JPH1092576A - 電界発光素子およびその製造方法 - Google Patents

電界発光素子およびその製造方法

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Publication number
JPH1092576A
JPH1092576A JP9116158A JP11615897A JPH1092576A JP H1092576 A JPH1092576 A JP H1092576A JP 9116158 A JP9116158 A JP 9116158A JP 11615897 A JP11615897 A JP 11615897A JP H1092576 A JPH1092576 A JP H1092576A
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Prior art keywords
layer
electroluminescent device
contact
polymer
contact layer
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Inventor
Richard H Friend
リチャード ヘンリー フレンド
Jeremy H Burroughes
ジェルミー ヘンリー バローグス
Donal D Bradley
ドナル ドナット コーナー ブラッドリー
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Cambridge Display Technology Ltd
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Cambridge Display Technology Ltd
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    • HELECTRICITY
    • H05ELECTRIC TECHNIQUES NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
    • H05BELECTRIC HEATING; ELECTRIC LIGHT SOURCES NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; CIRCUIT ARRANGEMENTS FOR ELECTRIC LIGHT SOURCES, IN GENERAL
    • H05B33/00Electroluminescent light sources
    • H05B33/12Light sources with substantially two-dimensional radiating surfaces
    • H05B33/14Light sources with substantially two-dimensional radiating surfaces characterised by the chemical or physical composition or the arrangement of the electroluminescent material, or by the simultaneous addition of the electroluminescent material in or onto the light source
    • HELECTRICITY
    • H10SEMICONDUCTOR DEVICES; ELECTRIC SOLID-STATE DEVICES NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
    • H10KORGANIC ELECTRIC SOLID-STATE DEVICES
    • H10K85/00Organic materials used in the body or electrodes of devices covered by this subclass
    • H10K85/10Organic polymers or oligomers
    • H10K85/111Organic polymers or oligomers comprising aromatic, heteroaromatic, or aryl chains, e.g. polyaniline, polyphenylene or polyphenylene vinylene
    • H10K85/114Poly-phenylenevinylene; Derivatives thereof
    • CCHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C09DYES; PAINTS; POLISHES; NATURAL RESINS; ADHESIVES; COMPOSITIONS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; APPLICATIONS OF MATERIALS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
    • C09KMATERIALS FOR MISCELLANEOUS APPLICATIONS, NOT PROVIDED FOR ELSEWHERE
    • C09K11/00Luminescent, e.g. electroluminescent, chemiluminescent materials
    • C09K11/06Luminescent, e.g. electroluminescent, chemiluminescent materials containing organic luminescent materials
    • HELECTRICITY
    • H10SEMICONDUCTOR DEVICES; ELECTRIC SOLID-STATE DEVICES NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
    • H10KORGANIC ELECTRIC SOLID-STATE DEVICES
    • H10K50/00Organic light-emitting devices
    • H10K50/10OLEDs or polymer light-emitting diodes [PLED]
    • H10K50/11OLEDs or polymer light-emitting diodes [PLED] characterised by the electroluminescent [EL] layers
    • HELECTRICITY
    • H10SEMICONDUCTOR DEVICES; ELECTRIC SOLID-STATE DEVICES NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
    • H10KORGANIC ELECTRIC SOLID-STATE DEVICES
    • H10K71/00Manufacture or treatment specially adapted for the organic devices covered by this subclass
    • H10K71/10Deposition of organic active material
    • H10K71/191Deposition of organic active material characterised by provisions for the orientation or alignment of the layer to be deposited
    • HELECTRICITY
    • H10SEMICONDUCTOR DEVICES; ELECTRIC SOLID-STATE DEVICES NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
    • H10KORGANIC ELECTRIC SOLID-STATE DEVICES
    • H10K85/00Organic materials used in the body or electrodes of devices covered by this subclass
    • H10K85/10Organic polymers or oligomers
    • H10K85/111Organic polymers or oligomers comprising aromatic, heteroaromatic, or aryl chains, e.g. polyaniline, polyphenylene or polyphenylene vinylene
    • H10K85/113Heteroaromatic compounds comprising sulfur or selene, e.g. polythiophene

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  • Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
  • Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Materials Engineering (AREA)
  • Organic Chemistry (AREA)
  • Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
  • Optics & Photonics (AREA)
  • Manufacturing & Machinery (AREA)
  • Electroluminescent Light Sources (AREA)
  • Illuminated Signs And Luminous Advertising (AREA)
  • Led Devices (AREA)
  • Luminescent Compositions (AREA)
  • Compositions Of Macromolecular Compounds (AREA)
  • Polyoxymethylene Polymers And Polymers With Carbon-To-Carbon Bonds (AREA)
  • Heating, Cooling, Or Curing Plastics Or The Like In General (AREA)
  • Control Of El Displays (AREA)
  • Control Of Indicators Other Than Cathode Ray Tubes (AREA)
  • Nitrogen Condensed Heterocyclic Rings (AREA)

Abstract

(57)【要約】 【課題】信頼性に富み、広面積化が可能な、しかも低消
費電力で廉価に製造できる電界発光素子およびその製造
方法を提供する。 【解決手段】ガラス基板1の上面に第1の電荷注入接触
層2が形成される。この第1の電荷注入接触層2はアル
ミニウムを熱蒸着したものである。この第1の電荷注入
接触層2の表面に酸化物層3が形成される。さらに、前
記酸化物層3の表面にPPV膜4を100から300μ
mの厚さに形成する。次に、前記PPV膜4上に第2の
電荷注入接触層5を設ける。

Description

【発明の詳細な説明】
【0001】
【発明の属する技術分野】本発明は、電界発光素子およ
びその製造方法に関し、一層詳細には、発光層が半導体
である電界発光素子およびその製造方法に関する。
【0002】
【従来の技術】電界発光(EL)素子は、電界の影響に
より発光するよう構成されている。このように使用され
る半導体における物理的過程に対する一般的な作用は、
半導体の相対する電極から半導体に注入される電子−正
孔対の放射結合を通して行われる。その一例としては、
GaPおよび同様なIII 族−V族半導体を基礎とする発
光ダイオードがある。これらの素子は、効果的且つ広範
囲に利用されているものの、その大きさが非常に微小で
あるために大面積ディスプレイに使用するに際しては、
困難を伴うばかりか不経済でもある。大面積ディスプレ
イへの使用が可能な代替品の材料は幾種類か知られてお
り、そして無機半導体の中、ZnSに最も多大な努力が
向けられた。この系は無視できない実用上の欠点、第1
に信頼性が乏しいという問題がある。ZnSに係るメカ
ニズムの一例は、強電界下において、半導体を通って1
種のキャリヤが加速されることによって、放射発光によ
って緩和する半導体の局部的励起が生じることであると
考えられる。
【0003】有機材料の中、アントラセン、ペリレン、
そしてコロネンのような単体芳香族分子(simple
aromatic molecules)はエレクト
ロルミネセンスを示すことが知られている。
【0004】これらの材料の実用上の問題点としては、
ZnSと同様にそれらが信頼性を欠くばかりか、これら
の有機層と電流注入電極層(current−inje
cting electrode layers)との
接合が困難なことである。
【0005】有機材料の昇華などの技術は、得られる層
が軟らかく、再結晶し易く、および上部接触層(top
contact layer)の高温析出に耐えるこ
とができないという不利を蒙むる。
【0006】好適に改質された芳香族化合物のラングミ
ュア−ブロジエット(Langmuir−Blodge
tt)蒸着等の技術は膜の品質の劣化、能動物質の希
釈、さらには、製造コストの高騰を招く。
【0007】アントラセンを利用した電界発光素子は、
米国特許3,621,321号に開示されている。この
素子は、多量の電力を消費し、且つ低ルミネセンスであ
るという不都合を有している。
【0008】改良した素子を提供しようとして、米国特
許4,672,265号は、発光層として二層構造を有
する電界発光素子を記載している。
【0009】しかしながら、前記二層構造に提案されて
いる物質は、前述の不都合を有する有機材料である。
【0010】
【発明が解決しようとする課題】本発明は、前記の不都
合を未然に回避するか、若しくは少なくとも前記不都合
を低減化する電界発光素子およびその製造方法を提供す
ることを目的とする。
【0011】
【課題を解決するための手段】本発明の一態様によれ
ば、少なくとも1種の共役ポリマーからなる薄い緻密な
ポリマー膜の形状の半導体層、半導体層の第1の表面と
接する第1の接触層および半導体層の第2の表面と接す
る第2の接触層とからなる電界発光素子であって、半導
体層のポリマー膜は、第2の接触層を第1の接触層に対
して正にするように半導体層を介して第1および第2の
接触層間に電界をかけると、電荷キャリヤが半導体層に
注入されて、半導体層から発光がなされるように十分に
低い濃度の外部電荷キャリヤを有していることを特徴と
する電界発光素子が提供される。
【0012】本発明は、適切な接触層から電荷キャリヤ
を注入することによって共役ポリマー半導体にエレクト
ロルミネセンスを発揮させることができるという本発明
者等による発見に基礎をおくものである。
【0013】共役ポリマーそれ自体は知られている。例
えば、光学変調器へのそれらの利用が欧州特許出願02
94061号で検討されている。その場合、ポリアセチ
レンが第1および第2の電極間の変調構造におけるアク
ティブ層として使用されている。光学変調効果をもたら
すアクティブ層に空間電荷領域を形成するように電極の
1つとアクティブ層との間に絶縁層を設ける必要があ
る。空間電荷層が存在するために、その崩壊が発光を行
う電子/正孔対の形成が実現不能にされるので、そのよ
うな構造はエレクトロルミネセンスを示すことができな
い。いずれにせよ、欧州特許出願0294061号にお
いてエレクトロルミネセンスが発揮されるということ
は、光学変調効果がそれによって破壊されるのでまった
く望ましくない。
【0014】本発明に係る素子において、共役ポリマー
(Coniugated Polymer)はポリ(p
−フエニレンビニレン)であるのが好ましく、第1の電
荷注入接触層(first charge injec
tion contactlayer)は、一側の表面
に薄い酸化物層が形成されたアルミニウムの薄層からな
り、半導体層の第1の表面は前記酸化物層と接し、そし
て第2の電荷注入接触層(second charge
injection contact layer)
はアルミニウムまたは金の薄層である。
【0015】他の実施態様において、共役ポリマーはP
PVであり、第1接触層がアルミニウム、若しくはマグ
ネシウムと銀の合金で、第2接触層は、酸化インジウム
である。
【0016】さらに別の実施態様では、共役ポリマーは
PPVであり、接触層の一つは非晶質シリコンからな
り、他方の接触層は、アルミニウム、金、マグネシウム
−銀合金、酸化インジウムからなる群の中から選択され
る。
【0017】これらの実施態様は、第1接触層あるいは
第2接触層の中のいずれかを基板に積層し、PPVの薄
層を付与し、そして、その上に前記積層されなかった接
触層を積層することによって達成される。
【0018】好適には、ポリマー膜は、概ね10nmか
ら5μmの範囲の均一な厚さを有し、共役ポリマーは1
eVから3.5eVの範囲で半導体バンドギャップを有
する。その上、ポリマー膜の電界発光領域における共役
ポリマーの割合は、膜内に存在する共役ポリマー中での
電荷移動の浸透しきい値を達成するのに十分である。
【0019】本発明の第2の態様によれば、少なくとも
1種の共役ポリマーからなる薄い緻密な重合体膜の形状
の半導体層を、前駆体ポリマーの薄膜をポリマー薄膜と
して基板上に付着させ、次に付着した前駆体ポリマーを
高温に加熱して共役ポリマーを生成する工程によって基
板上に付着させ、第1の接触層の薄膜を前記半導体層の
第1の表面と接して設け、そして、第2の接触層の薄膜
を前記半導体層の第2の表面と接して設ける電界発光素
子を製造する方法であって、ポリマー膜が、第2の接触
層を第1の接触層に対して正にするように前記半導体層
と接した第1および第2の接触層間に電界をかけると、
電荷キャリヤが半導体層に注入されて、半導体層から発
光がなされるように十分に低い濃度の外部電荷キャリヤ
を有していることを特徴とする電界発光素子の製造方法
が提供される。
【0020】共役ポリマーとは、ポリマーの主骨格に沿
って非極在π電子系を有するポリマーを意味する。この
非極在化したπ電子系は半導体特性をポリマーに付与
し、また、ポリマーの骨格に沿って高い移動度を有する
正と負の電荷キャリヤを担持する能力をポリマーに与え
る。
【0021】そのようなポリマーは、例えば、R.H.
フレンドにより、Journalof Molecul
ar Electronies4(1988)Janu
ary−March,No.1,の第37頁〜第46頁
で検討されている。
【0022】本発明の基礎となるメカニズムは、以下の
とおりである。すなわち、正の接触層は、ポリマー膜に
正の電荷キャリヤを注入し、負の接触層は、ポリマー膜
に負の電荷キャリヤを注入する。これらの電荷キャリヤ
は、結合して放射的に崩壊する電荷対を形成する。これ
を達成するために、正の接触層は高い仕事関数を有する
ように、また、負の接触層は低い仕事関数を有するよう
に選択するのが好ましい。従って、負の接触層は、電子
注入材料、例えば、ポリマー半導体層と接して設けら
れ、回路を介して外部電位を印加することによってポリ
マー半導体に対して負にされたときに、ポリマー半導体
層に電子を注入することができる金属またはドープ半導
体(doped semiconductor)から構
成される。正の接触層は正孔注入材料、例えば、ポリマ
ー半導体層と接して設けられ、回路を介して外部電位を
印加することによってポリマー半導体に対して正にされ
た時に、ポリマー半導体層に一般に「正孔」と呼ばれる
正電荷を注入することができる金属またはドープ半導体
から構成される。
【0023】所望のエレクトロルミネセンスを生ずるた
めには、ポリマー膜は非発光性再結合の中心として作用
する欠陥が実質的に存在しないことを必要とする。なぜ
ならば、そのような欠陥はエレクトロルミネセンスを妨
害するからである。
【0024】少なくとも1つの接触層は、電荷注入材に
加えて、電子対正孔のエレクトロルミネセンス層への注
入比を制御し、且つ放射崩壊が接触層の電荷注入材から
離れて生じることを確実にするのに役立つ材料、好まし
くは有機材料の層を含むことができる。
【0025】共役ポリマーの膜は、好適には、単一共役
ポリマーあるいは共役ポリマーのセグメントを含む単一
コポリマーから構成される。またあるいは、共役ポリマ
ーからなる膜は、共役ポリマーまたはコポリマーと別の
適当なポリマーとの混合物から構成されることも可能で
ある。
【0026】ポリマー膜のさらに好ましい特徴は以下の
通りである。 (i)ポリマーは酸素、湿度、高温にさらされることに
対して安定であるべきである。 (ii)ポリマー膜は良好な下地層との間の接着性、温度
上昇および圧力圧迫を原因とする亀裂の発生に対する阻
止能力、並びに縮み、膨張、再結晶あるいは他の形態変
化に対する抵抗性を有するべきである。 (iii) ポリマー膜は、例えば、高結晶性と高融点によ
り、イオン/原子移動工程に対して回復性があるべきで
ある。
【0027】次に、本発明に係る実施態様の一例を、図
面を参照しながら記述する。
【0028】共役ポリマー膜は、好適には、下記式のポ
リ(p−フエニレンビニレン)[PPV]であり、下記
式において、フェニレン環は、必要に応じて各々独立し
てアルキル(好適にはメチル)、アルコキシ(好適には
メトキシ若しくはエトキシ)、ハロゲン(好適には塩素
若しくは臭素)またはニトロのなかから選択される1つ
あるいはそれ以上の置換基を有していてもよい。
【0029】
【化2】
【0030】ポリ(p−フエニレンビニレン)から誘導
されるその他の共役ポリマーもまた、本発明に係る電界
発光素子のポリマー膜として使用されるのに適してい
る。
【0031】以下にそのような誘導体の典型例を示す。 (i)式Iのフェニレン環を縮合環系に置き換える、例
えば、フェニレン環をアントラセンあるいはナフタレン
環系に置換することによって得られる、以下のような構
造を示すポリマー。
【0032】
【化3】
【0033】
【化4】
【0034】
【化5】
【0035】これらの代用多環系もまた前記フェニレン
環に関して説明した種類の1あるいはそれ以上の数の置
換基を有してもよい。 (ii)フェニレン環をフラン環などの複素環系に置換す
ることによって得られる、以下のような構造を示すポリ
マー。
【0036】
【化6】
【0037】前記のとおり、上記フラン環もフェニレン
環に対して先に述べた種類の1あるいはそれ以上の数の
置換基を有してもよい。 (iii) 各々のフェニレン環(若しくは上記(i)ある
いは(ii)において説明した他の環系)の1つに結合し
たビニレン部分の数を増やすことによって得られる以下
のような構造を示すポリマー。
【0038】
【化7】
【0039】
【化8】
【0040】
【化9】
【0041】前記構造式において、yは2、3、4、
5、6、7を示す。
【0042】同様に、これらの環系は前記種々の置換基
を有してもよい。
【0043】これらの種々の異なるPPV誘導体は異な
る半導体エネルギーギャップを有する。このことは全可
視スペクトル部にわたって異なる波長で発光する電界発
光素子を構成することを可能とする。
【0044】共役ポリマー膜は溶液加工または溶融加工
可能な「前駆体」ポリマーを化学処理および/または熱
処理することによって製造することができる。後者の前
駆体ポリマーは引き続いて脱離反応によって共役ポリマ
ーに転化する前に精製または所望の形状に前処理するこ
とができる。
【0045】前記の各種のPPV誘導体膜は、適当なス
ルホニウム前駆体を使用することにより同様に導電性基
板に付与することができる。
【0046】一般に、好適には、スルホニウム塩前駆体
(II)よりも有機溶媒に対する溶解度が高いポリマー前
駆体を用いるのが有利な場合がある。アルコキシ基(通
常メトキシ)あるいは、ピリジニウム基のような親水性
の低い基によって前駆体中のスルホニウム部を置き換え
ることによって有機溶媒に対する溶解度を高めることが
達成できる。
【0047】代表的には、ポリ(フエニレンビニレン)
の膜は、図1に示すような反応図式に基づいた方法によ
り、導電性基板上に付与される。スルホニウム塩単量体
(II)は、水溶液、水エタノール混液、若しくはメタノ
ール中で前駆体ポリマー(III) に合成される。そのよ
うなプレポリマー(III)の溶液は、ホトレジスト処理の
ために半導体産業で用いられている一般的なスピン−コ
ーティング技術により導電性基板上に付与することがで
きる。次に、得られた前駆体ポリマー(III)膜は、通例
200℃から350℃の温度に加熱することによりポリ
(フエニレンビニレン)(I)に転化される。
【0048】単量体(II)の化学合成、その前駆体(II
I)への重合、そしてPPVへの熱転化のために必要な詳
細な条件は、文献、例えば、D.D.C.Bradle
yによるJ.Phys.D(Applied Phys
ics)、20、1389(1987)およびJ.D.
Stenger Smith、R.W.LenzとG.
WegnerによるPolymer、30、1048
(1989)に記載されている。
【0049】ポリ(フェニレンビニレン)膜は、10n
mから10μmの厚さで得られることを見出した。これ
らのPPV膜は、ごくわずなピンホールしかみられな
い。PPV膜は、約2.5eV(500nm)の半導体
エネルギーギャップを有する。PPV膜は、強く、室温
で酸素とほとんど反応せず300℃を超過する温度で空
気以外に安定である。
【0050】前駆体ポリマーの退去基を改質して、脱離
反応がさらに別の中間構造を生ずることなく単一反応に
よって進行することを確実にすることによって材料の秩
序化の向上が達成される。従って、例えば、n−ジアル
キルスルホニウム成分をテトラヒドロチオフェニウム成
分に置き換えることができる。後者の成分はジアルキル
スルフィドに見られるようにアルキルメルカプタンに分
解することなく単一の退去基として脱離する。ここに述
べる例において、使用する前駆体ポリマーはジアルキル
スルホニウム成分をジメチルスルフィドおよびテトラト
リエブロチオフェン(tetratryebrothi
ophene)として選択したものを共に含む。これら
の前駆体は共に以下の実施態様に示す素子構造体に使用
するのに好適なPPV膜を生じる。
【0051】それ以外の適当な共役ポリマーの膜を形成
する材料は、ポリ(フェニレン)である。
【0052】この材料は、5、6−ジヒドロキシシクロ
ヘキサ−1、3−ジエンの生化学的に合成される誘導体
を出発物質として製造することができる。これらの誘導
体は、ラジカル開始剤を使用することによって重合して
単一溶媒に溶ける前駆体ポリマーとすることができる。
このポリ(フェニレン)の製造は、Ballardet
al、J.Chem.Comm.954(1983)
により詳細に記載されている。
【0053】ポリマー前駆体溶液は、導電性基板上に薄
い膜としてスピンコートされ、そしてその後通例140
℃から240℃の範囲で熱処理されて共役ポリ(フェニ
レン)ポリマーに転換される。
【0054】ビニル若しくはジエン単量体を用いる共重
合もまたフェニレンコポリマーを得るように行うことが
できる。
【0055】必要な共役ポリマー膜を形成するために使
用することができるさらに別の種類の材料は、主共役鎖
に結合した巨大な側鎖基の存在によってあるいは共役ポ
リマーをその1つまたはそれ以上の成分が非共役である
共重合体構造に組み入れることによってそれ自体溶液加
工可能であるかまたは溶融加工可能であるかのいずれか
である共役ポリマーである。例えば、前者の例には以下
ものがある。 (a)ポリ(4、4’−ジフェニレンジフェニルビニレ
ン)[PDPV]は、両方のビニレンの炭素がフェニル
環により置換されているアリーレンビニレンポリマーで
ある。それは、普通の有機溶媒に溶けるので薄い膜を形
成できる。 (b)ポリ(1、4−フェニレン−1−フェニルビニレ
ン)とポリ(1、4−フェニレンジフェニルビニレン)
ポリマーはPPVの類似物質であり、それぞれ1つある
いは両方のビニレンの炭素がフェニル基と置換されてい
る。それらは各々有機溶媒に溶け、キャストまたはスピ
ン被覆されて薄膜となる。 (c)普通の有機溶媒中で溶液加工可能であり、また、
長いアルキル序列(アルキルはオクチルと等しいかそれ
以上に長い)に関しては、溶融加工も可能であるポリ
(3−アルキルチオフェン)ポリマー(アルキルは、プ
ロピル、ブチル、ペンチル、ヘキシル、ヘプチル、オク
チル、デシル、ウンデシル、ドデシル等のいずれか1
つ)。 (d)ポリ(3−アルキルピロール)ポリマーはポリ
(3−アルキルチオフェン)ポリマーと類似であること
が予想される。 (e)ブチルよりも大きなアルキルを有するポリ(2、
5−ジアルコキシ−p−フェニレッビニレン)ポリマー
は溶解加工可能である。 (f)ポリ(フェニルアセチレン)は主鎖中の水素原子
がフェニル基に置換されたポリアセチレンの誘導体であ
る。この置換によって、材料は可溶性にされる。
【0056】ポリマーの必要な加工性を得、導電性基板
(電荷注入接触層)上への要求される均一な薄膜の形成
を容易にするために共役ポリマーと他のポリマーとのポ
リマーブレンドを形成するのが適している場合もある。
【0057】共役ポリマーの膜を形成するのに、そのよ
うなコポリマーまたはポリマーブレンドを用いるとき、
前記共役ポリマーの膜を組み入れる電界発光素子の活性
部位は、コポリマーあるいはポリマーブレンドのパーコ
レイションしきい値と同じかそれ以上に大きい多量の共
役ポリマー部位を含まなければならない。
【0058】半導体電界発光層は、異なったバンドギャ
ップおよび/または多数電荷種を有するポリマー層を有
する複合層として形成されているので、例えば、電荷注
入層から電界発光素子の特定の領域内への注入電荷の集
中が達成される。複合層は、ポリマー層の連続析出によ
って形成することができる。種々の膜がスピンまたはド
ローコーティングによって共役ポリマーに前駆体の形で
付着される場合、共役ポリマーへの転化工程によって膜
が不溶性にされるので、その後の層をこの先に付着され
た膜を溶解することなく同様に付与することができる。
【0059】
【実施例】
「実施例1」図2および図3に関し、電界発光素子を以
下のように構成した。
【0060】ガラス基板、例えば、約1mmの石英また
は、ホウケイ酸塩ガラス1の上面に第1の電荷注入接触
層2を形成した。電荷注入接触層は、約20nmの厚さ
の層を作るためのシャドウマスクを介してアルミニウム
を熱蒸着させて形成した。前記シャドウマスクを使用し
て幅2mm、間隙2mmおよび長さ15mmの一連の平
行に並ぶ細片状であるパターンを形成する。得られたア
ルミニウム電荷注入接触層を次に薄い表面酸化物層3を
形成するために空気にさらした。このようにして電荷注
入接触層を形成した。
【0061】10〜25gのメタノールにつき1gのポ
リマー濃度のPPVの前駆体メタノール溶液を前記の結
合基板にスピンコーティングした。これは、結合基板の
全表面にポリマー溶液を塗布し、次にその上面を水平に
保持して5000r.p.m.までの速度で軸の回りに
回転することによって達成された。次に、得られた基板
とポリマー前駆体層を真空オーブン中、300℃の温度
で12時間加熱した。この熱処理によって、前駆体ポリ
マーはPPVに変換された。得られたPPV膜4は10
0から300nmの厚さであった。必要最低限の膜の厚
さを膜のコンダクタンスによって設定し、下限は20n
m程度である。しかしながら、好ましい厚さの範囲は2
0nmから1μmの範囲である。
【0062】次に、第2の電荷注入接触層5を、PPV
膜の上に金あるいはアルミニウムを蒸着させて形成し
た。シャドウマスクを再度使用して、PPV膜の表面上
にパターンを形成し、幅2mm、間隙2mm、長さ15
mmの平行に並ぶ一連の細長い小片を第1の電荷注入接
触層に直角に回転して形成した。第2の電荷注入接触層
の厚さは、20から30nmの範囲であった。このよう
にして正孔注入接触層を形成した。
【0063】電荷注入接触層のうち少なくとも1つは、
素子の平面に垂直に電界発光素子から発光させるために
透明、若しくは半透明であることが望ましい。本実施例
では、このことは金、若しくはアルミニウムの層が30
mm以下の厚さである時になされる。PPV層の厚さが
約200nmの素子に関し、電荷注入および強いエレク
トロルミネセンスの発現に対するしきい電圧は、約40
ボルトである。この電圧は、2×106 Vcm-1のしき
い電界を印加する。2mA/cm2 の電流密度におい
て、半透明の電極を通してなされる発光は、通常の照明
条件で、肉眼で見られた。素子の出力は、100KHz
までの周波数にはほとんど依存しなかった。このこと
は、電界発光素子の応答時間が非常に短く、10マイク
ロ秒より速いことを示している。使用に際し、電界発光
素子は、特別な用心をすることなく空気中で操作され、
機能低下の兆候はなにも示さなかった。
【0064】素子から出力された光を、格子モノクロメ
ータにより分光し、シリコン光起電力のセルで検出し、
そして、測定を室温(20℃)とし、光学通路を有する
低温保持装置に素子を保持して低温での両方で行った。
その結果を図4に示す。電界発光素子のスペクトルは、
ピークが温度によってその位置をわずかにシフトして
0.15eVだけ異なって690nmから500nm
(1.8eVから2.4eV)のスペクトル範囲で発光
することを示している。
【0065】電界発光素子層と比べて低い仕事関数を有
するので電子注入接触層として用いるのに適した他の材
料は、(非晶質あるいは結晶性)のn−ドープシリコ
ン、酸化膜を有するシリコン、純粋、若しくは金などの
他の金属との合金であるアルカリ、およびアルカリ土類
金属類である。また、“n形ドープ”共役ポリマーの薄
層を、金属層と電界発光ポリマー層との間に介在させ
て、電子注入接触層を形成することもできる。
【0066】電界発光層と比べて高い仕事関数を有する
ので正孔注入層として用いるのに適した他の材料は、イ
ンジウム/スズ酸化物(可視スペクトル部で透明であ
る)、白金、ニッケル、パラジウム、および黒鉛であ
る。また、電気化学的に重合されたポリピロール、ポリ
チオフェン等の“p形ドープ”共役ポリマーの薄膜を金
属層と電界発光ポリマー層との間に介在させることによ
って正孔注入層を形成することもできる。
【0067】前記材料は、以下のように付与することが
できる。すなわち、白金のような融点温度が特に高い金
属を除いた全ての金属は、蒸着により付着させることが
できる。インジウム/錫の酸化物を含む全ての合金は、
DCまたはRFスパッタリング法および電子ビーム蒸着
法を用いて付着させることができる。非晶質シリコンの
付着はシリコンとホスフィンなどのドーピング剤との混
合物からグロー放電付着法によって行うことができる。
【0068】以下は、これらの材料を使った構造物の例
である。 「実施例2」本実施例の構造物は、ガラス基板上の一連
の層として付着される。まず、導電性であるが透明な酸
化インジウムを酸素の存在下にインジウムターゲットか
らイオン−ビームスパッタリングする方法によって基板
上に付着させた。
【0069】試料は10-8mbarのベース圧力の低温
ポンプ装置中で調製する。ここで使用する全ての付着法
に関し、基板は水冷し、室温に保持する。代表的には2
×10-4mbarの酸素圧力の存在下の代表的に0.1
nm/秒の付着速度でのインジウムターゲットからのイ
オン−ビームスパッタリングによって、代表的に5×1
-4Ωcmの抵抗率を有する透明な酸化インジウムの膜
が形成された。代表的に、100nmの厚さによって単
位面積当たり約50Ωの比シート抵抗が与えられる。そ
のような膜は可視スペクトル部において90%より好ま
しい光学透過係数を有している。
【0070】これらの膜は、X線および電子解析測定か
ら判定して非晶質構造である。
【0071】次に、PPV層を上記実施例1に記載した
手順を用いて酸化インジウム層上に付着させる。最後
に、アルミニウムの上部接触層を代表的には50nmの
厚さに蒸着によって付着させる。この構造体を操作する
と、酸化インジウム接触層が正の接触層として、および
アルミニウム接触層が負の接触層として機能する。発光
は酸化インジウム層を通して見られる。
【0072】このようにして構成された、70nmの厚
さのPPV層および2mm2 の活性領域を有する構造体
の結果を図5および図6に示す。発光に関連する電流の
しきい値は図5において約14Vであることがわかる。
素子の分光的に総和した光出力の強度の変動を図6に電
流の関数として示す。 「実施例3」この構造体の製造は上部金属接触層までは
上記実施例2と同じである。本実施例では、蒸着によっ
て銀とマグネシウムとの合金を付着させて、負の接触層
として作用する上部接触層を形成する。蒸着は1:10
のモル比の銀およびマグネシウム粉体の混合物をボート
中で加熱することによって実施され、代表的に50nm
の厚さの膜が付着された。
【0073】マグネシウムは、小さい仕事関数を有する
ので、負の電極用の材料として望ましいものである。銀
を添加して合金を形成することによって、ポリマー層へ
の金属膜の接着性およびその酸化に対する耐性が改善さ
れる。これらの試料の電流/電圧および電界発光特性
は、実施例2に記載したものと類似していた。 「実施例4」これらの構造体は負の電極として作用する
非晶質シリコン−水素合金層および正の電極として作用
する酸化インジウムを用いて制作した。アルミニウムま
たはクロムの蒸着金属接触層を有するガラス基板を使用
する。次に、非晶質シリコン−水素膜を以下に詳細に説
明する高周波加熱(RF)スパッタリングによって付着
させた。
【0074】使用するRFスパッタリング装置は2つの
ターゲットおよび液体窒素冷却ゲッターを有し、8cm
のターゲット−基板間隔で操作される。処理室は5×1
-8mbarのベース圧力である。マグネトロンターゲ
ットに3mmの厚さにn−ドープSiウェハ層を担持さ
せる。試料を付着させる前に1〜2時間予備スパッタリ
ングすることによってこれらのターゲットを浄化する。
上記のようにして製造された基板を、3cmの厚さのC
uおよびAl基板の裏側の温度が250〜300℃にな
るように放射加熱する。基板を約6r.p.m.で回転
する。使用するスパッタリングガスは0.007〜0.
013mbarの圧力において30%のH2 を含むAr
であり、蒸着の間連続して処理室に通す。使用するRF
出力は2Wの反射出力を有して250Wである。付着速
度は代表的には12nm/分であり、この場合1μmの
膜圧に対し1.5時間の付着時間を要する。
【0075】得られた非晶質Siは赤茶色である、5×
106 〜5×108 Ωcmの直流抵抗率を有している。
[この抵抗率は試料の上側または下側に長さ3mm、間
隔0.25mmで2つのAlパッドを蒸着し、それら2
つのコンタクト間の抵抗を測定することによって求め
た] 。
【0076】次に、PPV層を上記実施例1に記載した
ように非晶質シリコン−水素層に付与し、引続き実施例
2で記載した手順を用いてこのPPV層の上に直接酸化
インジウム層を付着させた。
【0077】上記工程を用いて製造した面積14m
2 、シリコン−水素層の厚さ1μ、PPV層の厚さ4
0nmおよび酸化インジウム層の厚さ250nmの構造
体に関して得られた結果を図7および図8に示す。図7
に、順バイアス(酸化インジウム層が正)における素子
の電流対電圧特性を、また図8に電流に対する総和光出
力の変動を示す。電荷注入および発光は約17Vで開始
され、本実施例の場合抵抗性のシリコン−水素層が存在
するために、このしきい値を越えた電流の上昇は、例え
ば図5に示すようにそのような層を有しない構造に見ら
れるよりなだらかである。
【0078】また、この種の構造体は逆バイアス(シリ
コン−水素接触層に対して酸化インジウム接触層が負)
においてより弱い電界発光を示した。しかしながら、順
バイアスで操作するのが好ましい。 「実施例5」酸化インジウム最上層を半透明の金または
アルミニウム層に置き換えたことを除いて実施例4にお
けるように製造した。約20nmの厚さの最上層を有し
て製造された構造物はこの接触層を通して発光が見られ
た。これらの素子は、上述の各実施例と同様の特性を示
した。
【0079】実施例4の製造方法は、実施例2および実
施例3に示した接触層にも適用することができる。
【0080】シリコン/水素層およびインジウム酸化物
層を付着するためのそれ自体公知の他の方法がある。シ
リコンの場合、これは、シランのグロー放電と蒸着を含
む。インジウム酸化物の場合、他の可能性として、イン
ジウムと共にスズを含有させて、ここで用いているイン
ジウム酸化物に電気的特性が非常に近似している酸化イ
ンジウムスズ(ITO)を生成することが考えられる。
付着方法は、蒸着、RFおよび直流スパッタリングを含
む。
【0081】電荷注入接触層の厚さの選択は、用いられ
る付着技術と、接触層における所望の光学的透明度によ
って決定される。電荷注入の容易性は、電荷注入接触層
を複合層として構成することで改善される。この複合層
は、正孔および電子を夫々注入するための酸化および還
元共役ポリマーの薄膜層を包含する。これらの特別な共
役ポリマー層は、活性状態の電界発光ポリマーと同じで
あっても違っていてもよい。このような物質をドープす
る方法は、この分野においては周知であり、「導電性ポ
リマーハンドブック」(ティ.ジェイ.スコッテイム
(T.J.Skotheim))に明確に記載されてい
る。
【0082】少なくとも1つの電荷注入接触層は、素子
の平面に垂直に発光させるため透明または半透明である
のが好ましい場合があるが、例えば、素子の平面内での
放射しか要求されない場合には必ずしもその限りではな
い。
【0083】製造される電界発光素子のサイズの限界
は、スピンコーティングに使用することができる基板の
サイズによって決定される。例えば、このようにして直
径15cmのシリコンウエファのコーティングが行われ
ている。さらに、広い面積のコーティングを行うために
は、ドローコーティングなどの技術がその代わりに用い
られる。従って、平方メートルの範囲の面積を有する共
役ポリマーを用いた電界発光素子を構成することが実現
できる。
【0084】PPVを含む共役ポリマーの少なくともい
くつかは、付着工程が蒸着のために非常に高い温度を必
要とする金属層の付着、あるいは非晶質シリコン層を付
着した後、活性電界発光領域を決定するための写真製版
工程を行う等の後処理に耐えることができる。前駆体ポ
リマーを共役ポリマーおよび要求される電界発光素子の
タイプによって決まる基板に付与する方法としてスピン
またはドローコーティングを使用するのがPPVを使用
する場合には好ましいが、スピンおよびドローコーティ
ング並びに溶融加工の全てを共役ポリマーを基板上に付
着させるのに使用することができる。
【0085】電界発光素子は電界発光が役に立つ種々の
用途に適用することができる。それは従来半導体LED
が使用されていたところに使用することができる。それ
はまた従来液晶が使用されていたところにも使用するこ
とができる。電界発光素子は液晶の望ましい代替物とさ
れる多くの特性を有している。
【0086】電界発光素子は液晶ディスプレイと違って
発光するので、視覚が広い。さらに、大面積液晶ディス
プレイが遭遇した基板の平面性および間隔に関する問題
を、大面積LE素子は解決することができる。電界発光
素子はマトリックス−アドレス型ディスプレイ、例え
ば、テレビジョンおよびコンピュータディスプレイに特
に適している。マトリックス−アドレス型ディスプレイ
に使用する電界発光素子の一例を図3に示す。ここで
は、各電荷注入接触層が半導体層のいずれかの面に細長
くいく筋にも付着され、一方の接触層の細片が他方の接
着層の細片と直交している。ディスプレイの画素と呼ば
れる個々の電界発光素子、すなわち半導体層の各領域の
マトリックスのアドレス指定は下方の電荷注入接触層中
の特定の細片および上方の電荷注入層の前記第1の細片
に直角の特定の細片を選択することによって達成され
る。さらに、電界発光素子は前記のように応答速度が速
いので、テレビジョン受像器として使用するのに適して
おり、特に発光色を共役ポリマー、またその半導体バン
ドギャップを選択することによって制御することができ
るので、混色に適するグリーン、レッドおよびブルー画
素を用いるカラーディスプレイが電界発光素子中に異な
る共役ポリマーを配置することによって可能となる。
【0087】電界発光素子は、例えば車両ダッシュボー
ドの表示器、調理器またはビデオ記録器の個々の造形素
子としても使用することができる。各素子は目的とする
用途に要求される形状に製造することができる。さら
に、電界発光素子は平らである必要がないので、例え
ば、その製造後に三次元的形状、例えば車両または航空
機の風防ガラスの形状に倣って成形することができる。
そのように使用するためには、前駆体ポリマーをポリエ
ステル、ポリフッ化ビニリデンまたはポリイミドなどの
透明ポリマーフィルムのような適切な基板に付与する必
要がある。前駆体ポリマーをそのような可撓性ポリマー
フィルムに付与するならば、ロール上での電界発光素子
の連続製造が可能となる。あるいはまた、前駆体ポリマ
ーを、例えばドローコーティング法を用いて予め製造さ
れた形基板上に付与することもできる。
【0088】最後に、電界発光素子は、それを光学繊維
および/または薄膜導波管と効果的に光学結合させて光
源として作用するように準備された構造体上で直接製造
する光通信への用途が考えられる。同様な用途が“サイ
エンス・アンド・テクノロジー・イン・ジャパン”、8
〜14頁(1989年7月)に「オプチカル・インフォ
メーション・プロセッシング」という題名でサトシ・イ
シハラによって記載されている。
【0089】電界発光素子光源はレーザーとして適切に
使用することができる。
【0090】最後に、光学繊維あるいは、薄膜の凹凸を
有する電界発光素子を能率的に光学結合させて光情報を
活用すべく、所定の下層上に直接組み合わせることによ
り光通信に活用されることが予想される。類似の記事と
して日本のサトシ・イシハラにより1989年7月の
“Optical Information Proc
essing”の8頁〜14頁の記載がある。
【図面の簡単な説明】
【図1】共役ポリマーを配設するための反応図式を示す
図である。
【図2】本発明に係る電界発光素子の概略図である。
【図3】本発明に係る電界発光素子の概略図である。
【図4】図2並びに図3に記載された素子の発光出力を
示すグラフである。
【図5】本発明の他の実施態様に係る電界発光素子のそ
れぞれ電流対発光および出力強度対印加電圧を示すグラ
フである。
【図6】本発明の他の実施態様に係る電界発光素子のそ
れぞれ電流対発光および出力強度対印加電圧を示すグラ
フである。
【図7】本発明のさらに他の実施態様に係るそれぞれ電
流出力および電界発光強度を示すグラフである。
【図8】本発明のさらに他の実施態様に係るそれぞれ電
流出力および電界発光強度を示すグラフである。
───────────────────────────────────────────────────── フロントページの続き (51)Int.Cl.6 識別記号 FI H05B 33/10 H05B 33/10 33/22 33/22 33/26 33/26 (72)発明者 バローグス ジェルミー ヘンリー アメリカ合衆国、ニューヨーク00516 コ ールドスプリング パーソネイジ ストリ ート 11 (72)発明者 ブラッドリー ドナル ドナット コーナ ー イギリス国、ケンブリッジ シービー3 0ディー5チャーチル カレッジ(番地な し)

Claims (25)

    【特許請求の範囲】
  1. 【請求項1】少なくとも一種の共役ポリマーからなる薄
    い緻密なポリマー膜の形状の半導体層、半導体層の第1
    の表面と接する第1の接触層および半導体層の第2の表
    面と接する第2の接触層とからなる電界発光素子であっ
    て、半導体層のポリマー膜は、第2の接触層を第1の接
    触層に対して正にするように半導体層を介して第1およ
    び第2の接触層間に電界をかけると、電荷キャリヤが半
    導体層に注入されて、半導体層から発光がなされるよう
    に十分に低い濃度の外部電荷キャリヤを有していること
    を特徴とする電界発光素子。
  2. 【請求項2】請求項1記載の電界発光素子において、共
    役ポリマーが式 【化1】 [式中、フェニレン環は、必要に応じてそれぞれ独立し
    てアルキル(好適にはメチル)、アルコキシ(好適には
    メトキシまたはエトキシ)、ハロゲン(好適には塩素ま
    たは臭素)またはニトロの中から選択される1つあるい
    はそれ以上の置換基を有していてもよい] のポリ(p−
    フェニレンビニレン) [PPV] であることを特徴とす
    る電界発光素子。
  3. 【請求項3】請求項1または2記載の電界発光素子にお
    いて、薄い緻密なポリマー膜が10nmから5μmまで
    の範囲の実質的に均一な厚さのものであることを特徴と
    する電界発光素子素子。
  4. 【請求項4】前記請求項のいずれかに記載の電界発光素
    子において、共役ポリマーが1eVから3.5eVの範
    囲の半導体バンドギャップを有することを特徴とする電
    界発光素子。
  5. 【請求項5】前記請求項のいずれかに記載の電界発光素
    子において、ポリマー膜の電界発光領域における共役ポ
    リマーの割合が膜中に存在する共役ポリマー中での電荷
    移動の浸透しきい値を達成するのに十分であることを特
    徴とする電界発光素子。
  6. 【請求項6】前記請求項のいずれかに記載の電界発光素
    子において、第1の電荷注入接触層が、その一表面に薄
    い酸化物層が形成されたアルミニウムの薄層であり、半
    導体層の第1の表面が前記酸化物層と接触していること
    を特徴とする電界発光素子。
  7. 【請求項7】請求項1乃至5のいずれかに記載の電界発
    光素子において、第1の接触層がアルミニウムまたはマ
    グネシウムと銀との合金からなる群から選択されること
    を特徴とする電界発光素子。
  8. 【請求項8】請求項6記載の電界発光素子において、第
    2の電荷注入層がアルミニウムおよび金からなる群から
    選択されることを特徴とする電界発光素子。
  9. 【請求項9】前記請求項のいずれかに記載の電界発光素
    子において、第1および第2の電荷注入接触層の少なく
    とも1つが少なくとも半透明であることを特徴とする電
    界発光素子。
  10. 【請求項10】請求項7記載の電界発光素子において、
    第2の接触層が酸化インジウムまたは酸化インジウムス
    ズからなることを特徴とする電界発光素子。
  11. 【請求項11】請求項1乃至5のいずれかに記載の電界
    発光素子において、第1の接触層が非晶質シリコンから
    なり、かつ第2の接触層がアルミニウム、金および酸化
    インジウムからなる群から選択されることを特徴とする
    電界発光素子。
  12. 【請求項12】前記請求項のいずれかに記載の電界発光
    素子において、第1および第2の電荷注入接触層の少な
    くとも1つが支持基板とも接触していることを特徴とす
    る電界発光素子。
  13. 【請求項13】請求項9記載の電界発光素子において、
    支持基板が石英ガラスであることを特徴とする電界発光
    素子。
  14. 【請求項14】前記請求項のいずれかに記載の電界発光
    素子からなるアレイであって、第1および第2の電荷注
    入接触層が前記アレイ中で選択的にアドレスされるよう
    に配置されていることを特徴とするアレイ。
  15. 【請求項15】少なくとも1種の共役ポリマーからなる
    薄い緻密な重合体膜の形状の半導体層を、前駆体ポリマ
    ーの薄膜をポリマー薄膜として基板上に付着させ、次に
    付着した前駆体ポリマーを高温に加熱して共役ポリマー
    を生成する工程によって基体上に付着させ、第1の接触
    層の薄層を前記半導体層の第1の表面と接して設け、そ
    して、第2の接触層の薄膜を前記半導体層の第2の表面
    と接して設ける電界発光素子を製造する方法であって、
    ポリマー膜が、第2の接触層を第1の接触層に対して正
    にするように前記半導体層と接した第1および第2の接
    触層間に電界をかけると、電荷キャリヤが半導体層に注
    入されて、半導体層から発光がなされるように十分に低
    い濃度の外部電荷キャリヤを有していることを特徴とす
    る電界発光素子の製造方法。
  16. 【請求項16】請求項15記載の製造方法において、先
    ず、支持基板上に前記第1の電荷注入接触層を付着させ
    て複合基板を形成し、前記第1の電荷注入接触層上に薄
    い緻密なポリマー膜として前記前駆体ポリマーを付着さ
    せ、次に複合基板および前駆体ポリマーをポリマー膜中
    に前記共役ポリマーを生成する高温に加熱し、最後に前
    記第2の電荷注入接触層をポリマー膜上に付着させるこ
    とを特徴とする電界発光素子の製造方法。
  17. 【請求項17】請求項15または16記載の製造方法に
    おいて、前駆体ポリマーが可溶性であり、かつスピンコ
    ーティングによって基板上にポリマー薄膜として付着さ
    れることを特徴とする電界発光素子の製造方法。
  18. 【請求項18】請求項15乃至17のいずれかに記載の
    製造方法において、前駆体ポリマーがポリ(p−フェニ
    レンビニレン)[PPV]の前駆体ポリマーであること
    を特徴とする電界発光素子の製造方法。
  19. 【請求項19】請求項15乃至18のいずれかに記載の
    製造方法において、薄い緻密なポリマー膜が10nmか
    ら5μmまでの範囲の均一な厚さのものであることを特
    徴とする電界発光素子の製造方法。
  20. 【請求項20】請求項15乃至19のいずれかに記載の
    製造方法において、第1の電荷注入接触層が、その一表
    面に薄い酸化物層が形成されたアルミニウムの薄層であ
    り、この第1の電荷注入接触層の酸化物薄膜が半導体層
    の第1の表面と接触して設けられることを特徴とする電
    界発光素子の製造方法。
  21. 【請求項21】請求項15乃至20のいずれかに記載の
    製造方法において、第2の電荷注入層がアルミニウムお
    よび金からなる群から選択されることを特徴とする電界
    発光素子の製造方法。
  22. 【請求項22】請求項15乃至19のいずれかに記載の
    製造方法において、第1の接触層がアルミニウムおよび
    マグネシウム/銀の合金からなる群から選択され、且つ
    第2の接触層が酸化インジウムであることを特徴とする
    電界発光素子の製造方法。
  23. 【請求項23】請求項15乃至19のいずれかに記載の
    製造方法において、第1の接触層が非晶質シリコンから
    なり、かつ第2の接触層がアルミニウム、金および酸化
    インジウムからなる群から選択されることを特徴とする
    電界発光素子の製造方法。
  24. 【請求項24】請求項15乃至24のいずれかに記載の
    製造方法において、第1および第2の電荷注入接触層が
    蒸着によって付着されることを特徴とする電界発光素子
    の製造方法。
  25. 【請求項25】請求項15乃至24のいずれかに記載の
    製造方法において、支持基板が石英ガラスであることを
    特徴とする電界発光素子の製造方法。
JP9116158A 1989-04-20 1997-04-18 電界発光素子およびその製造方法 Pending JPH1092576A (ja)

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* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
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US6249085B1 (en) 1999-03-17 2001-06-19 Tdk Corporation Organic electroluminescent device with a high-resistance inorganic hole injecting and transporting layer
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HK24597A (en) 1997-02-27
ES2070320T3 (es) 1995-06-01
WO1990013148A1 (en) 1990-11-01
JPH04500582A (ja) 1992-01-30
FI906271A0 (fi) 1990-12-19
BR9006718A (pt) 1991-08-06
DE69016345T2 (de) 1995-05-24
JP3239991B2 (ja) 2001-12-17
JP3249971B2 (ja) 2002-01-28
DE69016345D1 (de) 1995-03-09
EP0423283B1 (en) 1995-01-25
JPH1092577A (ja) 1998-04-10
FI112555B (fi) 2003-12-15
US5247190A (en) 1993-09-21
US5399502A (en) 1995-03-21
AU5428590A (en) 1990-11-16
ATE117834T1 (de) 1995-02-15
GB8909011D0 (en) 1989-06-07
AU626415B2 (en) 1992-07-30
KR100189398B1 (ko) 1999-08-02
KR920700480A (ko) 1992-02-19
CA2030785C (en) 2000-05-30
CA2030785A1 (en) 1990-10-21
EP0423283A1 (en) 1991-04-24

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