CN1325600C - 聚合物及其制备和用途 - Google Patents
聚合物及其制备和用途 Download PDFInfo
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- CN1325600C CN1325600C CNB038133113A CN03813311A CN1325600C CN 1325600 C CN1325600 C CN 1325600C CN B038133113 A CNB038133113 A CN B038133113A CN 03813311 A CN03813311 A CN 03813311A CN 1325600 C CN1325600 C CN 1325600C
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- C08G—MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS OBTAINED OTHERWISE THAN BY REACTIONS ONLY INVOLVING UNSATURATED CARBON-TO-CARBON BONDS
- C08G61/00—Macromolecular compounds obtained by reactions forming a carbon-to-carbon link in the main chain of the macromolecule
- C08G61/02—Macromolecular compounds containing only carbon atoms in the main chain of the macromolecule, e.g. polyxylylenes
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C08—ORGANIC MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS; THEIR PREPARATION OR CHEMICAL WORKING-UP; COMPOSITIONS BASED THEREON
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- C08G61/00—Macromolecular compounds obtained by reactions forming a carbon-to-carbon link in the main chain of the macromolecule
- C08G61/12—Macromolecular compounds containing atoms other than carbon in the main chain of the macromolecule
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- C08G—MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS OBTAINED OTHERWISE THAN BY REACTIONS ONLY INVOLVING UNSATURATED CARBON-TO-CARBON BONDS
- C08G73/00—Macromolecular compounds obtained by reactions forming a linkage containing nitrogen with or without oxygen or carbon in the main chain of the macromolecule, not provided for in groups C08G12/00 - C08G71/00
- C08G73/02—Polyamines
- C08G73/026—Wholly aromatic polyamines
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- H10K—ORGANIC ELECTRIC SOLID-STATE DEVICES
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- H10K85/10—Organic polymers or oligomers
- H10K85/111—Organic polymers or oligomers comprising aromatic, heteroaromatic, or aryl chains, e.g. polyaniline, polyphenylene or polyphenylene vinylene
- H10K85/115—Polyfluorene; Derivatives thereof
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- H10K—ORGANIC ELECTRIC SOLID-STATE DEVICES
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- C09K2211/1433—Carbocyclic compounds bridged by heteroatoms, e.g. N, P, Si or B
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- H10K—ORGANIC ELECTRIC SOLID-STATE DEVICES
- H10K50/00—Organic light-emitting devices
- H10K50/10—OLEDs or polymer light-emitting diodes [PLED]
- H10K50/11—OLEDs or polymer light-emitting diodes [PLED] characterised by the electroluminescent [EL] layers
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- H10K85/00—Organic materials used in the body or electrodes of devices covered by this subclass
- H10K85/60—Organic compounds having low molecular weight
- H10K85/631—Amine compounds having at least two aryl rest on at least one amine-nitrogen atom, e.g. triphenylamine
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Abstract
用于光学器件的聚合物,包括第一种任选取代的式(Ⅰ)重复单元和第二种任选取代的式(Ⅱ)重复单元:其中各个Ar和Ar′相同或不同,包括任选取代的芳基或杂芳基,和任选包括第三种任选取代的重复单元,其摩尔比例不大于5%,所述的第三重复单元具有式-Ar-N(Ar)-Ar-,并且在其主链中具有单个氮原子。
Description
技术领域
本发明涉及用于光学器件、特别是有机电致发光器件的原料,以及它们的物理和电子特性的控制。
背景技术
一类光电器件是那些使用有机材料用于光发射或探测的器件。这些器件的基本结构是一个光发射有机层,例如一个聚(对亚苯基亚乙烯)(“PPV”)或聚芴膜层,其夹在向该有机层注入负电荷载流子(电子)的阴极和注入正电荷载流子(空穴)的阳极之间。电子和空穴在有机层内结合产生光电子。在WO 90/13148中,该有机发光材料是一种聚合物。在US 4539507中,该有机发光材料是一类小分子材料,诸如(8-羟基喹啉)铝(“Alq3”)。在一实用的器件中,电极之一是透明的,允许光电子逸出所述器件。
一种典型的有机光发射器件(“OLED”)是在玻璃或塑料基底上涂有透明的第一电极(例如铟-锡-氧化物(“ITO”))制造的。至少有一种电致发光的有机材料薄膜层覆盖第一电极。最后,用阴极覆盖所述的电致发光有机材料层。所述阴极代表性地是金属或合金,可包含单层,例如铝;或多层,诸如钙和铝。其它的层可以加到所述器件中,例如用于改善从电极到电致发光材料的电荷注入。例如,可在阳极和电致发光材料之间提供一个空穴注入层,诸如聚(乙烯二氧噻吩)/聚苯乙烯磺酸盐(PEDOT-PSS)或聚苯胺。当电压从电源施加到电极之间时,一个电极起阴极作用,另一个起阳极作用。
对于有机半导体,重要的特性是结合能,其根据所述电子能级、特别是“最高已占分子轨道”(HOMO)和“最低未占分子轨道”(LUMO)级的真空能级测量。这些可以从光电发射的测量计算,特别是从氧化和还原电化学电位的测量计算。本领域公知的是这类能量受到许多因素的影响,诸如临近界面的局部环境,以及用于确定数值的曲线(峰)上的点。因此,这类数值的应用与其是定量的,不如说是指示性的。
在操作中,通过阳极将空穴注入到器件,通过阴极将电子注入到器件。空穴和电子在有机电致发光层中结合,形成电子空穴对,然后其进行发光蜕变发出光。一种改善器件效率的方法是提供空穴和电子传递材料,例如WO99/48610公开了掺和的空穴传送聚合物、电子传递聚合物和电致发光聚合物。在该文献中,用1∶1的二辛基芴和三苯基胺的共聚物作为空穴传送聚合物。
聚合物OLED领域中的一个焦点是开发要求红、绿和蓝色发射材料的全色显示。与这项开发有关的现有聚合物OLED显示器的一个缺点是目前已知的蓝色发射材料寿命较短(“寿命”是在DC驱动操作时,在恒电流下,所述OLED的亮度降低一半所用的时间)。
一种尝试是所述发射材料的寿命可通过优化OLED结构得以延长;例如,蓝色材料的寿命在某种程度上依赖于所使用的阴极。然而,选择改善蓝色材料寿命的阴极的益处可能被所述阴极对红色和绿色材料性能的不利影响抵消。例如,Synthetic Metals 111-112(2000),125-128公开了一种全色显示器,其中阴极是LiF/Ca/Al。本发明人已经发现,该阴极对于蓝色发射材料特别有效,但是对于绿色、特别是红色发射体性能不佳。
另一种尝试是开发新的蓝色电致发光材料。例如,作为WO99/48160的发展的WO00/55927公开了一种式(a)的蓝色电致发光聚合物:
其中w+x+y=1,w≥0.5,0≤x+y≤0.5和n≥2
实质上,在WO99/48160中公开的各种聚合物被结合成单一分子。F8重复单元是为了电子注入的目的所提供;TFB单元为空穴传送的目的所提供;和PFB重复单元作为发射单元提供。
WO99/54 385和EP 1 229 063公开了芴和胺的共聚物。
本发明的目的是提供一种方法,用于延长在上述光学器件中所用的先有技术聚合物的聚合物寿命。本发明的另一个目的是提供一种用于光学器件的长寿命聚合物,特别是长寿命的蓝色电致发光材料。本发明的另一个目的是提供一种用于提高先有技术聚合物的热稳定性的方法。
发明内容
本发明人已经意外地发现,用于光学器件的聚合物的寿命,特别是电致发光聚合物的寿命,可通过掺入提高所述聚合物玻璃化温度(Tg)的重复单元而增加。特别是将2,7-连接的9,9-二芳基芴重复单元掺入电致发光聚合物、尤其是蓝色发射电致发光聚合物中,使得聚合物的寿命显著增加。此外,本发明人已经发现不必具有分开的空穴传送单元和蓝色发射单元;已经发现两个功能可能通过PFB单元完成。令人惊讶的是,将TFB从如上所述的先有技术聚合物中删除使得寿命显著改善。
因此,本发明的第一个方面是提供一种用于光学器件的聚合物,包括第一种任选取代的式(I)重复单元和第二种任选取代的式(II)重复单元:
其中各个Ar和Ar′相同或不同,包括任选取代的芳基或杂芳基,
并且任选包括第三种任选取代的重复单元,其摩尔比例不大于5%,所述的第三重复单元具有式-Ar-N(Ar)-Ar-,并且在其主链中具有单个氮原子。
优选,各Ar是苯基。更优选,第二重复单元包括式(III)的重复单元:
其中各R′独立地选自氢或增溶性基团。
优选,所述第三重复单元不存在。优选,聚合物在非式(II)重复单元的重复单元主链中不含有具有氮原子的重复单元。
优选,各Ar′独立地选自含任选取代的式(IV)残基的基团:
其中n=1、2或3和R是增溶性基团或氢。优选增溶性基团R选自任选取代的烷基或烷氧基,优选丁基。
优选,各R′是任选取代的烷基或烷氧基,更优选丁基,最优选正丁基。
优选,根据本发明第一个方面的聚合物含有小于50摩尔%、更优选10-40摩尔%的式(I)重复单元。
本发明人已经意外地发现,减少在聚合物内的胺含量使得在某些器件结构中的材料的效率增加,特别是阴极具有较高选出功导致电子注入能力较差的器件,例如阴极是钡(wf=2.7eV),锶(wf=2.59eV)或钙(wf=2.87eV)(来源:J.Appl.Phys.48(11)1997,4730.)。因此,根据本发明第一个方面的聚合物的一个优选实施方案含有小于30摩尔%、更优选小于10摩尔%的式(II)重复单元。
优选,根据本发明第一个方面的聚合物包括另一种重复单元,其选自任选取代的9,9-二烷基-或9,9-二烷氧基-2,7-芴基,更优选9,9-二正辛基芴。
优选,根据本发明第一个方面的聚合物是电致发光聚合物,更优选是能够在400-500纳米、最优选在430-500纳米波长范围发光的聚合物。
在第二个方面,本发明提供一种电致发光器件,包括用于注入正电荷载流子的第一电极、用于注射负电荷载流子的第二电极和位于第一和第二电极之间的含有根据本发明第一方面的聚合物的电致发光区。优选,根据本发明第一个方面的聚合物是在电致发光区中唯一的高分子半导体。
“电致发光区”表示电致发光器件的层,包括含有式(II)重复单元的、获得电致发光的聚合物。为了避免引起疑惑,应认识到当存在空穴注入材料(例如PEDOT-PSS或聚苯胺)时,与电致发光层分离的空穴传输层或电子传递层不构成电致发光区的一部分。
附图说明
现通过实施例参照附图更具体地说明本发明,其中:图1表示先有技术的电致发光器件。
图2表示根据本发明的蓝色电致发光器件的发光度-时间图。
具体实施方式
根据本发明的聚合物优选是含有亚芳基-共-重复单元Ar的共聚物,Ar诸如是芴,特别是2,7-连接的9,9-二烷基芴或2,7-连接的9,9-二芳基芴;螺芴,诸如2,7-连接的9,9-螺芴;茚并芴,例如2,7-连接的茚并芴;或苯基,诸如烷基或烷氧基取代的1,4-苯撑。这些基团的每一个可以是被取代的。
其它适合的Ar基是本领域已知的,例如在WO00/55927和WO00/46321中公开的,这些文献引用在此作为参考。
根据本发明的聚合物可包括均聚物、共聚物、三元共聚物或更高级聚合物。
根据本发明的共聚物、三元共聚物或更高级聚合物包括有规交替聚合物、无规聚合物和嵌段聚合物,其中用于制备所述聚合物的各单体的百分比可以不同。
为了便于加工,优选聚合物是可溶的。可选用诸如C1-10烷基或C1-10烷氧基的取代基赋予聚合物在特定溶剂体系中的溶解度。典型的溶剂包括单或多烷基化的苯,诸如甲苯和二甲苯;或四氢呋喃。
特别适用于从芳族单体制备共轭聚合物的两种聚合技术是例如在WO00/53656中公开的Suzuki聚合和在例如″Macromolecules″,31,1099-1103(1998)中公开的Yamamoto聚合。Suzuki聚合需要卤化物和硼衍生物官能基的连接;Yamamoto聚合需要卤化物官能基的连接。因此,优选每种单体提供两个反应官能基P,其中各个P独立地选自(a)选自硼酸根、硼酸酯基和硼烷基的硼衍生物官能基和(b)卤化物官能基。
参照图1,根据本发明的光学器件的标准结构,特别是电致发光器件的结构,包括一种透明玻璃或塑料基层1,铟锡氧化物阳极2和阴极4。根据本发明的聚合物位于阳极2和阴极4之间的层3。层3可以仅含有根据本发明的聚合物或多种聚合物。当使用多种聚合物沉积时,其可包括至少空穴传送聚合物、电子传递聚合物中两种的混合物,当所述器件是PLED时,还包括在WO99/48160中公开的发射聚合物。或者,层3可由单一聚合物形成,所述聚合物所包括的区域选自两个或多个空穴传递区、电子传递区和例如在WO00/55927和US 6353083中公开的发射区。空穴传递、电子传递和发射各功能可通过不同的聚合物或通过单一聚合物的不同区域提供。或者,通过单一的区域或聚合物可完成多于一项的功能。特别是,单一的聚合物或区能够既进行电荷传递又进行发射。各区可以包含单一的重复单元,例如三芳基胺重复单元可以是一个空穴传递区。或者,各区可以是重复单元链,诸如聚芴单元链作为电子传递区。在这类聚合物中的不同区域可按照US 6353083沿着聚合物骨架提供,或按照WO01/62869作为从聚合物骨架侧悬的基团提供。
除层3之外,可提供一个单独的空穴传输层和/或电子传递层。
虽然不是必需的,在阳极2和聚合物层3之间的有机空穴注入材料层(未表示)是理想的,因为其有助于从阳极将空穴注入到一个或多个高分子半导体层中。有机空穴注入材料的例子包括在EP 0901176和EP0947123中公开的聚(乙烯二氧代噻吩)(PEDT/PSS)或在US 5723873和US5798170中公开的聚苯胺。
阴极4选自具有允许电子注入电致发光层的选出功的材料。其它因素影响阴极的选择,诸如在阴极和电致发光材料之间不利干扰的可能性。阴极可以由单一材料组成,例如一层铝。或者,其可以包括多种金属,例如在WO98/10621中公开的钙和铝双层,在WO98/57381、Appl.Phys.Lett.2002,81(4),634和WO02/84759中公开的元素钡,或帮助电子注入的一个介电材料薄层,例如在WO00/48258中公开的氟化锂,或在Appl.Phys.Lett.2001,79(5),2001中公开的氟化钡。
一个典型的电致发光器件包括一个具有4.8eV逸出功的阳极。因此,空穴传递区的HOMO级优选在约4.8-5.5eV。同样,一个典型器件的阴极具有约3eV逸出功。因此,电子传递区的LUMO级优选约3-3.5eV。
电致发光器件可以是单色器件或全色器件(即,由红色、绿色和蓝色电致发光材料形成)。
实施例
单体实施例
根据本发明的单体根据下述方案制备:
单体实施例M1:2,7-二溴-9,9-二苯基芴
2,7-二溴芴
在3L凸缘烧瓶中将芴(100.006g,0.555摩尔)、五氧化二磷(110.148g,0.776摩尔)和磷酸三甲酯(1200毫升)混合。在机械搅拌下,迅速加入溴(63毫升,1.23摩尔)在磷酸三甲酯(200毫升)中的溶液。然后将该透明溶液在120摄氏度加热22小时。混合物冷却至室温,然后倾入3L水中。当加入硫代硫酸钠(50.045g)时,所述混合物变黄。保持搅拌1小时,然后过滤黄色固体。在甲醇中加热该固体,除去一溴化的化合物,得到176.183g(HPLC纯度98%,产率94%)。
1H NMR(CDCl3)7.73(2H,d,J 2.0),7.61(2H,dd,J 7.6,2.0),7.36(2H,d,J 8.0);13CNMR(CDCl3)142.3,137.5,135.3,127.9,123.3,121.8,109.8.
4,4′-二溴-2-羧酸-1,1′-联苯
在一个2L凸缘烧瓶中加入2,7-二溴芴(120.526g,0.356摩尔)、氢氧化钾(细粉状的薄片,168.327g,3.000摩尔)和甲苯(600毫升)。该混合物在120摄氏度加热四小时,然后冷却至室温。在强烈搅拌下加入水溶解固体(~2L)。除去浅绿色水层,黄色甲苯层用水洗涤两次。合并的水层用浓盐酸酸化,然后过滤沉淀的固体,干燥,从甲苯重结晶,得到100.547g米色晶体(产率79%);
1H NMR((CD3)2CO)8.00(1H,d,J 2.0),7.77(1H,dd,J8.0,2.4),7.57(2H,d,J 8.0),7.34(1H,d,J 8.4),7.29(2H,d,J 8.8);13C NMR((CD3)2CO)167.1,140.4,139.8,134.2,133.5,132.8,132.7,131.2,130.6,121.4,121.1.
4,4′-二溴-2-羧酸-1,1′-联苯的甲酯
4,4-二溴-2-羧酸联苯(171.14g、0.481摩尔)悬浮在甲醇(700毫升)和硫酸(15毫升)中,然后在80摄氏度加热21小时。除去溶剂,油溶于乙酸乙酯。该溶液用2N氢氧化钠、水、饱和氯化钠洗涤,用硫酸镁干燥,过滤然后蒸发得到橙色油。该油用热甲醇处理,在冷却下沉淀出酯,然后过滤。蒸发母液,固体重结晶得到副产物。酯的GCMS纯度为100%,得到123.27g(69%)的产量。
1H NMR(CDCl3)7.99(1H,d,J 2.0),7.64(1H,dd,J 8.0,1.6),7.51(2H,d,J 8.4),7.19(1H,d,J 8.8),7.13(2H,d,J 8.8),3.67(3H,s);13C NMR(CDCl3)167.1,140.3,139.1,134.4,132.9,132.1,132.0,131.3,129.8,121.9,121.5,52.3;GCMS:M+=370
4,4′-二溴-2-二苯基醇-1,1′-联苯
4,4-二溴-2-甲酯-联苯(2 4.114g,65.1mmol)溶于干二乙醚(120毫升),溶液用异丙醇/干冰浴冷却到-60摄氏度。然后滴加苯基锂(1.8M环己烷-乙醚溶液,91毫升)。搅拌混合物,使其温热至室温。4小时后反应完全。然后加入水(70毫升),用乙醚洗涤水层一次。合并的有机相用氯化钠洗涤,用硫酸镁干燥,过滤,蒸发得到黄色粉末。从异丙醇重结晶,得到19g白色固体(产率59%);
GC·MS(m/z,
relatlve intensity%) 494(M+,100);1H NMR(CDCl3)7.43(1H,dd,J 8.4,2.4),7.28(6H,m),7.23(2H,d,J 8.0),7.11(4H,m),6.99(1H,d,J 2.4),6.94(1H,d,J 8.4),6.61(2H,d,J 8.4);13C NMR(CDCl3)147.5,146.7,140.3,139.3,.134.0,133.0,131.2,131.1,130.3,128.2,128.1,127.8,121.B,121.3,83.2.
2,7-二溴-9,9-二苯基芴
搅拌乙醇(69.169g,140mmol)和冰醋酸(450ml)并回流加热,然后滴加浓盐酸(0.5ml)。当加料完成后,混合物加热1小时,然后冷却。将反应混合物倾入水中(500ml),滤除固体。白色固体从乙酸正丁酯重结晶三次,得到20.03g所需产品(HPLC纯度99.59%,产率30%)。
1H NMR(CDCl3),δ/ppm:7.58(2H,d.J 7.6),7.49(2H,d,1.2),7.48(2H,dd,1.6),7.25(6H,m),7.14(4H,m)
13C NMR(CDCl3).δ/ppm:153.2,144.6,138.3,131.1,129.6,128.7,128.2,127.4,122.0,121.7,65.8.
单体实施例M2-M4
根据上述方案和一般的实验方法制备具有如下表具体描述的Ar基的单体。相应于表中所示Ar基的芳基锂化合物从相应的芳基溴制备。
聚合物实施例P1
根据本发明的蓝色电致发光聚合物根据WO 00/53656的方法制备,通过9,9-二正辛基芴-2,7-二(乙烯基硼酸酯)(0.5当量)、2,7-二溴-9,9-二苯基芴(0.3 5当量)和N,N′-二(4-溴苯基)-N,N′-二(4-正丁基苯基)-1,4-苯二胺(0.15当量)反应得到聚合物P1:
器件实施例
在玻璃纤维基层(可从Applied Films,Colorado,USA获得)上负载的铟锡氧化物上通过旋涂设置一层PEDT/PSS层(以Baytron PR产品从Bayer获得)。通过旋涂二甲苯溶液在PEDT/PSS层上设置一层聚合物P1。在聚合物P1设置一个由氟化锂第一层、钙第二层和第三铝覆盖层组成的阴极。
为了与P1比较,制备相同的器件,除了电致发光聚合物包含10%TFB重复单元(全部组成:10%TFB;50%F8;30%9,9-二芳基-2,7-芴基;10%PFB;WO 02/92723中公开)。
从图2可以看出,从聚合物中除去TFB使得寿命明显改善。
虽然本发明已经通过具体的例证的实施方案进行了描述,应认为在此公开的细节的不同的改进、变化和/或组合对于本领域技术人员而言是显而易见的,其不背离下述权利要求所阐明的本发明的精神和范围。
Claims (23)
1.用于光学器件的聚合物,包括第一种任选取代的式(I)重复单元和第二种任选取代的式(II)重复单元:
其中各个Ar和Ar′相同或不同,包括任选取代的芳基或杂芳基,
和任选包括第三种任选取代的重复单元,其摩尔比例不大于5%,所述的第三重复单元具有式-Ar-N(Ar)-Ar-,并且在其主链中具有单个氮原子,并且该聚合物包括选自两个或多个空穴传递区、电子传递区和发射区的区域。
3.根据权利要求1或2的聚合物,其中不存在第三重复单元。
5.根据权利要求4的聚合物,其中R选自任选取代的烷基或烷氧基。
6.根据权利要求4的聚合物,其中R是氢或丁基。
7.根据权利要求1-2和4-6中任一项所述的聚合物,其中各R′是任选取代的烷基或烷氧基。
8.根据权利要求3所述的聚合物,其中各R′是任选取代的烷基或烷氧基。
9.根据权利要求7的聚合物,其中R′是正丁基。
10.根据权利要求8的聚合物,其中R′是正丁基。
11.根据权利要求1-2、4-6和8-10中任一项所述的聚合物,包括小于50摩尔%的式(I)重复单元。
12.根据权利要求1-2、4-6和8-10中任一项所述的聚合物,含有小于30摩尔%的式(II)重复单元。
13.根据权利要求1-2、4-6和8-10中任一项所述的聚合物,含有小于10摩尔%的式(II)重复单元。
14.根据权利要求1-2、4-6和8-10中任一项所述的聚合物,包括另一种选自任选取代的9,9-二烷基-或9,9-二烷氧基-2,7-芴基的重复单元。
15.根据权利要求14的聚合物,其中所述的另一种重复单元是9,9-二(正辛基)芴。
16.根据权利要求11的聚合物,包括10-40摩尔%的式(I)重复单元。
17.根据权利要求1-2、4-6、8-10和15-16中任一项所述的聚合物,能够在400-500纳米的波长范围内发光。
18.根据权利要求17的聚合物,能够在430-500纳米的波长范围内发光。
19.根据权利要求1的聚合物,其中一个区域既能进行电荷传递,又能进行发射。
20.一种光学器件,包括用于注射正电荷载流子的第一电极、用于注射负电荷载流子的第二电极和位于第一与第二电极之间的包括权利要求1-19任一项所定义的聚合物的层。
21.根据权利要求20的光学器件,其为电致发光器件。
22.根据权利要求21的光学器件,其中根据权利要求1-19任一项的聚合物是电致发光区中唯一的高分子半导体。
23.根据权利要求20的光学器件,其中该光学器件包括单独的空穴传输层和/或电子传递层。
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PCT/GB2002/002167 WO2002092723A1 (en) | 2001-05-11 | 2002-05-10 | Substituted fluorene polymers, their preparation and use in optical devices |
PCT/GB2002/002179 WO2002092724A1 (en) | 2001-05-11 | 2002-05-10 | Substituted fluorene polymers, their preparation and uses |
GBPCT/GB02/02179 | 2002-05-10 | ||
GBGB0226937.1A GB0226937D0 (en) | 2002-11-19 | 2002-11-19 | Polymers their preparation and uses |
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GBGB0306410.2A GB0306410D0 (en) | 2003-03-20 | 2003-03-20 | Polymers, their preparation and uses |
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