US20020121638A1 - Electroluminescent iridium compounds with fluorinated phenylpyridines, phenylpyrimidines, and phenylquinolines and devices made with such compounds - Google Patents

Electroluminescent iridium compounds with fluorinated phenylpyridines, phenylpyrimidines, and phenylquinolines and devices made with such compounds Download PDF

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US20020121638A1
US20020121638A1 US09/879,014 US87901401A US2002121638A1 US 20020121638 A1 US20020121638 A1 US 20020121638A1 US 87901401 A US87901401 A US 87901401A US 2002121638 A1 US2002121638 A1 US 2002121638A1
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Vladimir Grushin
Viacheslav Petrov
Ying Wang
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EIDP Inc
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Priority to US10/027,421 priority patent/US6670645B2/en
Priority to TW090133244A priority patent/TWI238819B/zh
Assigned to E. I. DU PONT DE NEMOURS AND COMPANY reassignment E. I. DU PONT DE NEMOURS AND COMPANY ASSIGNMENT OF ASSIGNORS INTEREST (SEE DOCUMENT FOR DETAILS). Assignors: WANG, YING, GRUSHIN, VLADIMIR, PETROV, VIACHESLAV A.
Publication of US20020121638A1 publication Critical patent/US20020121638A1/en
Priority to US10/366,295 priority patent/US20030197183A1/en
Priority to US10/459,946 priority patent/US6979739B2/en
Priority to US10/696,401 priority patent/US7078725B2/en
Priority to US10/696,060 priority patent/US7129518B2/en
Priority to US10/696,349 priority patent/US7276726B2/en
Priority to US10/696,003 priority patent/US6946688B2/en
Priority to US10/696,048 priority patent/US7595501B2/en
Priority to US10/696,095 priority patent/US7075102B2/en
Priority to US10/699,411 priority patent/US7199392B2/en
Priority to US10/720,954 priority patent/US7161172B2/en
Priority to US10/720,967 priority patent/US7132681B2/en
Priority to US10/774,286 priority patent/US7476452B2/en
Priority to US10/983,119 priority patent/US20050095457A1/en
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Definitions

  • This invention relates to electroluminescent complexes of iridium(III) with fluorinated phenylpyridines, phenylpyrimidines, and phenylquinolines. It also relates to electronic devices in which the active layer includes an electroluminescent Ir(III) complex.
  • Organic electronic devices that emit light such as light-emitting diodes that make up displays, are present in many different kinds of electronic equipment.
  • an organic active layer is sandwiched between two electrical contact layers. At least one of the electrical contact layers is light-transmitting so that light can pass through the electrical contact layer.
  • the organic active layer emits light through the light-transmitting electrical contact layer upon application of electricity across the electrical contact layers.
  • organic electroluminescent compounds As the active component in light-emitting diodes. Simple organic molecules such as anthracene, thiadiazole derivatives, and coumarin derivatives are known to show electroluminescence. Semiconductive conjugated polymers have also been used as electroluminescent components, as has been disclosed in, for example, Friend et al., U.S. Pat. No. 5,247,190, Heeger et al., U.S. Pat. No. 5,408,109, and Nakano et al., Published European Patent Application 443 861. Complexes of 8-hydroxyquinolate with trivalent metal ions, particularly aluminum, have been extensively used as electroluminescent components, as has been disclosed in, for example, Tang et al., U.S. Pat. No. 5,552,678.
  • the present invention is directed to an iridium compound (generally referred as “Ir(III) compounds”) having at least two 2-phenylpyridine ligands in which there is at least one fluorine or fluorinated group on the ligand.
  • the iridium compound has the following First Formula:
  • L′ a bidentate ligand or a monodentate ligand, and is not a phenylpyridine, phenylpyrimidine, or phenylquinoline; with the proviso that:
  • L′′ a monodentate ligand, and is not a phenylpyridine, and phenylpyrimidine, or phenylquinoline;
  • L a , L b and L c are alike or different from each other and each of L a , L b and L c has structure (I) below:
  • adjacent pairs of R 1 -R 4 and R 5 -R 8 can be joined to form a five- or six-membered ring
  • the present invention is directed to substituted 2-phenylpyridine, phenylpyrimidine, and phenylquinoline precursor compounds from which the above Ir(III) compounds are made.
  • the precursor compounds have a structure (II) or (III) below:
  • R 1 -R 8 are as defined in structure (I) above, and R 9 is H.
  • the present invention is directed to an organic electronic device having at least one emitting layer comprising the above Ir(III) compound, or combinations of the above Ir(III) compounds.
  • the term “compound” is intended to mean an electrically uncharged substance made up of molecules that further consist of atoms, wherein the atoms cannot be separated by physical means.
  • ligand is intended to mean a molecule, ion, or atom that is attached to the coordination sphere of a metallic ion.
  • complex when used as a noun, is intended to mean a compound having at least one metallic ion and at least one ligand.
  • group is intended to mean a part of a compound, such a substituent in an organic compound or a ligand in a complex.
  • the term “facial” is intended to mean one isomer of a complex, Ma 3 b 3 , having octahedral geometry, in which the three “a” groups are all adjacent, i.e. at the corners of one face of the octahedron.
  • the term “meridional” is intended to mean one isomer of a complex, Ma 3 b 3 , having octahedral geometry, in which the three “a” groups occupy three positions such that two are trans to each other.
  • the phrase “adjacent to,” when used to refer to layers in a device, does not necessarily mean that one layer is immediately next to another layer.
  • adjacent R groups is used to refer to R groups that are next to each other in a chemical formula (i.e., R groups that are on atoms joined by a bond).
  • photoactive refers to any material that exhibits electroluminescence and/or photosensitivity.
  • FIG. 1 is a schematic diagram of a light-emitting device (LED).
  • FIG. 2 is a schematic diagram of an LED testing apparatus.
  • the Ir(III) compounds of the invention have the First Formula Ir(III)L a L b L c x L′ y above.
  • Ir(III) compounds are frequently referred to as cyclometalated complexes: Ir(III) compounds having the following Second Formula is also frequently referred to as a bis-cyclometalated complex.:
  • y, z, L a , L b ,L′, and L′′ are as defined in the First Formula above.
  • Ir(III) compounds having the following Third Formula is also frequently referred to as a tris-cyclometalated complex.:
  • L a , L b and L c are as defined in the First Formula described above.
  • the preferred cyclometalated complexes are neutral and non-ionic, and can be sublimed intact. Thin films of these materials obtained via vacuum deposition exhibit good to excellent electroluminescent properties.
  • Introduction of fluorine substituents into the ligands on the iridium atom increases both the stability and volatility of the complexes. As a result, vacuum deposition can be carried out at lower temperatures and decomposition of the complexes can be avoided. Introduction of fluorine substituents into the ligands can often reduce the non-radiative decay rate and the self-quenching phenomenon in the solid state. These reductions can lead to enhanced luminescence efficiency. Variation of substituents with electron-donating and electron-withdrawing properties allows for fine-tuning of electroluminescent properties of the compound and hence optimization of the brightness and efficiency in an electroluminescent device.
  • compounds that can exhibit electroluminescence include those of compounds of the Second Formula IrL a L b L′ y L′′ z above, and the Third Formula IrL a L b L c above, where all L a , L b , and L c in the Third Formula are phenylpyridines, phenylpyrimidines, or phenylquinolines.
  • R 1 -R 8 groups of structures (I) and (II), and the R 10 -R 19 groups of structure (III) above may be chosen from conventional substitutents for organic compounds, such as alkyl, alkoxy, halogen, nitro, and cyano groups, as well as fluoro, fluorinated alkyl and fluorinated alkoxy groups.
  • the groups can be partially or fully fluorinated (perfluorinated).
  • Preferred iridium compounds have all R 1 -R 8 and R 10 -R 19 substituents selected from fluoro, perfluorinated alkyl (C n F 2n+1 ) and perfluorinated alkoxy groups (OC n F 2n+1 ), where the perfluorinated alkyl and alkoxy groups have 1-6 carbon atoms, or a group of the formula OCF 2 X, where X ⁇ H, Cl, or Br.
  • the nitrogen-containing ring can be a pyridine ring, a pyrimidine or a quinoline. It is preferred that at least one fluorinated substituent is on the nitrogen-containing ring; most preferably CF 3 .
  • any conventional ligands known to transition metal coordination chemistry is suitable as the L′ and L′′ ligands.
  • bidentate ligands include compounds having two coordinating groups, such as ethylenediamine and acetylacetonate, which may be substituted.
  • monodentate ligands include chloride and nitrate ions and mono-amines. It is preferred that the iridium complex be neutral and sublimable. If a single bidentate ligand is used, it should have a net charge of minus one ( ⁇ 1). If two monodentate ligands are used, they should have a combined net charge of minus one ( ⁇ 1).
  • the bis-cyclometalated complexes can be useful in preparing tris-cyclometalated complexes where the ligands are not all the same.
  • the iridium compound has the Third Formula IrL a L b L c as described above.
  • These more preferred compounds frequently exhibit a facial geometry, as determined by single crystal X-ray diffraction, in which the nitrogen atoms coordinated to the iridium are trans with respect to carbon atoms coordinated to the iridium.
  • These more preferred compounds have the following Fourth Formula:
  • L a has structure (I) above.
  • the compounds can also exhibit a meridional geometry in which two of the nitrogen atoms coordinated to the iridium are trans to each other. These compounds have the following Fifth Formula:
  • L a has structure (I) above.
  • Examples compounds of the Second Formula IrL a L b L′ y L′′ z above include compounds 1-n, 1-o, 1-p, 1-w and 1-x, respectively having structure (IV), (V), (VI), (IX) and (X) below:
  • the iridium complexes of the Third Formula IrL a L b L c above are generally prepared from the appropriate substituted 2-phenylpyridine, phenylpyrimidine, or phenylquinoline.
  • the substituted 2-phenylpyridines, phenylpyrimidines, and phenylquinolines, as shown in Structure (II) above, are prepared, in good to excellent yield, using the Suzuki coupling of the substituted 2-chloropyridine, 2-chloropyrimidine or 2-chloroquinoline with arylboronic acid as described in O. Lohse, P.Thevenin, E. Waldvogel Synlett, 1999, 45-48. This reaction is illustrated for the pyridine derivative, where X and Y represent substituents, in Equation (1) below:
  • One example of a substituted 2-phenylquinoline compound, having structure (III) above, is compound 2-u, which has R 17 ⁇ CF 3 and R 10 -R 16 and R 18 -R 20 ⁇ H.
  • the 2-phenylpyridines, pyrimidines, and quinolines thus prepared are used for the synthesis of the cyclometalated iridium complexes.
  • a convenient one-step method has been developed employing commercially available iridium trichloride hydrate and silver trifluoroacetate.
  • the reactions are generally carried out with an excess of 2-phenylpyridine, pyrimidine, or quinoline, without a solvent, in the presence of 3 equivalents of AgOCOCF 3 . This reaction is illustrated for a 2-phenylpyridine in Equation (2) below:
  • the tris-cyclometalated iridium complexes were isolated, purified, and fully characterized by elemental analysis, 1 H and 19 F NMR spectral data, and, for compounds 1-b, 1-c, and 1-e, single crystal X-ray diffraction. In some cases, mixtures of isomers are obtained. Often the mixture can be used without isolating the individual isomers.
  • the iridium complexes having the Second Formula IrL a L b L′ Y L′′ z above may, in some cases, be isolated from the reaction mixture using the same synthetic procedures as preparing those having Third Formula IrL a L b L c above.
  • the complexes can also be prepared by first preparing an intermediate iridium dimer having structure VII below:
  • L a , L b , L C , and L d can be the same or different from each other and each of L a , L b , L C , and L d has structure (I) above.
  • the iridium dimers can generally be prepared by first reacting iridium trichloride hydrate with the 2-phenylpyridine, phenylpyrimidine or phenylquinoline, and adding NaOB.
  • One particularly useful iridium dimer is the hydroxo iridium dimer, having structure VIII below:
  • This intermediate can be used to prepare compound 1-p by the addition of ethyl acetoacetate.
  • the present invention also relates to an electronic device comprising at least one photoactive layer positioned between two electrical contact layers, wherein the at least one layer of the device includes the iridium complex of the invention.
  • Devices frequently have additional hole transport and electron transport layers.
  • a typical structure is shown in FIG. 1.
  • the device 100 has an anode layer 110 and a cathode layer 150 .
  • Adjacent to the anode is a layer 120 comprising hole transport material.
  • Adjacent to the cathode is a layer 140 comprising an electron transport material.
  • Between the hole transport layer and the electron transport layer is the photoactive layer 130 .
  • the photoactive layer 130 can be a light-emitting layer that is activated by an applied voltage (such as in a light-emitting diode or light-emitting electrochemical cell), a layer of material that responds to radiant energy and generates a signal with or without an applied bias voltage (such as in a photodetector).
  • an applied voltage such as in a light-emitting diode or light-emitting electrochemical cell
  • a layer of material that responds to radiant energy and generates a signal with or without an applied bias voltage
  • Examples of photodetectors include photoconductive cells, photoresistors, photoswitches, phototransistors, and phototubes, and photovoltaic cells, as these terms are describe in Markus, John, Electronics and Nucleonics Dictionary, 470 and 476 (McGraw-Hill, Inc. 1966).
  • the iridium compounds of the invention are particularly useful as the photoactive material in layer 130 , or as electron transport material in layer 140 .
  • the iridium complexes of the invention are used as the light-emitting material in diodes. It has been found that in these applications, the fluorinated compounds of the invention do not need to be in a solid matrix diluent in order to be effective.
  • a layer that is greater than 20% by weight iridium compound, based on the total weight of the layer, up to 100% iridium compound, can be used as the emitting layer.
  • the iridium compound is generally present in a small amount, usually less than 20% by weight, preferably less than 10% by weight, based on the total weight of the layer.
  • the iridium complexes may be present in more than one isomeric form, or mixtures of different complexes may be present. It will be understood that in the above discussion of OLEDs, the term “the iridium compound” is intended to encompass mixtures of compounds and/or isomers.
  • the HOMO (highest occupied molecular orbital) of the hole transport material should align with the work function of the anode
  • the LUMO (lowest un-occupied molecular orbital) of the electron transport material should align with the work function of the cathode.
  • Chemical compatibility and sublimation temp of the materials are also important considerations in selecting the electron and hole transport materials.
  • the other layers in the OLED can be made of any materials which are known to be useful in such layers.
  • the anode 110 is an electrode that is particularly efficient for injecting positive charge carriers. It can be made of, for example materials containing a metal, mixed metal, alloy, metal oxide or mixed-metal oxide, or it can be a conducting polymer. Suitable metals include the Group 11 metals, the metals in Groups 4, 5, and 6, and the Group 8-10 transition metals. If the anode is to be light-transmitting, mixed-metal oxides of Groups 12, 13 and 14 metals, such as indium-tin-oxide, are generally used.
  • the IUPAC numbering system is used throughout, where the groups from the Periodic Table are numbered from left to right as 1-18 (CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics, 81 st Edition, 2000).
  • the anode 110 may also comprise an organic material such as polyaniline as described in “Flexible light-emitting diodes made from soluble conducting polymer,” Nature vol. 357, pp 477-479 (June 11, 1992). At least one of the anode and cathode should be at least partially transparent to allow the generated light to be observed.
  • Examples of hole transport materials for layer 120 have been summarized for example, in Kirk-Othmer Encyclopedia of Chemical Technology, Fourth Edition, Vol. 18, p. 837-860, 1996, by Y. Wang. Both hole transporting molecules and polymers can be used.
  • hole transporting molecules are: N,N′-diphenyl-N,N′-bis(3-methylphenyl)-[1,1′-biphenyl]-4,4′-diamine (TPD), 1,1-bis[(di-4-tolylamino) phenyl]cyclohexane (TAPC), N,N′-bis(4-methylphenyl)-N,N′-bis(4-ethylphenyl)-[1,1′-(3,3′-dimethyl)biphenyl]-4,4′-diamine (ETPD), tetrakis-(3-methylphenyl)-N,N,N′,N′-2,5-phenylenediamine (PDA), a-phenyl-4-N,N-diphenylaminostyrene (TPS), p-(diethylamino)-benzaldehyde diphenylhydrazone (DEH), triphenylamine (TPA),
  • hole transporting polymers are polyvinylcarbazole, (phenylmethyl)polysilane, and polyaniline. It is also possible to obtain hole transporting polymers by doping hole transporting molecules such as those mentioned above into polymers such as polystyrene and polycarbonate.
  • Examples of electron transport materials for layer 140 include metal chelated oxinoid compounds, such as tris(8-hydroxyquinolato)aluminum (Alq 3 ); phenanthroline-based compounds, such as 2,9-dimethyl-4,7-diphenyl-1,10-phenanthroline (DDPA) or 4,7-diphenyl-1,10-phenanthroline (DPA), and azole compounds such as 2-(4-biphenylyl)-5-(4-t-butylphenyl)-l,3,4-oxadiazole (PBD) and 3-(4-biphenylyl)-4-phenyl-5-(4-t-butylphenyl)-1,2,4-triazole (TAZ).
  • Layer 140 can function both to facilitate electron transport, and also serve as a buffer layer or confinement layer to prevent quenching of the exciton at layer interfaces. Preferably, this layer promotes electron mobility and reduces exciton quenching.
  • the cathode 150 is an electrode that is particularly efficient for injecting electrons or negative charge carriers.
  • the cathode can be any metal or nonmetal having a lower work function than the anode.
  • Materials for the cathode can be selected from alkali metals of Group 1 (e.g., Li, Cs), the Group 2 (alkaline earth) metals, the Group 12 metals, including the rare earth elements and lanthanides, and the actinides. Materials such as aluminum, indium, calcium, barium, samarium and magnesium, as well as combinations, can be used.
  • Li-containing organometallic compounds can also be deposited between the organic layer and the cathode layer to lower the operating voltage.
  • inorganic anode layer 110 may be surface treated to increase charge carrier transport efficiency.
  • the choice of materials for each of the component layers is preferably determined by balancing the goals of providing a device with high device efficiency.
  • each functional layer may be made up of more than one layer.
  • the device can be prepared by sequentially vapor depositing the individual layers on a suitable substrate.
  • Substrates such as glass and polymeric films can be used.
  • Conventional vapor deposition techniques can be used, such as thermal evaporation, chemical vapor deposition, and the like.
  • the organic layers can be coated from solutions or dispersions in suitable solvents, using any conventional coating technique.
  • the different layers will have the following range of thicknesses: anode 110, 500-5000 ⁇ , preferably 1000-2000 ⁇ ; hole transport layer 120, 50-1000 ⁇ , preferably 200-800 ⁇ ; light-emitting layer 130, 10-1000 ⁇ , preferably 100-800 ⁇ ; electron transport layer 140, 50-1000 ⁇ , preferably 200-800 ⁇ ; cathode 150, 200-10000 ⁇ , preferably 300-5000 ⁇ .
  • the location of the electron-hole recombination zone in the device, and thus the emission spectrum of the device can be affected by the relative thickness of each layer.
  • the thickness of the electron-transport layer should be chosen so that the electron-hole recombination zone is in the light-emitting layer.
  • the desired ratio of layer thicknesses will depend on the exact nature of the materials used.
  • the efficiency of devices made with the iridium compounds of the invention can be further improved by optimizing the other layers in the device.
  • more efficient cathodes such as Ca, Ba or LiF can be used.
  • Shaped substrates and novel hole transport materials that result in a reduction in operating voltage or increase quantum efficiency are also applicable.
  • Additional layers can also be added to tailor the energy levels of the various layers and facilitate electroluminescence.
  • the iridium complexes of the invention often are phosphorescent and photoluminescent and may be useful in applications other than OLEDs.
  • organometallic complexes of iridium have been used as oxygen sensitive indicators, as phosphorescent indicators in bioassays, and as catalysts.
  • the bis cyclometalated complexes can be used to sythesize tris cyclometalated complexes where the third ligand is the same or different.
  • This example illustrates the preparation of the 2-phenylpyridines and 2-phenylpyrimidines which are used to form the iridium compounds.
  • This example illustrates the preparation of iridium compounds of the Fourth Formula fac-Ir(L a ) 3 above.
  • the solid was vigorously stirred under reflux with 30 mL of 1,2-dichloroethane and aqueous NaOH (2.2 g in 8 mL of water) for 6 hours.
  • the organic solvent was evaporated from the mixture to leave a suspension of an orange solid in the aqueous phase.
  • the orange solid was separated by filtration, thoroughly washed with water, and dried under vacuum to produce 0.94 g (95%) of the iridium hydroxo dimer (spectroscopically pure).
  • This example illustrates the preparation of bis-cyclometalated complexes from an iridium dimer.
  • This mer-complex was prepared in a manner similar to compound 1-w, using the trifluoroacetate dicyclometalated intermediate, compound 1-x, and 2-(4-fluorophenyl)-5-trifluoromethylpyridine.
  • 19 F NMR (CD 2 Cl 2 , 20° C.), ⁇ : ⁇ 63.30 (s, 3F), ⁇ 63.34 (s, 3F), ⁇ 63.37 (s, 3F), ⁇ 108.9 (ddd, 1F), ⁇ 109.0 (ddd, 1F), ⁇ 109.7 (ddd, 1F).
  • Thin film OLED devices including a hole transport layer (HT layer), electroluminescent layer (EL layer) and at least one electron transport layer (ET layer) were fabricated by the thermal evaporation technique.
  • An Edward Auto 306 evaporator with oil diffusion pump was used.
  • the base vacuum for all of the thin film deposition was in the range of 10 ⁇ 6 torr.
  • the deposition chamber was capable of depositing five different films without the need to break up the vacuum.
  • ITO indium tin oxide
  • the substrate was first patterned by etching away the unwanted ITO area with 1N HCl solution, to form a first electrode pattern.
  • Polyimide tape was used as the mask.
  • the patterned ITO substrates were then cleaned ultrasonically in aqueous detergent solution.
  • the substrates were then rinsed with distilled water, followed by isopropanol, and then degreased in toluene vapor for ⁇ 3 hours.
  • the cleaned, patterned ITO substrate was then loaded into the vacuum chamber and the chamber was pumped down to 10 ⁇ 6 torr.
  • the substrate was then further cleaned using an oxygen plasma for about 5-10 minutes.
  • multiple layers of thin films were then deposited sequentially onto the substrate by thermal evaporation.
  • patterned metal electrodes of Al were deposited through a mask.
  • the thickness of the film was measured during deposition using a quartz crystal monitor (Sycon STC-200). All film thickness reported in the Examples are nominal, calculated assuming the density of the material deposited to be one.
  • the completed OLED device was then taken out of the vacuum chamber and characterized immediately without encapsulation.
  • the OLED samples were characterized by measuring their (1) current-voltage (I-V) curves, (2) electroluminescence radiance versus voltage, and (3) electroluminescence spectra versus voltage.
  • the apparatus used, 200 is shown in FIG. 2.
  • the I-V curves of an OLED sample, 220 were measured with a Keithley Source-Measurement Unit Model 237, 280.
  • the electroluminescence radiance (in the unit of Cd/m 2 ) vs. voltage was measured with a Minolta LS-110 luminescence meter, 210 , while the voltage was scanned using the Keithley SMU.
  • the electroluminescence spectrum was obtained by collecting light using a pair of lenses 230 , through an electronic shutter, 240 , dispersed through a spectrograph, 250 , and then measured with a diode array detector, 260 . All three measurements were performed at the same time and controlled by a computer, 270 .
  • the efficiency of the device at certain voltage is determined by dividing the electroluminescence radiance of the LED by the current density needed to run the device. The unit is in Cd/A.
  • the peak efficiency is the best indication of the value of the electroluminescent compound in a device. It gives a measure of how many electrons have to be input into a device in order to get a certain number of photons out radience). It is a fundamentally important number, which reflects the intrinsic efficiency of the light-emitting material. It is also important for practical applications, since higher efficiency means that fewer electrons are needed in order to achieve the same radiance, which in turn means lower power consumption. Higher efficiency devices also tend to have longer lifetimes, since a higher portion of injected electrons are converted to photons, instead of generating heat or causing an undesirable chemical side reactions.
  • iridium complexes of the invention have much higher peak efficiencies than the parent fac-tris(2-phenylpyridine) iridium complex. Those complexes with lower efficiencies may also find utility as phosphorescent or photoluminescent materials, or as catalysts, as discussed above.

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US09/879,014 US20020121638A1 (en) 2000-06-30 2001-06-12 Electroluminescent iridium compounds with fluorinated phenylpyridines, phenylpyrimidines, and phenylquinolines and devices made with such compounds
US10/027,421 US6670645B2 (en) 2000-06-30 2001-12-20 Electroluminescent iridium compounds with fluorinated phenylpyridines, phenylpyrimidines, and phenylquinolines and devices made with such compounds
TW090133244A TWI238819B (en) 2001-06-12 2001-12-31 Electroluminescent iridium compounds with fluorinated phenylpyridines, phenylpyrimidines, and phenylquinolines and devices made with such compounds
US10/366,295 US20030197183A1 (en) 2000-06-30 2003-02-13 Electroluminescent iridium compounds with fluorinated phenylpyridines, phenylpyrimidines, and phenylquinolines and devices made with such compounds
US10/459,946 US6979739B2 (en) 2000-06-30 2003-06-12 Electroluminescent iridium compounds with fluorinated phenylpyridines, phenylpyrimidines, and phenylquinolines and devices made with such compounds
US10/696,095 US7075102B2 (en) 2000-06-30 2003-10-29 Electroluminescent iridium compounds with fluorinated phenylpyridines, phenylpyrimidines, and phenylquinolines and devices made with such compounds
US10/696,048 US7595501B2 (en) 2000-06-30 2003-10-29 Electroluminescent iridium compounds with fluorinated phenylpryidines, phenylpyrimidines, and phenylquinolines and devices made with such compounds
US10/696,349 US7276726B2 (en) 2000-06-30 2003-10-29 Electroluminescent iridium compounds with fluorinated phenylpyridines, phenylpyrimidines, and phenylquinolines and devices made with such compounds
US10/696,060 US7129518B2 (en) 2000-06-30 2003-10-29 Electroluminescent iridium compounds with fluorinated phenylpryidines, phenylpyrimidines, and phenylquinolines and devices made with such compounds
US10/696,401 US7078725B2 (en) 2000-06-30 2003-10-29 Electroluminescent iridium compounds with fluorinated phenylpyridines, phenylpyrimidines, and phenylquinolines and devices made with such compounds
US10/696,003 US6946688B2 (en) 2000-06-30 2003-10-29 Electroluminescent iridium compounds with fluorinated phenylpyridines, phenylpyrimidines, and phenylquinolines and devices made with such compounds
US10/699,411 US7199392B2 (en) 2000-06-30 2003-10-30 Electroluminescent iridium compounds with fluorinated phenylpyridines, phenylprimidines, and phenylquinolines and devices made with such compounds
US10/720,954 US7161172B2 (en) 2000-06-30 2003-11-24 Electroluminescent iridium compounds with fluorinated phenylpyridines, phenylpyrimidines, and phenylquinolines and devices made with such compounds
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US10/774,286 US7476452B2 (en) 2000-06-30 2004-02-06 Electroluminescent iridium compounds with fluorinated phenylpyridine ligands, and devices made with such compounds
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