JPH1092577A - エレクトロルミネセンス素子およびその製造方法 - Google Patents
エレクトロルミネセンス素子およびその製造方法Info
- Publication number
- JPH1092577A JPH1092577A JP9116159A JP11615997A JPH1092577A JP H1092577 A JPH1092577 A JP H1092577A JP 9116159 A JP9116159 A JP 9116159A JP 11615997 A JP11615997 A JP 11615997A JP H1092577 A JPH1092577 A JP H1092577A
- Authority
- JP
- Japan
- Prior art keywords
- layer
- electroluminescent device
- contact layer
- polymer
- contact
- Prior art date
- Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
- Granted
Links
- 238000004519 manufacturing process Methods 0.000 title claims description 13
- 229920000642 polymer Polymers 0.000 claims abstract description 60
- 238000002347 injection Methods 0.000 claims abstract description 47
- 239000007924 injection Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 47
- 239000000758 substrate Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 36
- 229920000553 poly(phenylenevinylene) Polymers 0.000 claims abstract description 34
- 229910052782 aluminium Inorganic materials 0.000 claims abstract description 21
- 239000002243 precursor Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 21
- XAGFODPZIPBFFR-UHFFFAOYSA-N aluminium Chemical compound [Al] XAGFODPZIPBFFR-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims abstract description 18
- -1 poly phenylene vinylene Polymers 0.000 claims abstract description 12
- 239000010410 layer Substances 0.000 claims description 205
- 238000000034 method Methods 0.000 claims description 70
- 239000004065 semiconductor Substances 0.000 claims description 52
- 229920000547 conjugated polymer Polymers 0.000 claims description 50
- 239000010408 film Substances 0.000 claims description 26
- 229920006254 polymer film Polymers 0.000 claims description 23
- 229910003437 indium oxide Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 21
- PJXISJQVUVHSOJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N indium(iii) oxide Chemical compound [O-2].[O-2].[O-2].[In+3].[In+3] PJXISJQVUVHSOJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 18
- 125000000217 alkyl group Chemical group 0.000 claims description 12
- 239000002800 charge carrier Substances 0.000 claims description 12
- 239000010931 gold Substances 0.000 claims description 10
- 125000000843 phenylene group Chemical group C1(=C(C=CC=C1)*)* 0.000 claims description 10
- PCHJSUWPFVWCPO-UHFFFAOYSA-N gold Chemical compound [Au] PCHJSUWPFVWCPO-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 9
- 239000010409 thin film Substances 0.000 claims description 9
- 230000005684 electric field Effects 0.000 claims description 8
- 229910052737 gold Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 8
- 125000001424 substituent group Chemical group 0.000 claims description 8
- 238000010438 heat treatment Methods 0.000 claims description 7
- 229910021417 amorphous silicon Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 6
- 239000002131 composite material Substances 0.000 claims description 6
- 239000011777 magnesium Substances 0.000 claims description 5
- 238000004528 spin coating Methods 0.000 claims description 5
- 229910001316 Ag alloy Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 4
- WKBOTKDWSSQWDR-UHFFFAOYSA-N Bromine atom Chemical compound [Br] WKBOTKDWSSQWDR-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 4
- 125000003545 alkoxy group Chemical group 0.000 claims description 4
- GDTBXPJZTBHREO-UHFFFAOYSA-N bromine Substances BrBr GDTBXPJZTBHREO-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 4
- 229910052794 bromium Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 4
- 125000001301 ethoxy group Chemical group [H]C([H])([H])C([H])([H])O* 0.000 claims description 4
- 229910052736 halogen Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 4
- 150000002367 halogens Chemical class 0.000 claims description 4
- 125000002496 methyl group Chemical group [H]C([H])([H])* 0.000 claims description 4
- 238000007740 vapor deposition Methods 0.000 claims description 4
- 229910000861 Mg alloy Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 3
- SURLGNKAQXKNSP-DBLYXWCISA-N chlorin Chemical compound C\1=C/2\N/C(=C\C3=N/C(=C\C=4NC(/C=C\5/C=CC/1=N/5)=CC=4)/C=C3)/CC\2 SURLGNKAQXKNSP-DBLYXWCISA-N 0.000 claims description 2
- 125000000449 nitro group Chemical group [O-][N+](*)=O 0.000 claims description 2
- 239000004332 silver Substances 0.000 claims description 2
- VYPSYNLAJGMNEJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N Silicium dioxide Chemical compound O=[Si]=O VYPSYNLAJGMNEJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims 2
- 229910001922 gold oxide Inorganic materials 0.000 claims 2
- 229910000838 Al alloy Inorganic materials 0.000 claims 1
- FYYHWMGAXLPEAU-UHFFFAOYSA-N Magnesium Chemical compound [Mg] FYYHWMGAXLPEAU-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims 1
- BQCADISMDOOEFD-UHFFFAOYSA-N Silver Chemical compound [Ag] BQCADISMDOOEFD-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims 1
- 239000004020 conductor Substances 0.000 claims 1
- AMGQUBHHOARCQH-UHFFFAOYSA-N indium;oxotin Chemical compound [In].[Sn]=O AMGQUBHHOARCQH-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims 1
- 230000035515 penetration Effects 0.000 claims 1
- 239000002344 surface layer Substances 0.000 claims 1
- 229910052710 silicon Inorganic materials 0.000 abstract description 9
- 239000010703 silicon Substances 0.000 abstract description 9
- 239000000243 solution Substances 0.000 abstract description 4
- 230000008020 evaporation Effects 0.000 abstract description 3
- 238000001704 evaporation Methods 0.000 abstract description 3
- 239000011521 glass Substances 0.000 abstract description 3
- 239000005388 borosilicate glass Substances 0.000 abstract description 2
- 238000005304 joining Methods 0.000 abstract description 2
- 238000002207 thermal evaporation Methods 0.000 abstract description 2
- 238000010301 surface-oxidation reaction Methods 0.000 abstract 1
- 239000000463 material Substances 0.000 description 25
- 230000008859 change Effects 0.000 description 18
- 229910052751 metal Inorganic materials 0.000 description 15
- 239000002184 metal Substances 0.000 description 15
- 230000003287 optical effect Effects 0.000 description 13
- 238000000151 deposition Methods 0.000 description 10
- XUIMIQQOPSSXEZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N Silicon Chemical compound [Si] XUIMIQQOPSSXEZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 8
- MWPLVEDNUUSJAV-UHFFFAOYSA-N anthracene Chemical compound C1=CC=CC2=CC3=CC=CC=C3C=C21 MWPLVEDNUUSJAV-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 8
- 238000005401 electroluminescence Methods 0.000 description 8
- 239000003960 organic solvent Substances 0.000 description 7
- OKKJLVBELUTLKV-UHFFFAOYSA-N Methanol Chemical compound OC OKKJLVBELUTLKV-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 6
- 230000000694 effects Effects 0.000 description 6
- 125000005678 ethenylene group Chemical group [H]C([*:1])=C([H])[*:2] 0.000 description 6
- 125000001997 phenyl group Chemical group [H]C1=C([H])C([H])=C(*)C([H])=C1[H] 0.000 description 6
- BASFCYQUMIYNBI-UHFFFAOYSA-N platinum Chemical compound [Pt] BASFCYQUMIYNBI-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 6
- 239000005083 Zinc sulfide Substances 0.000 description 5
- 229910045601 alloy Inorganic materials 0.000 description 5
- 239000000956 alloy Substances 0.000 description 5
- 239000011248 coating agent Substances 0.000 description 5
- 238000000576 coating method Methods 0.000 description 5
- 239000001257 hydrogen Substances 0.000 description 5
- 229910052739 hydrogen Inorganic materials 0.000 description 5
- APFVFJFRJDLVQX-UHFFFAOYSA-N indium atom Chemical compound [In] APFVFJFRJDLVQX-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 5
- 150000002739 metals Chemical class 0.000 description 5
- 230000008569 process Effects 0.000 description 5
- 229910052984 zinc sulfide Inorganic materials 0.000 description 5
- UEXCJVNBTNXOEH-UHFFFAOYSA-N Ethynylbenzene Chemical group C#CC1=CC=CC=C1 UEXCJVNBTNXOEH-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 4
- HSFWRNGVRCDJHI-UHFFFAOYSA-N alpha-acetylene Natural products C#C HSFWRNGVRCDJHI-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 4
- 125000000484 butyl group Chemical group [H]C([*])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])[H] 0.000 description 4
- VPUGDVKSAQVFFS-UHFFFAOYSA-N coronene Chemical compound C1=C(C2=C34)C=CC3=CC=C(C=C3)C4=C4C3=CC=C(C=C3)C4=C2C3=C1 VPUGDVKSAQVFFS-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 4
- 230000008021 deposition Effects 0.000 description 4
- 125000002347 octyl group Chemical group [H]C([*])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])[H] 0.000 description 4
- 239000011368 organic material Substances 0.000 description 4
- 125000002080 perylenyl group Chemical group C1(=CC=C2C=CC=C3C4=CC=CC5=CC=CC(C1=C23)=C45)* 0.000 description 4
- CSHWQDPOILHKBI-UHFFFAOYSA-N peryrene Natural products C1=CC(C2=CC=CC=3C2=C2C=CC=3)=C3C2=CC=CC3=C1 CSHWQDPOILHKBI-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 4
- 229920001197 polyacetylene Polymers 0.000 description 4
- 238000001228 spectrum Methods 0.000 description 4
- YLQBMQCUIZJEEH-UHFFFAOYSA-N Furan Chemical group C=1C=COC=1 YLQBMQCUIZJEEH-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
- 229920000265 Polyparaphenylene Polymers 0.000 description 3
- QVGXLLKOCUKJST-UHFFFAOYSA-N atomic oxygen Chemical compound [O] QVGXLLKOCUKJST-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
- 238000006243 chemical reaction Methods 0.000 description 3
- 239000000460 chlorine Substances 0.000 description 3
- 229920001577 copolymer Polymers 0.000 description 3
- 125000004122 cyclic group Chemical group 0.000 description 3
- 239000011159 matrix material Substances 0.000 description 3
- 239000000178 monomer Substances 0.000 description 3
- 239000001301 oxygen Substances 0.000 description 3
- 229910052760 oxygen Inorganic materials 0.000 description 3
- 229910052697 platinum Inorganic materials 0.000 description 3
- 229920002959 polymer blend Polymers 0.000 description 3
- 238000001552 radio frequency sputter deposition Methods 0.000 description 3
- 238000004544 sputter deposition Methods 0.000 description 3
- XOLBLPGZBRYERU-UHFFFAOYSA-N tin dioxide Chemical compound O=[Sn]=O XOLBLPGZBRYERU-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
- 229910001887 tin oxide Inorganic materials 0.000 description 3
- IJGRMHOSHXDMSA-UHFFFAOYSA-N Atomic nitrogen Chemical compound N#N IJGRMHOSHXDMSA-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- ZAMOUSCENKQFHK-UHFFFAOYSA-N Chlorine atom Chemical compound [Cl] ZAMOUSCENKQFHK-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- RWSOTUBLDIXVET-UHFFFAOYSA-N Dihydrogen sulfide Chemical class S RWSOTUBLDIXVET-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- SNRUBQQJIBEYMU-UHFFFAOYSA-N Dodecane Natural products CCCCCCCCCCCC SNRUBQQJIBEYMU-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- LFQSCWFLJHTTHZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N Ethanol Chemical compound CCO LFQSCWFLJHTTHZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 229910000878 H alloy Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- PXHVJJICTQNCMI-UHFFFAOYSA-N Nickel Chemical compound [Ni] PXHVJJICTQNCMI-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- KDLHZDBZIXYQEI-UHFFFAOYSA-N Palladium Chemical compound [Pd] KDLHZDBZIXYQEI-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 229910052784 alkaline earth metal Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- 125000003118 aryl group Chemical group 0.000 description 2
- 230000015572 biosynthetic process Effects 0.000 description 2
- 229910052801 chlorine Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- 229920001940 conductive polymer Polymers 0.000 description 2
- 230000006378 damage Effects 0.000 description 2
- 125000002704 decyl group Chemical group [H]C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])* 0.000 description 2
- 238000010586 diagram Methods 0.000 description 2
- 125000003438 dodecyl group Chemical group [H]C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])* 0.000 description 2
- 125000003187 heptyl group Chemical group [H]C([*])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])[H] 0.000 description 2
- 125000004051 hexyl group Chemical group [H]C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])* 0.000 description 2
- 125000004435 hydrogen atom Chemical group [H]* 0.000 description 2
- 229910052738 indium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- 238000001659 ion-beam spectroscopy Methods 0.000 description 2
- 239000004973 liquid crystal related substance Substances 0.000 description 2
- 229910052749 magnesium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- 230000007246 mechanism Effects 0.000 description 2
- 238000002844 melting Methods 0.000 description 2
- 230000008018 melting Effects 0.000 description 2
- 239000012528 membrane Substances 0.000 description 2
- 125000000956 methoxy group Chemical group [H]C([H])([H])O* 0.000 description 2
- 239000000203 mixture Substances 0.000 description 2
- 230000003647 oxidation Effects 0.000 description 2
- 238000007254 oxidation reaction Methods 0.000 description 2
- 125000001147 pentyl group Chemical group C(CCCC)* 0.000 description 2
- 125000003367 polycyclic group Chemical group 0.000 description 2
- 125000001436 propyl group Chemical group [H]C([*])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])[H] 0.000 description 2
- 230000004044 response Effects 0.000 description 2
- 229910052709 silver Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- 239000000126 substance Substances 0.000 description 2
- 125000002948 undecyl group Chemical group [H]C([*])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])[H] 0.000 description 2
- DRDVZXDWVBGGMH-UHFFFAOYSA-N zinc;sulfide Chemical compound [S-2].[Zn+2] DRDVZXDWVBGGMH-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- OKTJSMMVPCPJKN-UHFFFAOYSA-N Carbon Chemical compound [C] OKTJSMMVPCPJKN-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- UFHFLCQGNIYNRP-UHFFFAOYSA-N Hydrogen Chemical compound [H][H] UFHFLCQGNIYNRP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 241000042032 Petrocephalus catostoma Species 0.000 description 1
- 101710100266 Serine/threonine-protein phosphatase 6 catalytic subunit Proteins 0.000 description 1
- BLRPTPMANUNPDV-UHFFFAOYSA-N Silane Chemical group [SiH4] BLRPTPMANUNPDV-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 235000018936 Vitellaria paradoxa Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 230000003213 activating effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000003513 alkali Substances 0.000 description 1
- 150000001342 alkaline earth metals Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 239000007864 aqueous solution Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000002585 base Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000005540 biological transmission Effects 0.000 description 1
- 229910052804 chromium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 230000006835 compression Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000007906 compression Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000001816 cooling Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000007334 copolymerization reaction Methods 0.000 description 1
- 229910052802 copper Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 150000001882 coronenes Chemical group 0.000 description 1
- 230000008878 coupling Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000010168 coupling process Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000005859 coupling reaction Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000005336 cracking Methods 0.000 description 1
- YDRSQRPHLBEPTP-UHFFFAOYSA-N cyclohexa-3,5-diene-1,2-diol Chemical class OC1C=CC=CC1O YDRSQRPHLBEPTP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 230000000593 degrading effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 150000001993 dienes Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 230000001747 exhibiting effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000007789 gas Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910002804 graphite Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000010439 graphite Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910021478 group 5 element Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 125000000623 heterocyclic group Chemical group 0.000 description 1
- 239000007788 liquid Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000003754 machining Methods 0.000 description 1
- SJCKRGFTWFGHGZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N magnesium silver Chemical compound [Mg].[Ag] SJCKRGFTWFGHGZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 238000010309 melting process Methods 0.000 description 1
- TWXDDNPPQUTEOV-FVGYRXGTSA-N methamphetamine hydrochloride Chemical compound Cl.CN[C@@H](C)CC1=CC=CC=C1 TWXDDNPPQUTEOV-FVGYRXGTSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 239000011259 mixed solution Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000002156 mixing Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000004660 morphological change Effects 0.000 description 1
- 125000001624 naphthyl group Chemical group 0.000 description 1
- 229910052759 nickel Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 229910052757 nitrogen Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 230000003204 osmotic effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 229910052763 palladium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 238000005325 percolation Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000000206 photolithography Methods 0.000 description 1
- 229920002120 photoresistant polymer Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 238000006116 polymerization reaction Methods 0.000 description 1
- 229920000128 polypyrrole Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 229920001296 polysiloxane Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 229920000123 polythiophene Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 239000000843 powder Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000005855 radiation Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000001953 recrystallisation Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000009467 reduction Effects 0.000 description 1
- 229910000077 silane Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000007858 starting material Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000006467 substitution reaction Methods 0.000 description 1
- RWSOTUBLDIXVET-UHFFFAOYSA-O sulfonium Chemical compound [SH3+] RWSOTUBLDIXVET-UHFFFAOYSA-O 0.000 description 1
- 230000008961 swelling Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000003786 synthesis reaction Methods 0.000 description 1
- 125000000391 vinyl group Chemical group [H]C([*])=C([H])[H] 0.000 description 1
- 229920002554 vinyl polymer Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 238000001429 visible spectrum Methods 0.000 description 1
- XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N water Substances O XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
Classifications
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H05—ELECTRIC TECHNIQUES NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
- H05B—ELECTRIC HEATING; ELECTRIC LIGHT SOURCES NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; CIRCUIT ARRANGEMENTS FOR ELECTRIC LIGHT SOURCES, IN GENERAL
- H05B33/00—Electroluminescent light sources
- H05B33/12—Light sources with substantially two-dimensional radiating surfaces
- H05B33/14—Light sources with substantially two-dimensional radiating surfaces characterised by the chemical or physical composition or the arrangement of the electroluminescent material, or by the simultaneous addition of the electroluminescent material in or onto the light source
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H10—SEMICONDUCTOR DEVICES; ELECTRIC SOLID-STATE DEVICES NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
- H10K—ORGANIC ELECTRIC SOLID-STATE DEVICES
- H10K85/00—Organic materials used in the body or electrodes of devices covered by this subclass
- H10K85/10—Organic polymers or oligomers
- H10K85/111—Organic polymers or oligomers comprising aromatic, heteroaromatic, or aryl chains, e.g. polyaniline, polyphenylene or polyphenylene vinylene
- H10K85/114—Poly-phenylenevinylene; Derivatives thereof
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C09—DYES; PAINTS; POLISHES; NATURAL RESINS; ADHESIVES; COMPOSITIONS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; APPLICATIONS OF MATERIALS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
- C09K—MATERIALS FOR MISCELLANEOUS APPLICATIONS, NOT PROVIDED FOR ELSEWHERE
- C09K11/00—Luminescent, e.g. electroluminescent, chemiluminescent materials
- C09K11/06—Luminescent, e.g. electroluminescent, chemiluminescent materials containing organic luminescent materials
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H10—SEMICONDUCTOR DEVICES; ELECTRIC SOLID-STATE DEVICES NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
- H10K—ORGANIC ELECTRIC SOLID-STATE DEVICES
- H10K50/00—Organic light-emitting devices
- H10K50/10—OLEDs or polymer light-emitting diodes [PLED]
- H10K50/11—OLEDs or polymer light-emitting diodes [PLED] characterised by the electroluminescent [EL] layers
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H10—SEMICONDUCTOR DEVICES; ELECTRIC SOLID-STATE DEVICES NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
- H10K—ORGANIC ELECTRIC SOLID-STATE DEVICES
- H10K71/00—Manufacture or treatment specially adapted for the organic devices covered by this subclass
- H10K71/10—Deposition of organic active material
- H10K71/191—Deposition of organic active material characterised by provisions for the orientation or alignment of the layer to be deposited
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H10—SEMICONDUCTOR DEVICES; ELECTRIC SOLID-STATE DEVICES NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
- H10K—ORGANIC ELECTRIC SOLID-STATE DEVICES
- H10K85/00—Organic materials used in the body or electrodes of devices covered by this subclass
- H10K85/10—Organic polymers or oligomers
- H10K85/111—Organic polymers or oligomers comprising aromatic, heteroaromatic, or aryl chains, e.g. polyaniline, polyphenylene or polyphenylene vinylene
- H10K85/113—Heteroaromatic compounds comprising sulfur or selene, e.g. polythiophene
Landscapes
- Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
- Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
- Materials Engineering (AREA)
- Organic Chemistry (AREA)
- Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
- Optics & Photonics (AREA)
- Manufacturing & Machinery (AREA)
- Electroluminescent Light Sources (AREA)
- Luminescent Compositions (AREA)
- Polyoxymethylene Polymers And Polymers With Carbon-To-Carbon Bonds (AREA)
- Illuminated Signs And Luminous Advertising (AREA)
- Compositions Of Macromolecular Compounds (AREA)
- Led Devices (AREA)
- Nitrogen Condensed Heterocyclic Rings (AREA)
- Control Of Indicators Other Than Cathode Ray Tubes (AREA)
- Heating, Cooling, Or Curing Plastics Or The Like In General (AREA)
- Control Of El Displays (AREA)
Abstract
費電力で廉価に製造できる電界発光素子およびその製造
方法を提供する。 【解決手段】ガラス基板1の上面に第1の電荷注入接触
層2が形成される。この第1の電荷注入接触層2はアル
ミニウムを熱蒸着したものである。この第1の電荷注入
接触層2の表面に酸化物層3が形成される。さらに、前
記酸化物層3の表面にPPV膜4を100から300μ
mの厚さに形成する。次に、前記PPV膜4上に第2の
電荷注入接触層5を設ける。
Description
(EL)に関し、一層詳細には、発光層が半導体である
エレクトロルミネセンス素子(EL)およびその製造方
法に関する。
は、電界の影響により発光するよう構成されている。こ
のような半導体における物理的過程に対する一般的な作
用は、半導体の相対する電極から半導体に注入される電
子−正孔対の放射結合を通して行われる。その一例を挙
げると、GaPおよびあるいは、同様なIII 族の元素と
V族の元素の組み合わせからなる半導体を基礎として構
成されている。
されているものの、その大きさが非常に微小であるため
に大面積ディスプレイに使用するに際しては、困難を伴
うばかりか不経済でもある。
品の材料は幾種類か知られているが、無機半導体の一つ
であるZnS(硫化亜鉛)が好適である。しかしなが
ら、子の系には信頼性に薄いという、問題が存在する。
(anthracenc)、ペリレン(perylen
e)、そしてコロネン(coronene)のような芳
香族分子単体(simple aromatic mo
lecules)がエレクトロルミネセンス素子(E
L)の材料として用いられていることが知られている。
ZnSと同様に、それらが信頼性を欠くばかりか、これ
らの有機層と電流注入電極層(current−inj
ecting electrode layers)と
の接合性に問題がある。
利用したエレクトロルミネセンス素子は、米国特許3,
621,321号に開示されている。この素子は、多量
の電力を消費し、且つその電力消費量に比して発光が少
ないという不都合を有している。
特許4,672,265号には、発光層を二層からなる
構造としたエレクトロルミネセンス素子(EL)が記載
されている。
物質は、前述の不都合な有機材料である。
合を未然に回避するか、若しくは少なくとも前記不都合
を低減化することを可能とするエレクトロルミネセンス
素子(EL)を提供することを目的とする。
ば、少なくとも共役ポリマーが用いられる高密度で薄い
ポリマー膜から構成される半導体層と、前記半導体層の
第1の表面と接する第1接触層と、前記半導体層の第2
の表面と接する第2接触層とを有する。
(charge carriers)がエレクトロルミ
ネセンス素子に注入されることより発光することを応用
した共役ポリマー半導体に発見の基礎をおいている。
れらは、光学変調器(optical modulat
or)に用いられ、欧州特許出願0294061号で検
討されている。この場合には、第1の電極と第2の電極
の間に位置する変調のためのアクティブ層としてポリア
セチレンが用いられている。光学変調効果を発生させる
アクティブ層に空間電荷を形成するように、一つの電極
とアクティブ層との間に絶縁層を設ける必要がある。空
間電荷層の存在が発光に寄与する電子−正孔対(ele
ctor−hole pairs)の形成を妨げるた
め、エレクトロルミネセンス素子には不向きである。い
ずれにせよ、欧州特許出願0294061号に開示され
ているエレクトロルミネセンス素子では、光学変調効果
の破壊に関しては、全く望ましくない。
(Coniugated Polymer)はポリ(p
−フエニレンビニレン)〔PPV〕であるのが好まし
く、第1の電荷注入接触層(first charge
injection contact layer)
は、一側の表面に薄い酸化物層が形成されたアルミニウ
ムの薄層からなり、半導体層の第1の表面は前記酸化物
層と接し,そして第2の電荷注入接触層(second
charge injection contact
layer)はアルミニウムまたは金の薄層である。
PVであり、第1接触層がアルミニウム、若しくはマグ
ネシウムと銀の合金で、第2接触層(second c
ontact layer)は、酸化インジウムであ
る。
PPVであり、接触層の一つは非晶質シリコンからな
り、他方の接触層は、アルミニウム、金、マグネシウム
−銀合金、酸化インジウムなる群のうちから選択され
る。
第2接触層のうちのいずれかを基板に積層し、PPVの
薄層を付与し、そして、その上に前記積層されなかった
接触層を積層する。
ら5μmの範囲の均一な厚さを有し、共役ポリマーは1
eVから3.5eVの範囲で半導体バンドギャップを有
する。その上、電界発光するポリマー膜の共役ポリマー
の大きさは、膜内の共役ポリマーにおける電荷の浸透移
動が十分なされるものである。
って非極在π電子を有するポリマーを意味し、この非極
在化したπ電子がポリマーの骨格に沿って高い移動能を
有する正と負の電荷キャリヤに付与する。
フレンドにより、Journalof Molecul
ar Electronies4(1988)Janu
ary−March,No.1,の37頁から46頁で
検討されている。
とおりである。すなわち、正の接触層は、ポリマー膜に
正の電荷キャリヤを注入し、負の接触層は、ポリマー膜
に負の電荷キャリヤを注入する。この目的を達成するた
めに、正の接触層は高い仕事関数を有することが、また
負の接触層は低い仕事関数を有するように構成される。
従って、負の接触層は、例えば、金属あるいはドープ半
導体(a dopedsemiconductor)の
ような電子注入材料(electric─inject
ing material)から構成され、ポリマー半
導体層と接して、負電位を生じる時、電子のポリマー半
導体層への注入がなされる。正の接触層は、例えば、金
属やドープ半導体のような正孔注入材料(hole−i
ngecting material)から構成され、
ポリマー半導体層とし、ポリマー半導体層に一般に正孔
と呼ばれる正の電荷が注入される。
に空間が排除されたポリマー膜を意味する。
(electric─injecting mater
ial)に加えて、有機材料を含むことが可能である。
役ポリマーから構成される。またあるいは、共役ポリマ
ーからなる膜は、共役ポリマーの混合物から構成される
ことも可能である。
りである。 (i)ポリマーは酸素、湿度に対して化学的に安定であ
ること。 (ii)ポリマー膜は、下地層との間の良好な接着性、温
度上昇あるいは圧力圧迫を原因とする亀裂の発生に対す
る阻止能力、縮み、膨張、再結晶あるいは他の形態変化
への抵抗性を有するべきである。
ス素子およびその製造方法についてその実施態様を挙げ
て図面を参照しながら説明する。
リ(p−フエニレンビニレン)[PPV]であり、下記
式において、フェニレン環は、が各々独立してアルキル
基(好適にはメチル基)、アルコキシ基(好適にはメト
キシ基若しくはエトキシ基)、ハロゲン(好適には塩素
若しくは臭素)のなかから選択される一あるいはそれ以
上数の置換基であってよい。
V]から誘導されるその他の共役ポリマーもまた、本発
明に係るエレクトロルミネセンス素子のポリマー膜とし
て適当に使用される。
例を示す。 (i)式1のフェニレン環を縮合環系に置き換える例え
ば、フェニレン環に代えてアントラセンあるいはナフタ
レン環系に置換することによって得られる、以下のよう
な構造を示すポリマー。
同様に1あるいはそれ以上の数の置換基を有してもよ
い。 (ii)フェニレン環をフラン環のような複素環系に置換
することによって得られる、以下の構造を示すポリマ
ー。
それ以上の数の置換基を有してもよい。 (iii) 各々のフェニレン環(若しくは前記(i)ある
いは(ii)においてに与えられた他の多環系に結合した
ビニレン部分の数を増やすことによって得られる、以下
のような構造示すポリマー。
5、6、7を示す。
換基を有してもよい。
のスペクトルを確実に網羅するために異なった波長を放
射するエレクトロルミネセンスの構造が得られるので、
異なった様々な半導体のエネルギーギャップを有するこ
とができる。
的方法あるいは熱処理によって得ることができる。前記
方法のうち後者の場合においては、共役ポリマーに変質
させる前に、必要に応じて前処理することができる。
ルホニウム前駆体を使用することにより同様に導電性基
板に付与することができる。
(II)よりも有機溶媒への溶解度が高いポリマー前駆体
を用いるが有利な場合がある。
に示されるような反応図式に基いた方法により、導電性
基板上に付与される。スルホニウム塩単量体(II)は、
水溶液、水エタノール混液、若しくはメタノール中で前
駆体ポリマー(III)に合成される。そのような前駆体ポ
リマー(III)は、ホトレジスト処理のために半導体産業
で用いられている一般的なスピンーコーティング技術に
より導電性基板上に付与することができる。その結果生
じた前駆体ポリマー(III)は、通例200℃から350
℃での加熱処理によりポリフエニレンビニレン(I)に
転化される。
I)への重合、そしてPPVのための熱転化のために必要
な詳細な条件は、文献、例えば、D.D.C.Brad
leyによるJ.Phys.D(Applied Ph
ysics)、20、1389(1987)およびJ.
D.Stenger Smith、R.W.Lenzと
G.WegnerによるPolymer、30、104
8(1989)に記載されている。
mから10μmの厚さが得られることが知られている。
これらのPPV膜は、ごくわずなピンホールしかみられ
ない。PPV膜は、約2.5eV(500nm)の半導
体エネルギーギャップを有する。
する材料は、ポリ(フェニレン)である。
ヘキサ−1、3−ジエンの生化学的に製造される誘導体
を出発物質として製造される。このポリ(フェニレン)
の製造は、Ballard et al、J.Che
m.Comm.954(1983)により詳細に記載さ
れている。
い膜としてスピンコートされ、そして、その後、通例1
40℃から240℃の範囲で熱処理されて共役ポリ(フ
ェニレン)ポリマーに転換される。
たフェニレンコポリマーを得ることができる。
とされ使用できる材料として、例えば、以下のようなも
のが含まれる。 (a)ポリ(4、4’−ジフェニレンジフェニルビニレ
ン)[PDPV]は、両方のビニレンの炭素がフェニル
環により置換されている。それは、薄い膜を形成できる
ように普通の有機溶媒に解ける。 (b)ポリ(1、4−フェニレン−1−ジフェニルビニ
レンとポリ(1、4−フェニレンジフェニルビニレン)
ポリマーはPPVと類似物質であり、それぞれ一つある
いは両方のビニレンの炭素がフェニル基と置換されてい
る。それらは各々有機溶媒に解け薄い膜として被覆され
る。 (c)有機溶媒中に溶解可能であり、長い主鎖を有する
アルキル(アルキルはオクチルと等しいかそれ以上に長
い)についてはポリ(3−アルキルチオフェン)ポリマ
ー(アルキルは、プロピル、ブチル、ペンチル、ヘキシ
ル、ヘプチル、オクチル、デシル、ウンデシル、ドデシ
ルのいずれか一つ)溶融加工可能である。 (d)ポリ(3−アルキルピロール)ポリマーは(3−
アルキルチオフェン)ポリマーと類似であることが予想
される。 (e)ブチルよりも大きなアルキルを有するポリ(2、
5−ジアルコキシ−p−フェニレッビニレン)ポリマー
は溶解加工可能である。 (f)ポリ(フェニルアセチレン)は主鎖中の水素原子
がフェニル基に置換されたポリアセチレンの誘導体であ
る。この置換によって、材料は溶解される。
って導電性基板(電荷注入接触層)に必要とされるポリ
マーからなる薄い均一な膜が容易に得られるように、他
のポリマーとの共役ポリマーが混合されたポリマーブレ
ンドが使用されることもある。
うなコポリマーまたはポリマーブレンドを用いる時、前
記共役ポリマーの膜を併せ有するエレクトロルミネセン
ス素子の活性部位は、コポリマーあるいはポリマーブレ
ンドのパーコレイション開始物質と同じかそれ以上に大
きい多量の共役ポリマー部位を含まなければならない。
ップあるいは多種類の電荷のバンドギャップのポリマー
層から形成されている。
ルミネセント素子(EL)の構造を以下に説明する。
あるいは、ホウケイ酸塩ガラス1の上面に、第1の電荷
注入接触層2を形成した。電荷注入接触層2は、約20
nmの厚さの層を作るためのシャドウマスクによりアル
ミニウムを熱蒸着させて形成した。前記シャドウマスク
によりパターンが形成され、前記パターンは、縦の長さ
が15mmで2mmの間隙を有して平行に並ぶ幅2mm
の一連の細長い小片状である。。アルミニウム電荷注入
接触層を、薄い表面酸化物層3を形成するために空気に
さらした。このようにして電荷注入接触層を形成した。
解されたPPVの前駆体のメタノール溶液を、前記の結
合基板にスピンコーティングした。これは、結合基板の
表面の全体にポリマーの塗布がなされ、軸の回転速度が
5000r.p.m.で回転して行なわれた。その結
果、得られた基板とポリマー前駆体層は、真空オーブン
中で300℃の温度で加熱された。この加熱処理によっ
てポリマー前駆体はPPVに変換された。得られたPP
V膜4は100から300nmの厚さであった。必要最
低限の膜の厚さは20nm程度である。しかしながら、
20nmから1μmの範囲の厚さであってもよい。
膜の上に金あるいはアルミニウムを蒸着させて形成し
た。シャドウマスクを用いて、PPV膜の表面上におい
てパターンを形成し、縦の長さが15mmで2mmの間
隙を有して平行に並ぶ幅2mmの一連の細長い小片を得
た。第2の電荷注入接触層の厚さは、20から30nm
の範囲であった。このようにして正孔注入接触層を形成
した。
エレクトロルミネセンス素子(EL)の水平面に垂直に
発光をなすために透明、若しくは半透明であることが望
ましい。この実施例では金、若しくはアルミニウムの層
が30mm以下の厚さである時になされる。PPV層の
厚さが約200nmの素子であって強力なエレクトロル
ミネセンス素子(EL)のためのしきい値電圧は、約4
0ボルトである。この電圧は、2×106 Vcm -1 の
しきい電界を付与することになる。半透明の電極を通し
てなされる電流密度2mA/cm2 の発光がある。この
実施例のエレクトロルミネセンス素子(EL)のレスポ
ンスタイムは、非常に短く、そして10マイクロセカン
ドより速い。エレクトロルミネセンス素子(EL)は、
空気中では、特別な用心をすることなく使用され、機能
低下の兆候はなにも示さない。
ータにより分光し、シリコン光起電力セルで検出し、室
温20℃で計測し光学通路を有する低温保持装置に素子
を保持した。その結果を図4に示す。エレクトロルミネ
センス素子(EL)のスペクトルは、ピークが温度によ
ってその位置をわずかにシフトして0.15eVだけ異
なって690nmから500nm(1.8eVから2.
4eV)のスペクトロ範囲で発光する。
比べて低い仕事関数を有し電子注入層として用いるのに
適した他の材料は、(非結晶あるいは結晶性)のn−ド
ープシリコン、酸化膜を有するシリコン、純粋、若しく
は金などの他の金属との合金であるアルカリ、およびア
ルカリ土類金属類である。“nタイプドープ”共役ポリ
マーの薄層を、金属層と電界発光ポリマー層との間に入
れることができる。
比べて高い仕事関数を有し正孔注入層として用いるのに
適した他の材料は、インジウム/スズ酸化物、白金、ニ
ッケル、パラジウム、および黒鉛である。また、電気化
学的に重合されたポリピロール、ポリチオフェン等の
“pタイプドープ”共役ポリマーの薄膜を金属層とエレ
クトロルミネセンスポリマー層の間に入れることができ
る。
できる。すなわち、白金のような融点温度が特に高い金
属を除いた殆どの金属は、蒸着により付着させることが
できる。インジウム/錫の酸化物を含む全ての合金は、
DCまたはRFスパッタリング方を用いて、付着させる
ことができる。 「実施例2」この例は、一連の層から構成される。先
ず、透明な酸化インジウムからなる所定の層が、抵抗率
が5×10-4Ωcmとなるように形成する。インジウム
ターゲットから一般的に0.11nm/secで、一般
に2×10-4mbarの酸素圧力を付与しながらイオン
ビームのスパッタリングを含む工程により基板上に設け
る。
ートは、100nmの厚さによりもたらされる。そのよ
うな膜は、可視スペクトル部で光学透過係数は、90%
以上である。
り、酸化インジウム層上に配設される。アルミニウム接
触層は、50nmの厚さを有するように蒸着により最後
に形成される。この構造で、酸化インジウム接触層が正
の接触層として働き、アルミニウム接触層は、負の接触
層として働く。発光は、酸化インジウム層を通過する。 「実施例3」この構造体の制作は、実施例2の上部金属
接触層までは近似して行われる。ここで、負接触層とし
て機能する上部接触層は、AgおよびMgの合金を蒸着
させることで形成した。蒸着は、AgおよびMgの粉末
を、容器内で1:10のモル比で混合したものを加熱し
て行われ、主として50nmの厚さの層が形成された。
質として用いるのが望ましい。Agを加えて合金とする
のは、ポリマー層に対する金属膜の固着を良くし、酸化
を抑制するためである。この例における電流/電圧特性
およびエレクトロルミネセンス特性は、前記実施例2に
記載のものと略同じである。 「実施例4」これらの構造体は、負極として機能する非
晶質シリコーン水素合金層と、正極として機能する酸化
インジウムの層とで制作される。ガラス基板は、Alま
たはCrを蒸着させて得られる金属接触層を有する。非
晶質シリコーン水素合金層は、以下に詳細に示す高周波
加熱(RF)スパッタリングによって形成された。
ットと液体窒素冷却ゲッタを有し、8cmのターゲット
基板で作用する。チャンバは、5×10-8mbarのベ
ース圧力に設定される。マグネトロンのターゲットは、
厚さ3mmのn−ドープSiウエハ層を担持させる。タ
ーゲットは、試料に関して1乃至2時間プレスパッタリ
ングを行うことで浄化される。このようにして用意され
た基板は、厚さ3cmのCuおよびAlの基板温度が2
50乃至300°Cとなるように加熱される。基板は、
約6rpmで回転される。スパッタリングのガスとして
は、0.007乃至0.013mbarの圧力でH2 3
0%を含むArが用いられ、蒸着の間、連続的にチャン
バに供給される。RFのパワーとしては、2Wの反射出
力を有する250Wが使用される。付着は、厚さ1μm
の膜厚に対して1.5時間付着を行う場合に、主として
12nm/分である。
直流抵抗率が5×106 乃至5×108 Ωcmである。
非晶質シリコン−水素層に加えられた。そして、実施例
2に示した手順でPPV層に直接した酸化インジウム層
を形成した。
m2 、シリコン−水素層の厚さ1μm、PPVの層の厚
さ40nm、酸化インジウム層の厚さ250nmの構造
体に関して得られた結果を図7および図8に示す。図7
は、順バイアス(酸化インジウム層を正極とする)をか
けた場合の素子の電流/電圧特性を示す。また、図8
は、電流に対する発光量の変化を示す。電荷の注入およ
び発光は、約17Vより開始される。そして、この閾値
を越えた電流値の上昇は、例えば、図5に示すように、
シリコン−水素層がない場合に比較してなだらかであ
る。
ン−水素接触層に対して酸化インジウム層を負極とす
る)をかけた場合に、弱い電界発光を示す。従って、順
バイアスをかけることが望ましい。 「実施例5」実施例4に示す構造体の最上層である酸化
インジウム層は、半透明のAuまたはAlと置き換え
た。構造体の最上層は、厚さ約20nmからなる発光を
示す層として形成された。これらの素子は、上述した各
実施例と同様の特性を示した。
施例3に示した接触層にも適用することができる。
を形成する方法はそれ自体公知である。シリコンの場
合、これは、シランのグロー放電と蒸着を含む。付着方
法は、蒸着、RFおよび直流スパッタリングでもよい。
る付着技術と、接触層における所望の光学的透明度によ
って決定される。電荷注入の容易性は、電荷注入接触層
を複合層として構成することで改善される。この複合層
は、正孔および電子を夫々注入するため。酸化および還
元共役ポリマーの薄膜層を含む。これらの特別な共役ポ
リマー層は、活性状態の電界発光ポリマーと同様であっ
てよい。このような物質をドープする方法は、この分野
においては良く知られており、「導電性ポリマーハンド
ブック」(ティ.ジェイ.スコッテイム(T.J.Sk
otheim))に良く書かれている。
の平面に垂直に発光させるため透明または半透明とする
べきであるが、それは素子の平面内で放射が要求されな
い場合には必ずしも必要なものではない。
サイズの限界は、スピンコーティンに使用することがで
きる基板のサイズによって決定される。例えば、このよ
うにして、直径15cmのシリコンウエファのコーティ
ングが行われる。さらに、広い面積のコーティングを行
うためには、ドローコーティングの技術が用いられる。
従って、平方メートルの面積を有する共役ポリマーを用
いたエレクトロルミネセンス素子の製造もできる。
いくつかは非常に高い温度で蒸着される金属層の付着、
または、活性電界光領域を限定するためのフォトリソグ
ラフィの工程で得られ、非晶質シリコン層の蒸着のよう
な前工程に対して、耐性を有する。PPVの場合、基板
に前駆体ポリマーを用いる方法では、スピンコーティン
グまたはドローコーティングのいずれかによるのが適当
であるが、共役ポリマーとエレクトロルミネセンス素子
のタイプによって、スピンコーティング、ドローコーテ
ィングおよび溶融工程の全てを基板上に共役ポリマーを
付着するのに使用することができる。
効果を用いる種々の用途に適用される。従来より、半導
体LEDが使用されていたところに用いられる。また、
液晶が使用されていたところにも用いられる。エレクト
ロルミネセンス素子は数多くの特性を有している。
張される。さらに、広面積のエレクトロルミネセンス素
子は、大面積液晶ディスプレイが遭遇する基板の平面性
についての問題点を克服することができる。エレクトロ
ルミネセンス素子は、テレビジョンやコンピュータディ
スプレイのように、マトリックス方式のディスプレイに
対して特に好適である。マトリックス方式のディスプレ
イに適用されるエレクトロルミネセンス素子の一例を図
3に示す。ここでは、電荷注入接触層が、半導体層のい
ずれか一方の側部において、一方の接触層が他方の接触
層に対して直交するようにして筋状に形成される。ディ
スプレイの画素としての個々エレクトロルミネセンス素
子すなわち半導体層の領域のマトリックスのアドレス指
定は、下方の電荷注入接触層と上方の電荷注入層とを特
定することで達成される。さらに、エレクトロルミネセ
ンス素子は、応答速度が速いため、テレビジョンの受像
機に適する。特に、発光の色を共役ポリマーの選択およ
び半導体のバンドギャップの選択によって制御すること
ができる。従って、緑、赤、青を混色してなるカラーデ
ィスプレイは、エレクトロルミネセンス素子の共役ポリ
マーの配置によって制御が可能となる。
図である。
略図である。
略図である。
センス素子の出力を示すグラフである。
ぞれ電流対発光および出力強度対印加電圧を示すグラフ
である。
ぞれ電流対発光および出力強度対印加電圧を示すグラフ
である。
流出力および電界発光強度を示すグラフである。
流出力および電界発光強度を示すグラフである。
ルコキシ(好ましくはメソキシまたはエソキシ)、ハロ
ゲン(好ましくはクロリン、若しくはブロミン)あるい
はニトロから夫々独立して選択された1若しくは2以上
の置換基を有していることを特徴とするエレクトロルミ
ネセンス素子。
センス素子(EL)に関し、一層詳細には、発光層が半
導体であるエレクトロルミネセンス素子(EL)および
その製造方法に関する。
品の材料は幾種類か知られているが、無機半導体の一つ
であるZnS(硫化亜鉛)が好適である。しかしなが
ら、この系には信頼性に薄いという、問題が存在する。
(anthracenc)、ペリレン(perylen
e)、そしてコロネン(coronene)のようなシ
ンプルな芳香族分子単体(simple aromat
ic molecules)がエレクトロルミネセンス
素子(EL)の材料として用いられていることが知られ
ている。
(charge carriers)が半導体層に注入
されることより発光することを応用した共役ポリマー半
導体に発見の基礎をおいている。
れらは、光学変調器(optical modulat
or)に用いられ、欧州特許出願0294061号で検
討されている。この場合には、第1の電極と第2の電極
の間に位置する変調のためのアクティブ層としてポリア
セチレンが用いられている。光学変調効果を発生させる
アクティブ層に空間電荷領域を形成するように、一つの
電極とアクティブ層との間に絶縁層を設ける必要があ
る。空間電荷層の存在が発光に寄与する電子−正孔対
(elector−hole pairs)の形成を妨
げるため、エレクトロルミネセンス素子には不向きであ
る。いずれにせよ、欧州特許出願0294061号に開
示されているエレクトロルミネセンス素子では、光学変
調効果の破壊に関しては、全く望ましくない。
って非極在π電子を有するポリマーを意味する。
とおりである。すなわち、正の接触層は、ポリマー膜に
正の電荷キャリヤを注入し、負の接触層は、ポリマー膜
に負の電荷キャリヤを注入する。この場合、正の接触層
は高い仕事関数を有することが、また負の接触層は低い
仕事関数を有するように構成される。従って、負の接触
層は、例えば、金属あるいはドープ半導体(a dop
ed semiconductor)のような電子注入
材料(electric─injectingmate
rial)から構成され、ポリマー半導体層と接して、
外部電位を印加されて負電位を生じる時、電子のポリマ
ー半導体層への注入がなされる。正の接触層は、例え
ば、金属やドープ半導体のような正孔注入材料(hol
e−ingecting material)から構成
され、ポリマー半導体層とし、外部電位を印加されてポ
リマー半導体層に一般に正孔と呼ばれる正の電荷が注入
される。
リ(p−フエニレンビニレン)[PPV]であり、下記
式において、フェニレン環は、各々独立してアルキル基
(好適にはメチル基)、アルコキシ基(好適にはメトキ
シ基若しくはエトキシ基)、ハロゲン(好適には塩素若
しくは臭素)のなかから選択される一あるいはそれ以上
数の置換基であってよい。
それ以上の数の置換基を有してもよい。 (iii) 各々のフェニレン環(若しくは前記(i)ある
いは(ii)においてに与えられた他の環系)に結合した
ビニレン部分の数を増やすことによって得られる、以下
のような構造示すポリマー。
とされ使用できる材料として、例えば、以下のようなも
のが含まれる。 (a)ポリ(4、4’−ジフェニレンジフェニルビニレ
ン)[PDPV]は、両方のビニレンの炭素がフェニル
環により置換されている。それは、薄い膜を形成できる
ように普通の有機溶媒に解ける。 (b)ポリ(1、4−フェニレン−1−ジフェニルビニ
レンとポリ(1、4−フェニレンジフェニルビニレン)
ポリマーはPPVと類似物質であり、それぞれ一つある
いは両方のビニレンの炭素がフェニル基と置換されてい
る。それらは各々有機溶媒に解け薄い膜として被覆され
る。 (c)有機溶媒中に溶解可能であり、長い主鎖を有する
アルキル(アルキルはオクチルと等しいかそれ以上に長
い)についてはポリ(3−アルキルチオフェン)ポリマ
ー(アルキルは、プロピル、ブチル、ペンチル、ヘキシ
ル、ヘプチル、オクチル、デシル、ウンデシル、ドデシ
ルのいずれか一つ)は溶融加工可能である。 (d)ポリ(3−アルキルピロール)ポリマーは(3−
アルキルチオフェン)ポリマーと類似であることが予想
される。 (e)ブチルよりも大きなアルキルを有するポリ(2、
5−ジアルコキシ−p−フェニレンビニレン)ポリマー
は溶解加工可能である。 (f)ポリ(フェニルアセチレン)は主鎖中の水素原子
がフェニル基に置換されたポリアセチレンの誘導体であ
る。この置換によって、材料は加工可能である。
ルミネセンス素子(EL)の構造を以下に説明する。
ータにより分光し、シリコン光起電力セルで検出し、室
温20℃で計測し光学通路を有する低温保持装置に素子
を保持した。その結果を図4に示す。エレクトロルミネ
センス素子(EL)のスペクトルは、ピークが温度によ
ってその位置をわずかにシフトして0.15eVだけ異
なって690nmから500nm(1.8eVから2.
4eV)のスペクトル範囲で発光する。
できる。すなわち、白金のような融点温度が特に高い金
属を除いた殆どの金属は、蒸着により付着させることが
できる。インジウム/錫の酸化物を含む全ての合金は、
DCまたはRFスパッタリング法を用いて、付着させる
ことができる。 「実施例2」この例は、一連の層から構成される。先
ず、透明な酸化インジウムからなる所定の層が、抵抗率
が5×10-4Ωcmとなるように形成する。インジウム
ターゲットから一般的に0.11nm/secで、一般
に2×10-4mbarの酸素圧力を付与しながらイオン
ビームのスパッタリングを含む工程により基板上に設け
る。
る付着技術と、接触層における所望の光学的透明度によ
って決定される。電荷注入の容易性は、電荷注入接触層
を複合層として構成することで改善される。この複合層
は、正孔および電子を夫々注入するため、酸化および還
元共役ポリマーの薄膜層を含む。これらの特別な共役ポ
リマー層は、活性状態の電界発光ポリマーと同様であっ
てよい。このような物質をドープする方法は、この分野
においては良く知られており、「導電性ポリマーハンド
ブック」(ティ.ジェイ.スコッテイム(T.J.Sk
otheim))に良く書かれている。
Claims (25)
- 【請求項1】少なくとも一つの共役ポリマーからなる薄
い緻密なポリマー膜の形状を有する半導体層を有したエ
レクトロルミネセンス素子であって、選択され、第1の
タイプの電荷キャリヤ層電界をかけることによって前記
半導体層に放出される第1の表面に接する第1の接触層
と、選択され第2のタイプの電界をかけることによって
前記半導体層に放出される第2の接触層とを含み、半導
体層のポリマー膜は十分に低い濃度の外部電荷キャリヤ
を有し、該半導体層の第1と第2の接触層の間に電界を
かけたときに前記第1の接触層に対して第2の接触層を
正にすべく前記電界キャリヤが前記半導体層の中に注入
されて共役ポリマー電荷キャリヤ対を形成するように結
合されて発光し、崩壊することにより、前記共役ポリマ
ーから発光が行われることを特徴とするエレクトロルミ
ネセンス素子。 - 【請求項2】請求項1記載のエレクトロルミネセンス素
子において、共役ポリマーが以下の式Iに示すポリ(p
−フェニレンビニレン)[PPV]からなり、 【化1】 前記フェニレン環がアルキル(好ましくはメチル)、ア
ルコキシ(好ましくはメソキシまたはエソキシ)、ハロ
ゲン(好ましくはクロリン、若しくはブロミン)あるい
はニトロから夫々独立して選択された1若しくは2以上
の置換基を有してもよいことを特徴とするエレクトロル
ミネセンス素子。 - 【請求項3】請求項1または2記載のエレクトロルミネ
センス素子において、前記薄く且つ緻密なポリマー膜は
10nmから5μmの実質的に均一な厚さを有すること
を特徴とするエレクトロルミネセンス素子。 - 【請求項4】請求項1乃至3のいずれかに記載のエレク
トロルミネセンス素子において、共役ポリマーが1eV
から3.5eVの範囲内で半導体バンドギャップを有す
ることを特徴とするエレクトロルミネセンス素子。 - 【請求項5】請求項1乃至4のいずれかに記載のエレク
トロルミネセンス素子において、ポリマー膜の電界発光
領域において共役ポリマーの割合は膜中に存在する共役
ポリマー中での電荷を変位させるために浸透しきい値を
達成するのに十分であることを特徴とするエレクトロル
ミネセンス素子。 - 【請求項6】請求項1乃至5のいずれかに記載のエレク
トロルミネセンス素子において、第1の電荷の注入接触
層は薄い酸化物層を形成したアルミニウムからなる一つ
の薄い表面層を有し、半導体層の第1の表面が前記酸化
物層と接触していることを特徴とするエレクトロルミネ
センス素子。 - 【請求項7】請求項1乃至6のいずれかに記載のエレク
トロルミネセンス素子において、第1の接触層はアルミ
ニウム、若しくはマグネシウムと銀の合金からなる群か
ら選択されることを特徴とするエレクトロルミネセンス
素子。 - 【請求項8】請求項6記載のエレクトロルミネセンス素
子において、第2の電荷注入接触層はアルミニウムと金
からなる群から選択されることを特徴とするエレクトロ
ルミネセンス素子。 - 【請求項9】請求項1乃至8のいずれかに記載のエレク
トロルミネセンス素子において、第1と第2の電荷注入
接触層は少なくとも半透過体であることを特徴とするエ
レクトロルミネセンス素子。 - 【請求項10】請求項7記載のエレクトロルミネセンス
素子において、第2の接触層は酸化インジウムのであ
り、若しくは酸化インジウム錫であることを特徴とする
エレクトロルミネセンス素子。 - 【請求項11】請求項1乃至5のいずれかに記載のエレ
クトロルミネセンス素子において、第1の接触層は非晶
質シリコンからなり、第2の接触層はアルミニウム、金
および酸化インジウムからなる群から選択されることを
特徴とするエレクトロルミネセンス素子。 - 【請求項12】請求項1乃至11のいずれかに記載のエ
レクトロルミネセンス素子において、少なくとも第1と
第2の電荷注入接触層の一つは支持基板に接触している
ことを特徴とするエレクトロルミネセンス素子。 - 【請求項13】請求項9記載のエレクトロルミネセンス
素子において、支持基板は石英ガラスからなることを特
徴とするエレクトロルミネセンス素子。 - 【請求項14】請求項1乃至13のいずれかに記載のエ
レクトロルミネセンス素子において、前記エレクトロル
ミネセンス素子によってアレイを形成し、前記第1と第
2の電荷注入接触層が前記アレイに選択的にアドレスす
ることを許容すべく配列されていることを特徴とするエ
レクトロルミネセンス素子。 - 【請求項15】エレクトロルミネセンス素子を製造する
ための方法であり、少なくとも一つの共役ポリマーで構
成される薄い緻密な層からなるポリマー膜形状の半導体
層を前駆体ポリマーの薄膜が前記基板上の薄いポリマー
膜として前記基板に対し設ける工程により形成し、前記
共役ポリマーを得るために高い温度で前記設けられた前
駆体ポリマーを加熱し、第1の薄い接触層を半導体層の
第1の表面に接触させるべく載置し、第2の薄い接触層
を前記半導体対層の第2の表面に接触させるべく載置
し、前記半導体層のポリマー膜は十分に低い濃度の外部
電荷キャリヤを有し、該半導体層の第1と第2の接触層
の間に電界をかけたときに前記第1の接触層に対して第
2の接触層を正にすべく電荷キャリヤが前記半導体層の
中に注入され、前記半導体層から発光が行われることを
特徴とするエレクトロルミネセンス素子の製造方法。 - 【請求項16】請求項15記載の製造方法において、先
ず、支持基板上に第1のキャリヤ注入接触層を設けるこ
とによって複合基板を形成し、次いで、薄い緻密なポリ
マー膜として前駆体ポリマーを前記第1の電荷注入接触
層に設け、次いで、ポリマー膜にあって共役ポリマーを
生成すべく高い温度で前記複合基板と前駆体ポリマーと
を加熱し、最後にポリマー膜上に第2のキャリヤ注入接
触層を設けることを特徴とするエレクトロルミネセンス
素子の製造方法。 - 【請求項17】請求項15または16記載の製造方法に
おいて、前駆体ポリマーは可溶体且つ薄いポリマー膜と
してスピンコーティングにより前記基板上に設けられる
ことを特徴とするエレクトロルミネセンス素子の製造方
法。 - 【請求項18】請求項15乃至17のいずれかに記載の
製造方法において、前記前駆体のポリマーはポリ(p−
フェニレンビニレン)[PPV]のための前駆体ポリマ
ーであることを特徴とするエレクトロルミネセンス素子
の製造方法。 - 【請求項19】請求項15乃至18のいずれかに記載の
製造方法において、前記薄く緻密なポリマー膜は10n
mから5μmの範囲において均一な厚さを有することを
特徴とするエレクトロルミネセンス素子の製造方法。 - 【請求項20】請求項15乃至19のいずれかに記載の
製造方法において、第1の電荷注入接触層はアルミニウ
ムの薄い層からなり、一つの表面が薄い酸化物層を形成
し、前記第1の電荷注入接触層の薄い酸化物層が半導体
層の第1の表面と接触するように設けられることを特徴
とするエレクトロルミネセンス素子の製造方法。 - 【請求項21】請求項15乃至20のいずれかに記載の
製造方法において、前記第2電荷注入接触層はアルミニ
ウムと金からなる群から選択されることを特徴とするエ
レクトロルミネセンス素子の製造方法。 - 【請求項22】請求項15乃至19のいずれかに記載の
製造方法において、第1の接触層はアルミニウムとマグ
ネシウム/銀の合金からなる群から選択され、且つ第2
の接触層は酸化インジウムであることを特徴とするエレ
クトロルミネセンス素子の製造方法。 - 【請求項23】請求項15乃至19のいずれかに記載の
製造方法において、前記第1の接触層は非晶質シリコン
からなり、第2の接触層はアルミニウム、金、インジウ
ム酸化物からなる群から選択されることを特徴とするエ
レクトロルミネセンス素子の製造方法。 - 【請求項24】請求項15乃至24のいずれかに記載の
製造方法において、前記第1と第2の電荷注入接触層は
蒸着法によって設けられることを特徴とするエレクトロ
ルミネセンス素子の製造方法。 - 【請求項25】請求項15乃至24のいずれかに記載の
製造方法において、前記支持基板が石英ガラスであるこ
とを特徴とするエレクトロルミネセンス素子の製造方
法。
Applications Claiming Priority (2)
Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
---|---|---|---|
GB898909011A GB8909011D0 (en) | 1989-04-20 | 1989-04-20 | Electroluminescent devices |
GB8909011:2 | 1989-04-20 |
Related Parent Applications (1)
Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
---|---|---|---|
JP50602890A Division JP3249971B2 (ja) | 1989-04-20 | 1990-04-18 | エレクトロルミネセント素子 |
Publications (2)
Publication Number | Publication Date |
---|---|
JPH1092577A true JPH1092577A (ja) | 1998-04-10 |
JP3239991B2 JP3239991B2 (ja) | 2001-12-17 |
Family
ID=10655404
Family Applications (3)
Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
---|---|---|---|
JP50602890A Expired - Lifetime JP3249971B2 (ja) | 1989-04-20 | 1990-04-18 | エレクトロルミネセント素子 |
JP11615997A Expired - Lifetime JP3239991B2 (ja) | 1989-04-20 | 1997-04-18 | エレクトロルミネセンス装置およびその製造方法 |
JP9116158A Pending JPH1092576A (ja) | 1989-04-20 | 1997-04-18 | 電界発光素子およびその製造方法 |
Family Applications Before (1)
Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
---|---|---|---|
JP50602890A Expired - Lifetime JP3249971B2 (ja) | 1989-04-20 | 1990-04-18 | エレクトロルミネセント素子 |
Family Applications After (1)
Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
---|---|---|---|
JP9116158A Pending JPH1092576A (ja) | 1989-04-20 | 1997-04-18 | 電界発光素子およびその製造方法 |
Country Status (14)
Country | Link |
---|---|
US (2) | US5247190A (ja) |
EP (1) | EP0423283B1 (ja) |
JP (3) | JP3249971B2 (ja) |
KR (1) | KR100189398B1 (ja) |
AT (1) | ATE117834T1 (ja) |
AU (1) | AU626415B2 (ja) |
BR (1) | BR9006718A (ja) |
CA (1) | CA2030785C (ja) |
DE (1) | DE69016345T2 (ja) |
ES (1) | ES2070320T3 (ja) |
FI (1) | FI112555B (ja) |
GB (1) | GB8909011D0 (ja) |
HK (1) | HK24597A (ja) |
WO (1) | WO1990013148A1 (ja) |
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JP2000164361A (ja) * | 1998-11-25 | 2000-06-16 | Tdk Corp | 有機el素子 |
WO2000056123A1 (fr) * | 1999-03-17 | 2000-09-21 | Tdk Corporation | Dispositif el organique |
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JP2000294376A (ja) * | 1999-04-02 | 2000-10-20 | Tdk Corp | 有機el素子 |
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JP2002008851A (ja) * | 2000-05-03 | 2002-01-11 | Time Warner Entertainment Co Lp | 一体型薄膜太陽電池を備えたエレクトロルミネッセンス可塑性装置 |
JP4546615B2 (ja) * | 2000-06-08 | 2010-09-15 | 大日本印刷株式会社 | 有機エレクトロルミネッセント素子の製造方法 |
JP2004503640A (ja) * | 2000-06-12 | 2004-02-05 | マックスデム インコーポレイテッド | ポリマーマトリックス・エレクトロルミネッセンス材料及び装置 |
JP2012144733A (ja) * | 2000-06-12 | 2012-08-02 | Sumitomo Chemical Co Ltd | ポリマーマトリックス・エレクトロルミネッセンス材料及び装置 |
JP2003323988A (ja) * | 2002-02-28 | 2003-11-14 | Semiconductor Energy Lab Co Ltd | 発光装置及びそれを用いた電気器具 |
US8040042B2 (en) * | 2003-09-08 | 2011-10-18 | Sumitomo Metal Mining Co., Ltd. | Transparent electroconductive layered structure, organic electroluminescent device using the same layered structure, method for producing the same layered structure, and method for producing the same device |
Also Published As
Publication number | Publication date |
---|---|
ES2070320T3 (es) | 1995-06-01 |
JP3249971B2 (ja) | 2002-01-28 |
EP0423283B1 (en) | 1995-01-25 |
JPH1092576A (ja) | 1998-04-10 |
WO1990013148A1 (en) | 1990-11-01 |
ATE117834T1 (de) | 1995-02-15 |
DE69016345D1 (de) | 1995-03-09 |
HK24597A (en) | 1997-02-27 |
FI112555B (fi) | 2003-12-15 |
US5399502A (en) | 1995-03-21 |
US5247190A (en) | 1993-09-21 |
GB8909011D0 (en) | 1989-06-07 |
JPH04500582A (ja) | 1992-01-30 |
FI906271A0 (fi) | 1990-12-19 |
CA2030785A1 (en) | 1990-10-21 |
EP0423283A1 (en) | 1991-04-24 |
KR920700480A (ko) | 1992-02-19 |
DE69016345T2 (de) | 1995-05-24 |
CA2030785C (en) | 2000-05-30 |
JP3239991B2 (ja) | 2001-12-17 |
AU626415B2 (en) | 1992-07-30 |
KR100189398B1 (ko) | 1999-08-02 |
AU5428590A (en) | 1990-11-16 |
BR9006718A (pt) | 1991-08-06 |
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