SI8912489A - Novi IL-2 receptor specifični humani imunoglobulini - Google Patents
Novi IL-2 receptor specifični humani imunoglobulini Download PDFInfo
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- SI8912489A SI8912489A SI8912489A SI8912489A SI8912489A SI 8912489 A SI8912489 A SI 8912489A SI 8912489 A SI8912489 A SI 8912489A SI 8912489 A SI8912489 A SI 8912489A SI 8912489 A SI8912489 A SI 8912489A
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Abstract
Zagotovljen je preparat, ki obsega humano-podobne imunoglobuline specifično reaktivne s humanimi IL-2 receptorji, kot tudi postopek za njihovo pridobivanje. Postopek obsega uporabo rekombinantne DNA tehnologije. Preparat je namenjen zdravljenju bolezni, ki jih povzročajo T-celice.ŕ
Description
PROTEIN DESIGN LABS, Inc. USA
US-T/333
NOVI IL-2 RECEPTOR SPECIFIČNI HUMANI IMUNOGLOBULINI
PODROČJE IZUMA
Ta izum se nanaša na tehnike kombiniranja rekombinantne DNA in monoklonalnega antitelesa za razvijanje novih terapevtskih sredstev, ter natančneje na izdelovanje neimunogenih antiteles, ki so specifična za humani interleukin-2 receptor.
OSNOVA PREDMETNEGA IZUMA
Pri sesalcih povzročata imunski odgovor dva tipa celic, ki sodelujeta specifično s tujimi snovmi oziroma antigeni. Eden izmed obeh tipov teh celic, B-celice so odgovorne za proizvodnjo antiteles. Druga vrsta teh celic, celice T, pa vključujejo bogato podskupino celic, ki so namenjene in vivo nadzoru delovanja B-celic ter tudi široki paleti drugih hematopietskih celic, vključno s T-celicami.
Drugi način, na katerega izkazujejo T-celice ta nadzor pa je preko sinteze limfokina, ki je znan tudi kakor interleukin 2 (IL-2), ki je bil originalno imenovan rastni faktor Tcelic. Za primarno funkcijo IL-2 se zdi, da je stimulacija in vzdrževanje T-celic. Nekateri imunologi pa verjamejo, da bi bil IL-2 lahko v samem centru imunskega odgovora (glej, Farrar, J. et al., Immunol. Rev. 63:129-166 (1982), kar je tu navedeno kot referenca) .
Zaradi izražanja svojih bioloških učinkov pa IL-2 sodeluje s specifičnim visoko-afinitativnim membranskim receptorjem (Greene, W. et al., Progress in Hematology XIV, E. Brown ed., Grune in Statton, Nev/ York (1986) na str. 283 ff) . Humani IL-2 receptor je kompleksen večverižni glikoprotein, kjer je ena izmed omenjenih verig, znana tudi kot Tac peptid, dolga okoli 55kD (glej, Leonard W. et al., J. Biol. Chem. 260:1872(1985), kar je navedeno kot referenca). Gen, ki kodira ta protein je bil že izoliran, predstavlja pa 272 amino kislinski peptid, ki vključuje 21 amino kislin signalnega peptida (glej Leonard W., et al., Nature 311:626(1984)). 219 NHž-terminalne amino kisline p55 Tac proteina jasno vključujejo izvencelični del (glej Leonard M., et al., Science, 230:633-639 (1985), kar je navedeno kot referenca).
Mnoge razjasnitve strukture in delovanja humanega IL-2 receptorja so bila dana pri razvijanju specifično reaktivnih monoklonalnih antiteles. Povedano natančneje, je eno mišje monoklonalno antitelo, znano kot anti-Tac (Uchiyama et al., J. Immunol. 126:1393 (1981) pokazalo, da se IL-2 receptor lahko odkrije na T-celicah, da pa je poleg tega tudi na celicah monocit-makrofagne družine, Kuppferjevih celicah jeter, Langerhansovih celicah kože ter seveda na aktiviranih T-celicah. Pomembno je, da preostanek T-celic, B-celice ali makrofagi v cirkulaicji navadno ne kažejo IL-2 receptorja (Hermann et al., J- Exp. Med. 162:1111 (1985)).
Anti-Tac monoklonalno antitelo se uporablja tudi za definiranje limfocitnih funkcij kar zahteva IL-2 sodelovanje in, kot je bilo dokazano, inhibira različne funkcije Tcelic, vključno s sintezo citotoksičnih in supresorskih T limfocitov v kulturi celic. Poleg tega so bile sedaj, na osnovi preučevanja z anti-tac in drugimi antitelesi, razne nepravilnosti v delovanju povezane ravno z neustrezno ekspresijo IL-2 receptorja, do katere pride s pomočjo Tcelic, še posebej odraslih T-celic levkemije.
Nedavno je bilo dokazano, da so IL-2 receptorji res najboljša tarča za nove terapevtske pristope k boleznim, ki jih povzročajo T-celice. Predpostavlja se, da se lahko IL-2 receptor specifična antitelesa, karšna so tudi anti-tac monoklonalna antitelesa, uporabijo le ali kot imunokonjugat (npr. Z Ricin A izotopi in podobno) zaradi učinkovitega odstranjevanja celic, ki nosijo IL-2 receptor. Ta sredstva lahko teoretično odstranijo levkemijske celice, ki ekspresirajo IL-2 receptor, nekatere B-celice ali aktivirane T-celice zajetih v bolezenskem stanju, pa še dovoljujejo zadrževanje zrele normalne T-celice in njihovih prekurzorjev zaradi nadaljnjega omogočanja vzpostavitve sposobnosti vzdigovanja normalnega T-celičnega imunskega odgovora po potrebi organizma. Večina preostalih T-celično specifičnih sredstev lahko uniči v glavnem le vse periferne T-celice, kar omeji terapevtsko učinkovitost takega sredstva. V končni fazi pa ima lahko uporaba ustreznih monoklonalnih antiteles, specifičnih za IL-2 receptor, terapevtsko vrednost tudi pri avtoimunih boleznih, transplantaciji organov ter pri drugih neustreznih odgovorih aktiviranih T-celic. Dejansko so se klinični preizkusi uporabe, npr. anti-tac antiteles že začeli (glej, Waldman T., et al., Cancer Res. 45:625 (1985) ter Waldman T., Science 232:727-732 (1986), kar je tu podano za referenco).
Na žalost pa ima uporaba anti-tac antiteles, kakor tudi drugih nehumanih monoklonalnih antiteles določene pomanjkljivosti, še posebej pri ponovljenih terapevtskih področjih, kot je spodaj pojasnjeno. Tako na primer, mišja monoklonalna antitelesa ne fiksirajo dovolj dobro humani komplement, tako da pri uporabi na ljudeh ni izraženih drugih pomembnejših imunoglobulinskih funkcionalnih karakteristik.
Morda pa je še pomembnejše to, da lahko anti-tac in druga nehumana monoklonalna antitelesa vključujejo znatno zvijanje amino kislinskih sekvenc, ki bodo imunogene, če jih vnesemo v humanega pacienta. Številne študije so pokazale, da je lahko imuni odgovor pacienta, ki se je razvil kot odgovor na antitelesa, dovolj močan, da znatno zniža terapevtsko uporabo antiteles po dokončanem začetnem zdravljenju. Še več, pri zdravljenju različnih bolezni lahko pričakujemo porast v številu različnih mišjih ali drugih antigenskih (za ljudi) monoklonalnih antiteles po prvem in drugem obravnavanju z različnimi nehumanimi antitelesi, naslednje obravnave in celo nevezane terapije pa so lahko neučinkovite ali celo same po sebi nevarne.
Čeprav je bila proizvodnja t.i. humeralnih antiteles (npr. mišja spremenljiva področja povezane s humanimi nespremenljivimi področji) dokazana za uspešno, pa ostaja pomemben problem imunogeničnosti. V splošnem, je bila sinteza humanih imunoglobulinov, ki so reaktivni s humanim IL-2 receptorjem, kakor tudi večjega števila humanih antiteles, zelo težavno z uporabljanjem tipičnih tehnik izdelovanja humanega monoklonalnega antitelesa. Podobno, daje pri sintezi humaniziranih antiteles (glej, npr. EPO publikacijo št. 0239400), nedoločene rezultate tudi uporaba rekombinantne DNA tehnologije, delno zaradi nepredvidljivih afinitet.
Tako torej obstaja potreba po izboljšanih oblikah imunoglobulinov, ki so podobni humanim ter so specifični za IL-2 receptor, ter so pri ljudeh v glavnem neimunogena, ter jih poleg tega lahko pridobivamo ekonomično in z lahkoto na način, ki je predpisan za terapevtsko formulacijo in druge priprave. Predstavljeni izum izpolnjuje vse te in druge zahteve.
OPIS IZUMA
Predstavljeni izum omogoča izdelavo novih preparatov, ki so uporabni na primer pri zdravljenju T-celic, ki povzročajo humane bolezni, preparatov, ki vsebujejo imunoglobuline, podobne humanim in so specifično sposobni blokirati vezaj oči se humani IL-2 na njegov receptor in/ali so sposobni vezanja na p55 Tac protein na humanih IL-2 receptorjih.
Imunoglobulini imajo lahko dva para kompleksov težkih/lahkih verig, navadno pa vsaj en par, ki ima verigo, ki objamejo mišje komplementarno določujoča področja, ki so funkcionalno vezane na humane mrežne področne segmente. Na primer, mišje komplementarno določujoča področja z ali brez dodatnih naravno vezanih amino kislinksih ostankov, se lahko uporabijo za sintezo antiteles na humani IL-2 receptor na afinitetnih nivojih, ki so močnejši od 108M-1.
Imunoglobuline, vključno z fragmenti, ki se vežejo in drugimi derivati tega izuma, lahko pridobimo z lahkoto s pomočjo variante rekombinatnih DNA tehnologij, s končno ekspresijo v transfektiranih celicah, kjer priporočamo uporabo nesmrtnih evkariontskih celic, kakršne so mieloma in hibridoma celice. Polinukleotidi, ki vključujejo prvo sekvenco, ki kodira humano-podobna imunoglobulinska mrežna področja in druga sekvencijska skupina, ki kodira želj ene imunoglobulinske komplementarno določujoča področja, se lahko pridobijo sintetično ali s kombiniranjem ustrezajoče cDNA ali genomskih DNA segmentov.
Imunoglobuline, ki so podobni humanim lahko uporabimo same, v glavnem v čisti obliki ali pa kompleksirane s citotoksičnim agensom, kakršen je radionuklid, ribosomsi inhibitorni protein ali citotoksičen agens, ki je aktiven na površini celic. Vse te združitve so še posebej uporabne pri zdravljenju T-celic, ki povzročajo bolezni. Imunoglobulini, ki so podobni humanim ali njihovi kompleksi se lahko pridobijo v farmacevtsko sprejemljivi obliki in dozi, ki bodo variirale v odvisnosti od načina administracije.
Opisani izum nudi tudi nove postopke za grajenje imunoglobulinskih verig, ki imajo enega ali več komplementarno določujočih področij (CDR) iz donornega imunoglobulina in mrežnega področja humanega imunoglobulina, priporočeni postopki pa vključujejo najprej primerjanje mreže ali amino kislinske sekvence spremenljivega področja donornega imunoglobulina glede na ustrezajoče sekvence v zbirki humano imunoglobulinskih verig, ter izbiranje kakor humanega imunoglobulina ene ali večih homolognih sekvenc iz zbirke. Humano imunoglobulinska ali akceptor imunoglobulinska sekvenca se ponavadi izbere iz zbirke vsaj do 20 imunoglobulinskih sekvenc ter ima navadno najvišjo homologijo glede na donorsko imunoglobulinsko sekvenco nekaterih sekvenc v zbirki. Humana imunoglobulinska mrežna sekvenca ima navadno od 65 do 70% homologijo z donorskimi imunoglobulinskimi mrežnimi sekvencami. Donorski imunoglobulin je lahko težka ali lahka veriga, humana kolekcija pa bo vsebovala isto vrsto verige. Humanizirana težka in lahka veriga se lahko uporabijo za grajenje kompletnega humaniziranega imunoglobulina ali antitelesa ki ima dva para lahkih/težkih verig, z ali brez delnih ali celih humanih konstantnih področij in drugih proteinov.
V drugi realizaciji opisanega izuma bodisi vezano z zgornjo stopnjo primerjanja ali pa posebej, se lahko dodatne amino kisline v akceptorni imunoglobulinski verigi, zamenjajo z amino kislinami iz CDR-donorske imunoglobulinske verige. Natančneje, bodo nadaljnje izborne substitucije humane mrežne amino kisline akceptorega imunoglobulina z ustrezno amino kislino iz donorskega imunoglobulina, narejene na položajih v imunoglobulinih kjer:
a) je amino kislina v humanem mrežnem področju akceptornega imunoglobulina redka za ta položaj, ustrezna amino kislina v donornem imunoglobulinu pa je za tak položaj obča; ali pa
b) se amino kislina nahaja tik ob eni iz CDR;
c) za amino kislino je predviden položaj na okoli 3 χ 1O10 m od CDR-ov v trodimenzionalnem modelu imunoglobulina, ter je sposobna sodelovati s CDR-i humaniziranega imunoglobulina.
Humanizirana imunoglobulinska veriga navadno zajema vsaj okoli 3 amino kisline iz donornega imunoglobulina dodatno na CDR, navadno vsaj en, ki je takoj ob CDR v donornem imunoglobulinu. Težke in lahke verige se lahko nadgradijo z uporabo enega ali vseh treh pozicijskih kriterijev.
Ί
Ko jih združimo v nedotaknjeno antitelo, bodo humanizirane in težke verige tega izuma v glavnem neimunogeni pri ljudeh ter vzdržujejo približno enako afiniteto kakor donorni imunoglobulini za antigen (takem kakor protein ali drugo združevanje, ki vsebuje epitop). Ti afinitetni nivoji lahko variirajo od okoli 108M_1 ali več ter imajo lahko v odnosu z antigenom tudi 4X večjo afiniteto v primerjavi z originalno afiniteto donorskega imunoglobulina.
KRATEK OPIS SLIK
Slika 1: Primerjava sekvenc anti-Tac težke verige (zgornje črte) in Eu težke verige (spodnje črte). Za amino kisline je bila uporabljena 1-črkovna koda. Prva amino kislina v vsaki vrsti je numerirana na levo. Identične amino kisline v dveh sekvencah so povezane s črtami. 3CDR so podčrtane. Druge amino kislinski položaji, za katere se rajši uporablja anti-Tac aminokislina kakor Eu amino kislina, ki je uporabljena v humanizirani anti-Tac težki verigi in je označena z *.
Slika 2: Primerjava sekvenc anti-Tac lahke verige (zgornje črte) in Eu lahke verige (spodnje črte). Za amino kisline je bila uporabljenja eno-črkovna koda.
Prva amino kislina vsake vrste je numerirana na levo. Identične amino kisline v dveh vrstah so povezane z črto. 3CDR so podčrtane. Druge amino kislinske pozicije, za katere je bila namesto Eu amino kisline v humanizirani anti-Tac težki verigi raje uporabljena anti-Tac amino kislina, so označene z *.
Slika 3: Relativne pozicije oligonukleotidov. Puščice so za vsak oligonukleotid postavljene v smeri 3'.
Slika 4: | Relativne pozicije oligonukleotidov. Puščice so postavljene v smeri 3' vsakega oligonukleotida. Prikazan je položaj Hind III mesta v prekrivajočih se JFD2 in JFD3. |
Slika 5: | Shematski prikaz plazmida pHuGTACl, ki ga uporabljamo pri ekspresiji humanizirane anti-Tac težke verige. Ustrezni restrukcijski položaji, ter kodirna področja težke verige so prikazane z okvirji. Smer transkripcije od imunoglobulinskega (Ig) promotorja je prikazana s puščico. EH=ojačevalec težke verige, Hyg=higromicin rezistentni gen. |
Slika 6: | Shematski prikaz plazmida pHuLTAC, ki ga uporabljamo za ekspresijo humanizirane anti-Tac lahke verige. Prikazana so ustrezna restrikcijska mesta, kodirna področja lahke veige pa so prikazana s pomočjo okvirjev. Smer transkripcije od Ig promotorja je prikazana s puščico. |
Slika 7: | Fluorocimetrija HUT-102 in Jurket gelov, obarvanih z anti-Tac antitelesom ali humaniziranim anti-Tac antitelesom, ki jim za tem sledi obeleženje s pomočjo fluorescin-konjugiranim kozjim antimišjim Ig antitelesom ali s kozjim anti-humanim Ig antitelesom. Graf s prekinjeno linijo prikazuje rezultate kadar ni vključeno prvo antitelo, graf z nepretrgano linijo pa prikazuje rezultate, kadar sta vključeni obe antitelesi, prvo in drugo (konjugirano) antitelo. |
Slika 8: | (A) Fluorocimetrija HUT-102 celic, obarvanih u 0-40ng anti-Tac, kakor je bilo naznačeno, ter z nadaljnjim biotinilovanim anti-Tac, ter nadaljnjim |
ficoeritrin-konjigiranim avidinom.
(B) Fluorocimetrija HUT-102 celic, obarvanih z naznačenim antitelesom ter nato z biotinilovanim anti-Tac ter nato s ficoeritrin-konjugiranim avidinom.
PODROBEN OPIS PREDMETNEGA IZUMA
Predmetni izum zagotavlja humano-podobne imunoglobuline, ki so specifično reaktivni z IL-2 receptorjem na humanih Tcelicah. Ti imunoglobulini, katerih afinitete vezave se gibajo med 108 M-1 in prednostno od 109 M'1 do 1O10 M-1 ali močnejše so sposobni, npr. blokirati vezavo IL-2 na humane 11-2 receptorje. Humano-podobni imunoglobulini imajo humanopodobno mrežo in imajo lahko komplementarno določujočega področja (CDR) iz imunoglobulinov, navadno mišjega imunoglobulina, ki so specifično reaktivne z epitopom na p55 Tac proteinu. Imunoglobulini tega izuma, ki jih lahko pridobivamo ekonomično tudi v velikih količinah, se uporabljajo npr. pri zdravljenju T-celic, ki povzročajo bolezni pri humanih pacientih, ob uporabi različnih zdravstvenih tehnik.
Za osnovno strukturno enoto antitelesa je bilo dokazano, da zajema tetramer. Vsak izmed tetramerov je sestavljen iz dveh identičnih parov polipeptidnih verig, kjer ima vsak par eno »lahko« (okoli 25 kD) in eno »težko« (okoli 50-70 kD) verigo. NH2- terminus vsake verige se prične z variabilnim področjem dolgo 100 do 110 ali več amino kislin, ki so v prvi vrsti odgovorne za antigensko prepoznavanje. COOHterminus vsake verige pa definira konstantno področje, ki je primarno odgovorno za efektorsko funkcijo.
Lahke verige so klasificirane kakor kappa ali lambda. Težke verige so klasificirane (ali podklasificirane) kakor gama, mu, delta ali epsilon in kot take definirajo antitelesni izotop kakor IgG, IgM, IgA, IgD in IgE. V lahkih in težkih verigah so spremenljiva in konstantna področja povezana s pomočjo »J« področij, ki so dolgi 12 ali več amino kislin, pri tem pa težka veriga vključuje tudi »D« področje z 12 ali več amino kislinami. (Glej, Fundamental Immunology, Paul, W. ed. del 7, str. 131-166, Raven Press, N. Y. (1984), kar tu navajamo kot referenco).
Spremenljiva področja vsakega lahkega/težkega para verig gradijo mesto vezave antitelesa. Vse verige, ki kažejo isto občo strukturo relativno konzerviranih mrežnih področij, so povezana s pomočjo treh hipervariabilnih področij, ki so prav tako imenovane CDR (glej, »Sequences of Proteins of Imunological Interest«), Kabat E. et al., U.S. Department of Health and Human Services (1983); ter Cholthia and Lesk, J. Mol. Biol. 196: 901-917 (1987), ki jih tu navajamo kakor referenco). CDR gradita 2 verigi iz vsakega para, ki so povezane s pomočjo mrežnih področij, kar omogoča vezavo na specifični epitop.
Kakor je uporabljen v predmetnem opisu izuma, termin »imunoglobulin« označuje protein, ki je sestavljen iz enega ali večih polipeptidov, ki so v glavnem kodirani s pomočjo imunoglobulinskih genov. Znani imunoglobulinski geni vključujejo kapa, lambda, alfa, gama, delta, epsilon in mu konstantna področja gena, kakor tudi obsežno skupino genov spremenljivih področij. Imunoglobulini se lahko najdejo poleg oblike antitelesa še v številnih drugih oblikah; vključene so na primer Fv,Fab in F(ab), kakor tudi enojne verige (npr. Huston, et al., Proč. Nat. Acad. Sci. USA, 85:5879-5883 (1988) ter Bird et al., Science 242: 423-426 (1988), kar navajamo kakor referenco). (glej na splošno,
Hood et al., »Immunology«, Benjamin, Ν.Υ., 2.ed. (1984), ter
Hunkapiller and Hood, Nature, 323: 15-16 (1986), kar navajamo kot referenco).
Himerna antitelesa so tista, katerih geni lahke in težke verige so navadno nadgrajeni z genetskim inženiringom iz imunoglobulinskih genskih segmentov, ki pripadajo različnim vrstam. Na primer, spremenljivi (V) segmenti gena iz mišjega monoklonalnega antitelesa se lahko povežejo na humane konstantne (C) segmente, kakršen je na primer gamai ali gama3. Tipično terapevtsko himerično antitelo je tako hibridni protein, ki je sestavljen iz V ali mesta vezave za antigen mišjega antitelesa in C efektorskega področja iz humanega antitelesa (npr. A.T.C.C. združena št. CRL 9688 izločine anti-Tac himernega antitelesa), čeprav lahko pri tem uporabimo tudi druge vrste sesalcev.
Kakor smo ga uporabljali tu, označuje termin mrežno področje tiste dele lahkih in težkih verig imunoglobulina, ki so relativno konzervirani (npr. drugačne od CDR) med različnimi imunoglobulini ene same vrste, kakor so definirali Kabat et al., cit. Naprej. Humano-podobno mrežno področje pa v tem opisu uporabljamo za označevanje mrežnega področja, ki v vsaki obstoječi verigi vključuje vsaj okoli 70 ali več amino kislinskih ostankov, navadno 75 do 85 ali več, ki so identične tistim v humanem imunoglobulinu.
Izraz humano-podoben imunoglobulin uporabljamo pri imunoglobulinih, ki obsegajo humano-podobno mrežo, ter v kateri je prisotna tudi konstantno področje, ki je v glavnem homologna s konstantnim področjem humanega imunoglobulina, t.j. vsaj okoli 85-90%, najbolje pa okoli 95% identična.
Tako torej, so vsi deli humano-podobnega imunoglobulina z izjemo mogoče CDR, v glavnem homologi eni ali večim sekvencam naravnega humanega imunoglobulina. Npr. humanopodoben imunoglobulin ne vsebuje po potrebi spremenljivega področja antitelesa humane konstantnega področja.
Predstavljeni izum obsega tudi kriterije s pomočjo katerih je bilo omejeno število amino kislin v mreži humano-podobne ali humanizirane imunoglobulinske verige, ki je bil izbran tako, da bo enak kakor amino kisline na tistih položajih prej v donorju in ne v akceptorju, v cilju povečanja afinitete antiteles, ki jih obsega humanizirana imunoglobulinska veriga.
Predmetni izum je osnovan delno na modelu, ki preko dveh doprinosov povzroča izgubljanje afinitete v predhodnih sredstvih proizvodnje humaniziranih antiteles (z uporabljanjem na primer mišjih antiteles kakor izvora CDR):
1) Kadar se mišje CDR mreže vežejo s humano mrežo, postanejo amino kisline v mreži ob CDR humane namesto mišje. Brez kakršnegakoli namena pozivanja na teorijo, pa verjamemo, da lahko te spremembe amino kislin blago izkrivijo CDR zato, ker gradijo različne elektrostatične in hidrofobne sile v primerjavi z mišjim donorskim antitelesom, izkrivljeni CDR pa lahko degradirajo učinkovite kontakte z antigenom, kakor gradijo CDR donorskega antitelesa.
2) Poleg tega lahko amino kisline v originalnemu mišjemu antitelesu, ki so sosednje z, a niso enake CDR (t.j so del mreže) tudi gradijo kontakte z antigenom, kar daje afiniteto. Te amino kisline se izgubljajo pri humanizaciji antitelesa, saj celotna mreža amino kislin postane humana.
Zaradi izogibanja tem problemom in zaradi proizvodnje humaniziranih antiteles, ki imajo danes visoko afiniteto do željenega antigena, uporablja predmetni izum 4 kriterije za grajenje humaniziranih imunoglobulinov. Ti kriteriji se lahko uporabljajo posamično ali v kombinaciji, kadar je potrebno, zaradi doseganja določene željene afinitete in drugih karakteristik.
Kriterij I: Kakor akceptor uporabljamo mrežo določenega humaniega imunoglobulina, ki je nenavadno homologen z donorskim imunoglobulinom, ki ga bomo v postopku humanizirali, ali pa uporabljamo konsenzusno mrežo iz velikega števila humanih antiteles. Npr. primerjava sekvence spremenljivega področja mišje težke (ali lahke) verige glede na humano spremenljivo področje težke (ali lahke) verige, v banki podatkov (npr., The National Biomedical Research Foundation Protein Identification Resource), ki kaže, da stopnja homologije v različnih humanih področjih variira znatno, navadno od 40% do okoli 60-70%. Z izbiro spremenljiva področja težke ali lahke verige humanega imunoglobulina, ki je najbolj homologna s spremenljivim področjem težke (ali lahke) verige donorskega imunoglobulina za akceptorni imunoglobulin, se bo na poti od donorskega imunoglobulina do humaniziranega imunoglobulina spremenilo najmanjše število amino kislin. Torej, zopet brez namena pozivati se na teorijo, verjamemo, da obstajajo manjše možnosti spremembe amino kisline blizu CDR kakor življenje njihove konformacije. Toda, precizna skupna oblika humaniziranega antitelesa, ki obsega humanizirano imunoglobulinsko verigo, lahko pobliže razgradi obliko donorskega antitelesa, kar prav tako zniža možnost krivljenja CDR.
Navadno bo kot akceptor izbrana ena izmed 3-5 najbolj homolognih sekvenc spremenljivega področja težke verige v reprezentativni kolekciji, ki je sestavljena iz 10 do 20 različnih humanih težkih verig, da bi tako zagotovili mrežo težke verige, kar pa je podobno tudi za lahke verige. Priporoča se uporaba ene od 1-3 najbolj homolognih spremenljivih področij. Za izbrano imunoglobulinsko verigo je najboljša vsaj okoli 65% homologija v mrežnemu področju glede na donorski imunoglobulin.
Kakorkoli že izberemo akceptorski imunoglobulin, pa se višja afiniteta lahko doseže z izbiro malega števila amino kislin iz mreže humanizirane imunoglobulinske verige, ki bodo iste kakor amino kisline na tistih položajih v donorju raje kot v akceptorju. Naslednji kriterij pa definira amino kisline, ki jih lahko izberemo na ta način. Priporočeno je, da se na večini ali vseh amino kislinskih mestih, ki zadovoljujejo enega izmed teh kriterijev izbere v bistvu donorska amino kislina.
Kriterij II: Če je amino kislina v mreži humanega akceptornega imunoglobulina nenavadna (t.j. redka, je izraz, ki ga tu uvajamo za amino kisline, ki se na tem položaju pojavlja ne več kakor v 10% humanih težkih (in pripadajočih lahkih) verig V področnih sekvenc v reprezentativni banki podatkov) in če je donorska amino kislina na tem položaju tipična za humane sekvence (t.j. obča, kakor je bilo naznačeno tukaj in označuje amino kislino, ki se pojavlja v vsaj okoli 25% sekvenc v reprezentativni banki podatkov), tedaj lahko izberemo donorsko amino kislino pred akceptorsko. Ta kriterij pomaga pri tem, da atipična amino kislina v humani mreži ne prekine strukture antitelesa. Toda, z zamenjavo nenavadne amino kisline, ki se pojavlja kakor tipična pri različnih antitelesih, pa lahko tako humanizirano antitelo postane manj imunogeno.
Kriterij III: V položajih takoj ob CDR v humanizirani imunoglobulinski verigi, lahko donorsko amino kislino izberemo prej kakor akceptorsko. Te amino kisline so posebej uporabne za sodelovanje z amino kislinami v CDR, pri izbiri iz akceptorja krive donorske CRD pa znižajo afiniteto. Toda, sosedne amino kisline so sposobne reagirati neposredno z antigenom, (Amit et al., Science, 233, 747-753 (1986), kar navajamo kakor referenco), izbor teh amino kislin iz donorja pa je lahko poljubno zaradi vzdrževanja vseh antigenskih kontaktov, ki tvorijo afiniteto v originalnem antitelesu. Kriterij IV: 3-dimenzionalni model tipičnega originalnega donorskega antitelesa kaže, da so določene amino kisline izven CDR sicer bližnje CDR, ter imajo veliko verjetnost za možnost integracije z amino kislinami v CDR s pomočjo vodikove vezi, Van der Waalsovih sil, hidrofobnih interakcij oziroma sodelovanja, ipd. Na teh amino kislinskih pozicijah se donorska amino kislina lahko izbere pred akceptorsko imunoglobulinsko amino kislino. Amino kisline bodo imele glede na ta kriterij navadno bočno atomsko verigo na razdalji okoli 3 x 1O“10 m od mesta v CDR in morajo vsebovati atome, ki lahko sodelujejo s CDR atomi glede na vzpostavljene kemijske sile, kakor je navedeno nadalje.
Računalniški programi za izdelovanje modelov proteinov, kakršni so tudi imunoglobulini, so v glavnem dostopni in dobro poznani strokovnjakom (glej Loew et al., Int. J.
Quant. Chem., Quant. Biol. Symp., 15:55-66 (1988);
Bruccoleri et al., Nature, 335, 564-568 (1988); Chotia et al., Science, 233: 755-758 (1986), ki so tu navedene kakor referenca). Ti ne oblikujejo dela tega izuma. Kakor imajo vsa antitelesa podobne strukture, se lahko znane strukture antiteles, ki jih lahko dobimo na primer v Brookhaven Protein Data Bank, uporabijo, če je tako potrebno, kakor grobi modeli drugih antiteles. Komercialno dostopni računalniški programi se lahko uporabljajo za prikazovanje teh modelov na računalniškem monitorju, da bi tako izračunali razdaljo med posameznimi atomi, ter ocene verjetnosti raznih amino kislinskih integracij (glej, Ferrin et al., J. Mol. Graphics, 6:13-27 (1988).
Humanizirana antitelesa imajo navadno vsaj 3 potencialne prednosti pred mišjimi ali pa v nekaterih primerih himernih antiteles za uporabo v terapijah za ljudi:
1) Zato, ker je efektorski del humani, lahko ta bolje sodeluje z drugimi deli humanega imunskega sistema (npr. razgrajanje celice cilja je učinkoviteje s pomočjo od komplementa odvisne citotoksičnosti (CDC) ali pa od antitelesa odvisne celične citotoksičnosti (ADCC)).
2) Humanemu imunskemu sistemu ni treba prepoznati mrežnega ali konstantnega področja humaniziranega antitelesa kakor tujega in zatorej mora odgovor antitelesa na to vneseno antitelo biti manjši kakor proti povsem tujemu mišjemu antitelesu ali delno tujemu himernemu antitelesu.
3) Za vnešena mišja antitelesa je bilo dokazano, da traja njihova polovična živijenska doba v humani cirkulaciji znatno manj od polovične življenske dobe normalnih antiteles (D. Shaw et al., J. Immunol., 138: 4534-4538 (1987)). Vnešena humanizirana antitelesa bodo imela verjetno polovično živijensko dobo, ki bo podobnejši naravno zastopanim humanim antitelesom, kar bo omogočalo jemanje manjših doz manj pogosto.
Humano-podobna antitelesa imajo vsaj 3 potencialne prednosti pred mišjimi in v nekaterih primerih himernimi antitelesi, kar se tiče uporabe v humani terapiji:
1) Ker je efektorski del humani, lahko ta bolje sodeluje z drugimi deli humanega imunskega sistema (npr. uničevanje celice cilja je bolj učinkovito s pomočjo v celoti odvisne citotoksičnosti (CDC) ali od antitelesa odvisne celične citotoksičnosti (ADCC)).
2) humanemu imunskemu sistemu ni treba prepoznati mrežnega ali C področja humano-podobnega antitelesa kot tujega in zato antitelesni odgovor na tako vneseno antitelo ne bo tako velik, kot na povsem tuje mišje antitelo ali delno tuje himerno antitelo.
3) Za vnesena mišja antitelesa je bilo dokazano, da je njihova polovična živijenska doba v humani cirkulaciji znatno manjša kakor polovična živijenska doba normalnih antiteles (Shaw D. et al., J. Immunol. 138: 4534-4538 (1987)). Vnesena humano-podobna antitelesa bodo imela živijensko dobo, ki bo najbrž podobna tisti v naravno zastopanih humanih antitelesih, kar dovoljuje vnašanje manjših doz manj pogosto.
V enem izmed aspektov je ta izum usmerjen na rekombinantne DNA segment, ki kodirajo CDR težke ali lahke verige iz imunoglobulina in so sposobne za vezanje na želj eni epitop na humanem receptorju, kakršno je na primer anti-Tac monoklonalno antitelo. Dna segmenti, ki kodirajo ta področja, so navadno vezani na DNA segmente, ki kodirajo določene humanim podobne mrežna področja. Želj ene DNA sekvence, ki na ekspresijskem kodu za polipeptidne verige, ki obsegajo hiperspremenljiva področja težke in lahke verige anti-Taca, so prikazane na slikah 1 in 2. Zaradi kodonske degeneracije in nekritičnih amino-kislinskih substitucij, se dajo te sekvence z lahkoto substituirati z drugimi DNA sekvencami, kakor je podroobno opisano nadalje.
DNA segmenti ponavadi nadalje vključujejo tudi ekspresijsko kontrolno DNA sekvenco, ki je operativno vezana na sekvence, ki kodirajo humano-podobna antitelesa, vključno z naravno vezanimi ali heterolohnimi promotorskimi področji. Priporočeno je, da so ekspresijske kontrolne sekvence, evkariontski promotorski sistemi v vektorjih, ki so sposobni za transformiranje ali transfekcijo evkariontskih celic gostiteljev, uporabimo pa lahko tudi prokariontske sekvence. Ko enkrat vgradimo tak vektor v gostitelja, vzdržujemo le tega pod pogoji, ki so ugodni za visok nivo ekspresije nukleotidnih sekvenc in, če želimo, zbiranje in prečiščevanje lahkih verig, težkih verig, dimerov lahka/težka veriga ali nedotaknjenih antiteles, veznih fragmentov ali drugih imunoglobulinskih oblik.
Humana DNA sekvenca konstantnih področij se lahko izolira s pomočjo dobro znanih metod iz različnih humanih celic, najbolje pa iz nesmrtnih B-celic (glej, Kabat vese. cit. In WP87/02671). CDR za pridobivanje imunoglobulinov predmetnega izuma bodo izvedene na podoben naein iz monoklonalnih antiteles, ki so sposobna za vezanje na humani IL-2 receptor in proizvedenih v določenem sesalskem izvoru, vključno z mišimi, podganami, zajci in drugimi vretenčarji, sposobnimi za proizvodnjo antiteles z dobro znanimi postopki. Ustrezen izvor celic za DNA sekvence in celice gostitelja za imunoglobulinsko ekspresijo in izločanje pa se lahko pridobijo iz številnih izvorov, kakršni so tudi American Type Culture Collection (Catalogue of Celi Lines and Hybridomas, 5.izd. (1985), Rockville, Maryland, ZDA, kar navajamo kakor referenco).
Poleg tukaj opisanih humano-podobnih specifičnih imunoglobulinov, se lahko drugi, v glavnem homologno modificirani imunoglobulini nadgradijo in proizvedejo z uporabo različnih rekombinantnih DNA tehnik, ki so strokovnjakom tega področja že znane. Npr. mrežna področja, lahko variirajo od sekvenc SEQ ID NO: 1 in SEQ ID NO 2:, ki so prikazane spodaj na primarnem strukturnem nivoju s pomočjo večjega števila amino kislinskih substanc, terminalnih in imtermediarnih dodajanj, brisanj in podobnega. Toda, varianta različnih humanih mrežnih področij se lahko uporablja tudi sama ali pa v kombinaciji kakor osnova za humano-podobne imunoglobuline predmetnega izuma. V splošnem s modifikacije gena lahko izvedejo s pomočjo dobro znanih tehnik, kakršne so mutageneze usmerjenega mesta (glej, Gillman in Smith, Gene. 8:81-97 (1979) in Roberts S. et al., Nature 328: 731-734 (1987), kar navajamo kakor referenco).
Alternativno, lahko pridobimo polipeptidne fragmente, ki obsegajo le del primarne strukture antitelesa, in sicer na tak način, da posedujejo dobljeni fragmenti eno ali več imunoglobulinskih aktivnosti (npr. komplementarna fiksacijska aktivnost). Poleg tega pa vsebujejo z imunoglobulini povezani geni, zaradi podobnosti mnogih genov, ločena funkcionalna področja, od katerih ima vsaka eno ali več bioloških aktivnosti, geni pa so lahko zlepljeni s funkcijskimi področji iz drugih genov (npr. encimov, glej obče označeni USSN 132 387 od 15.12.1987, kar navajamo kakor referenco), zaradi pridobivanja fuzijskih proteinov (npr. imunotoksina), ki imajo nove lastnosti.
Nukleinsko kislinske sekvence tega izuma, ki so sposobne končnega grajenja humano-podobnih antiteles se lahko tudi nadgradijo iz variant različnih polinukleotidov (genomske ali cDNA, RNA, sintetičnih oligonukleotidov, itd.) in komponent (npr. V, J, D ter C področij), kakor tudi s pomočjo različnih tehnik. Spajanje ustrezajočih genomskih sekvenc je dandanes najbolj obči postopek proizvodnje, uporabljamo pa lahko tudi cDNA sekvence (glej, Evropsko patentno publikacijo št. 0239400 in Reichmann L. et al., Nature 332 : 323-327 (1988), kar navajamo kakor referenco).
Kakor je podano naprej, bodo DNA sekvence ekspresirane v gostiteljih za tem, ko bodo sekvence operativno povezane z (npr. postavljene zato, da bi zagotovili delovanje) sekvenco za nadzor ekspresije. Ti ekspresijski vektorji navadno imajo sposobnost replikacije v gostitelju bodisi v obliki epizonov ali pa kakor integralni del gostiteljeve kromosomske DNA. Govoreč na splošno, bodo ekspresijski vektorji vsebovali markerje, npr. tetraciklin ali neomicin, da bi tako omogočili detektiranje celic, ki so bile transformirane z želj enimi DNA sekvencami (glej, npr. ZDA patent št. 4 707 362, ki ga navajamo kakor referenco).
E. coli je prokariontski gostitelj, ki je koristen predvsem za kloniranje DNA skvenc tega izuma. Drugi mikrobni gostitelji, ki so ustrezni za nase namene pa vključujejo bacile, kakršni so Bacillus subtilus ter druge enterobakteriace, kakršne so Salmonella, Serratia ter različne Pseudomonas vrste. V teh prokariontskih gostiteljih lahko nadgradimo tudi ekspresijske vektorje, ki bodo navadno vsebovali ekspresijske kontrolne sekvence, kompatibilne s celico gostitelja (npr. začetek replikacije). Poleg tega bodo prisotne tudi različne variante dobro znanih promotorjev, kakršni so laktozni promotorski sistem, triptofan (trp), beta-laktamaza promotorski sistem ali pa promotorski sistem iz lambda fagov. Promotorji bodo v teh primerih navadno kontrolirali ekspresijo po izboru z operatorno sekvenco, imajo pa tudi vezna sekvenčna mesta ter podobno, kar služi za začetek in konectranskripcije in translacije.
Za ekspresijo lahko uporabimo tudi druge mikroorganizme, kakršne so na primer kvasovke. Saccharomyces je priporočen gostitelj, z ustreznimi vektorji, ki imaho ekspresijske kontrolne sekvence, kakršni so promotorji, vključno s 3fosfoglicerat kinazo ali drugimi klikolitnimi encimi ter začetek replikacije, terminalne sekvence in podobno, če take pač potrebujemo.
Poleg mikroorganizmov, pa lahko za ekspresijo in proizvodnjo polipeptidov predmetnega izuma uporabljamo tudi kulture celic sesalskega tkiva (glej, Winnacker, From Genes to Clones, VCH Publishers, N. Y., N. Y., (1987), kar navajamo kakor referenco). Evkariontske celice so res priporočene zaradi velikega števila ustreznih celičnih linij gostiteljev, ki so sposobne izločati nedotaknjene imunoglobuline, ki so bili razviti s pomočjo tehnologije znanosti, vključujejo pa CHO celično linijo, različne COS celične linije, HeLa celice, mieloma celične linije, itd., najbolj pa priporočamo transformirane B-celice ali hibridomas. Ekspresijski vektorji za te celice lahko vključujejo ekspresijske kontrolne sekvence, kakršne se uporabljajo za začetek repliciranja, promotor, ojačevalec (Queen C. et al., Immunol. rv. 89: 49-68 (1986), kar navajamo kakor referenco), ter potrebna informacijska mesta, kakršna so vezna mesta za ribosome, RNA vrezna mesta , poliadenilacionska mesta ter transkripcijske terminalne sekvence. Priporočene ekspresijske kontrolne sekvence so promotorji izvedeni iz imunoglobulinskih genov, SV40, Adenovirusa, Govejega Papilloma virusa in podobno.
Vektorji, ki vsebujejo DNA segmente, ki nas zanimajo (npr. kodirne sekvence težke in lahke verige in ekspresijske kontrolne sekvence) se lahko prenesejo v celico gostitelja z dobro znanimi postopki, ki bodo variirali v odvisnosti od tipa celice gostitelja. Npr. kalcij klorovo transfekcijo navadno uporabljamo za prokariontske celice, kalcij fosfatni tretma ali elektroporacijo pa navadno uporabljamo pri drugih celičnih gostiteljih, (glej splošne informacije v Manitatis et al., Molecular Cloning: A Laboratory Manual, Cold Spring Harbor Press (1982), kar navajamo kakor referenco).
Enkrat izražena, celotna antitelesa, njihovi dimeri, individualne težke in lahke verige ali drugi imunoglobulinske oblike predmetnega izuma, se lahko prečistijo s pomočjo standardnih tehničnih postopkov, vključno z amonij sulfatnim obarjanjem, afinitativno kromatografijo, stolpično kromatografijo, gelno elektroforezo in podobnimi (za splošne informacije glej, Scopes R. Protein Purification, Springer-Verlag, N. Y. (1982)). Za farmacevtsko uporabo je zaželjeno pridobivanje čistih imunoglobulinov z vsaj 90 do 95% homogenostjo, še bolje pa 98-99% ali večjo homogenostjo. Enkrat prečiščen, delno ali do željene homogenosti, se dobljeni polipeptid lahko uporabi terapevtsko (vključno ekstrakorporalno) ali v razvoju in pri opravljanju preizkusnih procedur z imunofluorescentnimi barvami in podobno, (za splošne informacije glej, Immunological methods, vol. I in II, Lefkovits and Pernies, ed. Academic Press, New York, N. Y., (179 in 1981)).
Antitelesa tega izuma bodo svojo uporabo našla navadno v zdravljenju s T-celicami povzročenih bolezni. Navadno so tam, kjer se kot celica povezana z boleznijo identificira nosilec IL-2 receptorjev, uporabimo kot ustrezna antitelesa, humanim podobna antitelesa, ki so sposobna za blokiranje vezanja 11-2 na humani IL-2 receptor (glej, USSN 0 085 707, pod naslovom Treating Human Malignancies and Disorders, kar navajamo kot referenco).
Tipična bolezenska stanja, ki so ustezna za zdravljenje s to metodo, vključujejo na primer presaditev v obolelo osebo in zavračanje transplantata pri pacientih, ki podležejo transplantaciji organov, kakršni so srce, pljuča, ledvice, jetra in podobni. Druge bolezni vključujejo autoimunske bolezni, kakršne so Tip I diabetesa, multipla skleroza, reumatoidni artritis, sistemski lupus aritematozus ter miastenia gravis.
humano-podobna antitelesa tega izuma se laho uporabijo tudi v kombinaciji z drugimi antitelesi, posebej s humanimi monoklonalnimi antitelesi, ki so reaktivna z drugimi markerji za celice, ki so za bolezen odgovorne. Ustrezajoči markerji za T-celice lahko, na primer, vključujejo tiste, ki so bili grupirani v t.i. Clusters of Differentiation, kakor so jih poimenovali na First International Leukocyte Differentiation Workshop, Leukocyte Typing, Bernard et al., ed. Springer-Verlag, N. Y., (1984), kar navajamo kakor referenco.
Antitelesa lahko uporabimo tudi kot posebni preparati, ki jih jemljemo skupaj s heteroterapevtskimi ali imunosupresivnimi agensi. Ti agensi navadno vključujejo ciklosporin A ali purinski analog (npr. metotreksat, 6merkaptopurin ali podobno), uporabimo pa lahko tudi številna druga sredstva, ki so v stroki izkušenim poznana (npr. ciklofosfamid, predniston itd.).
Prednostni farmacevtski preparat predmetnega izuma vključuje uporabo predmetnih antiteles v imunotoksinih. Imunotoksini so značilni po dveh komponentah in so še posebej uporabni za ubijanje določenih celic in vivo ali in vitro. Ena izmed komponent je citotoksični agens, ki je navadno uničujoč za celico, če se nanjo veže ali adsorbira. Druga komponenta, znana kakor izročilni nosilec pa služi kot sredstvo za dostavo toksičnega agensa na določen celični tip, kakršen so na primer celice, ki jih je zajel karcinom. Obe komponenti sta navadno kemično povezani s pomočjo ene izmed različnih oblik, dobro znanih kemijskih procedur. Če je torej citotoksični agens na primer protein, druga komponenta pa je nedotaknjeni imunoglobulin, lahko povezovanje opravimo s pomočjo heterobifunkcionalnih sredstev za omreženje, npr. SPDP, karbodimida, glutaraldehida in podobnih. Proizvodnja različnih imunotoksinov je v tehniki dobro znana in jo lahko najdemo, npr. v Monoclonal Antibody-Toxin Conjugates:
Aiming the Magic Bullet, Thorpe et al., Monoclonal Antibodies in Clinical Medicine, Academic Press, str. 168190 (1982), kar navajamo kot referenco.
Različice citotoksičnih agensov so ugodne za uporabo pri imunotoskinih. Citotoksični agensi lahko vključujejo radionukleotide, kakršni so jod-131, renij-188 ter bizmut23
212; številna hematerapevtska zdravila, kakršna so vindezin metotreksat, adriamicin ter cisplatinum; ter citotoksične proteine, kakršni so ribosom inhibitorni proteini, podobni pokeweed antivirusni protein, Pseudomonas exotoxin A, ricin difteria toksin, ricin A veriga, ipd., ali pa agense, ki so aktivni na površini celice, kakršni so na primer fosfolipazni encimi (npr. fosfolipaza C). (Za splošne informacije glej, objavo USSN 07/290 968 z dne 28.12. 1988) Chimeric Toxins, Olsens and Phill, Pharmac. Ther. 25: 355 381 (1982), ter Monoclonal Antibodies for Cancer Detection and Therapy, ed. Baldwin and Byers, str. 159-179, 224-266, Academic Press (1985), kar je vse navedeno kakor referenca) Izročevalna komponenta imunotoksinov vključuje humanopodobne imunoglobuline predmetnega izuma. Neokrnjeni imunoglobulini in njihovi povezovalni fragmenti, kakršen je na primer Fab, se lahko prosto uporabijo. Navadno bodo antitelesa v imunotoksinih humanega IgM ali IgG izotopa, če pa želimo, pa lahko uporabimo tudi druga konstantna področj sesalcev.
Humano-podobna antitelesa in njihovi farmacevtksi preparati so še posebej uporabni za parenteralno vnašanje, npr. subkutano, intramuskularno ali intravenozno. Preparati za parenteralno vnašanje navadno vključujejo raztopino antiteles ali njihovo mešanico, kjer so raztopljeni v ustreznem nosilcu, priporočen je vodni nosilec. Uporabimo lahko različne vodne nosilce, npr. voda, pufrirana voda, 0.4% slana raztopina, 0.3% glicin in podobne. Te raztopine so sterilne in navadno brez delčkov snovi. Omenjene preparate lahko steriliziramo z že dobro znanimi sterilizacijskimi tehnikami. Preparati lahko vsebujejo farmacevtkso sprejemljive pomožne substance, kakor je bilo zahtevano za približevanje fiziološkim pogojem, kakršni so na primer pH urejevalni in puferski agensi, agensi za uravnavnaje toksičnosti in podobni, npr. natrijev acetat, natrijev klorid, kalijev klorid, natrijev laktat, itd.
Koncentracija antiteles v teh formulacijah lahko znatno niha, npr. od manj kakor 0.5%, navadno vsaj ali manj od okoli 1% do okoi 15-20% mase, izberemo pa jo na osnovi prostornine tekočine, viskoznosti, itd., pač v skladu z določenim načinom, ki je bil izbran za vnašanje v organizem. Tako se lahko tipičen farmacevtski preparat za intramuskularno injekcijo izdela tako, da vebuje 1 ml sterilne pufrirane vode z 50mg antiteles. Tipičen preparat za intravenozno injekcijo pa se lahko naredi tako, da vsebuje do 250 ml sterilnega Ringer-jeve raztopine in 150 mg antiteles. Pravi postopki za izdelavo preparatov za parenteralno vnašanje pa so znani strokovnjakom na tem področju in so podrobno opisani na primer v Remington's Pharmaceutical Science, 15.ed. Mačk Publishing Company, easton, Pensylvania (1980), kar je tu navedeno kakor referenca.
Antitelesa tega izuma se lahko liofilizirajo za spravljanje v skladišča in za ponovno konstituiranje v ustreznem prenašalcu tik pred uporabo. Ta tehnika se je pokazala kot zelo uporabna pri operacijah z navadnimi imunoglobini, uporabimo pa lahko že znane tehnike liofilizacij e in rekonstitucije. V stroki izkušenim bo jasno, da lahko liofilizacija in ponovna rekonstitucija privedeta do izgube aktivnosti antiteles v različnih stopnjah (npr. pri običajnih imunoglobulinih, izgubijo IgM antitelesa več aktivnosti kakor IgG antitelesa), nivoje uporabe pa lahko prilagodimo zaradi kompenzacije tega učinka.
Preparati, ki vsebujejo humano-podobna antitelesa tega izuma se lahko vzemajo v profilaktivne in/ali terapevtske namene.
V terapevtkse namene, vnesemo preparate v pacienta, ki je že bolan, v taki količini, ki je dovolj velika za zdravljenje ali pa vsaj delno zaustavljanje bolezni in njenih komplikacij. Količina, ki je primerna za izvajanje tega načina je označena kot terapevtsko učinkovita doza. Količine, ki so učinkovite pri tem načinu bodo odvisne od resnosti infekcije, stanja pacienta, njegovega imunskega sistema, navadno pa se gibljejo od 1 do okoli 200 mg antiteles na dozo, z doziranjem od 5 do 25 mg na pacienta, ki potrebuje večjo količino zdravila. Vedeti moramo, da se materiali tega izuma navadno lahko uporabljajo tudi pri resnih bolezenskih stanjih, to je življensko nevarnih ali potencialno življenjsko nevarnih situacijah. V takih primerih je mogoče in je tako lahko tudi želj eno, s ciljem minimalizacije tujih substanc in nižanja verjetnosti zavračanja tuje substance, kar dosežemo s pomočjo predmetnih humano-podobnih antiteles tega izuma, po oceni zdravnika vzeti tudi znatne presežke teh antiteles.
V profilaktivne namene pa se preparati, ki vsebujejo prisotna antitelesa ali njihovo mešanico, vnesejo v še ne obolelega pacienta, da bi tako povečali njegovo odpornost. Taka količina je definirana kakor profilaktično učinkovita doza. V tem načinu uporabe pa so precizne količine zdravila ponovno odvisne od zdravstvenega stanja pacienta in občega nivoja imunskega sistema, navadno pa se gibljejo med 0.1 do 25 mg na dozo, prednostno od 0.5 do 2.5 mg na pacienta. Prednostna je profilaktična uporaba za preventivo zavračanja transplantiranih ledvic.
Enkratno ali večkratno vnašanje preparata se lahko izvede z dozami in načinom zdravljenja, ki ga določi sam zdravnik. V vsakem primeru pa morajo farmacevtske formulacije zagotoviti količino antiteles po predmetnem izumu, ki je dovolj velika za učinkovito obravnavanje danega pacienta.
Humano-podobna antitelesa tega izuma se lahko nadalje uporabijo tudi pri in vitro eksperimentih. Tu se na primer, ta antitelesa lahko uporabijo za tipizacijo T-celic, za izolacijo specifičnega IL-2 receptorja, ki ga nosijo celice ali pa za izolacijo fragmenta receptorja, za vakcinski preparat ali podobno.
V diagnostične namene so lahko uporabljena antitelesa označena ali neoznačena. Neoznačena antitelesa se lahko uporabijo v kombinaciji z drugimi označenimi antitelesi (druga antitelesa), ki reagirajo z danimi humano-podobnimi antitelesi, kakršna so na primer antitelesa specifična za humana imunoglobulinska konstantna področja. Alternativno, pa so lahko antitelesa označena tudi neposredno. Uporabimo lahko širok razpon sredstev za označevanje, kakršni so na primer radionuklidi, fluorji, encimi, encimski substrati, encimski kofaktorji, encimski inhibitorji, ligandi (še posebej hapteni), itd. Različne in številne metode imunopreiskav so v stroki izkušenim strokovnjakom poznane.
Opremo, skupaj s predmetnimi antitelesi tega izuma, lahko uporabimo tudi pri raziskavah za zaščito proti ali detekcijo celične aktivnosti ali za detekcijo prisotnosti izbranega antigena. Tako je predmetni preparat antiteles tega izuma lahko podan v najrazličnejših oblikah, kakršne so na primer, v liofilizirani obliki, v posodi, bodisi sam ali v povezavi z ddatnimi antitelesi, ki so specifična za željen tip celice. Antitelesa, ki jih lahko konjugiramo na označevalniku, so vključena v opremo s pufri, kakršen je Tris pufer, fosfat, karbonat, itd., s stabilizatorji, biocidi, inertnimi proteini, npr. serumski albumin ali podobni in s setom navodil za uporabo. Navadno bodo ti materiali prisotni v količinah, ki so manjše od 5 utežnih odstotkov glede na količino aktivnega antitelesa, navadno pa so prisotni v vsaj okoli 0.001 utežnih odstotkov, glede na koncentracijo antiteles. Pogosto bo potrebno vključiti tudi ekscipient, da bi tako blažili aktivne sestavine, kjer je ekscipient lahko prisoten v količinah od 1-90% utežnih odstotkov celotnega preparata. Kjer uporabljamo tudi drugo vrsto antiteles, sposobno za vezanje na himerno antitelo v preiskavi, bo to navadno prisotno v ločeni ampuli. Druga vrsta antiteles je navadno konjugirana na marker in je formulirana na podoben način kakor formulacije antiteles, ki so opisane v nadaljevanju.
Naslednji primeri so opisani zaradi ilustracije, ne pa omejevanja.
EKSPERIMENTALNI DEL
Grajenje genov za humano-podobne lahke in težke verige
Sekvenca humanega antitelesa Eu (Sekvence proteina z imunološkim interesom, Kabat et al., ZDA Dept. of Health and Human Services, 1983) so uporabljane za zagotavljanje mreže humaniziranih antiteles, zato ker je amino kislinska sekvenca težke verige anti-Tac bolj homologna s težko verigo tega antitelesa od druge sekvence težke verige v National Biochemical Foundation Protein Identification Resource. Zaradi izločanja sekvence humanizirane težke verige, je bila anti-Tac sekvenca težke verige (za splošne informacije glej USSN 186 862 in 223 037, kar je navedeno kakor referenca) povezana z Eu sekvenco težke verige (slika 1). Na vsakem položaju je bila za humanizirano sekvenco izbrana Eu amino kislina, z izjemo primerov, ko ta pozicija pade v eno izmed naslednjih kategorij, ko se anti-Tac amino kislina izbira:
1) Pozicija padca v komplementarno določujoče področje (CDR), kakor je to definiral Kabat et al., že cit. (amino kisline 31-35, 50-66, 99-106);
2) Eu amino kislina na tem mestu je neobičajna za humane težke verige, medtem ko je anti-Tac amino kislina tipična za humane težke verige na tem mestu (amino kisline 27,
93, 95, 98, 107-109, 111);
3) Pozicija je bila v amino kislinski sekvenci anti-Tac težke verige tik ob CDR (amino kisline 30 in 67);
4) 3-dimenzionalno modeliranje anti-Tac antiteles sugerira, da je bila amino kislina fizično blizu antigen veznega področja (amino kisline 48 in 68).
Nekatere amino kisline pripadajo več kot le eni kategoriji a so navedene le v eni izmed vseh.
Zaradi izbora sekvence humanizirane lahke verige, se sekvenca anti-Tac lahke verige povezuje s sekvenco Eu lahke verige (Slika 2). Eu amino kislina se izbira na vsakem položaju, razen v primeru, da omenjena pozicija pripada v eno izmed kategorij (1)-(4), (v zamenjavi besed težka veriga z lahka veriga v definiranih kategorijah):
1) CDR (amino kisline 24-34, 50-56, 89-97).
2) Anti-Tac amino kislina je bolj tipična kakor tista od Eu (amino kisline 48 in 63).
3) Ob CDR (ni amino kislin; Eu in Anti-Tac so že iste na vseh položajih).
4) Mogoča 3-dimenzionalna bližina glede na vezna področja (amino kislina 60).
Resnične nukleotidne sekvence genov težke verige (SEQ ID NO:
1) in lahke verige (SEQ ID NO: 2), ki sta prikazani spodaj, so bile izbrane kakor je razvidno:
SEQ ID NO: 1
20 30 40 50 60
TCTAGATGGGATGGAG CTG GATC TT TC TCTTCC TCCTG TC A G GT A CC G C GG GC G TG C A CT
H G W 5 W I F L F L L S G J A G V H
80 90 100 110 120
CTCAGGTCCAGCTTGTCCAGTCTGGGGCTGAAGTCAAGAAACCTGGCTCGAGCGTGAAGG S Q V Q L V 0 S G A E V K K P G S S V K
130 140 150 160 170 180
TCTCCTGCAAGGCTTCTGGCTACACCTTTACTAGCTACAGGATGCMTGGGTAAGGCAGG VSCKASGYTFTSYRMHWVRQ
0 2 0 0 210 220 2 3 0 240
CCCCTGGACAGGGTCTGGAATGGATTGGATATATTAATCCGTCGACTGGGTATACTGAAT A P G Q G L E W I G Υ I N P S T G Y T E
250 260 270 280 290 300
ACAATCAGAAGTTCAAGGACAAGGCAACAATTACTGCAGACGAATCCACCAATACAGCCT
Y N Q K F K D K A T I T A D E $ T N T A
310 320 330 340 350 360
ACATGGAACTGAGCAGCCTGAGATCTGAGGACACCGCAGTCTATTACTGTGCAAGAGGGG
Y M E L S $ L R S E D T A V Υ Y C A R G
370 380 390 400 410 420
GGGGGGTCTTTGACTACTGGGGCCAAGGAACCCTGGTCACAGTCTCCTCAGGTGAGTCCT G G V F D Y W G Q G T L V T V S 5
430
TAAAACCTCTAGA
SEQ ID NO: 1: Nukleotidna sekvenca gena za humanizirani anti-Tac težke verige variabilnega področja gen. Prevedena amino kislinska sekvenca za del gena ki kodira protein, je prikazana pod nukleotidno sekvenco. Nukleotidi TCTAGA na začetku in koncu gena so Xba in I mesta. Zrela sekvenca težke verige se začenja z amino kislinsko ^20 Q.
SEQ ID NO: 2
20 30 40 50 60
TCTAGATGGAGACCGATACCCTCCTGCTATGGGTCCTCCTGCTATGGGTCCCAGGATCAA
METDTLLLWVLLLWVPGS
TO 80 90 100 110 120
CCGGAGATATTCAGATGACCCAGTCTCCATCTACCCTCTCTG CTAGCGTCGGGGATAGGG TGDI OMTOSPSTLSASVGDR
130 140 150 160 170 180
TC ACCATAACCTGCTCT GCCAGCTCAAGTATAAGTTACATGGACTGGTACCAGCAGAAGC VT1TCSASSS I SYMHWYQQK
190 200 210 220 230 240
CAGGCAAAGCTCCCAAGCTTCTAATTTATACCACATGCAACCTGGCTTCTGGAGTCCCTG P G K A P K L L I Y T T S N L A S G V P
250 260 270 280 290 300
CTCGCTTCAGTGGCAGTGGATCTGGGAGCGAGTTCACCCTCACAATCAGCTCTCTGCAGC A R F S G S G $ G T E F T L T I S S L Q
310 320 330 340 350 360
CAGATGATTTCGCCACTTATTACTGCCATCAAAGGA6TACTTAGCCACTGACGTTCGGTC P D D F A T Υ Y C H Q R S T Y P L T F G
370 380 390 400
AGGGGACCAAGGTGGAGGTCAAAC6TAAGTACACTTTTCTAGA OGTKVEVK
SEQ ID NO: 2: Nukleotidna sekvenca gena za humanizirani anti-Tac lahke verige variabilnega področja gen. Prevedena amino kislinska sekvenca za del gena, ki kodira protein je prikazana pod nukleotidno sekvenco. Nukleotidi TCTAGA na začetku in koncu gena so Xba I mesta. Zrela sekvenca lahke verige se začne z amino kislino *21 D.
1) Nukleotidna sekvenčna koda za amino kislinske sekvence je bila izbrana kakor je opisano v nadaljevanju.
2) 5' teh kodirajočih sekvenc, nukleotidne sekvence za vodilno (signalno) sekvenco, torej vodeča sekvenca lahke verige antitelesa MOPC 63 in vodilna sekvenca težke verige antitelesa PCH 108A (Kabat et al., že cit.). Te vodilne sekvence so bile izbrane kakor tipične za antitelo.
3) 3' od kodirajočih sekvenc, nukleotidne sekvence so tiste sekvence, ki spremljajo segment mišje lahke verige J5 in segment mišje težke verige J2, ki sta dela anti-Tac sekvenc. Te sekvence so vključene zato, ker vsebujejo vpletene donorske signale.
4) Na vsakem koncu sekvence je Xba I mesto zaradi omogočanja srečanja na Xba mestih in kloniranja v Xba mesto vektorja.
Gradnja humanizirane lahke in težke verige gena
Za sintezo težke verige so bili sintetizirani štirje oligonukleotidi HES12, HES13, HES14 in HES15 (SEQ ID NO: 3), kjer smo uporabili Applied Biosystems 380B DNA sintetizer.
HESI2 AGCTTCTAGATGGGATGG AGCTGGATCTTTCTCTTCCTCCT-GTCAGG TACCGCGGGCGTG
CACTCTCAGGTCCAG CTTGTCCAGTCTGGGGCTGAAGTCAAGAAACCTGGCTCGAG CGTG AAGGTC
HESI3 CCCAGTCGACGGATTAATATATCCAATGCATTCCAGACCCTGTCCAGGGGCCTGCCTTAC CCAGTGCATCCTGTAGCTAGTAAAGGTGTAGCCAGAAGCCTTGCAGGAGACCTTCACGGT CGAGCCAGG
HESI4 TATATTAATCCGTCGACTGG GTATACTGAATAC AATCAGAAGTTCAAGGACAAGGCAACA ATTACIGCAGACGAATCCACCAATACAGCCTACATGGAACTGAGCAGCCTGAGATCTGAG GAČA
HESI5 ATATCGTCTAGAGGTTTTAAGGACTCACCTGAGGAGACTGTGACCAGGGTTCCTTGGCCC CAGTAGTCAAAGACCCCCCCCCCTCTTGCACAGTAATAGACTGCGGTGTCCTCAGATCTC AGGCTGCT
SEQ ID NO: 3
SEQ ID NO: 3: Sekvence 4 oligonukleotidov, ki se uporabljajo za sintezo anti-Tac težke verige gena, napisane v smeri od 5’ proti 3'.
Dva izmed nukleotidov sta del vsake vijačnice težke verige, vsak oligonukleotid pa prekriva naslednjega z okoli 20 nukleotidi, kar dovoljuje sproščanje (Slika 3). Skupno pa ti oligonukleotidi prekrivajo celotno humanizirano težko verigo (SEQ ID NO: 1) z majhnim številom odvečnih nukleotidov, ki na vsakem koncu omogočajo zarezovanje na Xba in I mestih. Oligonukleotidi so bili prečiščeni iz poliakrilamidnih gelov.
Vsak oligonukleotid je bil fosforiliziran s pomočjo ATP in T4 polinukleotidne kinaze s pomočjo standardnih postopkov (glej Mantitatis, že cit.). Zaradi sproščanja fosforiliranih oligonukleotidov so bili ti suspendirani skupaj v 40 μΐ TA (33mM Tris acetata, pH=7, 9, 66mM kalijevega acetata, lOmM magnezijevega acetata) pri koncentraciji, ki je bila okoli 3.75uM vsak, kjer smo jih greli na 95°C 4 minute, nato pa počasi ohladili na 4°C. Zaradi sinteze celotnega gena iz nukleotidov s pomočjo sintetiziranja nasprotne vijačnice vsakega oligonukleotida (Slika 3), so bile naslednje komponente dodane koncernu volumnu 100 μΐ:
0.16
0.5
0.5
100
3.5 μΐ sproščeni oligonukleotidi mM vsakega deoksiribonukleotida mM ATP mM DTT pg/ml BSA pg/ml T4 g43protein (DNA polimeraza) pg/ml T4 g44/62 protein (polimerazni pomožni protein) pg/ml 45 protein (polimerazni pomožni protein)
Zmes je bila inkubirana na 37°C v trajanju 30 minut. Nato smo dodali lOu T4 DNA ligaze ter ponovili 30 minut trajajočo inkubacijo na 37°C. Polimeraza in ligaza sta bili deaktivirani s pomočjo inkubacije in z reakcijo na 70°C v trajanju 15 minut. Zaradi razgradnje gena z Xba I, smo reakcijski mešanici dodali 50 μΐ 2 x TA, ki je vseboval BSAA na 200 pg/ml in DTT pri lmM, 43 μΐ vode in 50u Xba I v 5μ1. Reakcijo smo nato pustili v inkubaciji 3 ure na 37°C, nakar smo jo postavili na gel. 431 bp Xba I fragment je bil prečiščen iz gela in kloniran v Xba I mestu plazmida pUC19 s standardnimi postopki. 4 plazmidne izolate smo nato prečistili in sekvencirali z uporabo dideoksi metode. Eden izmed teh je imel konkretno sekvenco (SEQ ID NO: 1).
Za sintezo lahke verige smo sintetizirali 4 oligonukleotide JFDI, JFD2, JFD3 in JFD4 (SEQ ID NO: 4).
JFDI CAAATCTAGATGGAGACCGATACCCTCCT6CTATGGGTCCTCCTGCTATGGGTCCCAGGA TCAACCGGAGATATTCAGATGACCCAGTCTCCATCTACCCTCTCTGCTAGCGTCGGGGAT
JFD2 ATAAATTAGAAGCTTGGGAGCTTTGCCTGGCTTCTGCTGGTACCAGTGCATGTAACTTAT ACTTGAGCTGGCAGAGCAGGTTATGGTGACCCTATCCCCGACGCTAGCAGAGAG
JFD3 GCTCCCAAGCTTCTAATTTATACCACATCCAACCTGGCTTCTGGAGTCCCTGCTCGCT TC AGTGGCAGTGGATCTGGGACCGAGTTCACCCTCACAATCAGCTCTCTGCAGCCAGATGAT TTC
JFD4 TATATCTAGAAAAGTGTACTTA CGTTTGACCT CCACCTTGG TCCCCTGACCGAACGTGAG TGGGTAAGTACTCCTTTGATGGCAGTAATAAGTGGCGAAATCATCTGGCTGCAGAGAGCT GA
SEQ ID NO: 4
SEQ ID NO: 4: Sekvence 4 oligonukleotidov, ki so bili uporabljeni pri sintezi humanizirane anti-Tac lahke verige, so napisane v smeri od 5' proti 3'.
Dva izmed nukleotidov sta del vsake vijačnice lahke verige, vsak oligonukleotid pa prekriva naslednjega z okoli 20 nukleotidi in s tem dovoljuje sproščanje (Slika 4). Skupaj pa oligonukleotidi prekrivajo celotno humanizirano lahko verigo (SEQ ID NO: 2) z majhnim številom odvečnih nukleotidov na vsakem koncu, kar omogoča zarezovanje na Xba I mestih. Oligonukleotidi so bili prečiščeni iz poliakrilamidnih gelov.
Gen lahke verige je bil sintetiziran iz teh oligonukleotidov v dveh delih. 0.5 pg vsakega izmed JFD1 in JFD 2 sta bila združena v 20 pl sekuenaznega pufra (40mM Tris-HCl, pH=7.5, 20mM magnezijevega klorida), nakar so bili segreti na 70°C v trajanju 3 minut, nato pa smo jih pustili, da so se počasi ohladili do 23°C s ciljem sproščanja oligonukleotidov. JFD3 in JFD4 sta bila obravnavana na enak način.
Vsaka reakcija se privede na lOmM v DTT ter 0.5mM v vsakem deoksiribonukleotidu, nakar dodamo 6.5 sekvenaze (US Biochemicals) v končno prostornino velikosti 24 μΐ, nakar pustimo celotno stvar inkubirati pri 37°C v trajanju 1 ure, da bi tako sintetizirali nasprotne vijačnice oligonukleotidov. Xbal in Hind III smo dodali vsaki reakciji zaradi razgrajevanja DNA (v področju, kjer se JFD2 in JFD3 prekrivata in zatorej tudi v vsaki DNA, obstaja Hindlll mesto, Slika 4). Reakcije izvajamo na poliakrilamidnih gelih, XbaI-HindIII fragmente prečistimo in kloniramo v pUC18 s pomočjo standardnih metod. Sekvenciramo več plazmidnih izolatov za vsak fragment, kar opravimo s pomočjo dideoksi metode, nato pa izberemo pravilne fragmente.
Izgradnja plazmidov za ekspresijo humaniziranih lahkih in težkih verig
Fragment Xbal težke verige smo izolirali iz pUC19 plazmida, v katerega je bil nameščen, nakar je bil nameščen v Xbal mesto vektorja pVgamal (glej objavo USSN 223 037) v pravilni orientaciji s pomočjo standardnih metod, s čimer smo oblikovali plazmid pHuGTACl (Slika 5). Ta plazmid bo ekspresiral visoke nivoje kompletne težke verige, če ga transfektiramo v ustrezne gostiteljske celice.
Dva fragmenta XbaI-HindIII lahke verige smo izolirali iz pUC18 plazmida v katerega sta bila nameščena. Vektorski plazmid pVkapal (glej, obče označen USSN 223 037) smo zarezali z Xbal, nakar smo ga defosforilizirali in povezali z 2 fragmentoma s pomočjo standardnih metod. Željeni reakcijski produkt je bil krožne oblike: vektor - Xbal fragment 1 - Hindlll - fragment 2-XbaI-vektor. Več plazmidnih izolatov smo analizirali s pomočjo restrikcijskega mapiranja in sekvenciranja, nakar smo izbrali enega s to obliko. Ta plazmid pHuLTAC (Slika 6) zaradi tega vsebuje kompletno lahko verigo (SEQ ID NO: 2) in bo ekspresiral visoke nivoje lahke verige, če ga transfektiramo v ustrezne gostiteljske celice.
Sinteza in afinitet humaniziranih antiteles
Plazmida pHuGTACl in pHuLTAC smo transfektirali v mišje Sp2/0 celice. Celice, ki so plazmid integrirale so bile izbrane na osnovi odpornosti na mikrofenolno kislino in/ali higromicin B, ki so bili preneseni s pomočjo gpt in hyg gena na plazmidih (Sliki 5, 6) s standardnimi metodami. Zaradi potrditve dejstva, da te celice izločajo antitelesa, ki se vežejo na humani IL-2 receptor, je bil supernatant iz celic inkubiran z HUT-102 celicami, ki ekspresirajo IL-2 receptor. Po izpiranju smo celice inkubirali s fluorescin-konjugiranim kozjim anti-humanim antitelesom, nakar smo jih sprali ter analizirali za fluorescenco na FACSCAN citofluorometru. Rezultati (Slika 7A) jasno kažejo, da humanizirano antitelo te celice veže, a se pri tem ne poveže na Jurkat T-celice, ki ne ekspresirajo IL-2 receptorja (Slika 7D). Kot kontrola, so bila za barvanje teh celic uporabljena tudi originalna mišja anti-Tac antitelesa (Slika 7B, C), dobili pa smo podobne rezultate.
Za nadaljnje eksperimente so bile celice, ki proizvajajo humanizirana antitelesa vnesena v miši, nakar smo zbrali dobljene ascite. Humanizirana antitelesa smo iz ascita prečistili do homogenosti s prepuščanjem skozi afinitativni stolpič iz kozjega anti-humanega imunoglobulinskega antitelesa, ki smo ga pripravili na Affigel-10 nosilcu (Bio35
Rad Laboratories, Inc., Richmond, CA), v skladu s standardnimi tehnikami. Zaradi določanja afinitete humaniziranih antiteles glede na originalna anti-Tac antitelesa, smo izvedli primerjalni eksperiment vezave.
Okoli 5 x 105 HUT-102 celic smo inkubirali z znanimi količinami (10-40 ng) anti-Tac antiteles in humaniziranih anti-Tac antiteles 4 min. na 4°C. Nato smo celicam dodali 100 ng biotiniliziranega anti-Tac, celice pa smo nato 30 min. inkubirali na 4°C. Ta količina anti-Taca je bila predhodno določena kot dovolj velika za zasičenj e veznih mest na celicah, ni pa predstavljala velikega presežka. Nato smo celice 2x sprali z 2ml fosfatno pufrirane raztopine soli (PBS), ki je vsebovala 0.1% natrijevega azida. Celice smo nato inkubirali 30 minut na 4°C z 250ng ficoeritrinkonjugiranega avidina, ki se veže na biotinilizirani antiTac, ki je že vezan na celice. Celice smo ponovno sprali kakor prej, ter jih nato fiksirali v PBS, ki je vseboval 1% paraformaldehida, nato pa smo jih analizirali za fluorescenco na FACSCAN citofluorometru.
Uporaba rastočih količin (10-40ng) anti-Tac antiteles, ki so bila uporabljena kot primerjava v prvi stopnji je zmanjšalo količino biotiniliziranega anti-Tac-a, ki se lahko veže na celice v drugi stopnji, zaradi cesar količina ficoeritrinkonjugiranega avidina, ki se veže v zadnji stopnji, zniža fluorescenco (Slika 8A). Ekvivalentne količine (20ng) antiTac-a in humaniziranega anti-Tac-a, ki so bile uporabljene kot primerjave, znižajo fluorescenco za približno enako stopnjo (Slika 8B). To kaže, da imajo ta antitelesa približno enako afiniteto in so učinkovitejša od biotiniliziranega anti-Tac, saj bolj zmanjšujejo fluorescenco.
Biološke lastnosti humaniziranih antiteles
Za optimalno uporabo pri zdravljenju humanih bolezni, mora biti humanizirano antitelo sposobno uničiti T-celice v telesu, ki ekspresira IL-2 receptor. Eden izmed mehanizmov, s pomočjo katerega lahko antitelesa uničijo celice clija je od antiteles odvisna, celično povzročena citotoksičnost, skrajšano ADCC (Fundamental Immunology, Paul W. ed., Raven Press, New York (1984)m str 681), kjer antitelo tvori most med celico cilja in efektorsko celico, kakršne so makrofagi, ki lahko nato razgradi celico clija. Da bi ugotovili, ali humanizirano antitelo in originalno mišje anti-Tac antitelo lahko povzročita ADCC, je bilo izvršena preiskava izločanja kroma s pomočjo standardnih metod. Specifično, so bile celice HUT-102 humane levkemije, ki ekspresirajo IL-2 receptor, inkubirane s 51Cr zaradi adsorbcije tega radionuklida. HUT-102 celice smo nato inkubirali z viškom anti-Tac ali pa z viškom humaniziranih anti-Tac antiteles. HUT-102 celice smo nato inkubirali 4 ure z 30:1 ali 100:1 raztopino efektorskih celic, ki so bile navadne, prečiščene humane periferne krvne mononuklearne celice, ki so bile predhodno aktivirane z inkubacijo v trajanju 20 ur s humanim rekombinantnim IL-2. Izmerili smo osvobajanje 51Cr, ki nakazuje razpadanje HUT-102 celic cilja, nakar smo rezultat zmanjšali za fon (Tabela 1). Rezultati kažejo, da pri kateremkoli odnosu efektorskih celic, anti-Tac ne lizira večjega števila celic cilja (manj od 5%), humanizirano antitelo pa je zmožno veliko večje stopnje razgradnje (več od 20%) . Iz tega je razvidno, da je humanizirano antitelo bolj učinkovito od originalnega antitelesa pri obravnavanju T-celic levkemije ali drugih bolezni, ki jih povzročajo Tcelice.
Tabela 1
Procent 51Cr izločanja po ADCC
Razmerje efektor/tarča
30:1 | 100:1 | |
Antitelo | ||
Anti-Tac | 4% | <1% |
Humanizirano | ||
Anti-Tac | 24% | 23% |
Iz zgornjega je razvidno, da nudijo humanim—podobni imunoglobulini tega izuma niz prednosti nad drugimi humanimi IL-2 specifičnimi antitelesi. Primerjava z anti-Tac mišjimi monoklonalnimi antitelesi kaže, da lahko predmetna humanopodobna antitelesa pridobimo na bolj ekonomičen način, ter da taki vsebujejo tudi manj stranskih amino kislinskih sekvenc. Ta zmanjšana verjetnost antigeničnosti po vnašanju v humanega pacienta predstavlja znatno terapevtsko izbolj sanje.
Čeprav je bil predmetni izum opisan dovolj podrobno s pomočjo ilustracij in primerov, podanih zaradi jasnosti in razumevanja, pa bo v stroki izkušenim jasno, da so določene modifikacije in spremembe znotraj obsega tega izuma možne.
Claims (20)
- PATENTNI ZAHTEVKI1. Novi preparat 11-2 receptor specifičnih humanih imunoglobulinov, značilen po tem, da vključuje v glavnem čist, humano-podoben imunoglobulin, ki je specifično reaktiven z p55 Tac proteinom.
- 2. Preparat, po zahtevku 1 značilen po tem, da vključuje imunoglobulin dva para dimerov lahka/težka veriga, kjer vsaka veriga obsega spremenljivo in konstantno področje.
- 3. Preparat po zahtevku 1, značilen po tem, da obsega v glavnem čist humano-podoben imunoglobulin, ki je sposoben inhibirati vezanje humanega interleukina-2 (IL-2) na humani IL-2 receptor.
- 4. Preparat po zahtevku 1, značilen po tem, da kaže imunoglobulin večjo afiniteto na humani IL-2 receptor od okoli 107 8 M’1 ali več.
- 5. Preparat po zahtevku 1 značilen po tem, da obsega imunoglobulin komplementarno določujoča področja iz enega imunoglobulina ter mrežna področja iz vsaj enega različnega imunoglobulina.
- 6. Rekombinantni imunoglobulinski preparat, značilen po tem, da obsega humanemu podobno in eno ali več tujih komplementarno ustreznih področij, ki niso naravno vezana z mrežo, kjer je omenjeni imunoglobulin sposoben vezanja na humani interleukin-2-receptor.
- 7. Preparat po zahtevku 6 značilen po tem, da je imunoglobulin IgGi imunoglobulinski izotop.
- 8. Preparat po zahtevku 6 značilen po tem, da so zrele lahke in težke proteinske sekvence spremenljivega področja v glavnem homologne s SEQ ID NO: 1 in SEQ ID NO: 2.
- 9. Humano-podoben imunoglobulin, ki ima dva para dimerov lahka/težka veriga in je sposoben specifično reagirati z epitopom na humani interleukin-2 receptor z afiniteto velikosti okoli 108 M-1, značilen po tem, da vključujejo omenjene lahke in težke verige komplementarno določujoča področja (CDR) in humano-podobna mrežna področja, CDR pa so iz imunoglobulinskih molekul različnih od mrežnih področij.
- 10.Imunoglobulin po zahtevku 9 značilen po tem, da blokira vezavo interleukina-2 (IL-2) na humane IL-2 receptorje.
- 11. Humanizirani imunoglobulin, sposoben vezave na humane interleukin-2 receptorje, značilen po tem, da obsega eno ali več komplementarno določujočih področij (CDR) iz anti Tac antiteles v humano-podobni mreži, kjer humano-podobno mrežno področje obsega vsaj eno amino kislino izbrano iz anti-Tac antitelesa.
- 12. Humanizirani imunoglobulin po zahtevku 11, značilen po tem, da ima zrelo spremenljivo sekvenco težke verige, kakor je prikazano v SEQ ID NO: 1, ter sekvenco lahke verige, kakor je prikazano v SEQ ID NO: 2.
- 13. Humanizirani imunoglobulin po zahtevku 11, značilen po tem, da je dodatna amino kislina iz anti-Tac antitelesa postavljena tik ob CDR.
- 14.Imunoglobulin po zahtevku 1, značilen po tem, da se pridobiva v mieloma ali hibridoma celici.
- 15. Polinukleotidna molekula, ki obsega najprej sekvenco, ki kodira humano-podobna imunoglobulinska mrežna področja in drugo sekvenco, ki kodira eno ali več mišjih imunoglobulinskih komplementarno določujočih področij, značilna po tem, da po ekspresiji omenjeni polinukleotid kodira imunoglobulin, ki specifično reagira s p55 Tac proteinom ter blokira vezavo interleukina-2 (IL-2) na IL-2 receptor na humanih celicah.
- 16. Celična linija, značilna po tem, da je transfektirana s polinukleotidom po zahtevku 15.
- 17. Postopek za gradnjo humanizirane imunoglobulinske (Ig) verige, ki ima eno ali več komplementarno določujočih področij (CDR) iz donorja Ig ter mrežno področje iz humanega Ig, značilen po tem, da obsega primerjanje mrežnega ali spremenljivega področja amino kislinske sekvence donorja Ig z ustreznimi sekvencami v kolekciji humanih Ig verig, ter izbiranje zaradi zagotavljanja humane Ig mreže ene izmed okoli 3 najbolj homolognih sekvenc iz kolekcije.
- 18. Postopek gradnje humanizirane imunoglobulinske verige, ki ima mrežno področje iz humanega akceptorskega imunoglobulina in komplementarno določujoče področje iz donorskega imunoglobulina, sposobnega vezave na antigen, značilen po tem, da obsega stopnje substitucije vsaj ene humane mrežne amino kisline akceptornega imunoglobulina z ustrezno amino kislino iz donorskega imunoglobulina na položaju v imunoglobulinu kjer:a) je amino kislina v humanem mrežnem področju redka za omenjeni položaj, ustezna amino kislina v donorskem imunoglobulinu pa je obča za omenjeni položaj v humanih imunoglobulinskih sekvencah; alib) amino kislina je tik ob CDR ali pac) je za amino kislino predvideno, da ima bočno verigo atomov na razdalji 3x 1O~10 m od CDR v 3-dimenzionalnem modelu imunoglobulina, ter je sposobna sodelovati z antigenom ali s CDR humaniziranega imunoglobulina.
- 19. Postopek po zahtevku 18, značilen po tem, da obsega humanizirana imunoglobulinska veriga dodaten CDR vsaj 3 amino kisline iz donorskega imunoglobulina, ki so bile izbrane glede na kriterije opisane pod a), b) ali c).
- 20. Postopek po zahtevku 19, značilen po tem, da je vsaj ena amino kislina, substituirana iz donorja, tik ob CDR.
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YU248989A YU48700B (sh) | 1988-12-28 | 1989-12-28 | Postupak za proizvodnju humaniziranog imunoglobulinskog lanca |
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