.g., a radioactive isotope
• ErbB2 receptor is one which, in a diagnostic assay, does not express higher than normal levels of ErbB2 receptor compared to a noncancerous cell of the same tissue type.
• cytotoxic agent refers to a substance that inhibits or prevents the function of cells and/or causes destruction of cells.
• radioactive isotopes e.g., 21 'At, 131 1, 125 1, 90 Y, 185 Re, 188 Re, 153 Sm, 2I2 Bi, 32 P, ⁇ 0 C, and radioactive isotopes of Lu
• chemotherapeutic agents e.g., 21 'At, 131 1, 125 1, 90 Y, 185 Re, 188 Re, 153 Sm, 2I2 Bi, 32 P, ⁇ 0 C
• chemotherapeutic agents e.g., 21 'At, 131 1, 125 1, 90 Y, 185 Re, 188 Re, 153 Sm, 2I2 Bi, 32 P, ⁇ 0 C, and radioactive isotopes of Lu
• chemotherapeutic agent is a chemical compound useful in the treatment of cancer.
• chemotherapeutic agents include alkylating agents such as thiotepa and CYTOXAN® cyclosphosphamide; alkyl sulfonates such as busulfan, improsulfan and piposulfan; aziridines such as benzodopa, carboquone, meturedopa, and uredopa; ethylenimines and methylamelamines including altretamine, triethylenemelamine, trietylenephosphoramide, triethiylenethiophosphoramide and trimethylolomelamine; TLK 286 (TELCYTATM); acetogenins (especially bullatacin and bullatacinone); delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol (dronabinol, MARINOL®); beta- lapachone; lapachol; colchicines; betulinic acid; a camptothecin (including the synthetic analogue topotecan (HYCAMTIN®), CPT-11
• calicheamicin especially calicheamicin gammall and calicheamicin omegall (see, e.g., Agnew, Chem Intl. Ed. Engl, 33: 183-186 (1994)) and anthracyclines such as annamycin, AD 32, alcarubicin, daunorubicin, dexrazoxane, DX- 52-1 , epirubicin, GPX-100, idarabicin, KRN5500, menogaril, dynemicin, including dynemicin A, an esperamicin, neocarzinostatin chromophore and related chromoprotein enediyne antiobiotic chromophores, aclacinomysins, actinomycin, authramycin, azaserine, bleomycins, cactinomycin, carabicin, carminomycin, carzinophilin, chromomycinis,
• anti-hormonal agents that act to regulate or inhibit hormone action on tumors
• SERMs selective estrogen receptor modulators
• tamoxifen including NOLVADEX® tamoxifen
• raloxifene including NOLVADEX® tamoxifen
• droloxifene 4-hydroxytamoxifen
• trioxifene keoxifene
• LY117018 onapristone
• aromatase inhibitors that inhibit the enzyme aromatase, which regulates estrogen production in the adrenal glands, such as, for example, 4(5)-imidazoles, aminoglutethimide, MEGASE® megestrol acetate, AROMASIN® exemestane, formestanie, fadrozole, RIVISOR® vorozole, FEMARA® letrozole, and AR-QvIIDEX® anastrozole
• anti-androgens such as flutamide
• EGFR-targeted drag refers to a therapeutic agent that binds to EGFR and, optionally, inhibits EGFR activation.
• agents include antibodies and small molecules that bind to EGFR.
• antibodies which bind to EGFR include MAb 579 (ATCC CRL HB 8506), MAb 455 (ATCC CRL HB8507), MAb 225 (ATCC CRL 8508), MAb 528 (ATCC CRL 8509) (see, U.S.
• Patent No. 4943533 Mendelsohn et al. and variants thereof, such as chimerized 225 (C225 or Cetuximab; ERBITUX®) and reshaped human 225 (H225) (see, WO 96/40210, Imclone Systems Inc.); antibodies that bind type II mutant EGFR (U.S. Patent No. 5,212,290); humanized and chimeric antibodies that bind EGFR as described in U.S. Patent No. 5891996; and human antibodies that bind EGFR, such as ABX-EGF (see WO 98/50433, Abgenix).
• the anti-EGFR antibody may be conjugated with a cyotoxic agent, thus generating an immunoconjugate (see, e.g., EP 659.439A2, Merck Patent GmbH).
• a cyotoxic agent such as a cyotoxic agent, thus generating an immunoconjugate.
• small molecules that bind to EGFR include ZD1839 or Gefitinib
• a "tyrosine kinase inhibitor” is a molecule which inhibits to some extent tyrosine kinase activity of a tyrosine kinase such as an ErbB receptor.
• inhibitors include the EGFR-targeted drugs noted in the preceding paragraph as well as quinazolines such as PD 153035,4-(3-chloroanilino) quinazoline, pyridopyrimidines, pyrimidopyrimidines, pynolopyrimidines, such as CGP 59326, CGP 60261 and CGP 62706, and pyrazolopyrimidines, 4-(phenylamino)-7H-pyrrolo[2,3-d] pyrimidines, curcumin (diferuloyl methane, 4,5-bis (4-fluoroanilino)phthalimide), ty ⁇ hostines containing nitrothiophene moieties; PD-0183805 (Warner-Lambert); antisense molecules (e.g., those that bind to ErbB-encoding nucleic acid); quinoxalines (U.S.
• quinazolines such as PD 153035,4-(
• An "anti-angiogenic agent” refers to a compound which blocks, or interferes with to some degree, the development of blood vessels.
• the anti-angiogenic factor may, for instance, be a small molecule or antibody that binds to a growth factor of growth factor receptor involved in promoting angiogenesis.
• the anti- angiogenic factor is an antibody that binds to Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor (VEGF).
• VEGF Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor
• cytokine is a generic term for proteins released by one cell population which act on another cell as intercellular mediators. Examples of such cytokines are lymphokines, monokines, and traditional polypeptide hormones.
• cytokines include growth hormone such as human growth hormone, N-methionyl human growth hormone, and bovine growth hormone; parathyroid hormone; thyroxine; insulin; proinsulin; relaxin; prorelaxin; glycoprotein hormones such as follicle stimulating hormone (FSH), thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH), and luteinizing hormone (LH); hepatic growth factor; fibroblast growth factor; prolactin; placental lactogen; tumor necrosis factor- ⁇ and - ⁇ ; mullerian-inhibiting substance; mouse gonadotropin-associated peptide; inhibin; activin; vascular endothelial growth factor; integrin; thrombopoietin (TPO); nerve growth factors such as NGF- ⁇ ; platelet-growth factor; transforming growth factors (TGFs) such as TGF- ⁇ and TGF- ⁇ ; insulin-like growth factor-I and -II; erythropoietin (EPO); osteoinductive factors; interferrin receptor
• cytokine includes proteins from natural sources or from recombinant cell culture and biologically active equivalents of the native sequence cytokines.
• prodrug refers to a precursor or derivative form of a pharmaceutically active substance that is less cytotoxic to tumor cells compared to the parent drug and is capable of being enzymatically or hydrolytically activated or converted into the more active parent form. See, e.g., Wilman, "Prodrags in Cancer Chemotherapy” Biochemical Society Transactions, 14, pp.
• the prodrugs of this invention include, but are not limited to, phosphate- containing prodrugs, thiophosphate-containing prodrags, sulfate-containing prodrags, peptide-containing prodrugs, D-amino acid-modified prodrugs, glycosylated prodrags, ⁇ - lactam-containing prodrugs, optionally substituted phenoxyacetamide-containing prodrugs or optionally substituted phenylacetamide-containing prodrags, 5-fluorocytosine and other 5-fluorouridine prodrugs which can be converted into the more active cytotoxic free drug.
• a "liposome” is a small vesicle composed of various types of lipids, phospholipids and/or surfactant which is useful for delivery of a drag (such as including the anti-CD30, CD40, CD70 or Lewis Y antibodies and, optionally, a chemotherapeutic agent) to a mammal.
• the components of the liposome are commonly arranged in a bilayer formation, similar to the lipid arrangement of biological membranes.
• the term "package insert” is used to refer to instructions customarily included in commercial packages of therapeutic products, that contain information about the indications, usage, dosage, administration, contraindications and/or warnings concerning the use of such therapeutic products.
• An "isolated" nucleic acid molecule is a nucleic acid molecule that is identified and separated from at least one contaminant nucleic acid molecule with which it is ordinarily associated in the natural source of the antibody nucleic acid.
• An isolated nucleic acid molecule is other than in the form or setting in which it is found in nature. Isolated nucleic acid molecules therefore are distinguished from the nucleic acid molecule as it exists in natural cells.
• an isolated nucleic acid molecule includes a nucleic acid molecule contained in cells that ordinarily express the antibody where, for example, the nucleic acid molecule is in a chromosomal location different from that of natural cells.
• control sequences refers to DNA sequences necessary for the expression of an operably linked coding sequence in a particular host organism.
• the control sequences that are suitable for prokaryotes include a promoter, optionally an operator sequence, and a ribosome binding site.
• Eukaryotic cells are known to utilize promoters, polyadenylation signals, and enhancers.
• a nucleic acid is "operably linked" when it is placed into a functional relationship with another nucleic acid sequence.
• DNA for a presequence or secretory leader is operably linked to DNA for a polypeptide if it is expressed as a preprotein that participates in the secretion of the polypeptide; a promoter or enhancer is operably linked to a coding sequence if it affects the transcription of the sequence; or a ribosome binding site is operably linked to a coding sequence if it is positioned so as to facilitate translation.
• "operably linked" means that the DNA sequences being linked are contiguous, and, in the case of a secretory leader, contiguous and in reading phase. However, enhancers do not have to be contiguous. Linking can be accomplished by ligation at convenient restriction sites.
• the synthetic oligonucleotide adaptors or linkers can be used in accordance with conventional practice.
• the expressions "cell,” “cell line,” and “cell culture” are used interchangeably and all such designations include progeny.
• transformants and transformed cells include the primary subject cell and cultures derived therefrom without regard for the number of transfers. It is also understood that all progeny may not be precisely identical in DNA content, due to deliberate or inadvertent mutations. Mutant progeny that have the same function or biological activity as screened for in the originally transformed cell are included. Where distinct designations are intended, it will be clear from the context.
• An "autoimmune disease” herein is a disease or disorder arising from and directed against an individual's own tissues or a co-segregate or manifestation thereof or resulting condition therefrom.
• autoimmune diseases or disorders include, but are not limited to arthritis (rheumatoid arthritis, juvenile rheumatoid arthritis, osteoarthritis, psoriatic arthritis, and ankylosing spondylitis), psoriasis, dermatitis including atopic dermatitis; chronic idiopathic urticaria, including chronic autoimmune urticaria, polymyositis/dermatomyositis, toxic epidermal necrolysis, systemic scleroderma and sclerosis, responses associated with inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) (Crohn's disease, ulcerative colitis), and IBD with co-segregate of pyoderma gangrenosum, erythema nodosum, primary sclerosing cholangitis, and/or episcleritis), respiratory distress syndrome, including adult respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS), meningitis, IgE-mediated diseases such as anaphylaxis and allergic rhinitis
• Diamond Blackfan anemia immune hemolytic anemia including autoimmune hemolytic anemia (AIHA), pernicious anemia, pure red cell aplasia (PRCA), Factor VIII deficiency, hemophilia A, autoimmune neutropenia, pancytopenia, leukopenia, diseases involving leukocyte diapedesis, CNS inflammatory disorders, multiple organ injury syndrome, myasthenia gravis, antigen-antibody complex mediated diseases, anti-glomeralar basement membrane disease, anti-phospholipid antibody syndrome, allergic neuritis, Bechet disease, Castleman's syndrome, Goodpasture's Syndrome, Lambert-Eaton Myasthenic Syndrome, Reynaud's syndrome, Sjorgen's syndrome, Stevens-Johnson syndrome, solid organ transplant rejection (including pretreatment for high panel reactive antibody titers, IgA deposit in tissues, and rejection arising from renal transplantation, liver transplantation, intestinal transplantation, cardiac transplantation, etc.), graft versus host disease (GVHD), pemphigoid bull
• Alkyl is -Ci8 hydrocarbon containing normal, secondary, tertiary or cyclic carbon atoms. Examples are methyl (Me, -CH3), ethyl (Et, -CH2CH3), 1-propyl (n-Pr, n-propyl, -CH2CH2CH3), 2-propyl (i-Pr, i-propyl, -CH(CH3) 2 ), 1-butyl (n-Bu, n- butyl, -CH2CH2CH2CH3), 2-methyl-l-propyl (i-Bu, i-butyl, -CH2CH(CH3) 2 ), 2-butyl (s-Bu, s-butyl, -CH(CH3)CH2CH3), 2-methyl-2-propyl (t-Bu, t-butyl, -C(CH3)3), 1- pentyl (n-pentyl, -CH2CH2CH2CH3), 2-p
• Alkynyl is C2-C18 hydrocarbon containing normal, secondary, tertiary or cyclic carbon atoms with at least one site of unsaturation, i.e. a carbon-carbon, sp triple bond.
• alkylene refers to a saturated, branched or straight chain or cyclic hydrocarbon radical of 1-18 carbon atoms, and having two monovalent radical centers derived by the removal of two hydrogen atoms from the same or two different carbon atoms of a parent alkane.
• Typical alkylene radicals include, but are not limited to: methylene (-CH 2 -) 1,2-ethyl (-CH 2 CH 2 -), 1 ,3-propyl (-CH 2 CH 2 CH 2 -), 1,4-butyl (-CH 2 CH 2 CH 2 CH 2 -), and the like.
• Alkenylene refers to an unsaturated, branched or straight chain or cyclic hydrocarbon radical of 2-18 carbon atoms, and having two monovalent radical centers derived by the removal of two hydrogen atoms from the same or two different carbon atoms of a parent alkene.
• Alkynylene refers to an unsaturated, branched or straight chain or cyclic hydrocarbon radical of 2-18 carbon atoms, and having two monovalent radical centers derived by the removal of two hydrogen atoms from the same or two different carbon atoms of a parent alkyne.
• Typical alkynylene radicals include, but are not limited to: acetylene (-C ⁇ C-), propargyl (-CH 2 C ⁇ C-), and 4-pentynyl (-CH 2 CH 2 CH 2 C ⁇ CH-).
• Aryl means a monovalent aromatic hydrocarbon radical of 6-20 carbon atoms derived by the removal of one hydrogen atom from a single carbon atom of a parent aromatic ring system. Some aryl groups are represented in the exemplary structures as "Ar”. Typical aryl groups include, but are not limited to, radicals derived from benzene, substituted benzene, naphthalene, anthracene, biphenyl, and the like.
• Arylalkyl refers to an acyclic alkyl radical in which one of the hydrogen atoms bonded to a carbon atom, typically a terminal or sp 3 carbon atom, is replaced with an aryl radical.
• Typical arylalkyl groups include, but are not limited to, benzyl, 2- phenylethan-1-yl, 2-phenylethen-l-yl, naphthylmethyl, 2-naphthylethan-l-yl, 2- naphthylethen-1-yl, naphthobenzyl, 2-naphthophenylethan-l-yl and the like.
• the arylalkyl group comprises 6 to 20 carbon atoms, e.g., the alkyl moiety, including alkanyl, alkenyl or alkynyl groups, of the arylalkyl group is 1 to 6 carbon atoms and the aryl moiety is 5 to 14 carbon atoms.
• “Heteroarylalkyl” refers to an acyclic alkyl radical in which one of the hydrogen atoms bonded to a carbon atom, typically a terminal or sp 3 carbon atom, is replaced with a heteroaryl radical.
• Typical heteroarylalkyl groups include, but are not limited to, 2-benzimidazolylmethyl, 2-furylethyl, and the like.
• the heteroarylalkyl group comprises 6 to 20 carbon atoms, e.g., the alkyl moiety, including alkanyl, alkenyl or alkynyl groups, of the heteroarylalkyl group is 1 to 6 carbon atoms and the heteroaryl moiety is 5 to 14 carbon atoms and 1 to 3 heteroatoms selected from N, O, P, and S.
• the heteroaryl moiety of the heteroarylalkyl group may be a monocycle having 3 to 7 ring members (2 to 6 carbon atoms or a bicycle having 7 to 10 ring members (4 to 9 carbon atoms and 1 to 3 heteroatoms selected from N, O, P, and S), for example: a bicyclo [4,5], [5,5], [5,6], or [6,6] system.
• "Substituted alkyl”, “substituted aryl”, and “substituted arylalkyl” mean alkyl, aryl, and arylalkyl respectively, in which one or more hydrogen atoms are each independently replaced with a substituent.
• Heteroaryl and Heterocycle refer to a ring system in which one or more ring atoms is a heteroatom, e.g., nitrogen, oxygen, and sulfur.
• the heterocycle radical comprises 1 to 20 carbon atoms and 1 to 3 heteroatoms selected from N, O, P, and S.
• a heterocycle may be a monocycle having 3 to 7 ring members (2 to 6 carbon atoms and 1 to 3 heteroatoms selected from N, O, P, and S) or a bicycle having 7 to 10 ring members (4 to 9 carbon atoms and 1 to 3 heteroatoms selected from N, O, P, and S), for example: a bicyclo [4,5], [5,5], [5,6], or [6,6] system.
• Heterocycles are described in Paquette, Leo A.; "Principles of Modern Heterocyclic Chemistry" (W.A.
• heterocycles include by way of example and not limitation pyridyl, dihydroypyridyl, tetrahydropyridyl (piperidyl), thiazolyl, tetrahydrothiophenyl, sulfur oxidized tetrahydrothiophenyl, pyrimidinyl, furanyl, thienyl, pyrrolyl, pyrazolyl, imidazolyl, tetrazolyl, benzofuranyl, thianaphthalenyl, indolyl, indolenyl, quinolinyl, isoquinolinyl, benzimidazolyl, piperidinyl, 4-piperidonyl, pynolidinyl, 2-pynolidonyl, pyrrolinyl, tetrahydrofuranyl, bis-tetrahydrofuranyl, tetrahydropyranyl, bis- tetrahydropyranyl, bis
• carbon bonded heterocycles are bonded at position 2, 3, 4, 5, or 6 of a pyridine, position 3, 4, 5, or 6 of a pyridazine, position 2, 4, 5, or 6 of a pyrimidine, position 2, 3, 5, or 6 of a pyrazine, position 2, 3, 4, or 5 of a furan, tetrahydrofuran, thiofuran, thiophene, pyrrole or tetrahydropyrrole, position 2, 4, or 5 of an oxazole, imidazole or thiazole, position 3, 4, or 5 of an isoxazole, pyrazole, or isothiazole, position 2 or 3 of an aziridine, position 2, 3, or 4 of an azetidine, position 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, or 8 of a quinoline or position 1 , 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, or 8 of an isoquinoline.
• carbon bonded heterocycles include 2-pyridyl, 3- pyridyl, 4-pyridyl, 5-pyridyl, 6-pyridyl, 3-pyridazinyl, 4-pyridazinyl, 5-pyridazinyl, 6- pyridazinyl, 2-pyrimidinyl, 4-pyrimidinyl, 5-pyrimidinyl, 6-pyrimidinyl, 2-pyrazinyl, 3- pyrazinyl, 5-pyrazinyl, 6-pyrazinyl, 2-thiazolyl, 4-thiazolyl, or 5-thiazolyl.
• nitrogen bonded heterocycles are bonded at position 1 of an aziridine, azetidine, pyrrole, pynolidine, 2-pyrroline, 3- pyrroline, imidazole, imidazolidine, 2-imidazoline, 3-imidazoline, pyrazole, pyrazoline, 2-pyrazoline, 3-pyrazoline, piperidine, piperazine, indole, indoline, lH-indazole, position
• nitrogen bonded heterocycles include 1-aziridyl, 1- azetedyl, 1-pyrrolyl, 1-imidazolyl, 1-pyrazolyl, and 1-piperidinyl.
• Carbocycle means a saturated or unsaturated ring having 3 to 7 carbon atoms as a monocycle or 7 to 12 carbon atoms as a bicycle.
• Monocyclic carbocycles have
• Bicyclic carbocycles have 7 to 12 ring atoms, e.g., arranged as a bicyclo [4,5], [5,5], [5,6] or [6,6] system, or 9 or 10 ring atoms arranged as a bicyclo [5,6] or [6,6] system.
• Examples of monocyclic carbocycles include cyclopropyl, cyclobutyl, cyclopentyl, 1-cyclopent-l-enyl, l-cyclopent-2-enyl, 1- cyclopent-3-enyl, cyclohexyl, 1-cyclohex-l-enyl, 1 -cyclohex-2-enyl, l-cyclohex-3-enyl, cycloheptyl, and cyclooctyl.
• “Linker”, “Linker Unit”, or “link” means a chemical moiety comprising a covalent bond or a chain of atoms that covalently attaches an antibody to a drug moiety.
• a linker is specified as LU.
• Linkers include a divalent radical such as an alkyldiyl, an aryldiyl, a heteroaryldiyl, moieties such as: -(CR 2 ) n O(CR ) n -, repeating units of alkyloxy (e.g., polyethylenoxy, PEG, polymethyleneoxy) and alkylamino (e.g., polyethyleneamino, JeffamineTM); and diacid ester and amides including succinate, succinamide, diglycolate, malonate, and caproamide.
• chiral refers to molecules which have the property of non- superimposability of the mirror image partner, while the term “achiral” refers to molecules which are superimposable on their mirror image partner.
• stereoisomers refers to compounds which have identical chemical constitution, but differ with regard to the arrangement of the atoms or groups in space.
• Diastereomer refers to a stereoisomer with two or more centers of chirality and whose molecules are not minor images of one another. Diastereomers have different physical properties, e.g., melting points, boiling points, spectral properties, and reactivities. Mixtures of diastereomers may separate under high resolution analytical procedures such as electrophoresis and chromatography.
• Enantiomers refer to two stereoisomers of a compound which are non- superimposable minor images of one another. Stereochemical definitions and conventions used herein generally follow S. P. Parker, Ed., McGraw-Hill Dictionary of Chemical Terms (1984) McGraw-Hill Book Company, New York; and Eliel, E. and Wilen, S., Stereochemistry of Organic Compounds (1994) John Wiley & Sons, Inc., New York. Many organic compounds exist in optically active forms, i.e., they have the ability to rotate the plane of plane-polarized light. In describing an optically active compound, the prefixes D and L, or R and S, are used to denote the absolute configuration of the molecule about its chiral center(s).
• d and 1 or (+) and (-) are employed to designate the sign of rotation of plane- polarized light by the compound, with (-) or 1 meaning that the compound is levorotatory.
• a compound prefixed with (+) or d is dextrorotatory.
• these stereoisomers are identical except that they are mirror images of one another.
• a specific stereoisomer may also be refened to as an enantiomer, and a mixture of such isomers is often called an enantiomeric mixture.
• a 50:50 mixture of enantiomers is refened to as a racemic mixture or a racemate, which may occur where there has been no stereoselection or stereospecificity in a chemical reaction or process.
• racemic mixture and “racemate” refer to an equimolar mixture of two enantiomeric species, devoid of optical activity.
• a “patient” include, but are not limited to, a human, rat, mouse, guinea pig, monkey, pig, goat, cow, horse, dog, cat, bird and fowl.
• the patient is a human.
• Aryl refers to a carbocyclic aromatic group. Examples of aryl groups include, but are not limited to, phenyl, naphthyl and anthracenyl.
• a carbocyclic aromatic group or a heterocyclic aromatic group can be unsubstituted or substituted with one or more groups including, but not limited to, -C ⁇ -C 8 alkyl, -O-(C ⁇ -C 8 alkyl), -aryl, -C(O)R', -OC(O)R ⁇ -C(O)OR', -C(O)NH 2 , -C(O)NHR', -C(O)N(R') 2 -NHC(O)R', -S(O) 2 R', - S(O)R', -OH, -halogen, -N 3 , -NH 2 , -NH(R'), -N(R') 2 and -CN; wherein each R' is independently selected from H, -C ⁇ -C 8 alkyl and aryl.
• C ⁇ -C 8 alkyl refers to a straight chain or branched, saturated or unsaturated hydrocarbon having from 1 to 8 carbon atoms.
• Representative "Q-Cs alkyl” groups include, but are not limited to, -methyl, -ethyl, - n-propyl, -n-butyl, -n-pentyl, -n-hexyl, -n-heptyl, -n-octyl, -n-nonyl and -n-decyl; while branched d- alkyls include, but are not limited to, -isopropyl, --.ec-butyl, -isobutyl, - tert-butyl, -isopentyl, 2-methylbutyl, unsaturated C ⁇ -C 8 alkyls include, but are not limited to, -vinyl, -allyl, -1-butenyl,
• a C ⁇ -C 8 alkyl group can be unsubstituted or substituted with one or more groups including, but not limited to, -Q-Cs alkyl, -O-(C,-C 8 alkyl), -aryl, -C(O)R ⁇ -OC(O)R', -C(O)OR', - C(O)NH 2 , -C(O)NHR', -C(O)N(R') 2 -NHC(O)R', -SO 3 R', -S(O) 2 R', -S(O)R', -OH, - halogen, -N 3 , -NH 2 , -NH(R'), -N(R') 2 and -CN; where each R' is independently selected from H, -Ci-Cs alkyl and aryl.
• Cj-Cs carbocycle is a 3-, 4-, 5-, 6-, 7- or 8-membered saturated or unsaturated non-aromatic carbocyclic ring.
• Representative C 3 -C 8 carbocycles include, but are not limited to, -cyclopropyl, -cyclobutyl, -cyclopentyl, -cyclopentadienyl, - cyclohexyl, -cyclohexenyl, -1,3-cyclohexadienyl, -1,4-cyclohexadienyl, -cycloheptyl, - 1,3-cycloheptadienyl, -1,3,5-cycloheptatrienyl, -cyclooctyl, and -cyclooctadienyl.
• a C 3 - C 8 carbocycle group can be unsubstituted or substituted with one or more groups including, but not limited to, -C ⁇ -C 8 alkyl, -O-(C ⁇ -C 8 alkyl), -aryl, -C(O)R', -OC(O)R', - C(O)OR', -C(O)NH 2 , -C(O)NHR', -C(O)N(R') 2 -NHC(O)R', -S(O) 2 R', -S(O)R', -OH, - halogen, -N 3 , -NH 2 , -NH(R'), -N(R') 2 and -CN; where each R' is independently selected from H, -Ci-Cg alkyl and aryl.
• a “Cs-Cs carbocyclo” refers to a C 3 -C 8 carbocycle group defined above wherein one of the carbocycle groups' hydrogen atoms is replaced with a bond.
• a “CpCio alkylene” is a straight chain, saturated hydrocarbon group of the formula -(CH 2 ) ⁇ - ⁇ o-- Examples of a C 1 -C 10 alkylene include methylene, ethylene, propylene, butylene, pentylene, hexylene, heptylene, ocytylene, nonylene and decalene.
• An “arylene” is an aryl group which has two covalent bonds and can be in the ortho, meta, or para configurations as shown in the following structures:
• the phenyl group can be unsubstituted or substituted with up to four groups including, but not limited to, -C r C 8 alkyl, -O-(C C 8 alkyl), -aryl, -C(O)R', -OC(O)R', - C(O)OR ⁇ -C(O)NH 2 , -C(O)NHR', -C(O)N(R') 2 -NHC(O)R', -S(O) 2 R ⁇ -S(O)R', -OH, - halogen, -N 3 , -NH 2 , -NH(R'), -N(R') 2 and -CN; wherein each R' is independently selected from H, -C ⁇ -C 8 alkyl and aryl.
• C 3 -C 8 heterocycle refers to an aromatic or non-aromatic C 3 -C 8 carbocycle in which one to four of the ring carbon atoms are independently replaced with a heteroatom from the group consisting of O, S and N.
• Cs- Cs heterocycle include, but are not limited to, benzofuranyl, benzothiophene, indolyl, benzopyrazolyl, coumarinyl, isoquinolinyl, pyrrolyl, thiophenyl, furanyl, thiazolyl, imidazolyl, pyrazolyl, triazolyl, quinolinyl, pyrimidinyl, pyridinyl, pyridonyl, pyrazinyl, pyridazinyl, isothiazolyl, isoxazolyl and tetrazolyl.
• a C 3 -C 8 heterocycle can be unsubstituted or substituted with up to seven groups including, but not limited to, -C ⁇ -C 8 alkyl, -O-(C,-C 8 alkyl), -aryl, -C(O)R', -OC(O)R ⁇ -C(O)OR', -C(O)NH 2 , -C(O)NHR ⁇ - C(O)N(R') 2 -NHC(O)R', -S(O) 2 R', -S(O)R', -OH, -halogen, -N 3 , -NH 2 , -NH(R'), - N(R') 2 and -CN; wherein each R' is independently selected from H, -C ⁇ -C 8 alkyl and aryl.
• C3-C 8 heterocyclo refers to a C3-C8 heterocycle group defined above wherein one of the heterocycle group's hydrogen atoms is replaced with a bond.
• a C 3 -C 8 heterocyclo can be unsubstituted or substituted with up to six groups including, but not limited to, -C r C 8 alkyl, -O-(d-C 8 alkyl), -aryl, -C(O)R', -OC(O)R', -C(O)OR', - C(O)NH 2 , -C(O)NHR', -C(O)N(R') 2 -NHC(O)R', -S(O) 2 R', -S(O)R', -OH, -halogen, - N 3 , -NH 2 , -NH(R'), -N(R') 2 and -CN; wherein each R' is independently selected from H, -C ⁇ -C
• An “Exemplary Compound” is a Drag Compound or a Drug-Linker Compound.
• An “Exemplary Conjugate” is a Drag-Ligand Conjugate having a cleavable Drag unit from the Drag-Ligand Conjugate or a Drug-Linker-Ligand Conjugate.
• the Exemplary Compounds and Exemplary Conjugates are in isolated or purified form.
• isolated means separated from other components of (a) a natural source, such as a plant or animal cell or cell culture, or (b) a synthetic organic chemical reaction mixture.
• purified means that when isolated, the isolate contains at least 95 %, and in another aspect at least 98%, of Exemplary Compound or Exemplary Conjugate by weight of the isolate.
• a “hydroxyl protecting group” include, but are not limited to, methoxymethyl ether, 2-methoxyethoxymethyl ether, tetrahydropyranyl ether, benzyl ether, p-methoxybenzyl ether, trimethylsilyl ether, triethylsilyl ether, triisopropyl silyl ether, t-butyldimethyl silyl ether, triphenylmethyl silyl ether, acetate ester, substituted acetate esters, pivaloate, benzoate, methanesulfonate and p-toluenesulfonate.
• leaving group refers to a functional group that can be substituted by another functional group. Such leaving groups are well known in the art, and examples include, but are not limited to, a halide (e.g., chloride, bromide, iodide), methanesulfonyl (mesyl), p-toluenesulfonyl (tosyl), trifluoromethylsulfonyl (triflate), and trifluoromethylsulfonate.
• pharmaceutically acceptable salt refers to pharmaceutically acceptable organic or inorganic salts of an Exemplary Compound or Exemplary Conjugate.
• the Exemplary Compounds and Exemplary Conjugates contain at least one amino group, and accordingly acid addition salts can be formed with this amino group.
• Exemplary salts include, but are not limited, to sulfate, citrate, acetate, oxalate, chloride, bromide, iodide, nitrate, bisulfate, phosphate, acid phosphate, isonicotinate, lactate, salicylate, acid citrate, tartrate, oleate, tannate, pantothenate, bitartrate, ascorbate, succinate, maleate, gentisinate, fumarate, gluconate, glucuronate, saccharate, formate, benzoate, glutamate, methanesulfonate, ethanesulfonate, benzenesulfonate, p-toluenesulfonate, and pamoate (i.e., 1 ,1 '-methylene-bis -(
• a pharmaceutically acceptable salt may involve the inclusion of another molecule such as an acetate ion, a succinate ion or other counterion.
• the counterion may be any organic or inorganic moiety that stabilizes the charge on the parent compound.
• a pharmaceutically acceptable salt may have more than one charged atom in its structure. Instances where multiple charged atoms are part of the pharmaceutically acceptable salt can have multiple counter ions. Hence, a pharmaceutically acceptable salt can have one or more charged atoms and/or one or more counterion.
• “Pharmaceutically acceptable solvate” or “solvate” refer to an association of one or more solvent molecules and a compound of the invention, e.g., an Exemplary Compound or Exemplary Conjugate.
• solvents that form pharmaceutically acceptable solvates include, but are not limited to, water, isopropanol, ethanol, methanol, DMSO, ethyl acetate, acetic acid, and ethanolamine.
• AE is auristatin E
• Boc is N-(t-butoxycarbonyl)
• cit is citrulline
• dap is dolaproine
• DCC is 1,3-dicyclohexylcarbodiimide
• DCM dichloromethane
• DEA diethylamine
• DEAD diethylazodicarboxylate
• DEPC diethylphosphorylcyanidate
• DIAD diisopropylazodicarboxylate
• DIEA is N,N-diisopropylethylamine
• dil is dolaisoleuine
• DMAP is 4-dimethylaminopyridine
• DME is ethyleneglycol dimethyl ether (or 1,2-dime
• Nal Cit is a valine-citrulline, dipeptide site in protease cleavable linker
• PAB is p-aminobenzylcarbamoyl
• (Me)vc is ⁇ -methyl-valine citrulline, where the linker peptide bond has been modified to prevent its cleavage by cathepsin B
• MC(PEG)6-OH is maleimidocaproyl- polyethylene glycol
• SPP is ⁇ -Succinimidyl 4-(2-pyridylthio) pentanoate
• SMCC is ⁇ -Succinimidyl 4-( ⁇ -maleimidomethyl) cyclohexane-1 carboxylate.
• beneficial or desired clinical results include, but are not limited to, alleviation of symptoms, diminishment of extent of disease, stabilized (i.e., not worsening) state of disease, delay or slowing of disease progression, amelioration or palliation of the disease state, and remission (whether partial or total), whether detectable or undetectable.
• Treatment can also mean prolonging survival as compared to expected survival if not receiving treatment.
• Those in need of treatment include those already with the condition or disorder as well as those prone to have the condition or disorder or those in which the condition or disorder is to be prevented.
• the term “treating” includes any or all of: preventing growth of tumor cells, cancer cells, or of a tumor; preventing replication of tumor cells or cancer cells, lessening of overall tumor burden or decreasing the number of cancerous cells, and ameliorating one or more symptoms associated with the disease.
• the term “treating” includes any or all of: preventing replication of cells associated with an autoimmune disease state including, but not limited to, cells that produce an autoimmune antibody, lessening the autoimmune-antibody burden and ameliorating one or more symptoms of an autoimmune disease.
• MMAE mono-methyl auristatin E (MW 718); MMAF is N- methylvaline-valine-dolaisoleuine-dolaproine-phenylalanine (MW 731.5); MMAF- DMAEA is MMAF with DMAEA (dimethylaminoethylamine) in an amide linkage to the C-terminal phenylalanine (MW 801.5); MMAF-TEG is MMAF with tetraethylene glycol esterified to the phenylalanine; MMAF-NtBu is N-t-butyl, attached as an amide to C- terminus of MMAF; AENB is auristatin E valeryl
• the invention provides Drug-Linker-Ligand Conjugates having Formula la:
• L- is a Ligand unit
• -A a -W w -Y y - is a Linker unit (LU)
• the Linker unit includes: -A- is a Stretcher unit, a is 0 or 1, each -W- is independently an Amino Acid unit, w is an integer ranging from 0 to 12, -Y- is a Spacer unit, and y is 0, 1 or 2; p ranges from 1 to about 20; and -D is a Drag unit having the Formulas DE and D F :
• R 2 is selected from H and d-Cs alkyl
• R 3 is selected from H, C C 8 alkyl, C 3 -Cs carbocycle, aryl, Ci-Cg alkylaryl, Ci-Cg alkyl-(C 3 -C 8 carbocycle), C 3 -C 8 heterocycle and C ⁇ -C 8 alkyl-(C 3 -C 8 heterocycle)
• R 4 is selected from H, C ⁇ -C 8 alkyl, C 3 -C 8 carbocycle, aryl, C ⁇ -C 8 alkylaryl, Ci-Cg alkyl-(C 3 -C 8 carbocycle), C 3 -C 8 heterocycle and C ⁇ -C 8 aIkyl-(C 3 -C 8 heterocycle)
• R 5 is selected from H and methyl; or R 4 and R 5 jointly form a carbocyclic ring and have the formula -(CR a R b ) n - wherein R a and R b are independently selected from
• R is selected from hydrogen and -C ⁇ -C 8 alkyl
• R 3 is selected from hydrogen, -C ⁇ -C 8 alkyl, -C 3 -C 8 carbocycle, aryl, -Ci-Cg alkyl-aryl, -Cj-C 8 alkyl-(C 3 -Cg carbocycle), -C 3 -C 8 heterocycle and -Ci-Cg alkyl-(C 3 -C 8 heterocycle)
• R 4 is selected from hydrogen, -d-Cs alkyl, -C 3 -Cs carbocycle, -aryl, -Ci- C 8 alkyl-aryl, -C ⁇ -C 8 alkyl-(C 3 -C 8 carbocycle), -C 3 -Cg heterocycle and -Ci-Cg alkyl-(C 3 - Cs heterocycle) wherein R 5 is selected from -H and -methyl; or R 4 and
• R 14 or -(R 13 O) m -CH(R 15 ) 2 ;
• m is an integer ranging from 1-1000;
• R 13 is -C 2 -C 8 alkyl;
• R 14 is H or -C ⁇ -C 8 alkyl; each occunence of R 15 is independently H, -COOH, -(CH 2 ) n -N(R 16 ) 2 , -
• each occunence of R 16 is independently H, -Ci-Cg alkyl, or -(CH 2 ) n - COOH; and n is an integer ranging from 0 to 6.
• the invention provides Drug-Linker-Ligand
• Ab is an antibody
• A is a Stretcher unit
• a is 0 or 1
• each W is independently an Amino Acid unit
• w is an integer ranging from 0 to 12
• Y is a Spacer unit
• y is 0, 1 or 2
• p ranges from 1 to about 20
• D is a Drug moiety selected from Formulas D E and D F :
• R ,2 is selected from H and Ci-Cg alkyl
• R 3 is selected from H, Ci-Cg alkyl, C 3 -Cg carbocycle, aryl, C C 8 alkylaryl, C ⁇ -C 8 alkyl-(C 3 -Cg carbocycle), C 3 -C 8 heterocycle and Ci-Cg alkyl-(C 3 -C 8 heterocycle)
• R 4 is selected from H, Ci-Cg alkyl, C 3 -C 8 carbocycle, aryl, C Cg alkylaryl, Ci-Cg alkyl-(C 3 -C 8 carbocycle), C 3 -C 8 heterocycle and d-Cg alkyl-(C 3 -C 8 heterocycle)
• R 5 is selected from H and methyl; or R 4 and R 5 jointly form a carbocyclic ring and have the formula -(CR a R b ) n - wherein R a and R b are independently selected from H, Ci-
• R 18 is selected from -C(R 8 ) 2 -C(R 8 ) 2 -aryl, -C(R 8 ) 2 -C(R 8 ) 2 -(C 3 -C 8 heterocycle), and -C(R 8 ) 2 -C(R 8 ) 2 -(C 3 -C 8 carbocycle); and n is an integer ranging from 0 to 6.
• Ab is any antibody covalently attached to one or more drug units.
• Ab includes an antibody which binds to CD30, CD40, CD70, Lewis Y antigen.
• Ab does not include an antibody which binds to an ErbB receptor or to one or more of receptors (l)-(35): (1) BMPR1B (bone mo ⁇ hogenetic protein receptor-type IB, Genbank accession no. NM_001203) ; (2) El 6 (LAT1, SLC7A5, Genbank accession no. NM_003486); (3) STEAP1 (six transmembrane epithelial antigen of prostate, Genbank accession no. NM_012449); (4) 0772P (CA125, MUC16, Genbank accession no.
• BMPR1B bone mo ⁇ hogenetic protein receptor-type IB, Genbank accession no. NM_001203
• El 6 LAT1, SLC7A5, Genbank accession no. NM_003486
• STEAP1 ix transmembrane epithelial antigen of prostate, Genbank accession no. NM_012449
• 0772P CA125, MUC16, Genbank accession no.
• MPF MPF
• MSLN MSLN
• SMR megakaryocyte potentiating factor
• mesothelin Genbank accession no. NM_005823
• Napi3b NAPI-3B, NPTIIb, SLC34A2, solute carrier family 34 (sodium phosphate), member 2, type II sodium-dependent phosphate transporter 3b,
• Genbank accession no. NM_006424 Genbank accession no. NM_006424; (7) Sema 5b (FLJ10372, KIAA1445, Mm.42015, SEMA5B, SEMAG, Semaphorin 5b Hlog, sema domain, seven thrombospondin repeats (type 1 and type 1- like), transmembrane domain (TM) and short cytoplasmic domain, (semaphorin) 5B, Genbank accession no. AB040878); (8) PSCA hlg (2700050C12Rik, C530008O16Rik, RIKEN cDNA 2700050C12, RIKEN cDNA 2700050C12 gene, Genbank accession no. AY358628); (9) ETBR (Endothelin type B receptor, Genbank accession no.
• MSG783 (RNF124, hypothetical protein FLJ20315, Genbank accession no. NMJ317763); (11) STEAP2 (HGNC_8639, IPCA-1, PCANAP1, STAMP1, STEAP2, STMP, prostate cancer associated gene 1, prostate cancer associated protein 1, six transmembrane epithelial antigen of prostate 2, six transmembrane prostate protein, Genbank accession no. AF455138); (12) T ⁇ M4 (BR22450, FLJ20041, TRPM4, TRPM4B, transient receptor potential cation channel, subfamily M, member 4, Genbank accession no.
• CRIPTO CR, CR1 , CRGF, CRIPTO, TDGF1 , teratocarcinoma- derived growth factor, Genbank accession no. NP_003203 orNM_003212
• CD21 CR2 (Complement receptor 2) or C3DR (C3d/Epstein Ban- virus receptor) or Hs.73792, Genbank accession no. M26004
• CD79b IGb (immunoglobulin-associated beta), B29, Genbank accession no.
• FcRH2 FcRH2 (IFGP4, IRTA4, SPAP1A (SH2 domain containing phosphatase anchor protein la), SPAP1B, SPAPIC, Genbank accession no. NM_030764); (17) HER2 (Genbank accession no. Ml 1730); (18) NCA (Genbank accession no. M18728); (19) MDP (Genbank accession no. BC017023); (20) IL20R ⁇ (Genbank accession no. AF184971); (21) Brevican (Genbank accession no. AF229053); (22) Ephb2R (Genbank accession no. NM_004442); (23) ASLG659 (Genbank accession no.
• CD79a CD79A, CD79 ⁇ , immunoglobulin-associated alpha, a B cell-specific protein that covalently interacts with Ig beta (CD79B) and forms a complex on the surface with Ig M molecules, transduces a signal involved in B-cell differentiation, Genbank accession No.
• CXCR5 Burkitt's lymphoma receptor 1, a G protein-coupled receptor that is activated by the CXCL13 chemokine, functions in lymphocyte migration and humoral defense, plays a role in HIN-2 infection and perhaps development of AIDS, lymphoma, myeloma, and leukemia, Genbank accession No. NP_001707.1);
• HLA-DOB Beta subunit of MHC class II molecule (la antigen) that binds peptides and presents them to CD4+ T lymphocytes, Genbank accession No.
• NP_002111.1 31) P2X5 (Purinergic receptor P2X ligand-gated ion channel 5, an ion channel gated by extracellular ATP, may be involved in synaptic transmission and neurogenesis, deficiency may contribute to the pathophysiology of idiopathic detrusor instability, Genbank accession No. NP_002552.2); (32) CD72 (B-cell differentiation antigen CD72, Lyb-2, Genbank accession No.
• NP_001773.1 (33) LY64 (Lymphocyte antigen 64 (RP105), type I membrane protein of the leucine rich repeat (LRR) family, regulates B-cell activation and apoptosis, loss of function is associated with increased disease activity in patients with systemic lupus erythematosis, Genbank accession No. NP_005573.1); (34) FCRH1 (Fc receptor-like protein 1, a putative receptor for the immunoglobulin Fc domain that contains C2 type Ig-like and IT AM domains, may have a role in B-lymphocyte differentiation, Genbank accession No.
• RP105 Lymphocyte antigen 64
• LRR leucine rich repeat
• NP_443170.1 and/or (35) IRTA2 (Immunoglobulin superfamily receptor translocation associated 2, a putative immunoreceptor with possible roles in B cell development and lymphomagenesis; deregulation of the gene by translocation occurs in some B cell malignancies, Genbank accession No. NP_112571.1).
• -Ww- is -Nal-Cit-.
• R 3 , R 4 and R 7 are independently isopropyl or sec- butyl and R 5 is -H.
• R 3 and R 4 are each isopropyl, R 5 is -H, and R 7 is sec-butyl.
• R 2 and R 6 are each methyl, and R 9 is -H.
• each occurrence of R is -OCH .
• R 3 and R 4 are each isopropyl
• R 2 and R 6 are each methyl
• R 5 is -H
• R 7 is sec-butyl
• each occunence of R 8 is -OCH 3
• R 9 is -H.
• Z is -O- or -NH-.
• R 10 is aryl
• R 10 is -phenyl.
• when Z is -O- R is -H, methyl or t-butyl.
• R 1 ' is -CH(R 15 ) 2 , wherein R 15 is - (CH 2 ) n -N(R 16 ) 2 , and R 16 is -C ⁇ -C 8 alkyl or -(CH 2 ) n -COOH.
• R 11 is -CH(R ,5 ) 2 , wherein R 15 is - (CH 2 ) n -SO 3 H.
• Ab is cACIO, cBR96, cS2C6, clF6, c2F2, hACIO, hBR96, hS2C6, hlF6, and h2F2.
• Exemplary embodiments of Formula la have the following structures:
• the drug loading is represented by p, the average number of drug molecules per antibody in a molecule (e.g., of Formula la, la' and Ic). Drug loading may range from 1 to 20 drags (D) per Ligand (eg. Ab or mAb).
• Compositions of Formula la and Formula la' include collections of antibodies conjugated with a range of drugs, from 1 to 20.
• the average number of drags per antibody in preparation of conjugation reactions may be characterized by conventional means such as mass spectroscopy, ELISA assay, and HPLC.
• the quantitative distribution of Ligand-Drag-Conjugates in terms of p may also be determined.
• separation, purification, and characterization of homogeneous Ligand-Drag-conjugates where p is a certain value from Ligand-Drag- Conjugates with other drug loadings may be achieved by means such as reverse phase HPLC or electrophoresis.
• R 2 is selected from -hydrogen and -C ⁇ -C 8 alkyl
• R 3 is selected from -hydrogen, -Ci-Cg alkyl, -C 3 -C 8 carbocycle, aryl, -Ci- Cs alkyl-aryl, -C r C 8 alkyl-(C 3 -Cg carbocycle), -C 3 -C 8 heterocycle and -C ⁇ -C 8 alkyl-(C 3 - Cs heterocycle)
• R 4 is selected from -hydrogen, -Ci-Cs alkyl, -C 3 -Cg carbocycle, -aryl, -Ci- C 8 alkyl-aryl, -Ci-Cg alkyl-(C 3 -Cg carbocycle), -C 3 -C 8 heterocycle and -Cj-Cg alkyl-(C 3 - Cg heterocycle)
• R 5 is selected from
• R 3 , R 4 and R 7 are independently isopropyl or sec- butyl and R 5 is -H.
• R 3 and R 4 are each isopropyl, R 5 is -H, and R 7 is sec-butyl.
• R 2 and R 6 are each methyl, and R 9 is -H.
• each occurrence of R 8 is -OCH .
• R 3 and R 4 are each isopropyl, R 2 and R 6 are each methyl, R 5 is -H, R 7 is sec-butyl, each occurrence of R 8 is -OCH 3 , and R 9 is -H.
• Z is -O- or -NH-.
• R 10 is aryl
• R 10 is -phenyl.
• R n is -H, methyl or t-butyl.
• R ⁇ is -CH(R 15 ) 2 , wherein R 15 is - (CH 2 ) n -N(R ,6 ) 2 , and R 16 is -d-C 8 alkyl or -(CH 2 ) n -COOH.
• R u is -CH(R 15 ) 2 , wherein R 15 is - (CH 2 ) consult-SO 3 H.
• Illustrative Compounds of Formula (lb), each of which may be used as drug moieties (D) in ADC, include compounds having the following structures:
• the invention provides antibody-drug conjugate compounds (ADC) having Formula Ic:
• the antibody-drag conjugate compounds include pharmaceutically acceptable salts or solvates thereof.
• Formula Ic compounds are defined wherein: Ab is an antibody which binds to one or more tumor-associated antigen receptors (l)-(35): (1 ) BMPR1B (bone mo ⁇ hogenetic protein receptor-type IB, Genbank accession no. NM_001203); (2) E16 (LAT1, SLC7A5, Genbank accession no. NM_003486); (3) STEAP1 (six transmembrane epithelial antigen of prostate, Genbank accession no. NM_012449); (4) 0772P (CA125, MUC16, Genbank accession no.
• MPF MPF
• MSLN MSLN
• SMR megakaryocyte potentiating factor
• mesothelin Genbank accession no. NM_005823
• Napi3b NAPI-3B, NPTHb, SLC34A2, solute carrier family 34 (sodium phosphate), member 2, type II sodium-dependent phosphate transporter 3b, Genbank accession no.
• Sema 5b (FIJI 0372, KIAA1445, Mm.420l5, SEMA5B, SEMAG, Semaphorin 5b Hlog, sema domain, seven thrombospondin repeats (type 1 and type 1- like), transmembrane domain (TM) and short cytoplasmic domain, (semaphorin) 5B, Genbank accession no. AB040878); (8) PSCA hlg (2700050C12Rik, C530008O16Rik, RIKEN cDNA
• T ⁇ M4 (BR22450, FLJ20041 , TRPM4, TRPM4B, transient receptor potential cation channel, subfamily M, member 4, Genbank accession no. NM_017636); (13) CRIPTO (CR, CR1, CRGF, CRIPTO, TDGF1, teratocarcinoma- derived growth factor, Genbank accession no. NP_003203 or NM_003212); (14) CD21 (CR2 (Complement receptor 2) or C3DR (C3 ⁇ 7Epstein Barr virus receptor) or Hs.73792 Genbank accession no.
• CR2 Complement receptor 2
• C3DR C3 ⁇ 7Epstein Barr virus receptor
• CD79b CD79B, CD79 ⁇ , IGb (immunoglobulin-associated beta), B29, Genbank accession no. NM_000626);
• FcRH2 IFGP4, IRTA4, SPAP1A (SH2 domain containing phosphatase anchor protein la), SPAP1B, SPAP1C, Genbank accession no. NM_030764);
• HER2 Genebank accession no. Ml 1730
• NCA Genebank accession no. Ml 8728
• MDP Genebank accession no. BC017023
• IL20R Genebank accession no. AF184971
• (21) Brevican Genbank accession no.
• CD79A CD79A, i munoglobulin-associated alpha, a B cell-specific protein that covalently interacts with Ig beta (CD79B) and forms a complex on the surface with Ig M molecules, transduces a signal involved in B-cell differentiation, Genbank accession No.
• CXCR5 Burkitt's lymphoma receptor 1, a G protein-coupled receptor that is activated by the CXCL13 chemokine, functions in lymphocyte migration and humoral defense, plays a role in HIV-2 infection and perhaps development of AIDS, lymphoma, myeloma, and leukemia, Genbank accession No. NP_001707.1);
• HLA-DOB Beta subunit of MHC class H molecule (la antigen) that binds peptides and presents them to CD4+ T lymphocytes, Genbank accession No.
• NP_002111.1 31) P2X5 (Purinergic receptor P2X ligand-gated ion channel 5, an ion channel gated by extracellular ATP, may be involved in synaptic transmission and neurogenesis, deficiency may contribute to the pathophysiology of idiopathic detrusor instability, Genbank accession No. NP_002552.2); (32) CD72 (B-cell differentiation antigen CD72, Lyb-2, Genbank accession No.
• NP_001773.1 (33) LY64 (Lymphocyte antigen 64 (RP105), type I membrane protein of the leucine rich repeat (LRR) family, regulates B-cell activation and apoptosis, loss of function is associated with increased disease activity in patients with systemic lupus erythematosis, Genbank accession No. NP_005573.1); (34) FCRH1 (Fc receptor-like protein 1, a putative receptor for the immunoglobulin Fc domain that contains C2 type Ig-like and IT AM domains, may have a role in B-lymphocyte differentiation, Genbank accession No.
• RP105 Lymphocyte antigen 64
• LRR leucine rich repeat
• NP_443170.1 NP_443170.1
• IRTA2 Immunoglobulin superfamily receptor translocation associated 2 a putative immunoreceptor with possible roles in B cell development and lymphomagenesis; deregulation of the gene by translocation occurs in some B cell malignancies, Genbank accession No. NP_112571.
• A is a Stretcher unit, a is 0 or 1, each W is independently an Amino Acid unit, w is an integer ranging from 0 to 12, Y is a Spacer unit, and y is 0, 1 or 2, p ranges from 1 to about 8, and D is a Drug moiety selected from Formulas D E and D F :
• R 2 is selected from H and Ci-Cg alkyl
• R 3 is selected from H, Ci-Cg alkyl, C 3 -Cg carbocycle, aryl, Ci-Cg alkyl- aryl, d-Cg alkyl-(C 3 -C 8 carbocycle), C 3 -C 8 heterocycle and Ci-Cg alkyl-(C 3 -Cg heterocycle)
• R 4 is selected from H, Ci-Cg alkyl, C 3 -Cg carbocycle, aryl, Ci-Cg alkylaryl, Ci-Cg alkyl-(C 3 -Cg carbocycle), C 3 -Cg heterocycle and Ci-Cg alkyl-(C 3 -Cg heterocycle)
• R 5 is selected from H and methyl; or R 4 and R 5 jointly form a carbocyclic ring and have the formula wherein R 4 and R 5 jointly form a carbocyclic ring and have the formula wherein R 4 and R 5 jointly form a
• R 18 is selected from -C(R 8 ) 2 -C(R 8 ) 2 -aryl, -C(R 8 ) 2 -C(R 8 ) 2 -(C 3 -C 8 heterocycle), and -C(R 8 ) 2 -C(R 8 ) 2 -(C 3 -Cg carbocycle); and n is an integer ranging from 0 to 6.
• -Ww- is -Nal-Cit-.
• R , R and R are independently isopropyl or sec- butyl and R 5 is -H.
• R 3 and R 4 are each isopropyl, R 5 is -H, and R 7 is sec-butyl.
• R 2 and R 6 are each methyl, and R 9 is -H.
• each occurrence of R is -OCH 3 .
• R 3 and R 4 are each isopropyl
• R 2 and R 6 are each methyl
• R 5 is -H
• R 7 is sec-butyl
• each occurrence of R 8 is -OCH 3
• R 9 is -H.
• Z is -O- or - ⁇ H-.
• R 10 is aryl.
• R 10 is -phenyl.
• when Z is -O- R n is -H, methyl or t-butyl.
• R 11 when Z is -NH, R 11 is -CH(R 15 ) 2 , wherein R 15 is - (CH 2 ) n -N(R 16 ) 2 , and R 16 is -C C 8 alkyl or -(CH 2 ) n -COOH.
• R n when Z is -NH, R n is -CH(R 15 ) 2 , wherein R 15 is (CH 2 ) n -SO 3 H.
• Exemplary embodiments of Formula Ic ADC have the following structures:
• Ab-MC-MMAF wherein Ab is an antibody which binds to one or more tumor-associated antigen receptors (l)-(35); Val is valine; and Cit is citralline.
• the drug loading is represented by p, the average number of drags per antibody in a molecule of Formula I. Drag loading may range from 1 to 20 drugs (D) per antibody (Ab or mAb).
• Compositions of ADC of Formula I include collections of antibodies conjugated with a range of drugs, from 1 to 20.
• the average number of drags per antibody in preparations of ADC from conjugation reactions may be characterized by conventional means such as UV/visible spectroscopy, mass spectrometry, ELISA assay, and HPLC.
• the quantitative distribution of ADC in terms of p may also be determined.
• separation, purification, and characterization of homogeneous ADC where p is a certain value from ADC with other drug loadings may be achieved by means such as reverse phase HPLC or electrophoresis.
• p may be limited by the number of attachment sites on the antibody.
• an antibody may have only one or several cysteine thiol groups, or may have only one or several sufficiently reactive thiol groups through which a linker may be attached.
• fewer than the theoretical maximum of drag moieties are conjugated to an antibody during a conjugation reaction.
• An antibody may contain, for example, many lysine residues that do not react with the drug-linker intermediate or linker reagent. Only the most reactive lysine groups may react with an amine-reactive linker reagent. Generally, antibodies do not contain many, if any, free and reactive cysteine thiol groups which may be linked to a drag moiety. Most cysteine thiol residues in the antibodies of the compounds of the invention exist as disulfide bridges and must be reduced with a reducing agent such as dithiothreitol (DTT). Additionally, the antibody must be subjected to denaturing conditions to reveal reactive nucleophilic groups such as lysine or cysteine.
• DTT dithiothreitol
• the loading (drug/antibody ratio) of an ADC may be controlled in several different manners, including: (i) limiting the molar excess of drug-linker intermediate or linker reagent relative to antibody, (ii) limiting the conjugation reaction time or temperature, and (iii) partial or limiting reductive conditions for cysteine thiol modification. It is to be understood that where more than one nucleophilic group reacts with a drug-linker intermediate, or linker reagent followed by drag moiety reagent, then the resulting product is a mixture of ADC compounds with a distribution of one or more drug moieties attached to an antibody. The average number of drugs per antibody may be calculated from the mixture by dual ELISA antibody assay, specific for antibody and specific for the drug.
• ADC molecules may be identified in the mixture by mass spectroscopy, and separated by HPLC, e.g., hydrophobic interaction chromatography ("Effect of drug loading on the pharmacology, pharmacokinetics, and toxicity of an anti- CD30 antibody-drug conjugate", Hamblett, K.J., et al, Abstract No. 624, American Association for Cancer Research; 2004Annual Meeting, March 27-31, 2004, Proceedings of the AACR, Volume 45, March 2004; "Controlling the Location of Drag Attachment in Antibody-Drug Conjugates", Alley, S.C, et al, Abstract No. 627, American Association for Cancer Research; 2004 Annual Meeting, March 27-31, 2004, Proceedings of the AACR, Nolume 45, March 2004).
• HPLC hydrophobic interaction chromatography
• a “Linker unit” is a bifunctional compound which can be used to link a Drag unit and an Ligand unit to form Drug-Linker-Ligand Conjugates, or which are useful in the formation of immunoconjugates directed against tumor associated antigens. Such immunoconjugates allow the selective delivery of toxic drags to tumor cells.
• the Linker unit of the Drag-Linker Compound and Drug-Linker- Ligand Conjugate has the formula:
• -A- is a Stretcher unit; a is 0 or 1 ; each -W- is independently an Amino Acid unit; w is independently an integer ranging from 0 to 12; -Y- is a Spacer unit; and y is 0, 1 or 2.
• the Linker is capable of linking the
• the Stretcher unit (-A-), when present, is capable of linking a Ligand unit to an amino acid unit (-W-).
• a Ligand (L) has a functional group that can form a bond with a functional group of a Stretcher.
• Useful functional groups that can be present on a ligand, either naturally or via chemical manipulation include, but are not limited to, sulfhydryl (-SH), amino, hydroxyl, carboxy, the anomeric hydroxyl group of a carbohydrate, and carboxyl.
• the Ligand functional groups are sulfhydryl and amino.
• Sulfhydryl groups can be generated by reduction of an intramolecular disulfide bond of a Ligand.
• sulfhydryl groups can be generated by reaction of an amino group of a lysine moiety of a Ligand using 2-iminothiolane (Traut's reagent) or another sulfhydryl generating reagent.
• the Stretcher unit forms a bond with a sulfur atom of the Ligand unit.
• the sulfur atom can be derived from a sulfhydryl group of a Ligand.
• Stretcher units of this embodiment are depicted within the square brackets of Formulas IHa and Illb, wherein L-, -W-, -Y-, -D, w and y are as defined above, and R 17 is selected from -Ci-Cio alkylene-, -C 3 -Cg carbocyclo-, -O-(C ⁇ -Cg alkyl)-, -arylene-, - Ci-Cio alkylene-arylene-, -arylene-C ⁇ -C ⁇ o alkylene-, -C C ⁇ o alkylene-(C 3 -Cg carbocyclo)-, -(C 3 -Cg carbocyclo)-C ⁇ -do alkylene-, -C 3 -C 8 heterocyclo-, -Ci-Cio alkylene-(C 3 -C 8 heterocyclo)-, -(C 3 -Cg heterocyclo)-C ⁇ -C ⁇ 0 alkylene-,
• Stretcher unit is that of Formula Ilia wherein R 17 is -(CH 2 CH 2 O) r -CH 2 -; and r is 2:
• Still another illustrative Stretcher unit is that of Formula Illb wherein R 17 is -(CH 2 ) 5 -:
• the Stretcher unit is linked to the Ligand unit via a disulfide bond between a sulfur atom of the Ligand unit and a sulfur atom of the Stretcher unit.
• a representative Stretcher unit of this embodiment is depicted within the square brackets of Formula IV, wherein R .17 , L-, -W-, - Y-, -D, w and y are as defined above.
• the reactive group of the Stretcher contains a reactive site that can form a bond with a primary or secondary amino group of a Ligand.
• these reactive sites include, but are not limited to, activated esters such as succinimide esters, 4-nitrophenyl esters, pentafluorophenyl esters, tetrafluorophenyl esters, anhydrides, acid chlorides, sulfonyl chlorides, isocyanates and isothiocyanates.
• Representative Stretcher units of this embodiment are depicted within the square brackets of Formulas Va and Vb, wherein -R 17 -, L-, -W-, -Y-, -D, w and y are as defined above;
• the reactive group of the Stretcher contains a reactive site that is reactive to a modified carbohydrate's (-CHO) group that can be present on a Ligand.
• a carbohydrate can be mildly oxidized using a reagent such as sodium periodate and the resulting (-CHO) unit of the oxidized carbohydrate can be condensed with a Stretcher that contains a functionality such as a hydrazide, an oxime, a primary or secondary amine, a hydrazine, a thiosemicarbazone, a hydrazine carboxylate, and an arylhydrazide such as those described by Kaneko, T.
• the Amino Acid unit (-W-) when present, links the Stretcher unit to the Spacer unit if the Spacer unit is present, links the Stretcher unit to the Drag moiety if the Spacer unit is absent, and links the Ligand unit to the Drug unit if the Stretcher unit and Spacer unit are absent.
• W w - is a dipeptide, tripeptide, tetrapeptide, pentapeptide, hexapeptide, heptapeptide, octapeptide, nonapeptide, decapeptide, undecapeptide or dodecapeptide unit.
• Each -W- unit independently has the formula denoted below in the square brackets, and w is an integer ranging from 0 to 12:
• the Amino Acid unit can be enzymatically cleaved by one or more enzymes, including a tumor-associated protease, to liberate the Drag unit (-D), which in one embodiment is protonated in vivo upon release to provide a Drag (D).
• a tumor-associated protease a tumor-associated protease
• W w units are represented by formulas (VII)-(IX):
• R ,20 , R-,21 and R 22 are as follows benzyl benzyl (CH 2 ) 4 NH 2 ; isopropyl benzyl (CH 2 ) 4 NH 2 ; and H benzyl (CH 2 ) 4 NH 2 ;
• R 20 , R 2 ', R 22 and R 23 are as follows: E- ⁇ R >f2-1. >22 R >2I3 H benzyl isobutyl H; and methyl isobutyl methyl isobutyl.
• Exemplary Amino Acid units include, but are not limited to, units of formula (VII) where: R 20 is benzyl and R 21 is -(CH ) 4 NH 2 ; R 20 isopropyl and R 21 is - (CH 2 ) NH 2 ; R 20 isopropyl and R 21 is -(CH 2 ) 3 NHCONH 2 .
• Another exemplary Amino Acid unit is a unit of formula (VIII) wherein R 20 is benzyl, R 21 is benzyl, and R 22 is - (CH 2 )4NH 2 .
• Useful -W w - units can be designed and optimized in their selectivity for enzymatic cleavage by a particular enzymes, for example, a tumor-associated protease.
• a -W w - unit is that whose cleavage is catalyzed by cathepsin B, C and D, or a plasmin protease.
• -W w - is a dipeptide, tripeptide, tetrapeptide or pentapeptide.
• the carbon atom to which R 19 , R 20 , R 21 , R 22 or R 23 is attached is chiral. Each carbon atom to which R 19 , R 20 , R 21 , R 22 or R 23 is attached is independently in the (S) or (R) configuration.
• the Amino Acid unit is valine- citralline.
• the Amino Acid unit is phenylalanine-lysine (i.e. fk).
• the Amino Acid unit is N-methylvaline-citrulline.
• the Amino Acid unit is 5-aminovaleric acid, homo phenylalanine lysine, tetraisoquinolinecarboxylate lysine, cyclohexylalanine lysine, isonepecotic acid lysine, beta-alanine lysine, glycine serine valine glutamine and isonepecotic acid.
• the Amino Acid unit can comprise natural amino acids. In other embodiments, the Amino Acid unit can comprise non-natural amino acids.
• the Spacer unit when present, links an Amino Acid unit to the Drag moiety when an Amino Acid unit is present. Alternately, the Spacer unit links the
• Spacer unit to the Drug moiety when the Amino Acid unit is absent.
• the Spacer unit also links the Drag moiety to the Ligand unit when both the Amino Acid unit and Stretcher unit are absent.
• Spacer units are of two general types: self-immolative and non self- immolative.
• a non self-immolative Spacer unit is one in which part or all of the Spacer unit remains bound to the Drug moiety after cleavage, particularly enzymatic, of an Amino Acid unit from the Drug-Linker-Ligand Conjugate or the Drug-Linker Compound.
• Examples of a non self-immolative Spacer unit include, but are not limited to a (glycine- glycine) Spacer unit and a glycine Spacer unit (both depicted in Scheme 1 ) (infra).
• a glycine-glycine Spacer unit or a glycine Spacer unit undergoes enzymatic cleavage via a tumor-cell associated-protease, a cancer-cell- associated protease or a lymphocyte-associated protease, a glycine-glycine-Drag moiety or a glycine-Drag moiety is cleaved from L-A a -Ww-.
• an independent hydrolysis reaction takes place within the target cell, cleaving the glycine- Drug moiety bond and liberating the Drug.
• -Y y - is a p-aminobenzyl alcohol (PAB) unit (see Schemes 2 and 3) whose phenylene portion is substituted with Q m wherein Q is -Ci-Cg alkyl, -O-(d-Cg alkyl), -halogen,- nitro or -cyano; and m is an integer ranging from 0-4.
• a non self-immolative Spacer unit (-Y-) is -Gly-Gly-.
• a non self-immolative the Spacer unit (-Y-) is -Gly-.
• -Y- is a PAB group that is linked to -W w - via the amino nitrogen atom of the PAB group, and connected directly to -D via a carbonate, carbamate or ether group.
• Scheme 2 depicts a possible mechanism of Drug release of a PAB group which is attached directly to -D via a carbamate or carbonate group espoused by Toki et al (2002) J Org. Chem. 67: 1866-1872.
• Scheme 3 depicts a possible mechanism of Drug release of a PAB group which is attached directly to -D via an ether or amine linkage.
• Q is -Ci-Cg alkyl, -O-(C ⁇ -C 8 alkyl), -halogen,- nitro or -cyano; m is an integer ranging from 0-4; and p ranges from 1 to about 20.
• Other examples of self-immolative spacers include, but are not limited to, aromatic compounds that are electronically similar to the PAB group such as 2- aminoimidazol-5-methanol derivatives (Hay et al (1999) Bioorg. Med. Chem. Lett. 9:2237) and ortho or para-aminobenzylacetals.
• Spacers can be used that undergo cyclization upon amide bond hydrolysis, such as substituted and unsubstituted 4- aminobutyric acid amides (Rodrigues et al, Chemistry Biology, 1995, 2, 223), appropriately substituted bicyclo[2.2.1] and bicyclo[2.2.2] ring systems (Storm, etal, J. Amer. Chem. Soc, 1972, 94, 5815) and 2-aminophenylpropionic acid amides (Amsberry, etal, J. Org. Chem., 1990, 55, 5867). Elimination of amine-containing drugs that are substituted at the a-position of glycine (Kingsbury, etal, J. Med.
• the Spacer unit is a branched bis(hydroxymethyl)styrene (BHMS) unit as depicted in Scheme 4, which can be used to incorporate and release multiple drags.
• BHMS branched bis(hydroxymethyl)styrene
• Q is -C ⁇ -C 8 alkyl, -O-(C ⁇ -C 8 alkyl), -halogen, -nitro or -cyano; m is an integer ranging from 0-4; n is 0 or 1 ; and p ranges raging from 1 to about 20.
• the -D moieties are the same. In yet another embodiment, the -D moieties are different.
• Spacer units (-Y y -) are represented by Formulas (X)-(XII):
• Q is -C ⁇ -C 8 alkyl, -O-(C ⁇ -C 8 alkyl), -halogen, -nitro or -cyano; and m is an integer ranging from 0-4;
• Embodiments of the Formula la' and Ic antibody-drug conjugate compounds include: and,
• the drug moiety (D) of the antibody drug conjugates (ADC) are of the dolastatin/auristatin type (U.S. Patent Nos. 5635483; 5780588) which have been shown to interfere with microtubule dynamics, GTP hydrolysis, and nuclear and cellular division (Woyke etal. (2001) Antimicrob. Agents and Chemother. 45(12):3580-3584) and have anticancer (U.S. Patent No. 5663149) and antifungal activity (Pettit etal (1998) Antimicrob. Agents Chemother.
• D is either formula D E or Dp:
• R 2 is selected from H and d-C 8 alkyl
• R 3 is selected from H, Ci-Cg alkyl, C 3 -Cg carbocycle, aryl, d-Cg alkylaryl, CpCg alkyl-(C 3 -C 8 carbocycle), C 3 -C 8 heterocycle and C ⁇ -C 8 alkyl-(C 3 -C 8 heterocycle)
• R 4 is selected from H, C ⁇ -C 8 alkyl, C 3 -C 8 carbocycle, aryl, Ci-Cg alkylaryl, Ci-Cg alkyl-(C 3 -C 8 carbocycle), C 3 -C 8 heterocycle and C]-C 8 alkyl-(C 3 -C 8 heterocycle)
• R 5 is selected from H and methyl; or R 4 and R 5 jointly form a carbocyclic ring and have the formula
• R and R b are independently selected from H, C C 8 alkyl and C 3 -C 8 carbocycle and n is selected from 2, 3, 4, 5 and 6;
• R 6 is selected from H and Ci-Cg alkyl;
• R 7 is selected from H, Ci-Cg alkyl, C 3 -Cg carbocycle, aryl, Ci-Cg alkyl- aryl, C ⁇ -C 8 a!kyl-(C 3 -C 8 carbocycle), C 3 -C 8 heterocycle and Ci-Cg alkyl-(C 3 -C 8 heterocycle); each R 8 is independently selected from H, OH, C ⁇ -C 8 alkyl, C 3 -Cg carbocycle and O-(C ⁇ -Cg alkyl);
• R 9 is selected from H and Ci-Cg alkyl;
• R 10 is selected from aryl or C 3 -Cg heterocycle;
• Z is O, S, NH, or NR 12 , wherein
• R 3 , R 4 and R 7 are independently isopropyl or sec- butyl and R 5 is -H.
• R 3 and R 4 are each isopropyl, R 5 is H, and R 7 is sec-butyl.
• R 2 and R 6 are each methyl, and R 9 is H.
• each occurrence of R 8 is -OCH 3 .
• R 3 and R 4 are each isopropyl, R 2 and R 6 are each methyl, R 5 is H, R 7 is sec-butyl, each occunence of R 8 is -OCH 3 , and R 9 is H.
• Z is -O- or -NH-.
• R 10 is aryl In an exemplary embodiment, R 10 is -phenyl. In an exemplary embodiment, when Z is -O-, R 11 is H, methyl or t-butyl. In one embodiment, when Z is -NH, R 11 is -CH(R 15 ) 2 , wherein R i5 is - (CH 2 ) n -N(R 16 ) 2 , and R 16 is -C,-C 8 alkyl or -(CH 2 ) n -COOH. In another embodiment, when Z is -NH, R n is -CH(R 15 ) 2 , wherein R 15 is - (CH 2 ) n -SO 3 H.
• Illustrative Drug units (-D) include the drug units having the following structures:
• hydrophilic groups such as but not limited to triethylene glycol esters (TEG), as shown above, can be attached to the Drag Unit at R n .
• TOG triethylene glycol esters
• the hydrophilic groups assist in the internalization and non- agglomeration of the Drug Unit.
• the Ligand unit (L-) includes within its scope any unit of a Ligand (L) that binds or reactively associates or complexes with a receptor, antigen or other receptive moiety associated with a given target-cell population.
• a Ligand is a molecule that binds to, complexes with, or reacts with a moiety of a cell population sought to be therapeutically or otherwise biologically modified.
• the Ligand unit acts to deliver the Drug unit to the particular target cell population with which the Ligand unit reacts.
• Such Ligands include, but are not limited to, large molecular weight proteins such as, for example, full-length antibodies, antibody fragments, smaller molecular weight proteins, polypeptide or peptides, lectins, glycoproteins, non-peptides, vitamins, nutrient- transport molecules (such as, but not limited to, transferrin), or any other cell binding molecule or substance.
• a Ligand unit can form a bond to a Stretcher unit, an Amino Acid unit, a Spacer Unit, or a Drag Unit.
• a Ligand unit can form a bond to a Linker unit via a heteroatom of the Ligand.
• Heteroatoms that may be present on a Ligand unit include sulfur (in one embodiment, from a sulfhydryl group of a Ligand), oxygen (in one embodiment, from a carbonyl, carboxyl or hydroxyl group of a Ligand) and nitrogen (in one embodiment, from a primary or secondary amino group of a Ligand). These heteroatoms can be present on the Ligand in the Ligand's natural state, for example a naturally-occurring antibody, or can be introduced into the Ligand via chemical modification.
• a Ligand has a sulfhydryl group and the Ligand bonds to the Linker unit via the sulfhydryl group's sulfur atom.
• the Ligand has one or more lysine residues that can be chemically modified to introduce one or more sulfhydryl groups.
• the Ligand unit bonds to the Linker unit via the sulfhydryl group's sulfur atom.
• the reagents that can be used to modify lysines include, but are not limited to, N-succinimidyl S-acetylthioacetate (SATA) and 2-Iminothiolane hydrochloride (Traut's Reagent).
• the Ligand can have one or more carbohydrate groups that can be chemically modified to have one or more sulfhydryl groups.
• the Ligand unit bonds to the Linker Unit, such as the Stretcher Unit, via the sulfhydryl group's sulfur atom.
• the Ligand can have one or more carbohydrate groups that can be oxidized to provide an aldehyde (-CHO) group (see, for e.g., Laguzza, et al, J. Med. Chem. 1989, 32(3), 548-55).
• the corresponding aldehyde can form a bond with a Reactive Site on a Stretcher.
• Reactive sites on a Stretcher that can react with a carbonyl group on a Ligand include, but are not limited to, hydrazine and hydroxylamine.
• Non-immunoreactive protein, polypeptide, or peptide Ligands include, but are not limited to, transferrin, epidermal growth factors ("EGF"), bombesin, gastrin, gastrin-rel easing peptide, platelet-derived growth factor, IL-2, E -6, transforming growth factors ("TGF'), such as TGF- ⁇ and TGF- ⁇ , vaccinia growth factor (“NGF”), insulin and insulin-like growth factors I and ⁇ , lectins and apoprotein from low density lipoprotein.
• EGF epidermal growth factors
• TGF' transforming growth factors
• NGF vaccinia growth factor
• insulin and insulin-like growth factors I and ⁇ lectins and apoprotein from low density lipoprotein.
• polyclonal antibodies are heterogeneous populations of antibody molecules derived from the sera of immunized animals.
• Various procedures well known in the art may be used for the production of polyclonal antibodies to an antigen-of- interest.
• various host animals can be immunized by injection with an antigen of interest or derivative thereof, including but not limited to rabbits, mice, rats, and guinea pigs.
• adjuvants may be used to increase the immunological response, depending on the host species, and including but not limited to Freund's (complete and incomplete) adjuvant, mineral gels such as aluminum hydroxide, surface active substances such as lysolecithin, pluronic polyols, polyanions, peptides, oil emulsions, keyhole limpet hemocyanins, dinitrophenol, and potentially useful human adjuvants such as BCG (bacille Calmette-Guerin) and corynebacterium parvum.
• BCG Bacille Calmette-Guerin
• corynebacterium parvum Such adjuvants are also well known in the art.
• Useful monoclonal antibodies are homogeneous populations of antibodies to a particular antigenic determinant (e.g., a cancer cell antigen, a viral antigen, a microbial antigen, a protein, a peptide, a carbohydrate, a chemical, nucleic acid, or fragments thereof).
• a monoclonal antibody (mAb) to an antigen-of-interest can be prepared by using any technique known in the art which provides for the production of antibody molecules by continuous cell lines in culture.
• Such antibodies may be of any immunoglobulin class including IgG, IgM, IgE, IgA, and IgD and any subclass thereof.
• the hybridoma producing the mAbs of use in this invention may be cultivated in vitro or in vivo.
• Useful monoclonal antibodies include, but are not limited to, human monoclonal antibodies, humanized monoclonal antibodies, antibody fragments, or chimeric human-mouse (or other species) monoclonal antibodies.
• Human monoclonal antibodies may be made by any of numerous techniques known in the art (e.g., Teng et al, 1983, Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA. 80, 7308-7312; Kozbor et al, 1983, Immunology Today 4, 72-79; and Olsson et al, 1982, Meth. Enzymol. 92, 3-16).
• the antibody can also be a bispecific antibody. Methods for making bispecific antibodies are known in the art.
• the fusion preferably is with an immunoglobulin heavy chain constant domain, comprising at least part of the hinge, C H 2, and C H 3 regions. It is preferred to have the first heavy-chain constant region (C H I) containing the site necessary for light chain binding, present in at least one of the fusions. Nucleic acids with sequences encoding the immunoglobulin heavy chain fusions and, if desired, the immunoglobulin light chain, are inserted into separate expression vectors, and are co-transfected into a suitable host organism. This provides for great flexibility in adjusting the mutual proportions of the three polypeptide fragments in embodiments when unequal ratios of the three polypeptide chains used in the construction provide the optimum yields.
• the bispecific antibodies have a hybrid immunoglobulin heavy chain with a first binding specificity in one arm, and a hybrid immunoglobulin heavy chain-light chain pair (providing a second binding specificity) in the other arm.
• This asymmetric structure facilitates the separation of the desired bispecific compound from unwanted immunoglobulin chain combinations, as the presence of an immunoglobulin light chain in only one half of the bispecific molecule provides for a facile way of separation (International Publication No.
• bispecific antibodies can be prepared for use in the treatment or prevention of disease as defined herein.
• Bifunctional antibodies are also described, in European Patent Publication
• hybrid or bifunctional antibodies can be derived either biologically, ie., by cell fusion techniques, or chemically, especially with cross-linking agents or disulfide-bridge forming reagents, and may comprise whole antibodies or fragments thereof. Methods for obtaining such hybrid antibodies are disclosed for example, in International Publication WO 83/03679, and European Patent Publication No. EPA 0217 577, both of which are incorporated herein by reference.
• the antibody can be a functionally active fragment, derivative or analog of an antibody that immunospecifically binds to cancer cell antigens, viral antigens, or microbial antigens or other antibodies bound to tumor cells or matrix.
• “functionally active” means that the fragment, derivative or analog is able to elicit anti- anti-idiotype antibodies that recognize the same antigen that the antibody from which the fragment, derivative or analog is derived recognized.
• the antigenicity of the idiotype of the immunoglobulin molecule can be enhanced by deletion of framework and CDR sequences that are C-terminal to the CDR sequence that specifically recognizes the antigen.
• synthetic peptides containing the CDR sequences can be used in binding assays with the antigen by any binding assay method known in the art (e.g., the BIA core assay) (See, for e.g., Kabat et al, 1991, Sequences of Proteins of Immunological Interest, Fifth Edition, National Institute of Health, Bethesda, Md; Kabat E et al, 1980, J. of Immunology 125(3):961-969).
• Other useful antibodies include fragments of antibodies such as, but not limited to, F(ab') 2 fragments, which contain the variable region, the light chain constant region and the CHI domain of the heavy chain can be produced by pepsin digestion of the antibody molecule, and Fab fragments, which can be generated by reducing the disulfide bridges of the F(ab') 2 fragments.
• Other useful antibodies are heavy chain and light chain dimers of antibodies, or any minimal fragment thereof such as Fvs or single chain antibodies (SCAs) (e.g., as described in U.S. Patent No.4946778; Bird, 1988, Science 242:423-42; Huston et al, 1988, Proc. Natl Acad. Sci.
• recombinant antibodies such as chimeric and humanized monoclonal antibodies, comprising both human and non-human portions, which can be made using standard recombinant DNA techniques, are useful antibodies.
• a chimeric antibody is a molecule in which different portions are derived from different animal species, such as those having a variable region derived from a murine monoclonal and human immunoglobulin constant regions.
• Humanized antibodies are antibody molecules from non- human species having one or more complementarity determining regions (CDRs) from the non-human species and a framework region from a human immunoglobulin molecule.
• CDRs complementarity determining regions
• Such chimeric and humanized monoclonal antibodies can be produced by recombinant DNA techniques known in the art, for example using methods described in International Publication No. WO 87/02671; European Patent Publication No. 184,187; European Patent Publication No. 171496; European Patent Publication No. 173494; International Publication No.
• the transgenic mice are immunized in the normal fashion with a selected antigen, e.g., all or a portion of a polypeptide of the invention.
• Monoclonal antibodies directed against the antigen can be obtained using conventional hybridoma technology.
• the human immunoglobulin transgenes harbored by the transgenic mice rearrange during B cell differentiation, and subsequently undergo class switching and somatic mutation.
• Lonberg and Huszar (1995, Int. Rev. Immunol. 13:65- 93).
• Human antibodies can also be produced using various techniques known in the art, including phage display libraries (Hoogenboom and Winter, J. Mol. Biol., 227:381 (1991); Marks etal, J. Mol. Biol., 222:581 (1991); Quan, M. P. and Carter, P. 2002. The rise of monoclonal antibodies as therapeutics. In Anti-IgE and Allergic Disease, Jardieu, P. M. and Fick Jr., R. B, eds., Marcel Dekker, New York, NY, Chapter 20, pp.427-469).
• the antibody is a fusion protein of an antibody, or a functionally active fragment thereof, for example in which the antibody is fused via a covalent bond (e.g., a peptide bond), at either the N-terminus or the C-terminus to an amino acid sequence of another protein (or portion thereof, preferably at least 10, 20 or 50 amino acid portion of the protein) that is not the antibody.
• a covalent bond e.g., a peptide bond
• the antibody or fragment thereof is covalently linked to the other protein at the N-terminus of the constant domain.
• Antibodies include analogs and derivatives that are either modified, i.e, by the covalent attachment of any type of molecule as long as such covalent attachment permits the antibody to retain its antigen binding immunospecificity.
• the derivatives and analogs of the antibodies include those that have been further modified, e.g., by glycosylation, acetylation, pegylation, phosphorylation, amidation, derivatization by known protecting/blocking groups, proteolytic cleavage, linkage to a cellular antibody unit or other protein, etc. Any of numerous chemical modifications can be carried out by known techniques, including, but not limited to specific chemical cleavage, acetylation, formylation, metabolic synthesis in the presence of tunicamycin, etc. Additionally, the analog or derivative can contain one or more unnatural amino acids.
• the antibodies include antibodies having modifications (e.g., substitutions, deletions or additions) in amino acid residues that interact with Fc receptors.
• antibodies include antibodies having modifications in amino acid residues identified as involved in the interaction between the anti-Fc domain and the FcRn receptor (see, e.g., Internationa] Publication No. WO 97/34631, which is incorporated herein by reference in its entirety).
• Antibodies immunospecific for a cancer cell antigen can be obtained commercially, for example, from Genentech (San Francisco, CA) or produced by any method known to one of skill in the art such as, e.g., chemical synthesis or recombinant expression techniques.
• the nucleotide sequence encoding antibodies immunospecific for a cancer cell antigen can be obtained, e.g., from the GenBank database or a database like it, the literature publications, or by routine cloning and sequencing.
• known antibodies for the treatment or prevention of cancer can be used.
• Antibodies immunospecific for a cancer cell antigen can be obtained commercially or produced by any method known to one of skill in the art such as, e.g., recombinant expression techniques.
• the nucleotide sequence encoding antibodies immunospecific for a cancer cell antigen can be obtained, e.g., from the GenBank database or a database like it, the literature publications, or by routine cloning and sequencing. Examples of antibodies available for the treatment of cancer include, but are not limited to, humanized anti-HER2 monoclonal antibody, HERCEPTIN®
• antibodies useful in the treatment of cancer include, but are not limited to, antibodies against the following antigens: CA125 (ovarian), CA15-3 (carcinomas), CA19-9 (carcinomas), L6 (carcinomas), Lewis Y (carcinomas), Lewis X (carcinomas), alpha fetoprotein (carcinomas), CA 242 (colorectal), placental alkaline phosphatase (carcinomas), prostate specific antigen (prostate), prostatic acid phosphatase (prostate), epidermal growth factor (carcinomas), MAGE-1 (carcinomas), MAGE-2 (carcinomas), MAGE-3 (carcinomas), MAGE -4 (carcinomas), anti-transferrin receptor (carcinomas), p97 (melanoma), MUCl-KLH (breast cancer), CEA (colorectal), gplOO (melanoma), MARTI (melanoma), PSA (prostate), IL-2 receptor (T-cell leukemia and lymphomas), CD20 (
• BR96 mAb Trail, P. A., Willner, D., Lasch, S. J., Henderson, A. J., Hofstead, S. J., Casazza, A. M., Firestone, R. A., Hellstrom, I., Hellstrom, K. E., "Cure of Xenografted Human Carcinomas by BR96-Doxorabicin Immunoconjugates" Science 1993, 261, 212-215
• BR64 Trail, PA, Willner, D, Knipe, J., Henderson, A. J., Lasch, S. J., Zoeckler, M. E., Trailsmith, M. D., Doyle, T. W., King, H.
• the antibody is not Trastuzumab (full length, humanized anti-HER2 (MW 145167)), HerceptinF(ab') 2 (derived from anti-HER2 enzymatically (MW 100000)), 4D5 (full-length, murine antiHER2, from hybridoma), rhu4D5 (transiently expressed, full-length humanized antibody), ⁇ huFab4D5 (recombinant humanized Fab (MW 47738)), 4D5Fc8 (full-length, murine antiHER2, with mutated FcRn binding domain), or Hg ("Hingeless" full-length humanized 4D5, with heavy chain hinge cysteines mutated to serines. Expressed in E.
• antibodies for the treatment or prevention of an autoimmune disease are used in accordance with the compositions and methods of the invention.
• Antibodies immunospecific for an antigen of a cell that is responsible for producing autoimmune antibodies can be obtained from any organization (e.g., a university scientist or a company) or produced by any method known to one of skill in the art such as, e.g., chemical synthesis or recombinant expression techniques.
• useful antibodies are immunospecific for the treatment of autoimmune diseases include, but are not limited to, Anti-Nuclear Antibody; Anti-ds DNA; Anti-ss DNA, Anti-Cardiolipin Antibody IgM, IgG; Anti-Phospholipid Antibody IgM, IgG; Anti-SM Antibody; Anti-Mitochondrial Antibody; Thyroid Antibody; Microsomal Antibody; Thyroglobulin Antibody; Anti-SCL-70; Anti-Jo; Anti-UiRNP; Anti-La SSB; Anti SSA; Anti-SSB; Anti-Perital Cells Antibody; Anti-Histones; Anti- RNP; C-ANCA; P-ANCA; Anti centromere; Anti-Fibrillarin, and Anti-GBM Antibody.
• useful antibodies can bind to both a receptor or a receptor complex expressed on an activated lymphocyte.
• the receptor or receptor complex can comprise an immunoglobulin gene superfamily member, a TNF receptor superfamily member, an integrin, a cytokine receptor, a chemokine receptor, a major histocompatibility protein, a lectin, or a complement control protein.
• suitable immunoglobulin superfamily members are CD2, CD3, CD4, CD8, CD19, CD22, CD28, CD79, CD90, CD152/CTLA-4, PD-1, and ICOS.
• TNF receptor superfamily members are CD27, CD40, CD95 Fas, CD134/OX40, CD137/4-1BB, TNF-R1, TNFR-2, RANK, TACI, BCMA, osteoprotegerin, Apo2/TRAIL-Rl , TRAIL-R2, TRAIL-R3, TRAIL-R4, and APO-3.
• suitable integrins are GDI la, CD1 lb, CD1 lc, CD18, CD29, CD41, CD49a, CD49b, CD49c, CD49d, CD49e, CD49f, CD103, and CD104.
• Non- limiting examples of suitable lectins are C-type, S-type, and I-type lectin.
• the Ligand binds to an activated lymphocyte that is associated with an autoimmune disease.
• useful Ligands immunospecific for a viral or a microbial antigen are monoclonal antibodies.
• the antibodies may be chimeric, humanized or human monoclonal antibodies.
• viral antigen includes, but is not limited to, any viral peptide, polypeptide protein (e.g., HIV gpl20, HIV nef, RSV F glycoprotein, influenza virus neuraminidase, influenza virus hemagglutinin, HTLV tax, herpes simplex virus glycoprotein (e.g., gB, gC, gD, and gE) and hepatitis B surface antigen) that is capable of eliciting an immune response.
• polypeptide protein e.g., HIV gpl20, HIV nef, RSV F glycoprotein, influenza virus neuraminidase, influenza virus hemagglutinin, HTLV tax, herpes simplex virus glycoprotein (e.gB, gC, gD, and gE) and hepatitis B surface antigen
• microbial antigen includes, but is not limited to, any microbial peptide, polypeptide, protein, saccharide, polysaccharide, or lipid molecule (e.g., a bacterial, fungi, pathogenic protozoa, or yeast polypeptide including, e.g., LPS and capsular polysaccharide 5/8) that is capable of eliciting an immune response.
• Antibodies immunospecific for a viral or microbial antigen can be obtained commercially, for example, from BD Biosciences (San Francisco, CA),
• nucleotide sequence encoding antibodies that are immunospecific for a viral or microbial antigen can be obtained, e.g., from the GenBank database or a database like it, literature publications, or by routine cloning and sequencing.
• useful Ligands are those that are useful for the treatment or prevention of viral or microbial infection in accordance with the methods disclosed herein.
• antibodies available useful for the treatment of viral infection or microbial infection include, but are not limited to, SYNAGIS (Medlmmune, Inc., MD) which is a humanized anti-respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) monoclonal antibody useful for the treatment of patients with RSV infection; PRO542 (Progenies) which is a CD4 fusion antibody useful for the treatment of HIV infection; OSTAVIR (Protein Design Labs, Inc., CA) which is a human antibody useful for the treatment of hepatitis B virus; PROTOVIR (Protein Design Labs, Inc., CA) which is a humanized IgGi antibody useful for the treatment of cytomegalovims (CMN); and anti-LPS antibodies.
• SYNAGIS Medlmmune, Inc., MD
• RSV humanized anti-respiratory syncytial virus
• PRO542 Progenies
• OSTAVIR Protein Design Labs, Inc., CA
• PROTOVIR Pro
• antibodies useful in the treatment of infectious diseases include, but are not limited to, antibodies against the antigens from pathogenic strains of bacteria (Streptococcus pyogenes, Streptococcus pneumoniae, ⁇ eisseria gononheae, ⁇ eisseria meningitidis, Corynebacterium diphtheriae, Clostridium botulinum, Clostridium perfringens, Clostridium tetani, Hemophilus influenzae, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Klebsiella ozaenas, Klebsiella rhinoscleromotis, Staphylococc aureus, Vibrio colerae, Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas aeraginosa, Campylobacter (Vibrio) fetus, Aeromonas hydrophila, Bacillus cereus, Edwardsiella tarda, Yersinia enterocolitica, Yersinia pestis
• antibodies useful in this invention for treatment of viral disease include, but are not limited to, antibodies against antigens of pathogenic viruses, including as examples and not by limitation: Poxviridae, Herpesviridae, Herpes Simplex virus 1, Herpes Simplex virus 2, Adenoviridae, Papovaviridae, Enteroviridae,
• Picornaviridae Parvoviridae, Reoviridae, Retroviridae, influenza viruses, parainfluenza viruses, mumps, measles, respiratory syncytial virus, rubella, Arboviridae, Rhabdoviridae, Arenaviridae, Hepatitis A virus, Hepatitis B viras, Hepatitis C viras, Hepatitis E virus, Non-A/Non-B Hepatitis virus, Rhinoviridae, Coronaviridae, Rotoviridae, and Human Immunodeficiency Virus.
• tumor-associated polypeptides that are specifically expressed on the surface of one or more particular type(s) of cancer cell as compared to on one or more normal non-cancerous cell(s). Often, such tumor-associated polypeptides are more abundantly expressed on the surface of the cancer cells as compared to on the surface of the non-cancerous cells. The identification of such tumor-associated cell surface antigen polypeptides has given rise to the ability to specifically target cancer cells for destruction via antibody-based therapies.
• Antibodies which comprise Ab in Formula Ic antibody drag conjugates (ADC) and which may be useful in the treatment of cancer include, but are not limited to, antibodies against tumor-associated antigens (TAA).
• TAA tumor-associated antigens
• TAA tumor-associated antigens
• TAA include (l)-(35), but are not limited to TAA (1 )-(35) listed below.
• information relating to these antigens, all of which are known in the art, is listed below and includes names, alternative names, Genbank accession numbers and primary reference(s).
• Tumor-associated antigens targetted by antibodies include all amino acid sequence variants and isoforms possessing at least about 70%, 80%, 85%, 90%, or 95% sequence identity relative to the sequences identified in the conesponding sequences listed (SEQ ID NOS: 1-35) or the sequences identified in the cited references.
• TAA having amino acid sequence variants exhibit substantially the same biological properties or characteristics as a TAA having the sequence found in the conesponding sequences listed (SEQ ID NOS: 1-35).
• a TAA having a variant sequence generally is able to bind specifically to an antibody that binds specifically to the TAA with the conesponding sequence listed.
• BMPR1B bone morphogenetic protein receptor-type IB, Genbank accession no. NM_001203, ten Dijke,P., et al. Science 264 (5155):101-104 (1994), Oncogene 14 (11):1377-1382 (1997)); WO2004063362 (Claim 2); WO2003042661 (Claim 12); US2003134790-A1 (Page 38-39); WO2002102235 (Claim 13; Page 296); WO2003055443 (Page 91-92); WO200299122 (Example 2; Page 528-530);
• NP_001194 bone morphogenetic protein receptor, type IB /pid NP_001194.1 - Cross-references: MIM603248; NP_001194.1; NM_001203_1 502 aa LLRSAGKLNVGT BDGESTAPTPRPKVLRCKCHHHCPEDSVNNICSTDGYCFT IEED DSGLPWTSGCLGLEGSDFQCRDTPIPHQRRSIECCTER ECNKD HPT PPLKNRDFVD GPIHHRALLISVTVCSLLLVLIILFCYFRYKRQETRPRYSIGLEQDETY
• NP_036581 six transmembrane epithelial antigen of the prostate Cross-references: MIM:604415; NP_036581.1; NM_012449_1
• WO200292836 (Claim 6; Fig 12); WO200283866 (Claim 15; Page 116-121);
• MPF MPF, MSLN, SMR, megakaryocyte potentiating factor, mesothelin, Genbank accession no. NM_005823
• Napi3b (NAPI-3B, NPTHb, SLC34A2, solute canier family 34 (sodium phosphate), member 2, type II sodium-dependent phosphate transporter 3b,Genbank accession no. NM_006424,
• Sema 5b (FLJ10372, KIAA1445, Mm.42015, SEMA5B, SEMAG, Semaphorin 5b Hlog, sema domain, seven thrombospondin repeats (type 1 and type 1-like), transmembrane domain (TM) and short cytoplasmic domain, (semaphorin) 5B, Genbank accession no. AB040878, Nagase T., et al (2000) DNA Res. 7 (2):143-150); WO2004000997 (Claim 1);
• WO2003003984 (Claim 1); WO200206339 (Claim 1; Page 50); WO200188133 (Claim 1 ; Page 41-43, 48-58); WO2003054152 (Claim 20); WO2003101400 (Claim 11); Accession: Q9P283; EMBL; AB040878; BAA95969.1.
• HGNC 10737; 1093 aa MVLAGPLAVSLLLPSLTLLVSHLSSSQDVSSEPSSEQQLCALSKHPTVAFEDLQP VSNF TYPGARDFSQ1-ALDPSGNQLIVGA- ⁇ YLFRLS--ANVSLLQATEWASSEDTRRSCQSKGKT EEECQNYVRVLIVAGRKVF CGTNAFSP CTSRQVGNLSRTTEKINGVARCPYDPRHNST AVISSQGELYAATV DFSGRDPAI RSLGSGPPLRTAQYNSKWLNEPNFVAAYDIGLFAY FFLRENAVEHDCGRTVYSRVARVCKNDVGGRFLLEDT TTFMKARLNCSRPGEVPFYYNE LQSAFHLPEQDLIYGVFTTNVNSIAASAVCAFNLSAISQAFNGPFRYQENPRAAWLPIAN PIPNFQCGTLPETGPN ⁇ NLTERSLQDAQRLFLMSEAVQPVTPEPCVTQDSVRFSHL
• PSCA hlg (2700050C12Rik, C530008O16Rik, RIKEN cDNA 2700050C12, RIKEN cDNA 2700050C12 gene, Genbank accession no. AY358628);
• ETBR Endothelin type B receptor, Genbank accession no. AY275463
• Nakamuta M. et al Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 177, 34-39, 1991
• Ogawa Y. et al. Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 178, 248-255, 1991
• Arai H. etal Jpn. Circ. J. 56, 1303-1307, 1992
• Arai H. et al. J. Biol. Chem. 268, 3463-3470, 1993
• Sakamoto A. Yanagisawa M., et al Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun.
• TrpM4 (BR22450, FLJ20041 , TRPM4, TRPM4B, transient receptor potential cation channel, subfamily M, member 4, Genbank accession no. NM_017636 Xu,X.Z., et al Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA. 98 (19): 10692-10697 (2001), Cell 109 (3):397-407 (2002), J. Biol. Chem.
• CRIPTO (CR, CR1, CRGF, CRIPTO, TDGF1, teratocarcinoma-derived growth factor, Genbank accession no. NP_003203 or NM_003212,
• CD21 (CR2 (Complement receptor 2) or C3DR (C3d Epstein Barr virus receptor) or Hs.73792 Genbank accession no. M26004,
• CD79b CD79B, CD79 ⁇ , IGb (immunoglobulin-associated beta), B29, Genbank accession no. NM_000626 or 11038674, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA. (2003) 100
• FcRH2 (IFGP4, IRTA4, SPAP1 A (SH2 domain containing phosphatase anchor protein la), SPAP1B, SPAP1C, Genbank accession no. NMJB0764, Genome Res. 13 (10):2265-2270 (2003), Immunogenetics 54 (2):87-95 (2002), Blood 99 (8):2662-2669 (2002), Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA. 98 (17):9772-9777 (2001), Xu,M.J., et al (2001) Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun.
• HER2 ErbB2, Genbank accession no. Ml 1730, Coussens L., et al Science (1985) 230(4730):1132-1139); Yamamoto T., et al. Nature 319, 230-234, 1986; Semba K., et al.
• MELAALCRWGLLLALLP PGAASTQVCTGTDMKLRLPAS PETHLDMLRHLYQGCQWQGNL ELTYLPTNASLSFLQDIQEVQGYVLIAIOTQVRQVPLQRLRIVRGTQLF ⁇ DNYA1-AVLDNG DPLNNTTPVTGASPGGLRELQLRSLTEIL GGVLIQRNPQLCYQDTILWKDIFHKNNQLA IiTLIDTNRSRACHPCSPMCKGSRCWGESSEDCQSLTRTVCAGGCARC GPLPTDCCHEQC AAGCTGPKHSDCI-ACLHFNHSGICELHCPALVTY1.TDTFESMPNPEGRYTFGASCVTACP YNYLSTDVGSCTLVCPLHNQEVTAEDGTQRCEKCSKPCARVCYGLGMEHLREVRAVTSAN IQEFAGCKKIFGSLAFLPESFDGDPASNTAPLQPEQLQVFETLEEITGYLYISAWPDSLP DLSVFQNLQVIRGRILH
• NCA (CEACAM6, Genbank accession no. M18728);
• IL20R ⁇ (IL20Ra, ZCYTOR7, Genbank accession no. AF184971); Clark H.F., et al. Genome Res. 13, 2265-2270, 2003; Mungall A.J., et al. Nature 425, 805-811, 2003; Blumberg H., et al Cell 104, 9-19, 2001; Dumoutier L., et al. J. Immunol. 167, 3545-3549, 2001; Pamsh-Novak J., et al. J. Biol. Chem. 277, 47517-47523, 2002; Plehiev S., et al.
• PSCA Prostate stem cell antigen precursor, Genbank accession no. AJ297436
• WO2003003906 (Claim 10; Page 288); WO200140309 (Example 1; Fig 17);
• AAP14954 lipoma HMGIC fusion-partner-like protein /pid AAP14954.1 - Homo sapiens
• WO2003054152 (Claim 20); WO2003000842 (Claim 1); WO2003023013 (Example 3, Claim 20); US2003194704 (Claim 45); Cross-references: G 30102449; AAP14954.1; AY260763_1 236 aa
• BAFF-R B cell -activating factor receptor, BLyS receptor 3, BR3, Genbank accession No. NP_443177.1
• NP_443177 BAFF receptor /pid NP_443177.1 - Homo sapiens
• WO2004011611; WO2003045422 (Example; Page 32-33); WO2003014294 (Claim 35; Fig 6B); WO2003035846 (Claim 70; Page 615-616); WO200294852 (Col 136-137);
• WO200238766 (Claim 3; Page 133); WO200224909 (Example 3; Fig 3);
• CD22 B-cell receptor CD22-B isoform, Genbank accession No. NP-001762.1); Stamenkovic . and Seed,B., Nature 345 (6270), 74-77 (1990); US2003157113; US2003118592; WO2003062401 (Claim 9); WO2003072036 (Claim 1; Fig 1); WO200278524 (Example 2); Cross-references: MIM:107266; NP_001762.1; NM_001771_1 847 aa r ⁇ LLGPWLLLLVLEYI-AFSDSSKWVFEHPETLYAWEGACVWIPCTYRALDGDLESFILFH NPEYNKNTSKFDGTRLYESTKDGKVPSEQKRVQFLGD NKNCTLSIHPVHLNDSGQLGLR MESKTEKWMERIHLNVSERPFPPHIQLPPEIQESQEVTLTCLLNFSCYGYPIQLQWLLEG VPMRQAAVTSTSLTIKS
• CD79a (CD79A, CD79 ⁇ , immunoglobulin-associated alpha, a B cell-specific protein that covalently interacts with Ig beta (CD79B) and forms a complex on the surface with Ig M molecules, transduces a signal involved in B-cell differentiation)
• PROTEIN SEQUENCE Full mpggpgv...dvqlekp (1..226; 226 aa), pi: 4.84, MW: 25028 TM: 2 [P] Gene Chromosome: 19ql3.2, Genbank accession No.
• CXCR5 Breast Cancer's lymphoma receptor 1, a G protein-coupled receptor that is activated by the CXCL13 chemokine, functions in lymphocyte migration and humoral defense, plays a role in HIV-2 infection and perhaps development of AIDS, lymphoma, myeloma, and leukemia
• PROTEIN SEQUENCE Full mnypltl...atslttf (1..372; 372 aa), pi: 8.54 MW: 41959 TM: 7 [P] Gene Chromosome: llq23.3, Genbank accession No.
• HLA-DOB Beta subunit of MHC class II molecule (la antigen) that binds peptides and presents them to CD4+ T lymphocytes
• PROTEIN SEQUENCE Full mgsgwvp...vllpqsc (1..273; 273 aa, pi: 6.56 MW: 30820 TM: 1 [P] Gene Chromosome: 6p21.3, Genbank accession No. NP_002111.1;
• P2X5 Purinergic receptor P2X ligand-gated ion channel 5, an ion channel gated by extracellular ATP, may be involved in synaptic transmission and neurogenesis, deficiency may contribute to the pathophysiology of idiopathic detrusor instability
• PROTEIN SEQUENCE Full mgqagck...lephrst (1..422; 422 aa), pi: 7.63, MW: 47206 TM: 1 [P] Gene Chromosome: 17pl3.3, Genbank accession No. NP_002552.2; Le et al. (1997) FEBS Lett.
• CD72 B-cell differentiation antigen CD72, Lyb-2) PROTEIN SEQUENCE Full maeaity...tafrfpd (1..359; 359 aa), pi: 8.66, MW: 40225 TM: 1 [P] Gene Chromosome: 9pl3.3, Genbank accession No. NP_ 001773.1 ;
• WO2004042346 (claim 65); WO2003026493 (pages 51-52, 57-58); WO200075655 (pages 105-106); Von Hoegen et al (1990) J. 1-mmunol. 144(12) -.4870-4877; Strausberg et al (2002) Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci USA 99:16899-16903;
• LY64 Lymphocyte antigen 64 (RP105), type I membrane protein of the leucine rich repeat (LRR) family, regulates B-cell activation and apoptosis, loss of function is associated with increased disease activity in patients with systemic lupus erythematosis
• PROTEIN SEQUENCE Full mafdvsc.rwkyqhi (1..661 ; 661 aa), pi: 6.20, MW: 74147 TM: 1 [P] Gene Chromosome: 5ql2, Genbank accession No. NP_005573.1; US2002193567; WO9707198 (claim 11, pages 39-42); Miura et al. (1996) Genomics 38(3):299-304; Miura et al (1998) Blood 92:2815-2822; WO2003083047; WO9744452 (claim 8, pages 57-61); WO200012130 (pages 24-26);
• FCRH1 Fc receptor-like protein 1, a putative receptor for the immunoglobulin Fc domain that contains C2 type Ig-like and IT AM domains, may have a role in B- lymphocyte differentiation
• PROTEIN SEQUENCE Full mlprlll...vdyedam (1..429; 429 aa), pi: 5.28, MW: 46925 TM: 1 [P] Gene Chromosome: Iq21-lq22, Genbank accession No. NP_443170.1;
• IRTA2 Immunoglobulin superfamily receptor translocation associated 2, a putative immunoreceptor with possible roles in B cell development and lymphomagenesis; deregulation of the gene by translocation occurs in some B cell malignancies
• WO2003024392 (claim 2, Fig 97); Nakayama et al (2000) Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 277(1): 124-127; WO2003077836; WO200138490 (claim 3, Fig 18B-1-18B-2);
• Exemplary Conjugates of Formula Ilia include where R 17 is -(CH 2 )s-. Also included are such Conjugates of Formula Ilia in which D has the structure of Compound 2 in Example 3 and esters thereof.
• Conjugates of Formula Ilia in which R 17 is -(CH )s-. Also included are such Conjugates of Formula Hla in which W is -Nal-Cit-, and or where D has the structure of Compound 2 in Example 3 and esters thereof. Also included are such Conjugates of Formula Ilia containing about 3 to about 8, preferably about 3 to about 5 Drag moieties D, that is, Conjugates of Formula la wherein p is a value in the range of about 3-8, preferably about 3-5. Conjugates containing combinations of the structural features noted in this paragraph are also exemplary.
• a further embodiment is an antibody drug conjugate (ADC), or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or solvate thereof, wherein Ab is an antibody that binds one of the tumor-associated antigens (l)-(35) noted above (the "TAA Compound”).
• ADC antibody drug conjugate
• TAA Compound Another embodiment is the TAA Compound or pharmaceutically acceptable salt or solvate thereof that is in isolated and purified form.
• Another embodiment is a method for killing or inhibiting the multiplication of a tumor cell or cancer cell comprising administering to a patient, for example a human with a hype ⁇ roliferative disorder, an amount of the TAA Compound or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or solvate thereof, said amount being effective to kill or inhibit the multiplication of a tumor cell or cancer cell.
• Another embodiment is a method for treating cancer comprising administering to a patient, for example a human with a hyperproliferative disorder, an amount of the TAA Compound or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or solvate thereof, said amount being effective to treat cancer, alone or together with an effective amount of an additional anticancer agent.
• Another embodiment is a method for treating an autoimmune disease, comprising administering to a patient, for example a human with a hype ⁇ roliferative disorder, an amount of the TAA Compound or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or solvate thereof, said amount being effective to treat an autoimmune disease.
• the antibodies suitable for use in the invention can be produced by any method known in the art for the synthesis of antibodies, in particular, by chemical synthesis or by recombinant expression, and are preferably produced by recombinant expression techniques.
• Antibodies of the invention can be produced using any method known in the art to be useful for the synthesis of antibodies, in particular, by chemical synthesis or by recombinant expression. Recombinant expression of antibodies, or fragment, derivative or analog thereof, requires construction of a nucleic acid that encodes the antibody.
• a nucleic acid encoding the antibody may be assembled from chemically synthesized oligonucleotides (e.g., as described in Kutmeier et al, 1994, BioTechniques 17:242), which involves the synthesis of overlapping oligonucleotides containing portions of the sequence encoding the antibody, annealing and ligation of those oligonucleotides, and then amplification of the ligated oligonucleotides, e.g., by PCR.
• a nucleic acid molecule encoding an antibody can be generated from a suitable source.
• a nucleic acid encoding the antibody can be obtained from a suitable source (e.g., an antibody cDNA library, or cDNA library generated from any tissue or cells expressing the immunoglobulin) by, e.g., PCR amplification using synthetic primers hybridizable to the 3' and 5' ends of the sequence or by cloning using an oligonucleotide probe specific for the particular gene sequence.
• a suitable source e.g., an antibody cDNA library, or cDNA library generated from any tissue or cells expressing the immunoglobulin
• antibodies specific for a particular antigen can be generated by any method known in the art, for example, by immunizing a patient, or suitable animal model such as a rabbit or mouse, to generate polyclonal antibodies or, more preferably, by generating monoclonal antibodies, e.g., as described by Kohler and Milstein (1975, Nature 256:495-497) or, as described by Kozbor et al. (1983,
• a clone encoding at least the Fab portion of the antibody can be obtained by screening Fab expression libraries (e.g., as described in Huse et al, 1989, Science 246:1275-1281) for clones of Fab fragments that bind the specific antigen or by screening antibody libraries (See, e.g., Clackson et al, 1991, Nature 352:624; Hane et al, 1997 Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA 94:4937).
• nucleic acid sequence encoding at least the variable domain of the antibody can be introduced into a vector containing the nucleotide sequence encoding the constant regions of the antibody (see, e.g., International Publication No. WO 86/05807; WO 89/01036; and U.S. Patent No. 5122464).
• Vectors containing the complete light or heavy chain that allow for the expression of a complete antibody molecule are available.
• the nucleic acid encoding the antibody can be used to introduce the nucleotide substitutions or deletion necessary to substitute (or delete) the one or more variable region cysteine residues participating in an intrachain disulfide bond with an amino acid residue that does not contain a sulfhydyl group.
• Such modifications can be carried out by any method known in the art for the introduction of specific mutations or deletions in a nucleotide sequence, for example, but not limited to, chemical mutagenesis and in vitro site directed mutagenesis (Hutchinson et al, 1978, J. Biol. Chem. 253:6551).
• techniques developed for the production of "chimeric antibodies” (Morrison etal, 1984, Proc. Natl.
• a chimeric antibody is a molecule in which different portions are derived from different animal species, such as those having a variable region derived from a murine monoclonal antibody and a human immunoglobulin constant region, e.g., humanized antibodies.
• techniques described for the production of single chain antibodies U.S.
• Patent 4,694,778; Bird, 1988, Science 242:423-42; Huston et al, 1988, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 85:5879-5883; and Ward et al, 1989, Nature 334:544-54) can be adapted to produce single chain antibodies.
• Single chain antibodies are formed by linking the heavy and light chain fragments of the Fv region via an amino acid bridge, resulting in a single chain polypeptide. Techniques for the assembly of functional Fv fragments in E. coli may also be used (Skerra et al, 1988, Science 242: 1038-1041).
• Antibody fragments that recognize specific epitopes can be generated by known techniques.
• such fragments include, but are not limited to the F(ab') 2 fragments that can be produced by pepsin digestion of the antibody molecule and the Fab fragments that can be generated by reducing the disulfide bridges of the F(ab') 2 fragments.
• the vector for the production of the antibody can be produced by recombinant D ⁇ A technology using techniques well known in the art. Methods that are well known to those skilled in the art can be used to construct expression vectors containing the antibody coding sequences and appropriate transcriptional and translational control signals. These methods include, for example, in vitro recombinant D ⁇ A techniques, synthetic techniques, and in vivo genetic recombination.
• An expression vector comprising the nucleotide sequence of an antibody or the nucleotide sequence of an antibody can be transfened to a host cell by conventional techniques (e.g., electroporation, liposomal transfection, and calcium phosphate precipitation), and the transfected cells are then cultured by conventional techniques to produce the antibody.
• the expression of the antibody is regulated by a constitutive, an inducible or a tissue, specific promoter.
• the host cells used to express the recombinant antibody can be either bacterial cells such as Escherichia coli, or, preferably, eukaryotic cells, especially for the expression of whole recombinant immunoglobulin molecule.
• mammalian cells such as Chinese hamster ovary cells (CHO), in conjunction with a vector such as the major intermediate early gene promoter element from human cytomegalovirus is an effective expression system for immunoglobulins (Foecking et al, 198, Gene 45:101; Cockett et al, 1990, BioTechnology 8:2).
• host-expression vector systems can be utilized to express the immunoglobulin antibodies.
• Such host-expression systems represent vehicles by which the coding sequences of the antibody can be produced and subsequently purified, but also represent cells that can, when transformed or transfected with the appropriate nucleotide coding sequences, express an antibody immunoglobulin molecule in situ.
• host-expression systems represent vehicles by which the coding sequences of the antibody can be produced and subsequently purified, but also represent cells that can, when transformed or transfected with the appropriate nucleotide coding sequences, express an antibody immunoglobulin molecule in situ.
• microorganisms such as bacteria (e.g., E. coli and B.
• subtilis transformed with recombinant bacteriophage DNA, plasmid DNA or cosmid DNA expression vectors containing immunoglobulin coding sequences; yeast (e.g., Saccharomyces Pichia) transformed with recombinant yeast expression vectors containing immunoglobulin coding sequences; insect cell systems infected with recombinant virus expression vectors (e.g., baculovirus) containing the immunoglobulin coding sequences; plant cell systems infected with recombinant virus expression vectors (e.g., cauliflower mosaic virus (CaMV) and tobacco mosaic viras (TMV)) or transformed with recombinant plasmid expression vectors (e.g., Ti plasmid) containing immunoglobulin coding sequences; or mammalian cell systems (e.g., COS, CHO, BH, 293, 293T, 3T3 cells) harboring recombinant expression constructs containing promoters derived from the genome of mamm
• telomeres e.g., telomeres
• mammalian viruses e.g., the adenovirus late promoter; the vaccinia virus 7.5K promoter.
• a number of expression vectors can be advantageously selected depending upon the use intended for the antibody being expressed. For example, when a large quantity of such a protein is to be produced, vectors that direct the expression of high levels of fusion protein products that are readily purified might be desirable.
• vectors include, but are not limited, to the E. coli expression vectorpUR278 (Ruther et al, 1983, EMBO J.
• pGEX Vectors can also be used to express foreign polypeptides as fusion proteins with glutathione S-transferase (GST).
• fusion proteins are soluble and can easily be purified from lysed cells by adso ⁇ tion and binding to a matrix glutathione-agarose beads followed by elution in the presence of free glutathione.
• the pGEX vectors are designed to include thrombin or factor Xa protease cleavage sites so that the cloned target gene product can be released from the GST moiety.
• AcNPV Autographa calif ornica nuclear polyhedrosis virus
• the virus grows in Spodoptera frugiperda cells.
• the antibody coding sequence can be cloned individually into non-essential regions (for example the polyhedrin gene) of the viras and placed under control of an AcNPV promoter (for example the polyhedrin promoter).
• an AcNPV promoter for example the polyhedrin promoter
• a number of viral-based expression systems can be utilized.
• the antibody coding sequence of interest can be ligated to an adenovirus transcription translation control complex, e.g., the late promoter and tripartite leader sequence. This chimeric gene can then be inserted in the adenovirus genome by in vitro or in vivo recombination.
• Insertion in a non-essential region of the viral genome results in a recombinant virus that is viable and capable of expressing the immunoglobulin molecule in infected hosts, (e.g., see Logan & Shenk, 1984, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 81:355- 359).
• Specific initiation signals can also be required for efficient translation of inserted antibody coding sequences. These signals include the ATG initiation codon and adjacent sequences. Furthermore, the initiation codon must be in phase with the reading frame of the desired coding sequence to ensure translation of the entire insert.
• These exogenous translational control signals and initiation codons can be of a variety of origins, both natural and synthetic.
• telomeres can be chosen to modulate the expression of the inserted sequences, or modifies and processes the gene product in the specific fashion desired. Such modifications (e.g., glycosylation) and processing (e.g., cleavage) of protein products can be important for the function of the protein.
• Different host cells have characteristic and specific mechanisms for the post-translational processing and modification of proteins and gene products. Appropriate cell lines or host systems can be chosen to ensure the correct modification and processing of the foreign protein expressed.
• eukaryotic host cells that possess the cellular machinery for proper processing of the primary transcript, glycosylation, and phosphorylation of the gene product can be used.
• mammalian host cells include, but are not limited to, CHO, VERY, BH, Hela, COS, MDCK, 293, 293T, 3T3, WI38, BT483, Hs578T, HTB2, BT20 and T47D, CRL7030 and Hs578Bst.
• stable expression is preferred.
• cell lines that stably express an antibody can be engineered.
• host cells can be transformed with DNA controlled by appropriate expression control elements (e.g., promoter, enhancer, sequences, transcription terminators, polyadenylation sites, etc.), and a selectable marker.
• appropriate expression control elements e.g., promoter, enhancer, sequences, transcription terminators, polyadenylation sites, etc.
• engineered cells can be allowed to grow for 1-2 days in an enriched media, and then are switched to a selective media.
• the selectable marker in the recombinant plasmid confers resistance to the selection and allows cells to stably integrate the plasmid into their chromosomes and grow to form foci that in turn can be cloned and expanded into cell lines. This method can advantageously be used to engineer cell lines which express the antibody.
• Such engineered cell lines can be particularly useful in screening and evaluation of tumor antigens that interact directly or indirectly with the antibody.
• a number of selection systems can be used, including but not limited to the he ⁇ es simplex virus thymidine kinase (Wigler et al, 1977, Cell 11 :223), hypoxanthine-guanine phosphoribosyltransferase (Szybalska & Szybalski, 192, Proc.
• DHFR which confers resistance to methotrexate (Wigler et al, 1980, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 77:357; O'Hare et al, 1981, Proc. Natl Acad. Sci.
• the expression levels of an antibody can be increased by vector amplification (for a review, see Bebbington and Hentschel, The use of vectors based on gene amplification for the expression of cloned genes in mammalian cells in DNA cloning, Vol.3. (Academic Press, New York, 1987)).
• vector amplification for a review, see Bebbington and Hentschel, The use of vectors based on gene amplification for the expression of cloned genes in mammalian cells in DNA cloning, Vol.3. (Academic Press, New York, 1987)).
• a marker in the vector system expressing an antibody is amplifiable, an increase in the level of inhibitor present in culture of host cell will increase the number of copies of the marker gene. Since the amplified region is associated with the nucleotide sequence of the antibody, production of the antibody will also increase (Crouse et al, 1983, Mol Cell. Biol. 3:257).
• the host cell can be co-transfected with two expression vectors, the first vector encoding a heavy chain derived polypeptide and the second vector encoding a light chain derived polypeptide.
• the two vectors can contain identical selectable markers that enable equal expression of heavy and light chain polypeptides.
• a single vector can be used to encode both heavy and light chain polypeptides. In such situations, the light chain should be placed before the heavy chain to avoid an excess of toxic free heavy chain (Proudfoot, 1986, Nature 322:52; Kohler, 1980, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 77:2197).
• the coding sequences for the heavy and light chains can comprise cDNA or genomic DNA.
• the antibody can be purified using any method known in the art for purification of an antibody, for example, by chromatography (e.g., ion exchange, affinity, particularly by affinity for the specific antigen after Protein A, and sizing column chromatography), centrifugation, differential solubility, or by any other standard technique for the purification of proteins.
• the antibody is a monoclonal antibody.
• the hybrid antibodies have a dual specificity, preferably with one or more binding sites specific for the hapten of choice or one or more binding sites specific for a target antigen, for example, an antigen associated with a tumor, an autoimmune disease, an infectious organism, or other disease state.
• CD30 antigen to be used for production of antibodies may be, e.g., a soluble form of the extracellular domain of CD30 or a portion thereof, containing the desired epitope.
• cells expressing CD30 at their cell surface can be used to generate antibodies.
• L540 Hodgkin's lymphoma derived cell line with a T cell phenotype
• L428 Hodgkin's lymphoma derived cell line with a B cell phenotype
• CD30 useful for generating antibodies will be apparent to those skilled in the art.
• the ErbB2 antigen to be used for production of antibodies may be, e.g., a soluble form of the extracellular domain of
• ErbB2 or a portion thereof, containing the desired epitope.
• cells expressing ErbB2 at their cell surface e.g., NIH-3T3 cells transformed to overexpress ErbB2; or a carcinoma cell line such as SK-BR-3 cells, see Stancovski et al. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 88:8691-8695 (1991)
• NIH-3T3 cells transformed to overexpress ErbB2 e.g., NIH-3T3 cells transformed to overexpress ErbB2; or a carcinoma cell line such as SK-BR-3 cells, see Stancovski et al. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 88:8691-8695 (1991)
• Other forms of ErbB2 useful for generating antibodies will be apparent to those skilled in the art.
• a protein that is immunogenic in the species to be immunized e.g., keyhole limpet hemocyanin, serum albumin, bovine thy
• Animals are immunized against the antigen, immunogenic conjugates, or derivatives by combining, e.g., 100 ⁇ g or 5 ⁇ g of the protein or conjugate (for rabbits or mice, respectively) with 3 volumes of Freund's complete adjuvant and injecting the solution intradermally at multiple sites.
• the animals are boosted with 1/5 to 1/10 the original amount of peptide or conjugate in Freund's complete adjuvant by subcutaneous injection at multiple sites.
• Seven to 14 days later the animals are bled and the serum is assayed for antibody titer. Animals are boosted until the titer plateaus.
• the animal is boosted with the conjugate of the same antigen, but conjugated to a different protein and/or through a different cross-linking reagent.
• Conjugates also can be made in recombinant cell culture as protein fusions.
• aggregating agents such as alum are suitably used to enhance the immune response.
• Monoclonal antibodies are obtained from a population of substantially homogeneous antibodies, i.e., the individual antibodies comprising the population are identical except for possible naturally-occurring mutations that may be present in minor amounts.
• the modifier "monoclonal" indicates the character of the antibody as not being a mixture of discrete antibodies.
• the monoclonal antibodies may be made using the hybridoma method first described by Kohler et al, Nature, 256:495 (1975), or may be made by recombinant DNA methods (U.S. Patent No.4816567).
• a mouse or other appropriate host animal such as a hamster
• lymphocytes that produce or are capable of producing antibodies that will specifically bind to the protein used for immunization.
• lymphocytes may be immunized in vitro. Lymphocytes then are fused with myeloma cells using a suitable fusing agent, such as polyethylene glycol, to form a hybridoma cell (Goding, Monoclonal Antibodies: Principles and Practice, pp.59-103 (Academic Press, 1986)).
• the hybridoma cells thus prepared are seeded and grown in a suitable culture medium that preferably contains one or more substances that inhibit the growth or survival of the unfused, parental myeloma cells.
• a suitable culture medium that preferably contains one or more substances that inhibit the growth or survival of the unfused, parental myeloma cells.
• the culture medium for the hybridomas typically will include hypoxanthine, aminopterin, and thymidine (HAT medium), which substances prevent the growth of HGPRT-deficient cells.
• HAT medium hypoxanthine, aminopterin, and thymidine
• Preferred myeloma cells are those that fuse efficiently, support stable high- level production of antibody by the selected antibody-producing cells, and are sensitive to a medium such as HAT medium.
• preferred myeloma cell lines are murine myeloma lines, such as those derived from MOPC-21 and MPC-11 mouse tumors available from the Salk Institute Cell Distribution Center, San Diego, California USA, and SP-2 or X63-Ag8-653 cells available from the American Type Culture Collection, Rockville, Maryland USA.
• Human myeloma and mouse-human heteromyeloma cell lines also have been described for the production of human monoclonal antibodies (Kozbor, J. Immunol. , 133:3001 (1984); and Brodeur et al, Monoclonal Antibody Production Techniques and Applications, pp. 51-63 (Marcel Dekker, Inc., New York, 1987)).
• Culture medium in which hybridoma cells are growing is assayed for production of monoclonal antibodies directed against the antigen.
• the binding specificity of monoclonal antibodies produced by hybridoma cells is determined by immunoprecipitation or by an in vitro binding assay, such as radioimmunoassay (RIA) or enzyme-linked immunoabsorbent assay (ELISA).
• RIA radioimmunoassay
• ELISA enzyme-linked immunoabsorbent assay
• the binding affinity of the monoclonal antibody can, for example, be determined by the Scatchard analysis of Munson et al, Anal Biochem., 107:220 (1980).
• the clones may be subcloned by limiting dilution procedures and grown by standard methods (Goding, Monoclonal Antibodies: Principles and Practice, pp.59-103 (Academic Press, 1986)). Suitable culture media for this pu ⁇ ose include, for example, D-MEM or RPMI- 1640 medium.
• the hybridoma cells may be grown in vivo as ascites tumors in an animal.
• the monoclonal antibodies secreted by the subclones are suitably separated from the culture medium, ascites fluid, or serum by conventional antibody purification procedures such as, for example, protein A-Sepharose, hydroxylapatite chromatography, gel electrophoresis, dialysis, or affinity chromatography.
• DNA encoding the monoclonal antibodies is readily isolated and sequenced using conventional procedures (e.g., by using oligonucleotide probes that are capable of binding specifically to genes encoding the heavy and light chains of murine antibodies).
• the hybridoma cells serve as a prefened source of such DNA. Once isolated, the DNA may be placed into expression vectors, which are then transfected into host cells such as E.
• monoclonal antibodies or antibody fragments can be isolated from antibody phage libraries generated using the techniques described in McCafferty et al, Nature, 348:552-554 (1990).
• the DNA also may be modified, for example, by substituting the coding sequence for human heavy chain and light chain constant domains in place of the homologous murine sequences (U.S. Patent No. 4816567; and Morrison, et al. (1984) Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA 81:6851), or by covalently joining to the immunoglobulin coding sequence all or part of the coding sequence for a non-immunoglobulin polypeptide.
• non-im unoglobulin polypeptides are substituted for the constant domains of an antibody, or they are substituted for the variable domains of one antigen-combining site of an antibody to create a chimeric bivalent antibody comprising one antigen-combining site having specificity for an antigen and another antigen- combining site having specificity for a different antigen.
• Humanized antibodies may have one or more amino acid residues introduced into it from a source which is non-human. These non-human amino acid residues are often refened to as "import" residues, which are typically taken from an "import” variable domain. Humanization can be essentially performed following the method of Winter and co-workers (Jones et al, Nature 321 :522-525 (1986); Riechmann et al, Nature, 332:323-327 (1988); Verhoeyen et al, Science 239:1534-1536 (1988)), by substituting hypervariable region sequences for the conesponding sequences of a human antibody. Accordingly, such "humanized” antibodies are chimeric antibodies (U.S.
• Patent No. 4,816,567) wherein substantially less than an intact human variable domain has been substituted by the corresponding sequence from a non-human species.
• humanized antibodies are typically human antibodies in which some hypervariable region residues and possibly some FR residues are substituted by residues from analogous sites in rodent antibodies.
• the choice of human variable domains, both light and heavy, to be used in making the humanized antibodies is very important to reduce antigenicity.
• the sequence of the variable domain of a rodent antibody is screened against the entire library of known human variable-domain sequences. The human sequence which is closest to that of the rodent is then accepted as the human framework region (FR) for the humanized antibody (Sims et al, J.
• FR human framework region
• Another method uses a particular framework region derived from the consensus sequence of all human antibodies of a particular subgroup of light or heavy chains. The same framework may be used for several different humanized antibodies (Carter et al, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA, 89:4285 (1992); Presta et al, J. Immunol, 151:2623 (1993)). In another embodiment, the antibodies may be humanized with retention of high affinity for the antigen and other favorable biological properties.
• Humanized antibodies may be prepared by a process of analysis of the parental sequences and various conceptual humanized products using three-dimensional models of the parental and humanized sequences.
• Three-dimensional immunoglobulin models are commonly available and are familiar to those skilled in the art.
• Computer programs are available which illustrate and display probable three-dimensional conformational structures of selected candidate immunoglobulin sequences. Inspection of these displays permits analysis of the likely role of the residues in the functioning of the candidate immunoglobulin sequence, Le., the analysis of residues that influence the ability of the candidate immunoglobulin to bind its antigen.
• FR residues can be selected and combined from the recipient and import sequences so that the desired antibody characteristic, such as increased affinity for the target antigen(s), is achieved.
• the hypervariable region residues are directly and most substantially involved in influencing antigen binding.
• the humanized antibody may be an antibody fragment, such as a Fab.
• the humanized antibody may be an intact antibody, such as an intact IgGl antibody.
• the Examples describe production of an exemplary humanized anti-ErbB2 antibody.
• the humanized antibody may, for example, comprise nonhuman hypervariable region residues inco ⁇ orated into a human variable heavy domain and may further comprise a framework region (FR) substitution at a position selected from the group consisting of 69H, 71H and 73H utilizing the variable domain numbering system set forth in Kabat et al., Sequences of Proteins of Immunological Interest, 5th Ed. Public Health Service, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD (1991).
• the humanized antibody comprises FR substitutions at two or all of positions 69H, 71H and 73H.
• Another Example describes preparation of purified trastuzumab antibody from the HERCEPTIN® formulation.
• human antibodies can be generated.
• transgenic animals e.g., mice
• transgenic animals e.g., mice
• J H antibody heavy-chain joining region
• transfer of the human germ-line immunoglobulin gene anay in such germ-line mutant mice will result in the production of human antibodies upon antigen challenge. See, e.g., Jakobovits et al, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci.
• phage display technology (McCafferty et al, Nature 348:552-553 (1990)) can be used to produce human antibodies and antibody fragments in vitro, from immunoglobulin variable (V) domain gene repertoires from unimmunized donors.
• antibody V domain genes are cloned in-frame into either a major or minor coat protein gene of a filamentous bacteriophage, such as M13 or fd, and displayed as functional antibody fragments on the surface of the phage particle.
• a filamentous bacteriophage such as M13 or fd
• selections based on the functional properties of the antibody also result in selection of the gene encoding the antibody exhibiting those properties.
• the phage mimics some of the properties of the B-cell.
• Phage display can be performed in a variety of formats; for their review see, e.g., Johnson, Kevin S. and Chiswell, David J., Current Opinion in Structural Biology 3:564-571 (1993).
• N-gene segments can be used for phage display.
• Clackson et al Nature, 352:624-628 (1991) isolated a diverse array of anti-oxazolone antibodies from a small random combinatorial library of N genes derived from the spleens of immunized mice.
• a repertoire of N genes from unimmunized human donors can be constructed and antibodies to a diverse anay of antigens (including self-antigens) can be isolated essentially following the techniques described by Marks etal, J. Mol. Biol 222:581-597 (1991), or Griffith et al, EMBO J. 12:725-734 (1993). See, also, U.S. Patent ⁇ os. 5565332 and 5573905.
• human antibodies may also be generated by in vitro activated B cells (see U.S. Patents ⁇ os. 5567610 and 5229275). Human anti-CD30 antibodies are described in U.S. Patent Application Serial No. 10/338,366.
• Antibody fragments Various techniques have been developed for the production of antibody fragments. Traditionally, these fragments were derived via proteolytic digestion of intact antibodies (see, e.g., Morimoto et al, Journal of Biochemical and Biophysical Methods 24:107-117 (1992); and Brennan et al, Science, 229:81 (1985)). However, these fragments can now be produced directly by recombinant host cells. For example, the antibody fragments can be isolated from the antibody phage libraries discussed above. Alternatively, Fab'-SH fragments can be directly recovered from E. coli and chemically coupled to form F(ab*) 2 fragments (Carter et al, Bio/Technology 10:163-167 (1992)).
• F(ab') 2 fragments can be isolated directly from recombinant host cell culture.
• the antibody of choice is a single chain Fv fragment (scFv). See WO 93/16185; U.S. Patent No. 5,571,894; and U.S. Patent No. 5,587,458.
• the antibody fragment may also be a "linear antibody", e.g., as described in U.S. Patent No. 5,641,870 for example. Such linear antibody fragments may be monospecif ⁇ c or bispecific.
• Bispecific antibodies are antibodies that have binding specificities for at least two different epitopes. Exemplary bispecific antibodies may bind to two different epitopes of the CD30 protein. Alternatively, an anti-CD30 arm may be combined with an arm which binds to a Fc receptors for IgG (Fc ⁇ R), such as Fc ⁇ RI (CD64), Fc ⁇ RII (CD32) and Fc ⁇ RIII (CD16) so as to focus cellular defense mechanisms to the CD30-expressing cell. Bispecific antibodies may also be used to localize cytotoxic agents to cells which express CD30.
• Fc ⁇ R Fc receptors for IgG
• antibody variable domains with the desired binding specificities are fused to immunoglobulin constant domain sequences.
• the fusion preferably is with an immunoglobulin heavy chain constant domain, comprising at least part of the hinge, CH2, and CH3 regions. It is preferred to have the first heavy-chain constant region (CHI) containing the site necessary for light chain binding, present in at least one of the fusions.
• DNAs encoding the immunoglobulin heavy chain fusions and, if desired, the immunoglobulin light chain are inserted into separate expression vectors, and are co- transfected into a suitable host organism.
• the bispecific antibodies are composed of a hybrid immunoglobulin heavy chain with a first binding specificity in one arm, and a hybrid immunoglobulin heavy chain-light chain pair (providing a second binding specificity) in the other arm.
• the interface between a pair of antibody molecules can be engineered to maximize the percentage of heterodimers which are recovered from recombinant cell culture.
• the preferred interface comprises at least a part of the CH3 domain of an antibody constant domain.
• one or more small amino acid side chains from the interface of the first antibody molecule are replaced with larger side chains (e.g., tyrosine or tryptophan).
• Compensatory "cavities" of identical or similar size to the large side chain(s) are created on the interface of the second antibody molecule by replacing large amino acid side chains with smaller ones (e.g., alanine or threonine).
• This provides a mechanism for increasing the yield of the heterodimer over other unwanted end-products such as homodimers.
• Techniques for generating bispecific antibodies from antibody fragments have also been described in the literature. For example, bispecific antibodies can be prepared using chemical linkage.
• bispecific antibodies produced can be used as agents for the selective immobilization of enzymes. Recent progress has facilitated the direct recovery of Fab'-SH fragments from E. coli, which can be chemically coupled to form bispecific antibodies. Shalaby et al, J. Exp. Med., 175: 217-225 (1992) describe the production of a fully humanized bispecific antibody F(ab') molecule. Each Fab' fragment was separately secreted from E. coli and subjected to directed chemical coupling in vitro to form the bispecific antibody. Various techniques for making and isolating bispecific antibody fragments directly from recombinant cell culture have also been described. For example, bispecific antibodies have been produced using leucine zippers. Kostelny et al, J.
• the fragments comprise a heavy-chain variable domain (V H ) connected to a light-chain variable domain (V ) by a linker which is too short, to allow pairing between the two domains on the same chain. Accordingly, the V H and V L domains of one fragment are forced to pair with the complementary V L and V H domains of another fragment, thereby forming two antigen-binding sites.
• V H and V L domains of one fragment are forced to pair with the complementary V L and V H domains of another fragment, thereby forming two antigen-binding sites.
• sFv single-chain Fv
• Another strategy for making bispecific antibody fragments by the use of single-chain Fv (sFv) dimers has also been reported. See Graber et al, J. Immunol, 152:5368 (1994). Antibodies with more than two valencies are contemplated. For example, trispecif ⁇ c antibodies can be prepared. Tutt et al J. Immunol. 147: 60 (1991).
• Amino acid sequence modification(s) of the antibodies described herein are contemplated. For example, it may be desirable to improve the binding affinity and/or other biological properties of the antibody.
• Amino acid sequence variants of the antibodies are prepared by introducing appropriate nucleotide changes into the antibody nucleic acid, or by peptide synthesis. Such modifications include, for example, deletions from, and/or insertions into and/or substitutions of, residues within the amino acid sequences of the antibody. Any combination of deletion, insertion, and substitution is made to arrive at the final construct, provided that the final construct possesses the desired characteristics.
• the amino acid changes also may alter post-translational processes of the antibody, such as changing the number or position of glycosylation sites.
• a useful method for identification of certain residues or regions of the antibody that are favored locations for mutagenesis is called "alanine scanning mutagenesis" as described by Cunningham and Wells Science, 244:1081-1085 (1989).
• a residue or group of target residues are identified (e.g., charged residues such as arg, asp, his, lys, and glu) and replaced by a neutral or negatively charged amino acid (most preferably alanine or polyalanine) to affect the interaction of the amino acids with antigen.
• Those amino acid locations demonstrating functional sensitivity to the substitutions then are refined by introducing further or other variants at, or for, the sites of substitution.
• Amino acid sequence insertions include amino- and/or carboxyl-terminal fusions ranging in length from one residue to polypeptides containing a hundred or more residues, as well as intrasequence insertions of single or multiple amino acid residues.
• terminal insertions include an antibody with an N-terminal methionyl residue or the antibody fused to a cytotoxic polypeptide.
• insertional variants of the antibody molecule include the fusion to the N- or C-terminus of the antibody to an enzyme (e.g., for ADEPT) or a polypeptide which increases the serum half-life of the antibody.
• an enzyme e.g., for ADEPT
• Another type of variant is an amino acid substitution variant. These variants have at least one amino acid residue in the antibody molecule replaced by a different residue.
• the sites of greatest interest for substitutional mutagenesis include the hypervariable regions, but FR alterations are also contemplated.
• Substantial modifications in the biological properties of the antibody are accomplished by selecting substitutions that differ significantly in their effect on maintaining (a) the structure of the polypeptide backbone in the area of the substitution, for example, as a sheet or helical conformation, (b) the charge or hydrophobicity of the molecule at the target site, or (c) the bulk of the side chain.
• Naturally-occurring residues are divided into groups based on common side-chain properties: (1) hydrophobic: norleucine, met, ala, val, leu, ile; (2) neutral hydrophilic: cys, ser, thr; (3) acidic: asp, glu; (4) basic: asn, gin, his, lys, arg; (5) residues that influence chain orientation: gly, pro; and (6) aromatic: tip, tyr, phe.
• Non-conservative substitutions will entail exchanging a member of one of these classes for another class.
• a particularly prefened type of substitutional variant involves substituting one or more hypervariable region residues of a parent antibody (e.g., a humanized or human antibody).
• the resulting variant(s) selected for further development will have improved biological properties relative to the parent antibody from which they are generated.
• a convenient way for generating such substitutional variants involves affinity maturation using phage display. Briefly, several hypervariable region sites (e.g., 6-7 sites) are mutated to generate all possible amino substitutions at each site.
• the antibody variants thus generated are displayed in a monovalent fashion from filamentous phage particles as fusions to the gene in product of M13 packaged within each particle.
• the phage-displayed variants are then screened for their biological activity (e.g., binding affinity) as herein disclosed.
• alanine scanning mutagenesis can be performed to identify hypervariable region residues contributing significantly to antigen binding.
• ADCC antigen-dependent cell-mediated cyotoxicity
• CDC complement dependent cytotoxicity
• This may be achieved by introducing one or more amino acid substitutions in an Fc region of the antibody.
• cysteine residue(s) may be introduced in the Fc region, thereby allowing interchain disulfide bond formation in this region.
• the homodimeric antibody thus generated may have improved internalization capability and/or increased complement-mediated cell killing and antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity (ADCC). See Caron et al. J. Exp Med. 176: 1191-1195 (1992) and Shopes, B. J. Immunol.
• Homodimeric antibodies with enhanced antitumor activity may also be prepared using heterobifunctional cross-linkers as described in Wolff et al. Cancer Research 53:2560-2565 (1993).
• an antibody can be engineered which has dual Fc regions and may thereby have enhanced complement lysis and ADCC capabilities. See Stevenson et al. Anti-Cancer Drag Design 3:219-230 (1989).
• a salvage receptor binding epitope into the antibody (especially an antibody fragment) as described in U.S. Patent No. 5739277, for example.
• the term "salvage receptor binding epitope” refers to an epitope of the Fc region of an IgG molecule (e.g., IgGi, IgG 2 , IgG 3 , or IgG 4 ) that is responsible for increasing the in vivo serum half-life of the IgG molecule.
• IgGi IgG 2 , IgG 3 , or IgG 4
• Antibodies in the ADC of the invention may be glycosylated at conserved positions in their constant regions (Jefferis and Lund, (1997) Chem. Immunol. 65:111- 128; Wright and Morrison, (1997) TibTECH 15:26-32).
• oligosaccharide side chains of the immunoglobulins affect the protein's function (Boyd et al, (1996) Mol. Immunol. 32:1311-1318; Wittwe and Howard, (1990) Biochem. 29:4175-4180), and the intramolecular interaction between portions of the glycoprotein which can affect the conformation and presented three-dimensional surface of the glycoprotein (Hefferis and Lund, supra; Wyss and Wagner, (1996) Current Opin. Biotech. 7:409-416). Oligosaccharides may also serve to target a given glycoprotein to certain molecules based upon specific recognition structures.
• CAMPATH-IH a recombinant humanized murine monoclonal IgGl antibody which recognizes the CDw52 antigen of human lymphocytes
• CHO Chinese Hamster Ovary
• CHO cells with tetracycline-regulated expression of ⁇ (l,4)-N-acetylglucosaminyltransferase DI (GnTIII), a glycosyltransferase catalyzing formation of bisecting GlcNAc was reported to have improved ADCC activity (Umana et ⁇ /. (1999) Mature Biotech. 17:176-180).
• Glycosylation of antibodies is typically either N-linked or O-linked.
• N- linked refers to the attachment of the carbohydrate moiety to the side chain of an asparagine residue.
• the tripeptide sequences asparagine-X-serine and asparagine-X- threonine, where X is any amino acid except proline, are the recognition sequences for enzymatic attachment of the carbohydrate moiety to the asparagine side chain.
• O-linked glycosylation refers to the attachment of one of the sugars N- aceylgalactosamine, galactose, or xylose to a hydroxyamino acid, most commonly serine or threonine, although 5-hydroxyproline or 5-hydroxylysine may also be used.
• Glycosylation variants of antibodies are variants in which the glycosylation pattern of an antibody is altered.
• altering is meant deleting one or more carbohydrate moieties found in the antibody, adding one or more carbohydrate moieties to the antibody, changing the composition of glycosylation (glycosylation pattern), the extent of glycosylation, etc.
• Addition of glycosylation sites to the antibody is conveniently accomplished by altering the amino acid sequence such that it contains one or more of the above-described tripeptide sequences (for N-linked glycosylation sites). The alteration may also be made by the addition of, or substitution by, one or more serine or threonine residues to the sequence of the original antibody (for O-linked glycosylation sites).
• glycosylation sites can be accomplished by amino acid alteration within the native glycosylation sites of the antibody.
• the amino acid sequence is usually altered by altering the underlying nucleic acid sequence.
• These methods include, but are not limited to, isolation from a natural source (in the case of naturally-occurring amino acid sequence variants) or preparation by oligonucleotide-mediated (or site-directed) mutagenesis, PCR mutagenesis, and cassette mutagenesis of an earlier prepared variant or a non-variant version of the antibody.
• the glycosylation (including glycosylation pattern) of antibodies may also be altered without altering the amino acid sequence or the underlying nucleotide sequence. Glycosylation largely depends on the host cell used to express the antibody.
• Glycosylation or certain types of glycosylation, can be enzymatically removed from the glycoprotein, for example using endoglycosidase H (Endo H).
• the recombinant host cell can be genetically engineered, e.g., make defective in processing certain types of polysaccharides.
• the glycosylation structure of antibodies can be readily analyzed by conventional techniques of carbohydrate analysis, including lectin chromatography, NMR, Mass spectrometry, HPLC, GPC, monosaccharide compositional analysis, sequential enzymatic digestion, and HPAEC-PAD, which uses high pH anion exchange chromatography to separate oligosaccharides based on charge.
• Methods for releasing oligosaccharides for analytical pu ⁇ oses include, without limitation, enzymatic treatment (commonly performed using peptide-N-glycosidase F/endo- ⁇ - galactosidase), elimination using harsh alkaline environment to release mainly O-linked structures, and chemical methods using anhydrous hydrazine to release both N- and O- linked oligosaccharides.
• ADC 4.5.2a SCREENING FOR ANTIBODY-DRUG CONJUGATES
• Screening for a useful ADC may involve administering candidate ADC over a range of doses to the transgenic animal, and assaying at various time points for the effect(s) of the ADC on the disease or disorder being evaluated. Alternatively, or additionally, the drug can be administered prior to or simultaneously with exposure to an inducer of the disease, if applicable.
• Candidate ADC may be screened serially and individually, or in parallel under medium or high-throughput screening format. The rate at which ADC may be scrrened for utility for prophylactic or therapeutic treatments of diseases or disorders is limited only by the rate of synthesis or screening methodology, including detecting/measuring/analysis of data.
• One embodiment is a screening method comprising (a) transplanting cells from a stable renal cell cancer cell line into a non-human animal, (b) administering an ADC drag candidate to the non-human animal and (c) determining the ability of the candidate to inhibit the formation of tumors from the transplanted cell line.
• Another embodiment is a screening method comprising (a) contacting cells from a stable Hodgkin's disease cell line with an ADC drag candidate and (b) evaluating the ability of the ADC candidate to block ligand activation of CD40.
• Another embodiment is a screening method comprising (a) contacting cells from a stable Hodgkin's disease cell line with an ADC drag candidate and (b) evaluating the ability of the ADC candidate to induce cell death.
• the ability of the ADC candidate to induce apoptosis is evaluated.
• One embodiment is a screening method comprising (a) transplanting cells from a stable cancer cell line into a non-human animal, (b) administering an ADC drug candidate to the non-human animal and (c) determining the ability of the candidate to inhibit the formation of tumors from the transplanted cell line.
• the invention also concerns a method of screening ADC candidates for the treatment of a disease or disorder characterized by the overexpression of HER2 comprising (a) contacting cells from a stable breast cancer cell line with a drag candidate and (b) evaluating the ability of the ADC candidate to inhibit the growth of the stable cell line.
• Another embodiment is a screening method comprising (a) contacting cells from a stable cancer cell line with an ADC drug candidate and (b) evaluating the ability of the ADC candidate to block ligand activation of HER2. In one embodiment the ability of the ADC candidate to block heregulin binding is evaluated. In another embodiment the ability of the ADC candidate to block ligand-stimulated tyrosine phosphorylation is evaluated. Another embodiment is a screening method comprising (a) contacting cells from a stable cancer cell line with an ADC drug candidate and (b) evaluating the ability of the ADC candidate to induce cell death. In one embodiment the ability of the ADC candidate to induce apoptosis is evaluated.
• Another embodiment is a screening method comprising (a) administering an ADC drag candidate to a transgenic non-human mammal that overexpresses in its mammary gland cells a native human HER2 protein or a fragment thereof, wherein such transgenic mammal has stably integrated into its genome a nucleic acid sequence encoding a native human HER2 protein or a fragment thereof having the biological activity of native human HER2, operably linked to transcriptional regulatory sequences directing its expression to the mammary gland, and develops a mammary tumor not responding or poorly responding to anti-HER2 antibody treatment, or to a non-human mammal bearing a tumor transplanted from said transgenic non-human mammal; and (b) evaluating the effect of the ADC candidate on the target disease or disorder.
• the disease or disorder may be a HER2-overexpressing cancer, such as breast, ovarian, stomach, endometrial, salivary gland, lung, kidney, colon, thyroid, pancreatic and bladder cancer.
• the cancer preferably is breast cancer which expressed HER2 in at least about 500,000 copies per cell, more preferably at least about 2,000,000 copies per cell.
• ADC drag candidates may, for example, be evaluated for their ability to induce cell death and/or apoptosis, using assay methods well known in the art and described hereinafter.
• candidate ADC are screened by being administered to the transgenic animal over a range of doses, and evaluating the animal's physiological response to the compounds over time. Administration may be oral, or by suitable injection, depending on the chemical nature of the compound being evaluated.
• the test compounds are added to the cell culture medium at an appropriate time, and the cellular response to the compound is evaluated over time using the appropriate biochemical and/or histological assays. In some cases, it may be appropriate to apply the compound of interest to the culture medium in conjunction with co-factors that would enhance the efficacy of the compound.
• an ADC which specifically target and bind a target protein the presence of which is conelated with abnormal cellular function, and in the pathogenesis of cellular proliferation and/or differentiation that is causally related to the development of tumors.
• an ADC which blocks ligand activation of an ErbB (e.g., ErbB2) receptor the ability of the compound to block ErbB ligand binding to cells expressing the ErbB (ErbB2) receptor (e.g., in conjugation with another ErbB receptor with which the ErbB receptor of interest forms an ErbB hetero-oligomer) may be determined.
• cells isolated from the transgenic animal overexpressing HER2 and transfected to express another ErbB receptor may be incubated, i.e. culturing, with the ADC and then exposed to labeled ErbB ligand.
• the ability of the compound to block ligand binding to the ErbB receptor in the ErbB hetero-oligomer may then be evaluated.
• inhibition of heregulin (HRG) binding to breast tumor cell lines, overexpressing HER2 and established from the transgenic non-human mammals (e.g., mice) herein, by the candidate ADC may be performed using monolayer cultures on ice in a 24-well-plate format.
• Anti-ErbB2 monoclonal antibodies may be added to each well and incubated for 30 minutes. m I-labeled rHRG ⁇ l ]77 - 224 (25,000 cpm) may then be added, and the incubation may be continued for 4 to 16 hours. Dose response curves may be prepared and an IC 50 value (cytotoxic activity) may be calculated for the compound of interest. Alternatively, or additionally; the ability of an ADC to block ErbB ligand- stimulated tyrosine phosphorylation of an ErbB receptor present in an ErbB hetero- oligomer may be assessed.
• cell lines established from the transgenic animals herein may be incubated with a test ADC and then assayed for ErbB ligand-dependent tyrosine phosphorylation activity using an anti-phosphotyrosine monoclonal antibody (which is optionally conjugated with a detectable label).
• the kinase receptor activation assay described in U.S. Patent No. 5766863 is also available for determining ErbB receptor activation and blocking of that activity by the compound.
• one may screen for ADC which inhibit HRG stimulation of ⁇ l80 tyrosine phosphorylation in MCF7 cells essentially as described below.
• a cell line established from a HER2-transgenic animal may be plated in 24-well plates and the compound may be added to each well and incubated for 30 minutes at room temperature; then rHRG ⁇ i 177-244 niay be added to each well to a final concentration of 0.2 nM, and the incubation may be continued for about 8 minutes.
• Media may be aspirated from each well, and reactions may be stopped by the addition of 100 ⁇ l of SDS sample buffer (5% SDS, 25 mM DTT, and 25 mM Tris-HCl, pH 6.8).
• Each sample (25 ⁇ l) may be electrophoresed on a 4-12% gradient gel (Novex) and then electrophoretically transferred to polyvinylidene difluoride membrane.
• Antiphosphotyrosine (at 1 ⁇ g/ml) immunoblots may be developed, and the intensity of the predominant reactive band at M r -180,000 may be quantified by reflectance densitometry.
• An alternate method to evaluate inhibition of receptor phosphorylation is the KIRA (kinase receptor activation) assay of Sadick et al. (1998) Jour, of Pharm. and Biomed. Anal.
• Some of the well established monoclonal antibodies against HER2 that are known to inhibit HRG stimulation of pi 80 tyrosine phosphorylation can be used as positive control in this assay.
• a dose-response curve for inhibition of HRG stimulation of pi 80 tyrosine phosphorylation as determined by reflectance densitometry may be prepared and an IC 50 for the compound of interest may be calculated.
• the cells may be treated with a test compound at various concentrations for 4 days and stained with crystal violet or the redox dye Alamar Blue. Incubation with the compound may show a growth inhibitory effect on this cell line similar to that displayed by monoclonal antibody 2C4 on MDA-MB-175 cells (Schaefer et al, supra). In a further embodiment, exogenous HRG will not significantly reverse this inhibition.
• a test compound at various concentrations for 4 days and stained with crystal violet or the redox dye Alamar Blue.
• exogenous HRG will not significantly reverse this inhibition.
• To identify growth inhibitory compounds that specifically target an antigen of interest one may screen for compounds which inhibit the growth of cancer cells overexpressing antigen of interest derived from transgenic animals, the assay described in U.S. Patent No. 5677171 can be performed.
• cancer cells overexpressing the antigen of interst are grown in a 1 : 1 mixture of F12 and DMEM medium supplemented with 10% fetal bovine serum, glutamine and penicillin streptomycin.
• the cells are plated at 20,000 cells in a 35 mm cell culture dish (2 mls/35mm dish) and the test compound is added at various concentrations. After six days, the number of cells, compared to untreated cells is counted using an electronic COULTERTM cell counter.
• Those compounds which inhibit cell growth by about 20- 100% or about 50-100% may be selected as growth inhibitory compounds.
• the PI uptake assay uses cells isolated from the tumor tissueof interest of a transgenic animal. According to this assay, the cells are cultured in Dulbecco's Modified Eagle Medium (D-MEM):Ham's F-12 (50:50) supplemented with 10% heat-inactivated FBS (Hyclone) and 2 mM L-glutamine. Thus, the assay is performed in the absence of complement and immune effector cells. The cells are seeded at a density of 3 x 10 6 per dish in 100 x 20 mm dishes and allowed to attach overnight.
• D-MEM Dulbecco's Modified Eagle Medium
• F-12 heat-inactivated FBS
• 2 mM L-glutamine 2 mM L-glutamine
• the medium is then removed and replaced with fresh medium alone or medium containing various concentrations of the compound.
• the cells are incubated for a 3-day time period. Following each treatment, monolayers are washed with PBS and detached by trypsinization. Cells are then centrifuged at 1200 rpm for 5 minutes at 4 °C, the pellet resuspended in 3 ml cold Ca 2+ binding buffer (10 mM Hepes, pH 7.4, 140 mM NaCl, 2.5 mM CaCl 2 ) and aliquoted into 35 mm strainer-capped 12 x 75 mm tubes (1 ml per tube, 3 tubes per treatment group) for removal of cell clumps. Tubes then receive PI (10 ⁇ g/ml).
• Samples may be analyzed using a FACSCANTM flow cytometer and FACSCONNERTTM CellQuest software (Becton Dickinson). Those compounds which induce statistically significant levels of cell death as determined by PI uptake may be selected as cell death-inducing compounds.
• an annexin binding assay using cells established from the tumor tissue of interest of the transgenic animal is performed. The cells are cultured and seeded in dishes as discussed in the preceding paragraph. The medium is then removed and replaced with fresh medium alone or medium containing 10 ⁇ g/ml of the antibody drag conjugate (ADC). Following a three-day incubation period, monolayers are washed with PBS and detached by trypsinization.
• ADC antibody drag conjugate
• annexin N-FITC labeled annexin
• Samples may be analyzed using a FACSCA ⁇ TM flow cytometer and FACSCO ⁇ NERTTM CellQuest software (Becton Dickinson). Those compounds which induce statistically significant levels of annexin binding relative to control are selected as apoptosis-inducing compounds.
• the cytotoxic or cytostatic activity of an antibody drag conjugate is measured by: exposing mammalian cells having receptor proteins to the antibody of the ADC in a cell culture medium; culturing the cells for a period from about 6 hours to about 5 days; and measuring cell viability.
• Cell-based in vitro assays were used to measure viability (proliferation), cytotoxicity, and induction of apoptosis (caspase activation) of the ADC of the invention.
• the in vitro potency of antibody drug conjugates was measured by a cell proliferation assay (Example 18, Figures 7-10).
• the CellTiter-Glo ® Luminescent Cell Viability Assay is a commercially available (Promega Co ⁇ ., Madison, Wl), homogeneous assay method based on the recombinant expression of Coleoptera luciferase (U.S. Patent Nos. 5583024; 5674713 and 5700670).
• This cell proliferation assay determines the number of viable cells in culture based on quantitation of the ATP present, an indicator of metabolically active cells (Crouch et al. (1993) J. Immunol. Meth. 160:81-88, U.S. Patent No. 6602677).
• the CellTiter-Glo ® Assay was conducted in 96 well format, making it amenable to automated high-throughput screening (HTS) (Cree et al (1995) AntiCancer Drugs 6:398-404).
• the homogeneous assay procedure involves adding the single reagent (CellTiter-Glo ® Reagent) directly to cells cultured in serum- supplemented medium. Cell washing, removal of medium and multiple pipetting steps are not required.
• the system detects as few as 15 cells/well in a 384-well format in 10 minutes after adding reagent and mixing.
• the cells may be treated continuously with ADC, or they may be treated and separated from ADC. Generally, cells treated briefly, le.
• the homogeneous "add-mix-measure” format results in cell lysis and generation of a luminescent signal proportional to the amount of ATP present.
• the amount of ATP is directly proportional to the number of cells present in culture.
• the CellTiter-Glo ® Assay generates a "glow-type" luminescent signal, produced by the luciferase reaction, which has a half-life generally greater than five hours, depending on cell type and medium used. Viable cells are reflected in relative luminescence units (RLU).
• RLU relative luminescence units
• the substrate Beetle Luciferin
• the substrate is oxidatively decarboxylated by recombinant firefly luciferase with concomitant conversion of ATP to AMP and generation of photons.
• the extended half-life eliminates the need to use reagent injectors and provides flexibility for continuous or batch mode processing of multiple plates.
• This cell proliferation assay can be used with various multiwell formats, e.g., 96 or 384 well format. Data can be recorded by luminometer or CCD camera imaging device. The luminescence output is presented as relative light units (RLU), measured over time.
• RLU relative light units
• IC50 values were established for SK-BR-3 and BT-474 which are known to over express HER2 receptor protein.
• Table 2a shows the potency (IC 5 0) measurements of exemplary antibody drug conjugates in the cell proliferation assay against SK-BR-3 cells.
• Table 2b shows the potency (IC50) measurements of exemplary antibody drug conjugates in the cell proliferation assay against BT-474 cells.
• Antibody drug conjugates Trastuzumab-MC-vc-PAB-MMAF, 3.8 MMAF/Ab; Trastuzumab-MC-(N-Me)vc-PAB-MMAF, 3.9 MMAF/Ab; Trastuzumab- MC-MMAF, 4.1 MMAF/Ab; Trastuzumab-MC-vc-PAB-MMAE, 4.1 MMAE/Ab; Trastuzumab-MC-vc-PAB-MMAE, 3.3 MMAE/Ab; and Trastuzumab-MC-vc-PAB- MMAF, 3.7 MMAF/Ab did not inhibit the proliferation of MCF-7 cells (Figure 9).
• Antibody drug conjugates Trastuzumab-MC-vc-PAB-MMAE, 4.1 MMAE/Ab; Trastuzumab-MC-vc-PAB-MMAE, 3.3 MMAE/Ab; Trastuzumab-MC-vc- PAB-MMAF, 3.7 MMAF/Ab; Trastuzumab-MC-vc-PAB-MMAF, 3.8 MMAF/Ab; Trastuzumab-MC-(N-Me)vc-PAB-MMAF, 3.9 MMAF/Ab; and Trastuzumab-MC- MMAF, 4.1 MMAF/Ab did not inhibit the proliferation of MDA-MB-468 cells (Figure
• MCF-7 and MDA-MB-468 cells do not overexpress HER2 receptor protein.
• the anti-HER2 antibody drug conjugates of the invention therefore show selectivity for inhibition of cells which express HER2.
• trastuzumab 7C2 anti-HER2 murine antibody which binds a different epitope than trastuzumab.
• Anti-TF Fab anti-tissue factor antibody fragment * activity against MDA-MB-468 cells
• Tables 2a and 2b show generally that ADC with a low average number of drug moieties per antibody showed efficacy, e.g., IC 5 o ⁇ 0.1 ⁇ g ADC/ml.
• the optimal ratio of drag moieties per antibody may be less than 8, and may be about 2 to about 5.
• AUC inf is the area under the plasma concentration-time curve from time of dosing to infinity and is a measure of the total exposure to the measured entity (drug, ADC).
• CL is defined as the volume of plasma cleared of the measured entity in unit time and is expressed by normalizing to body weight.
• Tl/2 term is the half-life of the drag in the body measured during its elimination phase.
• the % Conj. term is the relative amount of ADC compared to total antibody detected, by separate ELISA immunoaffinity tests ("Analytical Methods for Biotechnology Products", Ferraiolo et al, p85-98 in Pharmacokinetics of Drugs (1994) P.G. Welling and L.P. Balant, Eds., Handbook of Experimental Pharmacology, Vol. 110, Springer- Verlag.
• FIG 11 shows a graph of a plasma concentration clearance study after administration of the antibody drug conjugates: H-MC-vc-PAB-MMAF-TEG and H-MC- vc-PAB-MMAF to Sprague-Dawley rats. Concentrations of total antibody and ADC were measured over time.
• Figure 12 shows a graph of a two stage plasma concentration clearance study where ADC was administered at different dosages and concentrations of total antibody and ADC were measured over time.
• the in vivo efficacy of the ADC of the invention was measured by a high expressing HER2 transgenic explant mouse model. An allograft was propagated from the Fo5 mmtv transgenic mouse which does not respond to, or responds poorly to, HERCEPTIN® therapy. Subjects were treated once with ADC and monitored over 3-6 weeks to measure the time to tumor doubling, log cell kill, and tumor shrinkage. Follow up dose-response and multi-dose experiments were conducted.
• transgenic mice were produced using a HER2 cDNA plasmid in which an upstream ATG was deleted in order to prevent initiation of translation at such upstream ATG codons, which would otherwise reduce the frequency of translation initiation from the downstream authentic initiation codon of HER2 (for example, see Child et al. (1999) J. Biol.
• a chimeric intron was added to the 5' end, which should also enhance the level of expression as reported earlier (Neuberger and Williams (1988) Nucleic Acids Res. 16: 6713; Buchman and Berg (1988) Mol. Cell. Biol. 8:4395; Brinster et al. (1988) Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 85:836).
• the chimeric intron was derived from a Promega vector, pCI-neo mammalian expression vector (bp 890-1022).
• the cDNA 3'-end is flanked by human growth hormone exons 4 and 5, and polyadenylation sequences.
• FVB mice were used because this strain is more susceptible to tumor development.
• the promoter from MMTV-LTR was used to ensure tissue-specific HER2 expression in the mammary gland. Animals were fed the AIN 76A diet in order to increase susceptibility to tumor formation (Rao et al (1997) Breast Cancer Res. and Treatment 45: 149-158).
• 7C2 anti-HER2 murine antibody which binds a different epitope than trastuzumab.
• Log cell kill is the time in days for the tumor volume to double - the time in days for the control tumor volume to double divided by 3.32 X time for tumor volume to double in control animals (dosed with Vehicle). The log-cell-kill calculation takes into account tumor growth delay resulting from treatment and tumor volume doubling time of the control group. Anti-tumor activity of ADC is classified with log-cell-kill values of:
• FIG. 13 shows the mean tumor volume change over time in athymic nude mice with MMTV-HER2 Fo5 Mammary tumor allografts dosed on Day 0 with: Vehicle, Trastuzumab-MC-vc-PAB-MMAE (1250 ⁇ g/m 2 ) and Trastuzumab-MC-vc- PAB-MMAF (555 ⁇ g/m 2 ).
• H Trastuzumab).
• the growth of tumors was retarded by treatment with ADC as compared to control (Vehicle) level of growth.
• Figure 14 shows the mean tumor volume change over time in athymic nude mice with MMTV-HER2 Fo5 Mammary tumor allografts dosed on Day 0 with 10 mg/kg (660 ⁇ g/m ) of Trastuzumab- MC-MMAE and 1250 ⁇ g/m 2 Trastuzumab-MC-vc-PAB-MMAE.
• Figure 15 shows the mean tumor volume change over time in athymic nude mice with MMTN-HER2 Fo5 Mammary tumor allografts dosed with 650 ⁇ g/m 2 Trastuzumab-MC-MMAF.
• Table 2d and Figures 13-15 show that the ADC have strong anti-tumor activity in the allograft of a HER2 positive tumor (Fo5) that originally arose in an MMTN-HER2 transgenic mouse.
• the antibody alone e.g., Trastuzumab
• Trastuzumab does not have significant anti-tumor activity in this model (Erickson et al U.S. Patent No. 6632979).
• the growth of the tumors was retarded by treatment with ADC as compared to control (Vehicle) level of growth.
• the in vivo anti-tumor activity results of the ADC in Table 2d show generally that ADC with a low average number of drag moieties per antibody showed efficacy, e.g., tumor doubling time > 15 days and mean log cell kill > 1.0.
• Figure 16 shows that for the antibody drug conjugate, trastuzumab-MC-vc-PAB-MMAF, the mean tumor volume diminished and did not progress where the MMAF:trastuzumab ratio was 2 and 4, whereas tumor progressed at a ratio of 5.9 and 6, but at a rate lower than Vehicle (buffer). The rate of tumor progression in this mouse xenograft model was about the same, i.e. 3 days, for Vehicle and trastuzumab.
• the optimal ratio of drag moieties per antibody may be less than about 8, and may be about 2 to about 4.
• Figures 17-19 show the effects of various ADC and control (Vehicle) after dosing on rat body weight.
• Hepatotoxicity was measured by elevated liver enzymes, increased numbers of mitotic and apoptotic figures and hepatocyte necrosis.
• Hematolymphoid toxicity was observed by depletion of leukocytes, primarily granuloctyes (neutrophils), and/or platelets, and lymphoid organ involvement, i.e. atrophy or apoptotic activity.
• Toxicity was also noted by gastrointestinal tract lesions such as increased numbers of mitotic and apoptotic figures and degenerative enterocolitis.
• Enzymes indicative of liver injury include: AST (aspartate aminotransferase) -Localization: cytoplasmic; liver, heart, skeletal muscle, kidney -Live ⁇ Plasma ratio of 7000:1 -Tl/2: 17 hrs ALT (alanine aminotransferase) -Localization: cytoplasmic; liver, kidney, heart, skeletal muscle -Liver.Plasma ratio of 3000: 1 -Tl/2: 42 hrs; diurnal variation GGT (g-glutamyl transferase) -Localization: plasma membrane of cells with high secretory or absorptive capacity; liver, kidney, intestine -Poor predictor of liver injury; commonly elevated in bile duct disorders
• GGT g-glutamyl transferase
• the humanized trastuzumab antibody does not bind appreciably to rat tissue, and any toxicity would be considered non-specific. Variants at dose levels of 840 and 2105 ug/m 2 MMAF were compared to trastuzumab-MC-val-cit-PAB-MMAF at 2105 ug/m 2 .
• Animals in groups 1 , 2, 3, 4, 6, and 7 (Vehicle, 9.94 & 24.90 mg/kg trastuzumab-MC-val-cit-MMAF, 10.69 mg/kg trastuzumab-MC(Me)-val-cit-PAB- MMAF, and 10.17 & 25.50 mg/kg trastuzumab-MC-MMAF, respectively) gained weight during the study.
• Animals in groups 5 and 8 (26.78 mg/kg trastuzumab-MC(Me)-val-cit- PAB-MMAF and 21.85 mg/kg trastuzumab-MC-val-cit-PAB-MMAF, respectively) lost weight during the study.
• Rats treated with trastuzumab- MC-val-cit-MMAF showed dose-dependent changes typical for MMAF conjugates; the extent of the changes was less compared with a full length MC-val-cit-PAB-MMAF conjugate (group 8).
• the platelet counts on day 5 were at approximately 30% of baseline values in animals of group 3 (high dose trastuzumab-MC-val-cit-MMAF) compared with 15% in animals of group 8 (high dose trastuzumab-MC-val-cit-PAB-MMAF).
• 4210 ⁇ g/m 2 dose level (Group 2) showed unremarkable histology of liver, spleen, thymus, intestines and bone manow. Mildly increased apoptotic and mitotic activity was observed in thymus and liver, respectively in animals treated at the 5500 ⁇ g/m 2 dose level (Group 3). The bone manow was normocellular, but showed evidence of granulocytic hyperplasia, which is consistent with the absolute granulocytosis observed in the peripheral blood counts in these animals. Animals at the highest dose in group 4 showed qualitatively the same features; the mitotic activity in the liver appears somewhat increased compared to animals in Group 3. Also, extramedullary hematopoiesis was seen in spleen and liver.
• EphB2R is a type 1 TM tyrosine kinase receptor with close homology between mouse and human, and is over-expressed in colorectal cancer cells.
• 2H9 is an antibody against EphB2R. The naked antibody has no effect on tumor growth, but 2H9- val-cit-MMAE killed EphB2R expressing cells and showed efficacy in a mouse xenograft model using CXF1103 human colon tumors (Mao etal (2004) Cancer Res. 64:781 -788).
• 2H9 and 7C2 are both mouse IgGl anti-HER2 antibodies.
• Peripheral blood granulocytes showed depletion after a single dose of 1100mg/m2 with complete recovery 14 days post-dose.
• the antibody drug conjugate H-MC-vc-PAB- MMAF showed elevation of liver enzymes at 550 (transient) and 880 mg/m2 dose level, no evidence of granulocytopenia, and a dose-dependent, transient (groups 2 & 3) decline of platelets.
• exemplary Compounds and Exemplary Conjugates can be made using the synthetic procedures outlined below in Schemes 5-16. As described in more detail below, the Exemplary Compounds or Exemplary Conjugates can be conveniently prepared using a Linker having a reactive site for binding to the Drag and Ligand.
• a Linker has a reactive site which has an electrophilic group that is reactive to a nucleophilic group present on a Ligand, such as but not limited to an antibody.
• Useful nucleophilic groups on an antibody include but are not limited to, sulfhydryl, hydroxyl and amino groups.
• the heteroatom of the nucleophilic group of an antibody is reactive to an electrophilic group on a Linker and forms a covalent bond to a Linker unit.
• Useful electrophilic groups include, but are not limited to, maleimide and haloacetamide groups.
• the electrophilic group provides a convenient site for antibody attachment.
• a Linker has a reactive site which has a nucleophilic group that is reactive to an electrophilic group present on an antibody.
• Useful electrophilic groups on an antibody include, but are not limited to, aldehyde and ketone carbonyl groups.
• the heteroatom of a nucleophilic group of a Linker can react with an electrophilic group on an antibody and form a covalent bond to an antibody unit.
• Useful nucleophilic groups on a Linker include, but are not limited to, hydrazide, oxime, amino, hydrazine, thiosemicarbazone, hydrazine carboxylate, and arylhydrazide.
• the electrophilic group on an antibody provides a convenient site for attachment to a Linker.
• Carboxylic acid functional groups and chloroformate functional groups are also useful reactive sites for a Linker because they can react with secondary amino groups of a Drag to form an amide linkage.
• a reactive site is a carbonate functional group on a Linker, such as but not limited to p-nitrophenyl carbonate, which can react with an amino group of a Drag, such as but not limited to N-methyl valine, to form a carbamate linkage.
• a Linker such as but not limited to p-nitrophenyl carbonate
• an amino group of a Drag such as but not limited to N-methyl valine
• peptide-based Drags can be prepared by forming a peptide bond between two or more amino acids and/or peptide fragments.
• Such peptide bonds can be prepared, for example, according to the liquid phase synthesis method (see E. Schroder and K. L ⁇ bke, "The Peptides", volume 1 , pp 76-136, 1965, Academic Press) that is well known in the field of peptide chemistry.
• Schemes 8-9 The synthesis of an illustrative Stretcher having an electrophilic maleimide group is illustrated below in Schemes 8-9.
• General synthetic methods useful for the synthesis of a Linker are described in Scheme 10.
• Scheme 11 shows the construction of a Linker unit having a val-cit group, an electrophilic maleimide group and a PAB self- immolative Spacer group.
• Scheme 12 depicts the synthesis of a Linker having a phe-lys group, an electrophilic maleimide group, with and without the PAB self-immolative Spacer group.
• Scheme 13 presents a general outline for the synthesis of a Drag-Linker Compound, while Scheme 14 presents an alternate route for preparing a Drag-Linker Compound.
• Scheme 15 depicts the synthesis of a branched linker containing a BHMS group.
• Scheme 16 outlines the attachment of an antibody to a Drag-Linker Compound to form a Drag-Linker- Antibody Conjugate
• Scheme 14 illustrates the synthesis of Drag-Linker-Antibody Conjugates having, for example but not limited to, 2 or 4 drags per Antibody.
• the Exemplary Conjugates are conveniently prepared using a Linker having two or more Reactive Sites for binding to the Drug and a Ligand.
• a Linker has a Reactive site which has an electrophilic group that is reactive to a nucleophilic group present on a Ligand, such as an antibody.
• Useful nucleophilic groups on an antibody include but are not limited to, sulfhydryl, hydroxyl and amino groups.
• the heteroatom of the nucleophilic group of an antibody is reactive to an electrophilic group on a Linker and forms a covalent bond to a Linker unit.
• Useful electrophilic groups include, but are not limited to, maleimide and haloacetamide groups.
• the electrophilic group provides a convenient site for antibody attachment.
• a Linker has a Reactive site which has a nucleophilic group that is reactive to an electrophilic group present on a Ligand, such as an antibody.
• Useful electrophilic groups on an antibody include, but are not limited to, aldehyde and ketone carbonyl groups.
• the heteroatom of a nucleophilic group of a Linker can react with an electrophilic group on an antibody and form a covalent bond to an antibody unit.
• Useful nucleophilic groups on a Linker include, but are not limited to, hydrazide, oxime, amino, hydrazine, thiosemicarbazone, hydrazine carboxylate, and arylhydrazide.
• the electrophilic group on an antibody provides a convenient site for attachment to a Linker.
• peptide-based Drags can be prepared by forming a peptide bond between two or more amino acids and/or peptide fragments.
• Such peptide bonds can be prepared, for example, according to the liquid phase synthesis method (see E. Schroder and K. L ⁇ bke, "The Peptides", volume 1, pp 76-136, 1965, Academic Press) that is well known in the field of peptide chemistry.
• the auristatin dolastatin drug moieties may be prepared according to the general methods of: U.S. Patent No. 5635483; U.S. Patent No. 5780588; Pettit et al.
• a Drug is prepared by combining about a stoichiometric equivalent of a dipeptide and a tripeptide, preferably in a one-pot reaction under suitable condensation conditions. This approach is illustrated in Schemes 5-7, below.
• Scheme 5 illustrates the synthesis of an N-terminal tripeptide unit F which is a useful intermediate for the synthesis of the drag compounds of Formula lb.
• a protected amino acid A (where PG represents an amine protecting group, R 4 is selected from hydrogen, C ⁇ -C 8 alkyl, C 3 -C 8 carbocycle, - O-(C ⁇ -C 8 alkyl), -aryl, alkyl-aryl, alkyl-(C 3 -C 8 carbocycle), C 3 -C 8 heterocycle, alkyl-(C 3 - C 8 heterocycle) wherein R 5 is selected from H and methyl; or R 4 and R 5 join, have the formula -(CR a R b ) n - wherein R a and R b are independently selected from hydrogen, C ⁇ -C 8 alkyl and C 3 -C 8 carbocycle and n is selected from 2, 3, 4, 5 and 6, and form a ring with the carbon atom to which they are attached) is coupled to t-butyl ester B (where R 6 is selected from -H and -C ⁇ -C 8 alkyl; and R 7 is selected from hydrogen,
• Suitable protecting groups PG, and suitable synthetic methods to protect an amino group with a protecting group are well known in the art. See, e.g., Greene, T.W. and Wuts, P.G.M., Protective Groups in Organic Synthesis, 2nd Edition, 1991, John Wiley & Sons.
• Exemplary protected amino acids A are PG-Ile and, particularly, PG-Val, while other suitable protected amino acids include, without limitation: PG- cyclohexylglycine, PG-cyclohexylalanine, PG-aminocyclopropane-1 -carboxylic acid, PG-aminoisobutyric acid, PG-phenylalanine, PG-phenylglycine, and PG-tert- butylglycine.
• Z is an exemplary protecting group.
• Fmoc is another exemplary protecting group.
• An exemplary t-butyl ester B is dolaisoleuine t-butyl ester.
• the dipeptide C can be purified, e.g., using chromatography, and subsequently deprotected, e.g., using H 2 and 10% Pd-C in ethanol when PG is benzyloxycarbonyl, or using diethylamine for removal of an Fmoc protecting group.
• the resulting amine D readily forms a peptide bond with an amino acid BB (wherein R 1 is selected from -H, -C ⁇ -C 8 alkyl and -C 3 -C 8 carbocycle; and R 2 is selected from -H and -Ci- Cs alkyl; or R 1 and R 2 join, have the formula -(CR a R b ) n - wherein R a and R b are independently selected from -H, -C ⁇ -C 8 alkyl and -C 3 -C 8 carbocycle and n is selected from 2, 3, 4, 5 and 6, and form a ring with the nitrogen atom to which they are attached; and R 3 is selected from hydrogen, -C 8 alkyl, C 3 -C 8 carbocycle, -O-(C ⁇ -C 8 alkyl), -aryl, alkyl-aryl, alkyl-(C -C 8 carbocycle), C 3 -C 8 heterocycle and alkyl-(C 3 -
• N,N-Dialkyl amino acids are exemplary amino acids for BB, such as commercially available NN-dimethyl valine.
• Other N,N-dialkyl amino acids can be prepared by reductive bis -alkylation using known procedures (see, e.g., Bowman, R.E, Stroud, H.H J. Chem. Soc, 1950, 1342-1340).
• Fmoc-Me-L-Nal and Fmoc-Me-L-glycine are two exemplary amino acids BB useful for the synthesis of N-monoalkyl derivatives.
• the amine D and the amino acid BB react to provide the tripeptide E using coupling reagent DEPC with triethylamine as the base.
• the C-terminus protecting group of E is subsequently deprotected using HCl to provide the tripeptide compound of formula F.
• Illustrative DEPC coupling methodology and the PyBrop coupling methodology shown in Scheme 5 are outlined below in General Procedure A and General Procedure B, respectively.
• Illustrative methodology for the deprotection of a Z-protected amine via catalytic hydrogenation is outlined below in General Procedure C.
• General Procedure A Peptide synthesis using DEPC.
• the N-protected or ⁇ , ⁇ -disubstituted amino acid or peptide D (1.0 eq.) and an amine BB (1.1 eq.) are diluted with an aprotic organic solvent, such as dichloromethane (0.1 to 0.5 M).
• the amino acid B (1.0 eq.), optionally having a carboxyl protecting group, is diluted with an aprotic organic solvent such as dichloromethane or DME to provide a solution of a concentration between 0.5 and 1.0 mM, then diisopropylethylamine (1.5 eq.) is added.
• Fmoc-, or Z- protected amino acid A (1.1 eq.) is added as a solid in one portion, then PyBrop (1.2 eq.) is added to the resulting mixture.
• the reaction is monitored by TLC or HPLC, followed by a workup procedure similar to that described in General Procedure A.
• General procedure C Z-removal via catalytic hydrogenation.
• Z- protected amino acid or peptide C is diluted with ethanol to provide a solution of a concentration between 0.5 and 1.0 mM in a suitable vessel, such as a thick-walled round bottom flask.
• a suitable vessel such as a thick-walled round bottom flask.
• 10% palladium on carbon is added (5-10% w/w) and the reaction mixture is placed under a hydrogen atmosphere. Reaction progress is monitored using HPLC and is generally complete within 1-2 h.
• the reaction mixture is filtered through a pre-w ashed pad of celite and the celite is again washed with a polar organic solvent, such as methanol after filtration.
• the eluent solution is concentrated in vacuo to afford a residue which is diluted with an organic solvent, preferably toluene.
• Scheme 6 shows a method useful for making a C-terminal dipeptide of formula K and a method for coupling the dipeptide of formula K with the tripeptide of formula F to make drug compounds of Formula lb.
• the dipeptide K can be readily prepared by condensation of the modified amino acid Boc-Dolaproine G (see, for example, Pettit, G.R., et al. Synthesis, 1996, 719- 725), with an amine of formula H using condensing agents well known for peptide chemistry, such as, for example, DEPC in the presence of triethylamine, as shown in Scheme 5.
• the dipeptide of formula K can then be coupled with a tripeptide of formula F using General Procedure D to make the Fmoc-protected drug compounds of formula L which can be subsequently deprotected using General Procedure E in order to provide the drug compounds of formula (lb).
• General procedure D Drug synthesis.
• a mixture of dipeptide K (1.0 eq.) and tripeptide F (1 eq.) is diluted with an aprotic organic solvent, such as dichloromethane, to form a 0.1M solution, then a strong acid, such as trifluoroacetic acid (1/2 v/v) is added and the resulting mixture is stined under a nitrogen atmosphere for two hours at 0°C.
• the reaction can be monitored using TLC or, preferably, HPLC.
• the solvent is removed in vacuo and the resulting residue is azeotropically dried twice, preferably using toluene.
• the resulting residue is dried under high vacuum for 12 h and then diluted with and aprotic organic solvent, such as dichloromethane.
• An organic base such as triethylamine or diisopropylethylamine (1.5 eq.) is then added, followed by either PyBrop (1.2 eq.) or DEPC (1.2 eq.) depending on the chemical functionality on the residue.
• the reaction mixture is monitored by either TLC or HPLC and upon completion, the reaction is subjected to a workup procedure similar or identical to that described in General Procedure A.
• General procedure E Fmoc-removal using diethylamine.
• An Fmoc- protected Drag L is diluted with an aprotic organic solvent such as dichloromethane and to the resulting solution is added diethylamine (Vi v/v). Reaction progress is monitored by TLC or HPLC and is typically complete within 2 h.
• the dipeptide O can be readily prepared by condensation of the modified amino acid Boc-Dolaproine G (see, for example, Pettit, G.R., et al. Synthesis, 1996, 719- 725), with a protected amino acid of formula M using condensing agents well known for peptide chemistry, such as, for example, DEPC in the presence of triethylamine, as shown in Schemes 5 and 6.
• the dipeptide of formula O can then be coupled with a tripeptide of formula F using General Procedure D to make the Fmoc-protected MMAF compounds of formula P which can be subsequently deprotected using General Procedure E in order to provide the MMAF drug compounds of formula (lb).
• General Procedure D the Fmoc-protected MMAF compounds of formula P which can be subsequently deprotected using General Procedure E in order to provide the MMAF drug compounds of formula (lb).
• the Drag-Linker Compound of the present invention, the Drag is reacted with a reactive site on the Linker.
• the Linker can have the structure:
• Reactive Site 2 r ⁇ A a -W w — Y v —f Reactive Site 1
• the Linker can have the structure:
• the Linker can also have the structure:
• the Linker can also have the structure:
• a suitable Linker has an Amino Acid unit linked to an optional
• Reactive Site 1 is present at the terminus of the Spacer and Reactive site 2 is present at the terminus of the Stretcher. If a Spacer unit is not present, then Reactive site 1 is present at the C-terminus of the Amino Acid unit.
• Reactive Site No. 1 is reactive to a nitrogen atom of the Drug
• Reactive Site No. 2 is reactive to a sulfhydryl group on the Ligand.
• Reactive Sites 1 and 2 can be reactive to different functional groups. >-COOH .
• Reactive Site No. 1 is In another aspect of the invention, Reactive Site No. 1 is
• Reactive Site No. 1 is a p- nitrophenyl carbonate having the formula
• Reactive Site No. 2 is a thiol-accepting group.
• Suitable thiol-accepting groups include haloacetamide groups having the formula
• X represents a leaving group, preferably O-mesyl, O-tosyl, -CI, -
• Useful Linkers can be obtained via commercial sources, such as Molecular Biosciences Inc.(Boulder, CO), or prepared as summarized in Schemes 8-10 below.
• X is -CH 2 - or -CH 2 OCH 2 -; and n is an integer ranging either from 0-10 when X is -CH 2 - ; or 1-10 when X is -CH 2 OCH 2 -.
• the method shown in Scheme 9 combines maleimide with a glycol under Mitsunobu conditions to make a polyethylene glycol maleimide Stretcher (see for example, Walker, M.A. J. Org. Chem. 1995, 60, 5352-5), followed by installation of a p- nitrophenyl carbonate Reactive Site group.
• E is -CH 2 - or -CH 2 OCH -; and e is an integer ranging from 0-8;
• PEG-maleimide and PEG-haloacetamide stretchers can be prepared as described by Frisch, et al, Bioconjugate Chem. 1996, 7, 180-186.
• Scheme 10 illustrates a general synthesis of an illustrative Linker unit containing a maleimide Stretcher group and optionally a p-aminobenzyl ether self-immolative Spacer.
• Useful Stretchers may be incorporated into a Linker using the *> commercially available intermediates from Molecular Biosciences (Boulder, CO) described below by utilizing known techniques of organic synthesis. Stretchers of formula (Ilia) can be introduced into a Linker by reacting the following intermediates with the N-terminus of an Amino Acid unit as depicted in Schemes 11 and 12:
• n is an integer ranging from 1-10 and T is -H or -SO 3 Na;
• n is an integer ranging from 0-3;
• Stretcher units of formula (Illb) can be introduced into a Linker by reacting the following intermediates with the N-terminus of an Amino Acid unit:
• Stretcher units of formula (IV) can be introduced into a Linker by reacting the following intermediates with the N-terminus of an Amino Acid unit:
• Stretcher units of formula (Va) can be introduced into a Linker by reacting the following intermediates with the N-terminus of an Amino Acid unit:
• Stretchers may be synthesized according to known procedures.
• Aminooxy Stretchers of the formula shown below can be prepared by treating alkyl halides with N-Boc-hydroxyl amine according to procedures described in Jones, D.S. et al, Tetrahedron Letters, 2000, 41 (10), 1531-1533; and Gilon, C. et al, Tetrahedron, 1967, 23(11), 4441-4447.
• -R 17 - is selected from -Ci-Cio alkylene-, -C 3 -C 8 carbocyclo-, -O-(C]-C 8 alkyl)-, -arylene-, -Ci-Cio alkylene-arylene-, -arylene-Ci-Cio alkylene-, -Ci-Cio alkylene-(C 3 -C 8 carbocyclo)-, -(C 3 -C 8 carbocyclo)-C ⁇ -C ⁇ o alkylene-, -C 3 -C 8 heterocyclo-, -Ci-Cio alkylene-(C 3 -C 8 heterocyclo)-, -(C 3 -C 8 heterocyclo)-C 1 -C ⁇ o alkylene-, -(CH 2 CH 2 O) r , - (CH 2 CH 2 O) r -CH 2 -; and r is an integer ranging from 1-10; Isothi
• Scheme 11 shows a method for obtaining of a val-cit dipeptide Linker having a maleimide Stretcher and optionally a p-aminobenzyl self-immolative Spacer.
• Scheme 12 illustrates the synthesis of a phe-lys(Mtr) dipeptide Linker unit having a maleimide Stretcher unit and a p-aminobenzyl self-immolative Spacer unit.
• Starting material AD lys(Mtr)
• Starting material AD is commercially available (Bachem, Tonance, CA) or can be prepared according to Dubowchik, et al. Tetrahedron Letters (1997) 38:5257-60.
• a Linker can be reacted with an amino group of a Drug Compound of Formula (lb) to form a Drag-Linker Compound that contains an amide or carbamate group, linking the Drag unit to the Linker unit.
• Reactive Site No. 1 is a carboxylic acid group, as in Linker AJ
• the coupling reaction can be performed using HATU or PyBrop and an appropriate amine base, resulting in a Drug-Linker Compound AK, containing an amide bond between the Drug unit and the Linker unit.
• the Linker can be coupled to the Drag using HOBt in a mixture of DMF/pyridine to provide a Drag-Linker Compound AM, containing a carbamate bond between the Drug unit and the Linker unit
• a Drag-Linker Compound AM containing a carbamate bond between the Drug unit and the Linker unit
• Reactive Site No. 1 is a good leaving group, such as in Linker AN
• the Linker can be coupled with an amine group of a Drag via a nucleophilic substitution process to provide a Drug-Linker Compound having an amine linkage (AO) between the Drag unit and the Linker unit.
• AO amine linkage
• Linker AL having a p-nitrophenyl carbonate Reactive site (1.1 eq.) and Drug (lb) (1.0 eq.) are diluted with an aprotic organic solvent, such as DMF, to provide a solution having a concentration of 50-100 mM, and the resulting solution is treated with HOBt (2.0 eq.) and placed under an inert atmosphere, preferably argon.
• HOBt 2.0 eq.
• the reaction mixture is allowed to stir for 15 min, then an organic base, such as pyridine (1/4 v/v), is added and the reaction progress is monitored using HPLC.
• the Linker is typically consumed within 16 h.
• the reaction mixture is then concentrated in vacuo and the resulting residue is purified using, for example, HPLC to yield the carbamate AM.
• Scheme 15 illustrates the synthesis of a val-cit dipeptide linker having a maleimide Stretcher unit and a bis(4-hydroxymethyl)styrene (BHMS) unit.
• BHMS bis(4-hydroxymethyl)styrene
• the synthesis of the BHMS intermediate (AW) has been improved from previous literature procedures (see International Publication No, WO 9813059 to Firestone et al, and Crozet, M.P.; Archaimbault, G.; Nanelle, P.; Nouguier, R. Tetrahedron Lett. (1985) 26:5133-5134) and utilizes as starting materials, commercially available diethyl (4-nitrobenzyl)phosphonate (AT) and commercially available 2,2-dimethyl-l ,3-dioxan-5-one (AU).
• AT diethyl (4-nitrobenzyl)phosphonate
• AU 2,2-dimethyl-l ,3-dioxan-5-one
• Linkers AY and BA can be prepared from intermediate AW using the methodology described in Scheme 9. 4.6.3 DENDRITIC LINKERS
• the linker may be a dendritic type linker for covalent attachment of more than one drug moiety through a branching, multifunctional linker moiety to a Ligand, such as but not limited to an antibody (Sun et al (2002) Bioorganic & Medicinal Chemistry Letters 12:2213-2215; Sun et al. (2003) Bioorganic & Medicinal Chemistry 11:1761-1768).
• Dendritic linkers can increase the molar ratio of drag to antibody, i.e. loading, which is related to the potency of the Drug-Linker-Ligand Conjugate.
• dendritic linker reagents allow up to nine nucleophilic drug moiety reagents to be conjugated by reaction with the chloroethyl nitrogen mustard functional groups:
• the partially reduced antibody thus reacts with drug-linker compounds, or linker reagents, with electrophilic functional groups such as maleimide or ⁇ -halo carbonyl, according to the conjugation method at page 766 of Klussman, et al. (2004), Bioconjugate Chemistry 15(4):765-773.
• an antibody e.g., AC10
• 500 mM sodium borate and 500 mM sodium chloride at pH 8.0 is treated with an excess of 100 mM dithiothreitol (DTT).
• DTT dithiothreitol
• the buffer is exchanged by elution over Sephadex G25 resin and eluted with PBS with ImM DTP A.
• the thiol/Ab value is checked by determining the reduced antibody concentration from the absorbance at 280' nm of the solution and the thiol concentration by reaction with DTNB (Aldrich, Milwaukee, Wl) and determination of the absorbance at 412 nm.
• the reduced antibody dissolved in PBS is chilled on ice.
• the drag linker e.g., MC-val-cit-PAB-MMAE in
• ADC antibody drug conjugates
• EphB2R 2H9-MC-VC-PAB-MMAF 150 3.8 EphB2R 2H9-MC-vc-PAB-MMAF 120 3.7
• EphB2R 2H9-MC-VC-PAB-MMAE 10.7 4.4
• compositions including an effective amount of an Exemplary Compound and/or Exemplary Conjugate and a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier or vehicle.
• the Drag units and Drug-Linker Compounds can be referred to as Exemplary Compounds
• Drug-Ligand Conjugates and Drug-Linker-Ligand Conjugates can be referred to as Exemplary Conjugates.
• the compositions are suitable for veterinary or human administration.
• the present compositions can be in any form that allows for the composition to be administered to a patient.
• the composition can be in the form of a solid, liquid or gas (aerosol).
• routes of administration include, without limitation, oral, topical, parenteral, sublingual, rectal, vaginal, ocular, intra-tumor, and intranasal.
• Parenteral administration includes subcutaneous injections, intravenous, intramuscular, intrastemal injection or infusion techniques.
• the compositions are administered parenterally.
• the Exemplary Compounds and/or the Exemplary Conjugates or compositions are administered intravenously.
• Pharmaceutical compositions can be formulated so as to allow an Exemplary Compound and/or Exemplary Conjugate to be bioavailable upon administration of the composition to a patient.
• Compositions can take the form of one or more dosage units, where for example, a tablet can be a single dosage unit, and a container of an Exemplary Compound and/or Exemplary Conjugate in aerosol form can hold a plurality of dosage units.
• Materials used in preparing the pharmaceutical compositions can be non- toxic in the amounts used. It will be evident to those of ordinary skill in the art that the optimal dosage of the active ingredient(s) in the pharmaceutical composition will depend on a variety of factors. Relevant factors include, without limitation, the type of animal (e.g., human), the particular form of the Exemplary Compound or Exemplary Conjugate, the manner of administration, and the composition employed.
• the pharmaceutically acceptable carrier or vehicle can be particulate, so that the compositions are, for example, in tablet or powder form.
• the canier(s) can be liquid, with the compositions being, for example, an oral syrup or injectable liquid.
• the canier(s) can be gaseous or particulate, so as to provide an aerosol composition useful in, e.g., inhalatory administration.
• the composition is preferably in solid or liquid form, where semi-solid, semi-liquid, suspension and gel forms are included within the forms considered herein as either solid or liquid.
• the composition can be formulated into a powder, granule, compressed tablet, pill, capsule, chewing gum, wafer or the like form. Such a solid composition typically contains one or more inert diluents.
• binders such as carboxymethylcellulose, ethyl cellulose, microcrystalline cellulose, or gelatin
• excipients such as starch, lactose or dextrins, disintegrating agents such as alginic acid, sodium alginate, Primogel, com starch and the like
• lubricants such as magnesium stearate or Sterotex
• glidants such as colloidal silicon dioxide
• sweetening agents such as sucrose or saccharin, a flavoring agent such as peppermint, methyl salicylate or orange flavoring, and a coloring agent.
• composition When the composition is in the form of a capsule, e.g., a gelatin capsule, it can contain, in addition to materials of the above type, a liquid carrier such as polyethylene glycol, cyclodextrin or a fatty oil.
• a liquid carrier such as polyethylene glycol, cyclodextrin or a fatty oil.
• the composition can be in the form of a liquid, e.g., an elixir, syrup, solution, emulsion or suspension.
• the liquid can be useful for oral administration or for delivery by injection.
• a composition can comprise one or more of a sweetening agent, preservatives, dye/colorant and flavor enhancer.
• a surfactant in a composition for administration by injection, one or more of a surfactant, preservative, wetting agent, dispersing agent, suspending agent, buffer, stabilizer and isotonic agent can also be included.
• the liquid compositions can also include one or more of the following: sterile diluents such as water for injection, saline solution, preferably physiological saline, Ringer's solution, isotonic sodium chloride, fixed oils such as synthetic mono or digylcerides which can serve as the solvent or suspending medium, polyethylene glycols, glycerin, cyclodextrin, propylene glycol or other solvents; antibacterial agents such as benzyl alcohol or methyl paraben; antioxidants such as ascorbic acid or sodium bisulfite; chelating agents such as ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid; buffers such as acetates, citrates or phosphates and agents for the adjustment of tonicity such as sodium chloride
• a parenteral composition can be enclosed in ampoule, a disposable syringe or a multiple-dose vial made of glass, plastic or other material.
• Physiological saline is an exemplary adjuvant.
• An injectable composition is preferably sterile.
• the amount of the Exemplary Compound and/or Exemplary Conjugate that is effective in the treatment of a particular disorder or condition will depend on the nature of the disorder or condition, and can be determined by standard clinical techniques. In addition, in vitro or in vivo assays can optionally be employed to help identify optimal dosage ranges. The precise dose to be employed in the compositions will also depend on the route of administration, and the seriousness of the disease or disorder, and should be decided according to the judgment of the practitioner and each patient's circumstances.
• the compositions comprise an effective amount of an Exemplary
• compositions such that a suitable dosage will be obtained.
• this amount is at least about 0.01% of an Exemplary Compound and/or Exemplary Conjugate by weight of the composition.
• this amount can be varied to range from about 0.1% to about 80% by weight of the composition.
• oral compositions can comprise from about 4% to about 50% of the Exemplary Compound and/or Exemplary Conjugate by weight of the composition.
• present compositions are prepared so that a parenteral dosage unit contains from about 0.01 % to about 2% by weight of the Exemplary Compound and/or Exemplary Conjugate.
• the composition can comprise from about
• the composition can include from about 1 to about 100 mg of an Exemplary Compound and/or Exemplary Conjugate per kg of the animal's body weight.
• the amount administered will be in the range from about 0.1 to about 25 mg/kg of body weight of the Exemplary Compound and or Exemplary Conjugate.
• the dosage of an Exemplary Compound and/or Exemplary Conjugate administered to a patient is typically about 0.01 mg/kg to about 2000 mg/kg of the animal's body weight.
• the dosage administered to a patient is between about 0.01 mg kg to about 10 mg/kg of the animal's body weight, in another aspect, the dosage administered to a patient is between about 0.1 mg/kg and about 250 mg/kg of the animal's body weight, in yet another aspect, the dosage administered to a patient is between about 0.1 mg/kg and about 20 mg/kg of the animal's body weight, in yet another aspect the dosage administered is between about 0.1 mg/kg to about 10 mg/kg of the animal's body weight, and in yet another aspect, the dosage administered is between about 1 mg/kg to about 10 mg/kg of the animal's body weight.
• the Exemplary Compounds and/or Exemplary Conjugate or compositions can be administered by any convenient route, for example by infusion or bolus injection, by abso ⁇ tion through epithelial or mucocutaneous linings (e.g., oral mucosa, rectal and intestinal mucosa, etc.). Administration can be systemic or local.
• Various delivery systems are known, e.g., encapsulation in liposomes, microparticles, microcapsules, capsules, etc., and can be used to administer an Exemplary Compound and/or Exemplary Conjugate or composition.
• Compound and/or Exemplary Conjugate or composition is administered to a patient.
• it can be desirable to administer one or more Exemplary Compounds and/or Exemplary Conjugate or compositions locally to the area in need of treatment.
• This can be achieved, for example, and not by way of limitation, by local infusion during surgery; topical application, e.g., in conjunction with a wound dressing after surgery; by injection; by means of a catheter; by means of a suppository; or by means of an implant, the implant being of a porous, non-porous, or gelatinous material, including membranes, such as sialastic membranes, or fibers.
• administration can be by direct injection at the site (or former site) of a cancer, tumor or neoplastic or pre-neoplastic tissue. In another embodiment, administration can be by direct injection at the site (or former site) of a manifestation of an autoimmune disease. In certain embodiments, it can be desirable to introduce one or more Exemplary Compounds and/or Exemplary Conjugate or compositions into the central nervous system by any suitable route, including intraventricular and intrathecal injection. Intraventricular injection can be facilitated by an intraventricular catheter, for example, attached to a reservoir, such as an Ommaya reservoir.
• Pulmonary administration can also be employed, e.g., by use of an inhaler or nebulizer, and formulation with an aerosolizing agent, or via perfiision in a fluorocarbon or synthetic pulmonary surfactant.
• the Exemplary Compounds and/or Exemplary Conjugate or compositions can be delivered in a controlled release system, such as but not limited to, a pump or various polymeric materials can be used.
• a controlled-release system can be placed in proximity of the target of the Exemplary Compounds and/or Exemplary Conjugate or compositions, e.g., the brain, thus requiring only a fraction of the systemic dose (see, e.g., Goodson, in Medical Applications of Controlled Release, supra, vol. 2, pp. 115-138 (1984)).
• Other controlled- release systems discussed in the review by Langer (Science 249:1527-1533 (1990)) can be used.
• carrier refers to a diluent, adjuvant or excipient, with which an Exemplary Compound and/or Exemplary Conjugate is administered.
• Such pharmaceutical caniers can be liquids, such as water and oils, including those of petroleum, animal, vegetable or synthetic origin, such as peanut oil, soybean oil, mineral oil, sesame oil and the like.
• the carriers can be saline, gum acacia, gelatin, starch paste, talc, keratin, colloidal silica, urea, and the like.
• auxiliary, stabilizing, thickening, lubricating and coloring agents can be used.
• the Exemplary Compound and/or Exemplary Conjugate or compositions and pharmaceutically acceptable carriers are sterile. Water is an exemplary carrier when the Exemplary Compounds and/or Exemplary Conjugates are administered intravenously.
• Saline solutions and aqueous dextrose and glycerol solutions can also be employed as liquid carriers, particularly for injectable solutions.
• suitable pharmaceutical carriers also include excipients such as starch, glucose, lactose, sucrose, gelatin, malt, rice, flour, chalk, silica gel, sodium stearate, glycerol monostearate, talc, sodium chloride, dried skim milk, glycerol, propylene, glycol, water, ethanol and the like.
• the present compositions if desired, can also contain minor amounts of wetting or emulsifying agents, or pH buffering agents.
• compositions can take the form of solutions, suspensions, emulsion, tablets, pills, pellets, capsules, capsules containing liquids, powders, sustained- release formulations, suppositories, emulsions, aerosols, sprays, suspensions, or any other form suitable for use.
• suitable pharmaceutical carriers are described in "Remington's Pharmaceutical Sciences” by E.W. Martin.
• the Exemplary Compounds and/or Exemplary Conjugates are formulated in accordance with routine procedures as a pharmaceutical composition adapted for intravenous administration to animals, particularly human beings.
• the caniers or vehicles for intravenous administration are sterile isotonic aqueous buffer solutions.
• compositions for intravenous administration can optionally comprise a local anesthetic such as lignocaine to ease pain at the site of the injection.
• a local anesthetic such as lignocaine to ease pain at the site of the injection.
• the ingredients are supplied either separately or mixed together in unit dosage form, for example, as a dry lyophilized powder or water free concentrate in a hermetically sealed container such as an ampoule or sachette indicating the quantity of active agent.
• an Exemplary Compound and/or Exemplary Conjugate is to be administered by infusion, it can be dispensed, for example, with an infusion bottle containing sterile pharmaceutical grade water or saline.
• compositions for oral delivery can be in the form of tablets, lozenges, aqueous or oily suspensions, granules, powders, emulsions, capsules, syrups, or elixirs, for example.
• Orally administered compositions can contain one or more optionally agents, for example, sweetening agents such as fructose, aspartame or saccharin; flavoring agents such as peppermint, oil of wintergreen, or cherry; coloring agents; and preserving agents, to provide a pharmaceutically palatable preparation.
• compositions can be coated to delay disintegration and absorption in the gastrointestinal tract thereby providing a sustained action over an extended period of time.
• Selectively permeable membranes surrounding an osmotically active driving compound are also suitable for orally administered compounds.
• fluid from the environment sunounding the capsule is imbibed by the driving compound, which swells to displace the agent or agent composition through an aperture.
• delivery platforms can provide an essentially zero order delivery profile as opposed to the spiked profiles of immediate release formulations.
• a time-delay material such as glycerol monostearate or glycerol stearate can also be used.
• compositions can be intended for topical administration, in which case the carrier may be in the form of a solution, emulsion, ointment or gel base. If intended for transdermal administration, the composition can be in the form of a transdermal patch or an iontophoresis device.
• Topical formulations can comprise a concentration of an Exemplary Compound and/or Exemplary Conjugate of from about 0.05% to about
• the composition can be intended for rectal administration, in the form, e.g., of a suppository which will melt in the rectum and release the Exemplary Compound and/or Exemplary Conjugate.
• the composition can include various materials that modify the physical form of a solid or liquid dosage unit.
• the composition can include materials that form a coating shell around the active ingredients.
• the materials that form the coating shell are typically inert, and can be selected from, for example, sugar, shellac, and other enteric coating agents.
• the active ingredients can be encased in a gelatin capsule.
• compositions can consist of gaseous dosage units, e.g., it can be in the form of an aerosol.
• aerosol is used to denote a variety of systems ranging from those of colloidal nature to systems consisting of pressurized packages. Delivery can be by a liquefied or compressed gas or by a suitable pump system that dispenses the active ingredients.
• the present compositions can include a pharmacological agent used in the treatment of cancer, an autoimmune disease or an infectious disease.
• the Exemplary Compounds and/or Exemplary Conjugates are useful for inhibiting the multiplication of a tumor cell or cancer cell, causing apoptosis in a tumor or cancer cell, or for treating cancer in a patient.
• the Exemplary Compounds and/or Exemplary Conjugates can be used accordingly in a variety of settings for the treatment of animal cancers.
• the Drug-Linker-Ligand Conjugates can be used to deliver a Drug or Drug unit to a tumor cell or cancer cell.
• the Ligand unit of an Exemplary Conjugate binds to or associates with a cancer-cell or a tumor-cell-associated antigen, and the Exemplary Conjugate can be taken up inside a tumor cell or cancer cell through receptor-mediated endocytosis.
• the antigen can be attached to a tumor cell or cancer cell or can be an extracellular matrix protein associated with the tumor cell or cancer cell.
• one or more specific peptide sequences within the Linker unit are hydrolytically cleaved by one or more tumor-cell or cancer-cell-associated proteases, resulting in release of a Drug or a Drag- Linker Compound.
• the released Drug or Drug-Linker Compound is then free to migrate within the cell and induce cytotoxic or cytostatic activities.
• the Drug or Drug unit is cleaved from the Exemplary Conjugate outside the tumor cell or cancer cell, and the Drug or Drag-Linker Compound subsequently penetrates the cell.
• the Ligand unit binds to the tumor cell or cancer cell.
• the Ligand unit binds to a tumor cell or cancer cell antigen which is on the surface of the tumor cell or cancer cell.
• the Ligand unit binds to a tumor cell or cancer cell antigen which is an extracellular matrix protein associated with the tumor cell or cancer cell.
• the specificity of the Ligand unit for a particular tumor cell or cancer cell can be important for determining those tumors or cancers that are most effectively treated.
• Exemplary Conjugates having a BR96 Ligand unit can be useful for treating antigen positive carcinomas including those of the lung, breast, colon, ovaries, and pancreas.
• Exemplary Conjugates having an Anti-CD30 or an anti-CD40 Ligand unit can be useful for treating hematologic malignancies.
• Other particular types of cancers that can be treated with Exemplary Conjugates include, but are not limited to, those disclosed in Table 3.
• Solid tumors including but not limited to: fibrosarcoma myxosarcoma liposarcoma chondrosarcoma osteogenic sarcoma chordoma angiosarcoma endotheliosarcoma lymphangiosarcoma lymphangioendotheliosarcoma synovioma mesothelioma Ewing's tumor leiomyosarcoma rhabdomyosarcoma colon cancer colorectal cancer kidney cancer pancreatic cancer bone cancer breast cancer ovarian cancer prostate cancer esophogeal cancer stomach cancer oral cancer nasal cancer throat cancer squamous cell carcinoma basal cell carcinoma adenocarcinoma sweat gland carcinoma sebaceous gland carcinoma papillary carcinoma papillary adenocarcinomas cystadenocarcinoma medullary carcinoma bronchogenic carcinoma renal cell carcinoma hepatoma bile duct carcinoma choriocarcinoma seminoma embryonal carcinoma Wilms' tumor cervical cancer
• the Linker units stabilize the Exemplary Conjugates in blood, yet are cleavable by tumor-specific proteases within the cell, liberating a Drug.
• 4.8.2 MULTI-MODALITY THERAPY FOR CANCER Cancers including, but not limited to, a tumor, metastasis, or other disease or disorder characterized by uncontrolled cell growth, can be treated or prevented by administration of an Exemplary Conjugate and/or an Exemplary Compound.
• methods for treating or preventing cancer are provided, including administering to a patient in need thereof an effective amount of an Exemplary Conjugate and a chemotherapeutic agent.
• the chemotherapeutic agent is that with which treatment of the cancer has not been found to be refractory.
• the chemotherapeutic agent is that with which the treatment of cancer has been found to be refractory.
• the Exemplary Conjugates can be administered to a patient that has also undergone surgery as treatment for the cancer.
• the additional method of treatment is radiation therapy.
• the Exemplary Conjugate is administered concurrently with the chemotherapeutic agent or with radiation therapy.
• the chemotherapeutic agent or radiation therapy is administered prior or subsequent to administration of an Exemplary Conjugates, in one aspect at least an hour, five hours, 12 hours, a day, a week, a month, in further aspects several months (e.g., up to three months), prior or subsequent to administration of an Exemplary Conjugate.
• a chemotherapeutic agent can be administered over a series of sessions. Any one or a combination of the chemotherapeutic agents listed in Table 4 can be administered.
• any radiation therapy protocol can be used depending upon the type of cancer to be treated.
• x-ray radiation can be administered; in particular, high-energy megavoltage (radiation of greater that 1 MeN energy) can be used for deep tumors, and electron beam and orthovoltage x-ray radiation can be used for skin cancers.
• Gamma-ray emitting radioisotopes such as radioactive isotopes of radium, cobalt and other elements, can also be administered.
• Compound and/or Exemplary Conjugate are provided as an alternative to chemotherapy or radiation therapy where the chemotherapy or the radiation therapy has proven or can prove too toxic, e.g., results in unacceptable or unbearable side effects, for the subject being treated.
• the animal being treated can, optionally, be treated with another cancer treatment such as surgery, radiation therapy or chemotherapy, depending on which treatment is found to be acceptable or bearable.
• the Exemplary Compounds and/or Exemplary Conjugates can also be used in an in vitro or ex vivo fashion, such as for the treatment of certain cancers, including, but not limited to leukemias and lymphomas, such treatment involving autologous stem cell transplants.
• 4.8.3 MULTI-DRUG THERAPY FOR CANCER Methods for treating cancer including administering to a patient in need thereof an effective amount of an Exemplary Conjugate and another therapeutic agent that is an anti-cancer agent are disclosed.
• Suitable anticancer agents include, but are not limited to, methotrexate, taxol, L-asparaginase, mercaptopurine, thioguanine, hydroxyurea, cytarabine, cyclophosphamide, ifosfamide, nitrosoureas, cisplatin, carboplatin, mitomycin, dacarbazine, procarbizine, topotecan, nitrogen mustards, cytoxan, etoposide, 5-fluorouracil, BCNU, irinotecan, camptothecins, bleomycin, doxorabicin, idarubicin, daunorubicin, dactinomycin, plicamycin, mitoxantrone, asparaginase, vinblastine, vincristine, vinorelbine, paclitaxel, and docetaxel.
• the anti- cancer agent includes, but is not limited to, a drag listed in Table
• the Exemplary Conjugates are useful for killing or inhibiting the replication of a cell that produces an autoimmune disease or for treating an autoimmune disease.
• the Exemplary Conjugates can be used accordingly in a variety of settings for the treatment of an autoimmune disease in a patient.
• the Drug-Linker-Ligand Conjugates can be used to deliver a Drag to a target cell.
• the Drug-Linker-Ligand Conjugate associates with an antigen on the surface of a target cell, and the Exemplary Conjugate is then taken up inside a target-cell through receptor-mediated endocytosis.
• the Linker unit binds to an autoimmune antigen.
• the antigen is on the surface of a cell involved in an autoimmune condition.
• the Ligand unit binds to an autoimmune antigen which is on the surface of a cell.
• the Ligand binds to activated lymphocytes that are associated with the autoimmune disease state.
• the Exemplary Conjugates kill or inhibit the multiplication of cells that produce an autoimmune antibody associated with a particular autoimmune disease. Particular types of autoimmune diseases that can be treated with the
• Exemplary Conjugates include, but are not limited to, Th2 lymphocyte related disorders (e.g., atopic dermatitis, atopic asthma, rhinoconjunctivitis, allergic rhinitis, Omenn's syndrome, systemic sclerosis, and graft versus host disease); Thl lymphocyte-related disorders (e.g., rheumatoid arthritis, multiple sclerosis, psoriasis, Sjorgren's syndrome, Hashimoto's thyroiditis, Grave's disease, primary biliary cirrhosis, Wegener's granulomatosis, and tuberculosis); activated B lymphocyte-related disorders (e.g., systemic lupus erythematosus, Goodpasture's syndrome, rheumatoid arthritis, and type I diabetes); and those disclosed in Table 5.
• Th2 lymphocyte related disorders e.g., atopic dermatitis, atopic asthma, rhinoconjunctivitis

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