JPH1092577A - エレクトロルミネセンス素子およびその製造方法 - Google Patents

エレクトロルミネセンス素子およびその製造方法

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Publication number
JPH1092577A
JPH1092577A JP9116159A JP11615997A JPH1092577A JP H1092577 A JPH1092577 A JP H1092577A JP 9116159 A JP9116159 A JP 9116159A JP 11615997 A JP11615997 A JP 11615997A JP H1092577 A JPH1092577 A JP H1092577A
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layer
electroluminescent device
contact layer
polymer
contact
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JP3239991B2 (ja
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Richard H Friend
リチャード ヘンリー フレンド
Jeremy H Burroughes
ジェルミー ヘンリー バローグス
Donal D Bradley
ドナル ドナット コーナー ブラッドリー
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Cambridge Display Technology Ltd
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    • HELECTRICITY
    • H05ELECTRIC TECHNIQUES NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
    • H05BELECTRIC HEATING; ELECTRIC LIGHT SOURCES NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; CIRCUIT ARRANGEMENTS FOR ELECTRIC LIGHT SOURCES, IN GENERAL
    • H05B33/00Electroluminescent light sources
    • H05B33/12Light sources with substantially two-dimensional radiating surfaces
    • H05B33/14Light sources with substantially two-dimensional radiating surfaces characterised by the chemical or physical composition or the arrangement of the electroluminescent material, or by the simultaneous addition of the electroluminescent material in or onto the light source
    • HELECTRICITY
    • H10SEMICONDUCTOR DEVICES; ELECTRIC SOLID-STATE DEVICES NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
    • H10KORGANIC ELECTRIC SOLID-STATE DEVICES
    • H10K85/00Organic materials used in the body or electrodes of devices covered by this subclass
    • H10K85/10Organic polymers or oligomers
    • H10K85/111Organic polymers or oligomers comprising aromatic, heteroaromatic, or aryl chains, e.g. polyaniline, polyphenylene or polyphenylene vinylene
    • H10K85/114Poly-phenylenevinylene; Derivatives thereof
    • CCHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C09DYES; PAINTS; POLISHES; NATURAL RESINS; ADHESIVES; COMPOSITIONS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; APPLICATIONS OF MATERIALS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
    • C09KMATERIALS FOR MISCELLANEOUS APPLICATIONS, NOT PROVIDED FOR ELSEWHERE
    • C09K11/00Luminescent, e.g. electroluminescent, chemiluminescent materials
    • C09K11/06Luminescent, e.g. electroluminescent, chemiluminescent materials containing organic luminescent materials
    • HELECTRICITY
    • H10SEMICONDUCTOR DEVICES; ELECTRIC SOLID-STATE DEVICES NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
    • H10KORGANIC ELECTRIC SOLID-STATE DEVICES
    • H10K50/00Organic light-emitting devices
    • H10K50/10OLEDs or polymer light-emitting diodes [PLED]
    • H10K50/11OLEDs or polymer light-emitting diodes [PLED] characterised by the electroluminescent [EL] layers
    • HELECTRICITY
    • H10SEMICONDUCTOR DEVICES; ELECTRIC SOLID-STATE DEVICES NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
    • H10KORGANIC ELECTRIC SOLID-STATE DEVICES
    • H10K71/00Manufacture or treatment specially adapted for the organic devices covered by this subclass
    • H10K71/10Deposition of organic active material
    • H10K71/191Deposition of organic active material characterised by provisions for the orientation or alignment of the layer to be deposited
    • HELECTRICITY
    • H10SEMICONDUCTOR DEVICES; ELECTRIC SOLID-STATE DEVICES NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
    • H10KORGANIC ELECTRIC SOLID-STATE DEVICES
    • H10K85/00Organic materials used in the body or electrodes of devices covered by this subclass
    • H10K85/10Organic polymers or oligomers
    • H10K85/111Organic polymers or oligomers comprising aromatic, heteroaromatic, or aryl chains, e.g. polyaniline, polyphenylene or polyphenylene vinylene
    • H10K85/113Heteroaromatic compounds comprising sulfur or selene, e.g. polythiophene

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  • Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
  • Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Materials Engineering (AREA)
  • Organic Chemistry (AREA)
  • Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
  • Optics & Photonics (AREA)
  • Manufacturing & Machinery (AREA)
  • Electroluminescent Light Sources (AREA)
  • Luminescent Compositions (AREA)
  • Polyoxymethylene Polymers And Polymers With Carbon-To-Carbon Bonds (AREA)
  • Illuminated Signs And Luminous Advertising (AREA)
  • Compositions Of Macromolecular Compounds (AREA)
  • Led Devices (AREA)
  • Nitrogen Condensed Heterocyclic Rings (AREA)
  • Control Of Indicators Other Than Cathode Ray Tubes (AREA)
  • Heating, Cooling, Or Curing Plastics Or The Like In General (AREA)
  • Control Of El Displays (AREA)

Abstract

(57)【要約】 【課題】信頼性に富み、広面積化が可能な、しかも低消
費電力で廉価に製造できる電界発光素子およびその製造
方法を提供する。 【解決手段】ガラス基板1の上面に第1の電荷注入接触
層2が形成される。この第1の電荷注入接触層2はアル
ミニウムを熱蒸着したものである。この第1の電荷注入
接触層2の表面に酸化物層3が形成される。さらに、前
記酸化物層3の表面にPPV膜4を100から300μ
mの厚さに形成する。次に、前記PPV膜4上に第2の
電荷注入接触層5を設ける。

Description

【発明の詳細な説明】
【0001】本発明は、エレクトロルミネセンス素子
(EL)に関し、一層詳細には、発光層が半導体である
エレクトロルミネセンス素子(EL)およびその製造方
法に関する。
【0002】
【従来の技術】エレクトロルミネセンス素子(EL)
は、電界の影響により発光するよう構成されている。こ
のような半導体における物理的過程に対する一般的な作
用は、半導体の相対する電極から半導体に注入される電
子−正孔対の放射結合を通して行われる。その一例を挙
げると、GaPおよびあるいは、同様なIII 族の元素と
V族の元素の組み合わせからなる半導体を基礎として構
成されている。
【0003】これらの素子は、効果的且つ広範囲に利用
されているものの、その大きさが非常に微小であるため
に大面積ディスプレイに使用するに際しては、困難を伴
うばかりか不経済でもある。
【0004】大面積ディスプレイへの使用が可能な代替
品の材料は幾種類か知られているが、無機半導体の一つ
であるZnS(硫化亜鉛)が好適である。しかしなが
ら、子の系には信頼性に薄いという、問題が存在する。
【0005】有機材料の一つとしては、アントラセン
(anthracenc)、ペリレン(perylen
e)、そしてコロネン(coronene)のような芳
香族分子単体(simple aromatic mo
lecules)がエレクトロルミネセンス素子(E
L)の材料として用いられていることが知られている。
【0006】これらの材料の実用上の問題点としては、
ZnSと同様に、それらが信頼性を欠くばかりか、これ
らの有機層と電流注入電極層(current−inj
ecting electrode layers)と
の接合性に問題がある。
【0007】アントラセン(anthracene)を
利用したエレクトロルミネセンス素子は、米国特許3,
621,321号に開示されている。この素子は、多量
の電力を消費し、且つその電力消費量に比して発光が少
ないという不都合を有している。
【0008】前記開示の素子の改善を試みるべく、米国
特許4,672,265号には、発光層を二層からなる
構造としたエレクトロルミネセンス素子(EL)が記載
されている。
【0009】しかしながら、前記二層構造に用いられる
物質は、前述の不都合な有機材料である。
【0010】
【発明が解決しようとする課題】本発明は、前記の不都
合を未然に回避するか、若しくは少なくとも前記不都合
を低減化することを可能とするエレクトロルミネセンス
素子(EL)を提供することを目的とする。
【0011】
【課題を解決するための手段】本発明の一能様によれ
ば、少なくとも共役ポリマーが用いられる高密度で薄い
ポリマー膜から構成される半導体層と、前記半導体層の
第1の表面と接する第1接触層と、前記半導体層の第2
の表面と接する第2接触層とを有する。
【0012】本発明は、好適な接触層から電荷移動体
(charge carriers)がエレクトロルミ
ネセンス素子に注入されることより発光することを応用
した共役ポリマー半導体に発見の基礎をおいている。
【0013】高分子重合体は知られている。例えば、そ
れらは、光学変調器(optical modulat
or)に用いられ、欧州特許出願0294061号で検
討されている。この場合には、第1の電極と第2の電極
の間に位置する変調のためのアクティブ層としてポリア
セチレンが用いられている。光学変調効果を発生させる
アクティブ層に空間電荷を形成するように、一つの電極
とアクティブ層との間に絶縁層を設ける必要がある。空
間電荷層の存在が発光に寄与する電子−正孔対(ele
ctor−hole pairs)の形成を妨げるた
め、エレクトロルミネセンス素子には不向きである。い
ずれにせよ、欧州特許出願0294061号に開示され
ているエレクトロルミネセンス素子では、光学変調効果
の破壊に関しては、全く望ましくない。
【0014】本発明に係る素子において、共役ポリマー
(Coniugated Polymer)はポリ(p
−フエニレンビニレン)〔PPV〕であるのが好まし
く、第1の電荷注入接触層(first charge
injection contact layer)
は、一側の表面に薄い酸化物層が形成されたアルミニウ
ムの薄層からなり、半導体層の第1の表面は前記酸化物
層と接し,そして第2の電荷注入接触層(second
charge injection contact
layer)はアルミニウムまたは金の薄層である。
【0015】その他の実施態様では、共役ポリマーはP
PVであり、第1接触層がアルミニウム、若しくはマグ
ネシウムと銀の合金で、第2接触層(second c
ontact layer)は、酸化インジウムであ
る。
【0016】さらに別の実施態様では、共役ポリマーは
PPVであり、接触層の一つは非晶質シリコンからな
り、他方の接触層は、アルミニウム、金、マグネシウム
−銀合金、酸化インジウムなる群のうちから選択され
る。
【0017】これらの実施態様は、第1接触層あるいは
第2接触層のうちのいずれかを基板に積層し、PPVの
薄層を付与し、そして、その上に前記積層されなかった
接触層を積層する。
【0018】好適には、ポリマー膜は、概ね10nmか
ら5μmの範囲の均一な厚さを有し、共役ポリマーは1
eVから3.5eVの範囲で半導体バンドギャップを有
する。その上、電界発光するポリマー膜の共役ポリマー
の大きさは、膜内の共役ポリマーにおける電荷の浸透移
動が十分なされるものである。
【0019】共役ポリマーとは、ポリマーの主骨格に沿
って非極在π電子を有するポリマーを意味し、この非極
在化したπ電子がポリマーの骨格に沿って高い移動能を
有する正と負の電荷キャリヤに付与する。
【0020】そのようなポリマーは、例えば、R.H.
フレンドにより、Journalof Molecul
ar Electronies4(1988)Janu
ary−March,No.1,の37頁から46頁で
検討されている。
【0021】本発明の基礎となるメカニズムは、以下の
とおりである。すなわち、正の接触層は、ポリマー膜に
正の電荷キャリヤを注入し、負の接触層は、ポリマー膜
に負の電荷キャリヤを注入する。この目的を達成するた
めに、正の接触層は高い仕事関数を有することが、また
負の接触層は低い仕事関数を有するように構成される。
従って、負の接触層は、例えば、金属あるいはドープ半
導体(a dopedsemiconductor)の
ような電子注入材料(electric─inject
ing material)から構成され、ポリマー半
導体層と接して、負電位を生じる時、電子のポリマー半
導体層への注入がなされる。正の接触層は、例えば、金
属やドープ半導体のような正孔注入材料(hole−i
ngecting material)から構成され、
ポリマー半導体層とし、ポリマー半導体層に一般に正孔
と呼ばれる正の電荷が注入される。
【0022】所謂、“緻密な”ポリマー膜とは、実質的
に空間が排除されたポリマー膜を意味する。
【0023】少なくとも一つの接触層は、電子注入材
(electric─injecting mater
ial)に加えて、有機材料を含むことが可能である。
【0024】共役ポリマーの膜は、好適には、単一の共
役ポリマーから構成される。またあるいは、共役ポリマ
ーからなる膜は、共役ポリマーの混合物から構成される
ことも可能である。
【0025】ポリマー膜のさらに好適な特徴は以下の通
りである。 (i)ポリマーは酸素、湿度に対して化学的に安定であ
ること。 (ii)ポリマー膜は、下地層との間の良好な接着性、温
度上昇あるいは圧力圧迫を原因とする亀裂の発生に対す
る阻止能力、縮み、膨張、再結晶あるいは他の形態変化
への抵抗性を有するべきである。
【0026】次に、本発明に係るエレクトロルミネセン
ス素子およびその製造方法についてその実施態様を挙げ
て図面を参照しながら説明する。
【0027】共役ポリマー膜は、好適には、下記式のポ
リ(p−フエニレンビニレン)[PPV]であり、下記
式において、フェニレン環は、が各々独立してアルキル
基(好適にはメチル基)、アルコキシ基(好適にはメト
キシ基若しくはエトキシ基)、ハロゲン(好適には塩素
若しくは臭素)のなかから選択される一あるいはそれ以
上数の置換基であってよい。
【0028】ポリ(p−フエニレンビニレン)[PP
V]から誘導されるその他の共役ポリマーもまた、本発
明に係るエレクトロルミネセンス素子のポリマー膜とし
て適当に使用される。
【0029】
【化2】
【0030】以下に前記その他の共役ポリマーの典型的
例を示す。 (i)式1のフェニレン環を縮合環系に置き換える例え
ば、フェニレン環に代えてアントラセンあるいはナフタ
レン環系に置換することによって得られる、以下のよう
な構造を示すポリマー。
【0031】
【化3】
【0032】
【化4】
【0033】
【化5】
【0034】これらの多環系もまた前記フェニレン環と
同様に1あるいはそれ以上の数の置換基を有してもよ
い。 (ii)フェニレン環をフラン環のような複素環系に置換
することによって得られる、以下の構造を示すポリマ
ー。
【0035】
【化6】
【0036】前記と同様に、前記フラン環も一あるいは
それ以上の数の置換基を有してもよい。 (iii) 各々のフェニレン環(若しくは前記(i)ある
いは(ii)においてに与えられた他の多環系に結合した
ビニレン部分の数を増やすことによって得られる、以下
のような構造示すポリマー。
【0037】
【化7】
【0038】
【化8】
【0039】
【化9】
【0040】前記構造式において、yは2、3、4、
5、6、7を示す。
【0041】さらにまた、これらの環系は前記種々の置
換基を有してもよい。
【0042】これらのさまざまなPPV誘導体は、全て
のスペクトルを確実に網羅するために異なった波長を放
射するエレクトロルミネセンスの構造が得られるので、
異なった様々な半導体のエネルギーギャップを有するこ
とができる。
【0043】共役ポリマー膜は、前駆体ポリマーを化学
的方法あるいは熱処理によって得ることができる。前記
方法のうち後者の場合においては、共役ポリマーに変質
させる前に、必要に応じて前処理することができる。
【0044】前記の各種のPPV誘導体膜は、適当なス
ルホニウム前駆体を使用することにより同様に導電性基
板に付与することができる。
【0045】一般に、好適には、スルホニウム塩前駆体
(II)よりも有機溶媒への溶解度が高いポリマー前駆体
を用いるが有利な場合がある。
【0046】ポリ(フエニレンビニレン)の膜は、図1
に示されるような反応図式に基いた方法により、導電性
基板上に付与される。スルホニウム塩単量体(II)は、
水溶液、水エタノール混液、若しくはメタノール中で前
駆体ポリマー(III)に合成される。そのような前駆体ポ
リマー(III)は、ホトレジスト処理のために半導体産業
で用いられている一般的なスピンーコーティング技術に
より導電性基板上に付与することができる。その結果生
じた前駆体ポリマー(III)は、通例200℃から350
℃での加熱処理によりポリフエニレンビニレン(I)に
転化される。
【0047】単量体(II)の化学合成、その前駆体(II
I)への重合、そしてPPVのための熱転化のために必要
な詳細な条件は、文献、例えば、D.D.C.Brad
leyによるJ.Phys.D(Applied Ph
ysics)、20、1389(1987)およびJ.
D.Stenger Smith、R.W.Lenzと
G.WegnerによるPolymer、30、104
8(1989)に記載されている。
【0048】ポリ(フェニレンビニレン)膜は、10n
mから10μmの厚さが得られることが知られている。
これらのPPV膜は、ごくわずなピンホールしかみられ
ない。PPV膜は、約2.5eV(500nm)の半導
体エネルギーギャップを有する。
【0049】それ以外の適当な共役ポリマーの膜を形成
する材料は、ポリ(フェニレン)である。
【0050】この材料は、5、6−ジヒドロキシシクロ
ヘキサ−1、3−ジエンの生化学的に製造される誘導体
を出発物質として製造される。このポリ(フェニレン)
の製造は、Ballard et al、J.Che
m.Comm.954(1983)により詳細に記載さ
れている。
【0051】ポリマー前駆体溶液は、導電性基板上に薄
い膜としてスピンコートされ、そして、その後、通例1
40℃から240℃の範囲で熱処理されて共役ポリ(フ
ェニレン)ポリマーに転換される。
【0052】ビニル若しくはジエン単量体の共重合もま
たフェニレンコポリマーを得ることができる。
【0053】それ以外の種類の共役ポリマーの膜に必要
とされ使用できる材料として、例えば、以下のようなも
のが含まれる。 (a)ポリ(4、4’−ジフェニレンジフェニルビニレ
ン)[PDPV]は、両方のビニレンの炭素がフェニル
環により置換されている。それは、薄い膜を形成できる
ように普通の有機溶媒に解ける。 (b)ポリ(1、4−フェニレン−1−ジフェニルビニ
レンとポリ(1、4−フェニレンジフェニルビニレン)
ポリマーはPPVと類似物質であり、それぞれ一つある
いは両方のビニレンの炭素がフェニル基と置換されてい
る。それらは各々有機溶媒に解け薄い膜として被覆され
る。 (c)有機溶媒中に溶解可能であり、長い主鎖を有する
アルキル(アルキルはオクチルと等しいかそれ以上に長
い)についてはポリ(3−アルキルチオフェン)ポリマ
ー(アルキルは、プロピル、ブチル、ペンチル、ヘキシ
ル、ヘプチル、オクチル、デシル、ウンデシル、ドデシ
ルのいずれか一つ)溶融加工可能である。 (d)ポリ(3−アルキルピロール)ポリマーは(3−
アルキルチオフェン)ポリマーと類似であることが予想
される。 (e)ブチルよりも大きなアルキルを有するポリ(2、
5−ジアルコキシ−p−フェニレッビニレン)ポリマー
は溶解加工可能である。 (f)ポリ(フェニルアセチレン)は主鎖中の水素原子
がフェニル基に置換されたポリアセチレンの誘導体であ
る。この置換によって、材料は溶解される。
【0054】必要とされ使用可能なポリマーとそれによ
って導電性基板(電荷注入接触層)に必要とされるポリ
マーからなる薄い均一な膜が容易に得られるように、他
のポリマーとの共役ポリマーが混合されたポリマーブレ
ンドが使用されることもある。
【0055】共役ポリマーの膜を形成するのに、そのよ
うなコポリマーまたはポリマーブレンドを用いる時、前
記共役ポリマーの膜を併せ有するエレクトロルミネセン
ス素子の活性部位は、コポリマーあるいはポリマーブレ
ンドのパーコレイション開始物質と同じかそれ以上に大
きい多量の共役ポリマー部位を含まなければならない。
【0056】半導体電界発光層は、異なったバンドギャ
ップあるいは多種類の電荷のバンドギャップのポリマー
層から形成されている。
【0057】
【実施例】
[実施例1]図2および図3を参照しながらエレクトロ
ルミネセント素子(EL)の構造を以下に説明する。
【0058】ガラス基板、例えば、約1mmのシリコン
あるいは、ホウケイ酸塩ガラス1の上面に、第1の電荷
注入接触層2を形成した。電荷注入接触層2は、約20
nmの厚さの層を作るためのシャドウマスクによりアル
ミニウムを熱蒸着させて形成した。前記シャドウマスク
によりパターンが形成され、前記パターンは、縦の長さ
が15mmで2mmの間隙を有して平行に並ぶ幅2mm
の一連の細長い小片状である。。アルミニウム電荷注入
接触層を、薄い表面酸化物層3を形成するために空気に
さらした。このようにして電荷注入接触層を形成した。
【0059】25gのメタノールに1gのポリマーが溶
解されたPPVの前駆体のメタノール溶液を、前記の結
合基板にスピンコーティングした。これは、結合基板の
表面の全体にポリマーの塗布がなされ、軸の回転速度が
5000r.p.m.で回転して行なわれた。その結
果、得られた基板とポリマー前駆体層は、真空オーブン
中で300℃の温度で加熱された。この加熱処理によっ
てポリマー前駆体はPPVに変換された。得られたPP
V膜4は100から300nmの厚さであった。必要最
低限の膜の厚さは20nm程度である。しかしながら、
20nmから1μmの範囲の厚さであってもよい。
【0060】次に、第2の電荷注入接触層5を、PPV
膜の上に金あるいはアルミニウムを蒸着させて形成し
た。シャドウマスクを用いて、PPV膜の表面上におい
てパターンを形成し、縦の長さが15mmで2mmの間
隙を有して平行に並ぶ幅2mmの一連の細長い小片を得
た。第2の電荷注入接触層の厚さは、20から30nm
の範囲であった。このようにして正孔注入接触層を形成
した。
【0061】電荷注入接触層のうち少なくとも一つは、
エレクトロルミネセンス素子(EL)の水平面に垂直に
発光をなすために透明、若しくは半透明であることが望
ましい。この実施例では金、若しくはアルミニウムの層
が30mm以下の厚さである時になされる。PPV層の
厚さが約200nmの素子であって強力なエレクトロル
ミネセンス素子(EL)のためのしきい値電圧は、約4
0ボルトである。この電圧は、2×106 Vcm -1
しきい電界を付与することになる。半透明の電極を通し
てなされる電流密度2mA/cm2 の発光がある。この
実施例のエレクトロルミネセンス素子(EL)のレスポ
ンスタイムは、非常に短く、そして10マイクロセカン
ドより速い。エレクトロルミネセンス素子(EL)は、
空気中では、特別な用心をすることなく使用され、機能
低下の兆候はなにも示さない。
【0062】素子から出力された光を、格子モノクロメ
ータにより分光し、シリコン光起電力セルで検出し、室
温20℃で計測し光学通路を有する低温保持装置に素子
を保持した。その結果を図4に示す。エレクトロルミネ
センス素子(EL)のスペクトルは、ピークが温度によ
ってその位置をわずかにシフトして0.15eVだけ異
なって690nmから500nm(1.8eVから2.
4eV)のスペクトロ範囲で発光する。
【0063】エレクトロルミネセンス素子(EL)層と
比べて低い仕事関数を有し電子注入層として用いるのに
適した他の材料は、(非結晶あるいは結晶性)のn−ド
ープシリコン、酸化膜を有するシリコン、純粋、若しく
は金などの他の金属との合金であるアルカリ、およびア
ルカリ土類金属類である。“nタイプドープ”共役ポリ
マーの薄層を、金属層と電界発光ポリマー層との間に入
れることができる。
【0064】エレクトロルミネセンス素子(EL)層と
比べて高い仕事関数を有し正孔注入層として用いるのに
適した他の材料は、インジウム/スズ酸化物、白金、ニ
ッケル、パラジウム、および黒鉛である。また、電気化
学的に重合されたポリピロール、ポリチオフェン等の
“pタイプドープ”共役ポリマーの薄膜を金属層とエレ
クトロルミネセンスポリマー層の間に入れることができ
る。
【0065】前記材料は、以下のように付与することが
できる。すなわち、白金のような融点温度が特に高い金
属を除いた殆どの金属は、蒸着により付着させることが
できる。インジウム/錫の酸化物を含む全ての合金は、
DCまたはRFスパッタリング方を用いて、付着させる
ことができる。 「実施例2」この例は、一連の層から構成される。先
ず、透明な酸化インジウムからなる所定の層が、抵抗率
が5×10-4Ωcmとなるように形成する。インジウム
ターゲットから一般的に0.11nm/secで、一般
に2×10-4mbarの酸素圧力を付与しながらイオン
ビームのスパッタリングを含む工程により基板上に設け
る。
【0066】一般に単位面積あたり約50Ωの抵抗比シ
ートは、100nmの厚さによりもたらされる。そのよ
うな膜は、可視スペクトル部で光学透過係数は、90%
以上である。
【0067】PPV膜は、実施例1に記載の方法によ
り、酸化インジウム層上に配設される。アルミニウム接
触層は、50nmの厚さを有するように蒸着により最後
に形成される。この構造で、酸化インジウム接触層が正
の接触層として働き、アルミニウム接触層は、負の接触
層として働く。発光は、酸化インジウム層を通過する。 「実施例3」この構造体の制作は、実施例2の上部金属
接触層までは近似して行われる。ここで、負接触層とし
て機能する上部接触層は、AgおよびMgの合金を蒸着
させることで形成した。蒸着は、AgおよびMgの粉末
を、容器内で1:10のモル比で混合したものを加熱し
て行われ、主として50nmの厚さの層が形成された。
【0068】Mgは、仕事関数が小さいので、負極の物
質として用いるのが望ましい。Agを加えて合金とする
のは、ポリマー層に対する金属膜の固着を良くし、酸化
を抑制するためである。この例における電流/電圧特性
およびエレクトロルミネセンス特性は、前記実施例2に
記載のものと略同じである。 「実施例4」これらの構造体は、負極として機能する非
晶質シリコーン水素合金層と、正極として機能する酸化
インジウムの層とで制作される。ガラス基板は、Alま
たはCrを蒸着させて得られる金属接触層を有する。非
晶質シリコーン水素合金層は、以下に詳細に示す高周波
加熱(RF)スパッタリングによって形成された。
【0069】RFスパッタリング装置は、2つのターゲ
ットと液体窒素冷却ゲッタを有し、8cmのターゲット
基板で作用する。チャンバは、5×10-8mbarのベ
ース圧力に設定される。マグネトロンのターゲットは、
厚さ3mmのn−ドープSiウエハ層を担持させる。タ
ーゲットは、試料に関して1乃至2時間プレスパッタリ
ングを行うことで浄化される。このようにして用意され
た基板は、厚さ3cmのCuおよびAlの基板温度が2
50乃至300°Cとなるように加熱される。基板は、
約6rpmで回転される。スパッタリングのガスとして
は、0.007乃至0.013mbarの圧力でH2
0%を含むArが用いられ、蒸着の間、連続的にチャン
バに供給される。RFのパワーとしては、2Wの反射出
力を有する250Wが使用される。付着は、厚さ1μm
の膜厚に対して1.5時間付着を行う場合に、主として
12nm/分である。
【0070】生成された非晶質Siは、赤茶色を呈し、
直流抵抗率が5×106 乃至5×108 Ωcmである。
【0071】PPVの層は、実施例1に示したように、
非晶質シリコン−水素層に加えられた。そして、実施例
2に示した手順でPPV層に直接した酸化インジウム層
を形成した。
【0072】上記の手順を用いて制作された面積14m
2 、シリコン−水素層の厚さ1μm、PPVの層の厚
さ40nm、酸化インジウム層の厚さ250nmの構造
体に関して得られた結果を図7および図8に示す。図7
は、順バイアス(酸化インジウム層を正極とする)をか
けた場合の素子の電流/電圧特性を示す。また、図8
は、電流に対する発光量の変化を示す。電荷の注入およ
び発光は、約17Vより開始される。そして、この閾値
を越えた電流値の上昇は、例えば、図5に示すように、
シリコン−水素層がない場合に比較してなだらかであ
る。
【0073】この形状の構造体は、逆バイアス(シリコ
ン−水素接触層に対して酸化インジウム層を負極とす
る)をかけた場合に、弱い電界発光を示す。従って、順
バイアスをかけることが望ましい。 「実施例5」実施例4に示す構造体の最上層である酸化
インジウム層は、半透明のAuまたはAlと置き換え
た。構造体の最上層は、厚さ約20nmからなる発光を
示す層として形成された。これらの素子は、上述した各
実施例と同様の特性を示した。
【0074】実施例4の製造方法は、実施例2および実
施例3に示した接触層にも適用することができる。
【0075】シリコン/水素層および酸化インジウム層
を形成する方法はそれ自体公知である。シリコンの場
合、これは、シランのグロー放電と蒸着を含む。付着方
法は、蒸着、RFおよび直流スパッタリングでもよい。
【0076】電荷注入接触層の厚さの選択は、用いられ
る付着技術と、接触層における所望の光学的透明度によ
って決定される。電荷注入の容易性は、電荷注入接触層
を複合層として構成することで改善される。この複合層
は、正孔および電子を夫々注入するため。酸化および還
元共役ポリマーの薄膜層を含む。これらの特別な共役ポ
リマー層は、活性状態の電界発光ポリマーと同様であっ
てよい。このような物質をドープする方法は、この分野
においては良く知られており、「導電性ポリマーハンド
ブック」(ティ.ジェイ.スコッテイム(T.J.Sk
otheim))に良く書かれている。
【0077】少なくとも1つの電荷注入接触層は、素子
の平面に垂直に発光させるため透明または半透明とする
べきであるが、それは素子の平面内で放射が要求されな
い場合には必ずしも必要なものではない。
【0078】製造されるエレクトロルミネセンス素子の
サイズの限界は、スピンコーティンに使用することがで
きる基板のサイズによって決定される。例えば、このよ
うにして、直径15cmのシリコンウエファのコーティ
ングが行われる。さらに、広い面積のコーティングを行
うためには、ドローコーティングの技術が用いられる。
従って、平方メートルの面積を有する共役ポリマーを用
いたエレクトロルミネセンス素子の製造もできる。
【0079】PPVを含む共役ポリマーの少なくとも、
いくつかは非常に高い温度で蒸着される金属層の付着、
または、活性電界光領域を限定するためのフォトリソグ
ラフィの工程で得られ、非晶質シリコン層の蒸着のよう
な前工程に対して、耐性を有する。PPVの場合、基板
に前駆体ポリマーを用いる方法では、スピンコーティン
グまたはドローコーティングのいずれかによるのが適当
であるが、共役ポリマーとエレクトロルミネセンス素子
のタイプによって、スピンコーティング、ドローコーテ
ィングおよび溶融工程の全てを基板上に共役ポリマーを
付着するのに使用することができる。
【0080】エレクトロルミネセンス素子は、電界発光
効果を用いる種々の用途に適用される。従来より、半導
体LEDが使用されていたところに用いられる。また、
液晶が使用されていたところにも用いられる。エレクト
ロルミネセンス素子は数多くの特性を有している。
【0081】エレクトロルミネセンス素子は、視角が拡
張される。さらに、広面積のエレクトロルミネセンス素
子は、大面積液晶ディスプレイが遭遇する基板の平面性
についての問題点を克服することができる。エレクトロ
ルミネセンス素子は、テレビジョンやコンピュータディ
スプレイのように、マトリックス方式のディスプレイに
対して特に好適である。マトリックス方式のディスプレ
イに適用されるエレクトロルミネセンス素子の一例を図
3に示す。ここでは、電荷注入接触層が、半導体層のい
ずれか一方の側部において、一方の接触層が他方の接触
層に対して直交するようにして筋状に形成される。ディ
スプレイの画素としての個々エレクトロルミネセンス素
子すなわち半導体層の領域のマトリックスのアドレス指
定は、下方の電荷注入接触層と上方の電荷注入層とを特
定することで達成される。さらに、エレクトロルミネセ
ンス素子は、応答速度が速いため、テレビジョンの受像
機に適する。特に、発光の色を共役ポリマーの選択およ
び半導体のバンドギャップの選択によって制御すること
ができる。従って、緑、赤、青を混色してなるカラーデ
ィスプレイは、エレクトロルミネセンス素子の共役ポリ
マーの配置によって制御が可能となる。
【図面の簡単な説明】
【図1】共役ポリマーを配設するための反応図式を示す
図である。
【図2】本発明に係るエレクトロルミネセンス素子の概
略図である。
【図3】本発明に係るエレクトロルミネセンス素子の概
略図である。
【図4】図2並びに図3に記載されたエレクトロルミネ
センス素子の出力を示すグラフである。
【図5】本発明の他の実施例に係る電界発光素子のそれ
ぞれ電流対発光および出力強度対印加電圧を示すグラフ
である。
【図6】本発明の他の実施例に係る電界発光素子のそれ
ぞれ電流対発光および出力強度対印加電圧を示すグラフ
である。
【図7】本発明のさらに他の実施例に係るそれぞれの電
流出力および電界発光強度を示すグラフである。
【図8】本発明のさらに他の実施例に係るそれぞれの電
流出力および電界発光強度を示すグラフである。
【手続補正書】
【提出日】平成9年5月19日
【手続補正2】
【補正対象書類名】明細書
【補正対象項目名】請求項1
【補正方法】変更
【補正内容】
【手続補正3】
【補正対象書類名】明細書
【補正対象項目名】請求項2
【補正方法】変更
【補正内容】
【化1】 前記フェニレン環がアルキル(好ましくはメチル)、ア
ルコキシ(好ましくはメソキシまたはエソキシ)、ハロ
ゲン(好ましくはクロリン、若しくはブロミン)あるい
はニトロから夫々独立して選択された1若しくは2以上
の置換基を有していることを特徴とするエレクトロルミ
ネセンス素子。
【手続補正4】
【補正対象書類名】明細書
【補正対象項目名】請求項10
【補正方法】変更
【補正内容】
【手続補正5】
【補正対象書類名】明細書
【補正対象項目名】0001
【補正方法】変更
【補正内容】
【0001】
【発明の属する技術分野】 本発明は、エレクトロルミネ
センス素子(EL)に関し、一層詳細には、発光層が半
導体であるエレクトロルミネセンス素子(EL)および
その製造方法に関する。
【手続補正6】
【補正対象書類名】明細書
【補正対象項目名】0004
【補正方法】変更
【補正内容】
【0004】大面積ディスプレイへの使用が可能な代替
品の材料は幾種類か知られているが、無機半導体の一つ
であるZnS(硫化亜鉛)が好適である。しかしなが
ら、の系には信頼性に薄いという、問題が存在する。
【手続補正7】
【補正対象書類名】明細書
【補正対象項目名】0005
【補正方法】変更
【補正内容】
【0005】有機材料の一つとしては、アントラセン
(anthracenc)、ペリレン(perylen
e)、そしてコロネン(coronene)のような
ンプルな芳香族分子単体(simple aromat
ic molecules)がエレクトロルミネセンス
素子(EL)の材料として用いられていることが知られ
ている。
【手続補正8】
【補正対象書類名】明細書
【補正対象項目名】0012
【補正方法】変更
【補正内容】
【0012】本発明は、好適な接触層から電荷移動体
(charge carriers)が半導体層に注入
されることより発光することを応用した共役ポリマー半
導体に発見の基礎をおいている。
【手続補正9】
【補正対象書類名】明細書
【補正対象項目名】0013
【補正方法】変更
【補正内容】
【0013】高分子重合体は知られている。例えば、そ
れらは、光学変調器(optical modulat
or)に用いられ、欧州特許出願0294061号で検
討されている。この場合には、第1の電極と第2の電極
の間に位置する変調のためのアクティブ層としてポリア
セチレンが用いられている。光学変調効果を発生させる
アクティブ層に空間電荷領域を形成するように、一つの
電極とアクティブ層との間に絶縁層を設ける必要があ
る。空間電荷層の存在が発光に寄与する電子−正孔対
(elector−hole pairs)の形成を妨
げるため、エレクトロルミネセンス素子には不向きであ
る。いずれにせよ、欧州特許出願0294061号に開
示されているエレクトロルミネセンス素子では、光学変
調効果の破壊に関しては、全く望ましくない。
【手続補正10】
【補正対象書類名】明細書
【補正対象項目名】0019
【補正方法】変更
【補正内容】
【0019】共役ポリマーとは、ポリマーの主骨格に沿
って非極在π電子を有するポリマーを意味する。
【手続補正11】
【補正対象書類名】明細書
【補正対象項目名】0021
【補正方法】変更
【補正内容】
【0021】本発明の基礎となるメカニズムは、以下の
とおりである。すなわち、正の接触層は、ポリマー膜に
正の電荷キャリヤを注入し、負の接触層は、ポリマー膜
に負の電荷キャリヤを注入する。この場合、正の接触層
は高い仕事関数を有することが、また負の接触層は低い
仕事関数を有するように構成される。従って、負の接触
層は、例えば、金属あるいはドープ半導体(a dop
ed semiconductor)のような電子注入
材料(electric─injectingmate
rial)から構成され、ポリマー半導体層と接して、
外部電位を印加されて負電位を生じる時、電子のポリマ
ー半導体層への注入がなされる。正の接触層は、例え
ば、金属やドープ半導体のような正孔注入材料(hol
e−ingecting material)から構成
され、ポリマー半導体層とし、外部電位を印加されて
リマー半導体層に一般に正孔と呼ばれる正の電荷が注入
される。
【手続補正12】
【補正対象書類名】明細書
【補正対象項目名】0027
【補正方法】変更
【補正内容】
【0027】共役ポリマー膜は、好適には、下記式のポ
リ(p−フエニレンビニレン)[PPV]であり、下記
式において、フェニレン環は、各々独立してアルキル基
(好適にはメチル基)、アルコキシ基(好適にはメトキ
シ基若しくはエトキシ基)、ハロゲン(好適には塩素若
しくは臭素)のなかから選択される一あるいはそれ以上
数の置換基であってよい。
【手続補正13】
【補正対象書類名】明細書
【補正対象項目名】0036
【補正方法】変更
【補正内容】
【0036】前記と同様に、前記フラン環も一あるいは
それ以上の数の置換基を有してもよい。 (iii) 各々のフェニレン環(若しくは前記(i)ある
いは(ii)においてに与えられた他の環系)に結合した
ビニレン部分の数を増やすことによって得られる、以下
のような構造示すポリマー。
【手続補正14】
【補正対象書類名】明細書
【補正対象項目名】0053
【補正方法】変更
【補正内容】
【0053】それ以外の種類の共役ポリマーの膜に必要
とされ使用できる材料として、例えば、以下のようなも
のが含まれる。 (a)ポリ(4、4’−ジフェニレンジフェニルビニレ
ン)[PDPV]は、両方のビニレンの炭素がフェニル
環により置換されている。それは、薄い膜を形成できる
ように普通の有機溶媒に解ける。 (b)ポリ(1、4−フェニレン−1−ジフェニルビニ
レンとポリ(1、4−フェニレンジフェニルビニレン)
ポリマーはPPVと類似物質であり、それぞれ一つある
いは両方のビニレンの炭素がフェニル基と置換されてい
る。それらは各々有機溶媒に解け薄い膜として被覆され
る。 (c)有機溶媒中に溶解可能であり、長い主鎖を有する
アルキル(アルキルはオクチルと等しいかそれ以上に長
い)についてはポリ(3−アルキルチオフェン)ポリマ
ー(アルキルは、プロピル、ブチル、ペンチル、ヘキシ
ル、ヘプチル、オクチル、デシル、ウンデシル、ドデシ
ルのいずれか一つ)溶融加工可能である。 (d)ポリ(3−アルキルピロール)ポリマーは(3−
アルキルチオフェン)ポリマーと類似であることが予想
される。 (e)ブチルよりも大きなアルキルを有するポリ(2、
5−ジアルコキシ−p−フェニレビニレン)ポリマー
は溶解加工可能である。 (f)ポリ(フェニルアセチレン)は主鎖中の水素原子
がフェニル基に置換されたポリアセチレンの誘導体であ
る。この置換によって、材料は加工可能である。
【手続補正15】
【補正対象書類名】明細書
【補正対象項目名】0057
【補正方法】変更
【補正内容】
【0057】
【実施例】 [実施例1]図2および図3を参照しながらエレクトロ
ルミネセン素子(EL)の構造を以下に説明する。
【手続補正16】
【補正対象書類名】明細書
【補正対象項目名】0062
【補正方法】変更
【補正内容】
【0062】素子から出力された光を、格子モノクロメ
ータにより分光し、シリコン光起電力セルで検出し、室
温20℃で計測し光学通路を有する低温保持装置に素子
を保持した。その結果を図4に示す。エレクトロルミネ
センス素子(EL)のスペクトルは、ピークが温度によ
ってその位置をわずかにシフトして0.15eVだけ異
なって690nmから500nm(1.8eVから2.
4eV)のスペクト範囲で発光する。
【手続補正17】
【補正対象書類名】明細書
【補正対象項目名】0065
【補正方法】変更
【補正内容】
【0065】前記材料は、以下のように付与することが
できる。すなわち、白金のような融点温度が特に高い金
属を除いた殆どの金属は、蒸着により付着させることが
できる。インジウム/錫の酸化物を含む全ての合金は、
DCまたはRFスパッタリングを用いて、付着させる
ことができる。 「実施例2」この例は、一連の層から構成される。先
ず、透明な酸化インジウムからなる所定の層が、抵抗率
が5×10-4Ωcmとなるように形成する。インジウム
ターゲットから一般的に0.11nm/secで、一般
に2×10-4mbarの酸素圧力を付与しながらイオン
ビームのスパッタリングを含む工程により基板上に設け
る。
【手続補正18】
【補正対象書類名】明細書
【補正対象項目名】0076
【補正方法】変更
【補正内容】
【0076】電荷注入接触層の厚さの選択は、用いられ
る付着技術と、接触層における所望の光学的透明度によ
って決定される。電荷注入の容易性は、電荷注入接触層
を複合層として構成することで改善される。この複合層
は、正孔および電子を夫々注入するため酸化および還
元共役ポリマーの薄膜層を含む。これらの特別な共役ポ
リマー層は、活性状態の電界発光ポリマーと同様であっ
てよい。このような物質をドープする方法は、この分野
においては良く知られており、「導電性ポリマーハンド
ブック」(ティ.ジェイ.スコッテイム(T.J.Sk
otheim))に良く書かれている。
───────────────────────────────────────────────────── フロントページの続き (51)Int.Cl.6 識別記号 FI H05B 33/10 H05B 33/10 33/22 33/22 33/26 33/26 (72)発明者 バローグス ジェルミー ヘンリー アメリカ合衆国、ニューヨーク00516 コ ールドスプリング パーソネイジ ストリ ート 11 (72)発明者 ブラッドリー ドナル ドナット コーナ ー イギリス国、ケンブリッジ シービー3 0ディー5チャーチル カレッジ(番地な し)

Claims (25)

    【特許請求の範囲】
  1. 【請求項1】少なくとも一つの共役ポリマーからなる薄
    い緻密なポリマー膜の形状を有する半導体層を有したエ
    レクトロルミネセンス素子であって、選択され、第1の
    タイプの電荷キャリヤ層電界をかけることによって前記
    半導体層に放出される第1の表面に接する第1の接触層
    と、選択され第2のタイプの電界をかけることによって
    前記半導体層に放出される第2の接触層とを含み、半導
    体層のポリマー膜は十分に低い濃度の外部電荷キャリヤ
    を有し、該半導体層の第1と第2の接触層の間に電界を
    かけたときに前記第1の接触層に対して第2の接触層を
    正にすべく前記電界キャリヤが前記半導体層の中に注入
    されて共役ポリマー電荷キャリヤ対を形成するように結
    合されて発光し、崩壊することにより、前記共役ポリマ
    ーから発光が行われることを特徴とするエレクトロルミ
    ネセンス素子。
  2. 【請求項2】請求項1記載のエレクトロルミネセンス素
    子において、共役ポリマーが以下の式Iに示すポリ(p
    −フェニレンビニレン)[PPV]からなり、 【化1】 前記フェニレン環がアルキル(好ましくはメチル)、ア
    ルコキシ(好ましくはメソキシまたはエソキシ)、ハロ
    ゲン(好ましくはクロリン、若しくはブロミン)あるい
    はニトロから夫々独立して選択された1若しくは2以上
    の置換基を有してもよいことを特徴とするエレクトロル
    ミネセンス素子。
  3. 【請求項3】請求項1または2記載のエレクトロルミネ
    センス素子において、前記薄く且つ緻密なポリマー膜は
    10nmから5μmの実質的に均一な厚さを有すること
    を特徴とするエレクトロルミネセンス素子。
  4. 【請求項4】請求項1乃至3のいずれかに記載のエレク
    トロルミネセンス素子において、共役ポリマーが1eV
    から3.5eVの範囲内で半導体バンドギャップを有す
    ることを特徴とするエレクトロルミネセンス素子。
  5. 【請求項5】請求項1乃至4のいずれかに記載のエレク
    トロルミネセンス素子において、ポリマー膜の電界発光
    領域において共役ポリマーの割合は膜中に存在する共役
    ポリマー中での電荷を変位させるために浸透しきい値を
    達成するのに十分であることを特徴とするエレクトロル
    ミネセンス素子。
  6. 【請求項6】請求項1乃至5のいずれかに記載のエレク
    トロルミネセンス素子において、第1の電荷の注入接触
    層は薄い酸化物層を形成したアルミニウムからなる一つ
    の薄い表面層を有し、半導体層の第1の表面が前記酸化
    物層と接触していることを特徴とするエレクトロルミネ
    センス素子。
  7. 【請求項7】請求項1乃至6のいずれかに記載のエレク
    トロルミネセンス素子において、第1の接触層はアルミ
    ニウム、若しくはマグネシウムと銀の合金からなる群か
    ら選択されることを特徴とするエレクトロルミネセンス
    素子。
  8. 【請求項8】請求項6記載のエレクトロルミネセンス素
    子において、第2の電荷注入接触層はアルミニウムと金
    からなる群から選択されることを特徴とするエレクトロ
    ルミネセンス素子。
  9. 【請求項9】請求項1乃至8のいずれかに記載のエレク
    トロルミネセンス素子において、第1と第2の電荷注入
    接触層は少なくとも半透過体であることを特徴とするエ
    レクトロルミネセンス素子。
  10. 【請求項10】請求項7記載のエレクトロルミネセンス
    素子において、第2の接触層は酸化インジウムのであ
    り、若しくは酸化インジウム錫であることを特徴とする
    エレクトロルミネセンス素子。
  11. 【請求項11】請求項1乃至5のいずれかに記載のエレ
    クトロルミネセンス素子において、第1の接触層は非晶
    質シリコンからなり、第2の接触層はアルミニウム、金
    および酸化インジウムからなる群から選択されることを
    特徴とするエレクトロルミネセンス素子。
  12. 【請求項12】請求項1乃至11のいずれかに記載のエ
    レクトロルミネセンス素子において、少なくとも第1と
    第2の電荷注入接触層の一つは支持基板に接触している
    ことを特徴とするエレクトロルミネセンス素子。
  13. 【請求項13】請求項9記載のエレクトロルミネセンス
    素子において、支持基板は石英ガラスからなることを特
    徴とするエレクトロルミネセンス素子。
  14. 【請求項14】請求項1乃至13のいずれかに記載のエ
    レクトロルミネセンス素子において、前記エレクトロル
    ミネセンス素子によってアレイを形成し、前記第1と第
    2の電荷注入接触層が前記アレイに選択的にアドレスす
    ることを許容すべく配列されていることを特徴とするエ
    レクトロルミネセンス素子。
  15. 【請求項15】エレクトロルミネセンス素子を製造する
    ための方法であり、少なくとも一つの共役ポリマーで構
    成される薄い緻密な層からなるポリマー膜形状の半導体
    層を前駆体ポリマーの薄膜が前記基板上の薄いポリマー
    膜として前記基板に対し設ける工程により形成し、前記
    共役ポリマーを得るために高い温度で前記設けられた前
    駆体ポリマーを加熱し、第1の薄い接触層を半導体層の
    第1の表面に接触させるべく載置し、第2の薄い接触層
    を前記半導体対層の第2の表面に接触させるべく載置
    し、前記半導体層のポリマー膜は十分に低い濃度の外部
    電荷キャリヤを有し、該半導体層の第1と第2の接触層
    の間に電界をかけたときに前記第1の接触層に対して第
    2の接触層を正にすべく電荷キャリヤが前記半導体層の
    中に注入され、前記半導体層から発光が行われることを
    特徴とするエレクトロルミネセンス素子の製造方法。
  16. 【請求項16】請求項15記載の製造方法において、先
    ず、支持基板上に第1のキャリヤ注入接触層を設けるこ
    とによって複合基板を形成し、次いで、薄い緻密なポリ
    マー膜として前駆体ポリマーを前記第1の電荷注入接触
    層に設け、次いで、ポリマー膜にあって共役ポリマーを
    生成すべく高い温度で前記複合基板と前駆体ポリマーと
    を加熱し、最後にポリマー膜上に第2のキャリヤ注入接
    触層を設けることを特徴とするエレクトロルミネセンス
    素子の製造方法。
  17. 【請求項17】請求項15または16記載の製造方法に
    おいて、前駆体ポリマーは可溶体且つ薄いポリマー膜と
    してスピンコーティングにより前記基板上に設けられる
    ことを特徴とするエレクトロルミネセンス素子の製造方
    法。
  18. 【請求項18】請求項15乃至17のいずれかに記載の
    製造方法において、前記前駆体のポリマーはポリ(p−
    フェニレンビニレン)[PPV]のための前駆体ポリマ
    ーであることを特徴とするエレクトロルミネセンス素子
    の製造方法。
  19. 【請求項19】請求項15乃至18のいずれかに記載の
    製造方法において、前記薄く緻密なポリマー膜は10n
    mから5μmの範囲において均一な厚さを有することを
    特徴とするエレクトロルミネセンス素子の製造方法。
  20. 【請求項20】請求項15乃至19のいずれかに記載の
    製造方法において、第1の電荷注入接触層はアルミニウ
    ムの薄い層からなり、一つの表面が薄い酸化物層を形成
    し、前記第1の電荷注入接触層の薄い酸化物層が半導体
    層の第1の表面と接触するように設けられることを特徴
    とするエレクトロルミネセンス素子の製造方法。
  21. 【請求項21】請求項15乃至20のいずれかに記載の
    製造方法において、前記第2電荷注入接触層はアルミニ
    ウムと金からなる群から選択されることを特徴とするエ
    レクトロルミネセンス素子の製造方法。
  22. 【請求項22】請求項15乃至19のいずれかに記載の
    製造方法において、第1の接触層はアルミニウムとマグ
    ネシウム/銀の合金からなる群から選択され、且つ第2
    の接触層は酸化インジウムであることを特徴とするエレ
    クトロルミネセンス素子の製造方法。
  23. 【請求項23】請求項15乃至19のいずれかに記載の
    製造方法において、前記第1の接触層は非晶質シリコン
    からなり、第2の接触層はアルミニウム、金、インジウ
    ム酸化物からなる群から選択されることを特徴とするエ
    レクトロルミネセンス素子の製造方法。
  24. 【請求項24】請求項15乃至24のいずれかに記載の
    製造方法において、前記第1と第2の電荷注入接触層は
    蒸着法によって設けられることを特徴とするエレクトロ
    ルミネセンス素子の製造方法。
  25. 【請求項25】請求項15乃至24のいずれかに記載の
    製造方法において、前記支持基板が石英ガラスであるこ
    とを特徴とするエレクトロルミネセンス素子の製造方
    法。
JP11615997A 1989-04-20 1997-04-18 エレクトロルミネセンス装置およびその製造方法 Expired - Lifetime JP3239991B2 (ja)

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ES2070320T3 (es) 1995-06-01
JP3249971B2 (ja) 2002-01-28
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JPH1092576A (ja) 1998-04-10
WO1990013148A1 (en) 1990-11-01
ATE117834T1 (de) 1995-02-15
DE69016345D1 (de) 1995-03-09
HK24597A (en) 1997-02-27
FI112555B (fi) 2003-12-15
US5399502A (en) 1995-03-21
US5247190A (en) 1993-09-21
GB8909011D0 (en) 1989-06-07
JPH04500582A (ja) 1992-01-30
FI906271A0 (fi) 1990-12-19
CA2030785A1 (en) 1990-10-21
EP0423283A1 (en) 1991-04-24
KR920700480A (ko) 1992-02-19
DE69016345T2 (de) 1995-05-24
CA2030785C (en) 2000-05-30
JP3239991B2 (ja) 2001-12-17
AU626415B2 (en) 1992-07-30
KR100189398B1 (ko) 1999-08-02
AU5428590A (en) 1990-11-16
BR9006718A (pt) 1991-08-06

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