CN1206254C - 芴共聚物以及由该共聚物制成的器件 - Google Patents
芴共聚物以及由该共聚物制成的器件 Download PDFInfo
- Publication number
- CN1206254C CN1206254C CNB998164488A CN99816448A CN1206254C CN 1206254 C CN1206254 C CN 1206254C CN B998164488 A CNB998164488 A CN B998164488A CN 99816448 A CN99816448 A CN 99816448A CN 1206254 C CN1206254 C CN 1206254C
- Authority
- CN
- China
- Prior art keywords
- multipolymer
- monomeric unit
- film
- aryloxy
- fluorenes
- Prior art date
- Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
- Expired - Lifetime
Links
- 229920001577 copolymer Polymers 0.000 title abstract description 25
- NIHNNTQXNPWCJQ-UHFFFAOYSA-N o-biphenylenemethane Natural products C1=CC=C2CC3=CC=CC=C3C2=C1 NIHNNTQXNPWCJQ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 title abstract description 13
- -1 9,9-disubstituted fluorene moieties Chemical group 0.000 claims abstract description 18
- 239000000203 mixture Substances 0.000 claims description 65
- 238000012546 transfer Methods 0.000 claims description 34
- 229910052757 nitrogen Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 29
- IJGRMHOSHXDMSA-UHFFFAOYSA-N Atomic nitrogen Chemical compound N#N IJGRMHOSHXDMSA-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 26
- 239000000126 substance Substances 0.000 claims description 26
- 125000004093 cyano group Chemical group *C#N 0.000 claims description 25
- UHOVQNZJYSORNB-UHFFFAOYSA-N monobenzene Natural products C1=CC=CC=C1 UHOVQNZJYSORNB-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 23
- LSNNMFCWUKXFEE-UHFFFAOYSA-M Bisulfite Chemical compound OS([O-])=O LSNNMFCWUKXFEE-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 claims description 17
- 150000002148 esters Chemical class 0.000 claims description 17
- 125000004104 aryloxy group Chemical group 0.000 claims description 16
- 150000001732 carboxylic acid derivatives Chemical class 0.000 claims description 16
- 125000002887 hydroxy group Chemical group [H]O* 0.000 claims description 16
- 125000005309 thioalkoxy group Chemical group 0.000 claims description 16
- 150000003512 tertiary amines Chemical class 0.000 claims description 15
- 125000005296 thioaryloxy group Chemical group 0.000 claims description 15
- 150000003335 secondary amines Chemical class 0.000 claims description 14
- YTPLMLYBLZKORZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N Thiophene Chemical compound C=1C=CSC=1 YTPLMLYBLZKORZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 12
- 229910052739 hydrogen Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 12
- 239000001257 hydrogen Substances 0.000 claims description 12
- 150000001875 compounds Chemical class 0.000 claims description 11
- 239000011159 matrix material Substances 0.000 claims description 11
- 125000001424 substituent group Chemical group 0.000 claims description 11
- UFHFLCQGNIYNRP-UHFFFAOYSA-N Hydrogen Chemical compound [H][H] UFHFLCQGNIYNRP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 8
- 229910052799 carbon Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 8
- 125000003118 aryl group Chemical group 0.000 claims description 7
- UJOBWOGCFQCDNV-UHFFFAOYSA-N 9H-carbazole Chemical compound C1=CC=C2C3=CC=CC=C3NC2=C1 UJOBWOGCFQCDNV-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 6
- UFWIBTONFRDIAS-UHFFFAOYSA-N Naphthalene Chemical compound C1=CC=CC2=CC=CC=C21 UFWIBTONFRDIAS-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 6
- 125000005842 heteroatom Chemical group 0.000 claims description 6
- 229930192474 thiophene Natural products 0.000 claims description 6
- 125000000217 alkyl group Chemical group 0.000 claims description 5
- 229910000077 silane Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 5
- OKTJSMMVPCPJKN-UHFFFAOYSA-N Carbon Chemical compound [C] OKTJSMMVPCPJKN-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 4
- OAICVXFJPJFONN-UHFFFAOYSA-N Phosphorus Chemical compound [P] OAICVXFJPJFONN-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 4
- NINIDFKCEFEMDL-UHFFFAOYSA-N Sulfur Chemical compound [S] NINIDFKCEFEMDL-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 4
- 239000005864 Sulphur Substances 0.000 claims description 4
- 150000001336 alkenes Chemical class 0.000 claims description 4
- QVGXLLKOCUKJST-UHFFFAOYSA-N atomic oxygen Chemical compound [O] QVGXLLKOCUKJST-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 4
- 125000002529 biphenylenyl group Chemical group C1(=CC=CC=2C3=CC=CC=C3C12)* 0.000 claims description 4
- 230000005669 field effect Effects 0.000 claims description 4
- 150000002240 furans Chemical class 0.000 claims description 4
- 150000002431 hydrogen Chemical class 0.000 claims description 4
- 229910052760 oxygen Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 4
- 239000001301 oxygen Substances 0.000 claims description 4
- 229910052698 phosphorus Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 4
- 239000011574 phosphorus Substances 0.000 claims description 4
- PJANXHGTPQOBST-VAWYXSNFSA-N Stilbene Natural products C=1C=CC=CC=1/C=C/C1=CC=CC=C1 PJANXHGTPQOBST-VAWYXSNFSA-N 0.000 claims description 3
- 125000003545 alkoxy group Chemical group 0.000 claims description 3
- APFVFJFRJDLVQX-UHFFFAOYSA-N indium atom Chemical compound [In] APFVFJFRJDLVQX-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 3
- 150000003233 pyrroles Chemical class 0.000 claims description 3
- 239000004065 semiconductor Substances 0.000 claims description 3
- PJANXHGTPQOBST-UHFFFAOYSA-N stilbene Chemical compound C=1C=CC=CC=1C=CC1=CC=CC=C1 PJANXHGTPQOBST-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 3
- 235000021286 stilbenes Nutrition 0.000 claims description 3
- ATJFFYVFTNAWJD-UHFFFAOYSA-N Tin Chemical compound [Sn] ATJFFYVFTNAWJD-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 2
- 150000001555 benzenes Chemical class 0.000 claims description 2
- 125000006575 electron-withdrawing group Chemical group 0.000 claims description 2
- 229910052738 indium Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 2
- 125000003983 fluorenyl group Chemical group C1(=CC=CC=2C3=CC=CC=C3CC12)* 0.000 claims 11
- 150000001721 carbon Chemical group 0.000 claims 2
- 238000009413 insulation Methods 0.000 claims 2
- 229920000642 polymer Polymers 0.000 abstract description 9
- 229920002959 polymer blend Polymers 0.000 abstract 1
- YXFVVABEGXRONW-UHFFFAOYSA-N Toluene Chemical compound CC1=CC=CC=C1 YXFVVABEGXRONW-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 45
- LFQSCWFLJHTTHZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N Ethanol Chemical compound CCO LFQSCWFLJHTTHZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 38
- 239000000178 monomer Substances 0.000 description 29
- 239000010408 film Substances 0.000 description 25
- 150000002220 fluorenes Chemical group 0.000 description 25
- 239000000243 solution Substances 0.000 description 18
- 238000001953 recrystallisation Methods 0.000 description 14
- 238000003756 stirring Methods 0.000 description 14
- VLKZOEOYAKHREP-UHFFFAOYSA-N n-Hexane Chemical compound CCCCCC VLKZOEOYAKHREP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 13
- WYURNTSHIVDZCO-UHFFFAOYSA-N Tetrahydrofuran Chemical compound C1CCOC1 WYURNTSHIVDZCO-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 12
- 230000008859 change Effects 0.000 description 11
- 238000004128 high performance liquid chromatography Methods 0.000 description 11
- XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N water Substances O XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 11
- KDLHZDBZIXYQEI-UHFFFAOYSA-N Palladium Chemical compound [Pd] KDLHZDBZIXYQEI-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 10
- 238000000034 method Methods 0.000 description 10
- 238000002360 preparation method Methods 0.000 description 9
- PXHVJJICTQNCMI-UHFFFAOYSA-N Nickel Chemical compound [Ni] PXHVJJICTQNCMI-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 8
- 238000005859 coupling reaction Methods 0.000 description 8
- 239000000047 product Substances 0.000 description 8
- 239000007787 solid Substances 0.000 description 8
- 239000002904 solvent Substances 0.000 description 8
- VEXZGXHMUGYJMC-UHFFFAOYSA-N Hydrochloric acid Chemical class Cl VEXZGXHMUGYJMC-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 7
- 229920001940 conductive polymer Polymers 0.000 description 7
- 238000001816 cooling Methods 0.000 description 7
- XSCHRSMBECNVNS-UHFFFAOYSA-N quinoxaline Chemical compound N1=CC=NC2=CC=CC=C21 XSCHRSMBECNVNS-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 7
- 238000005406 washing Methods 0.000 description 7
- RTZKZFJDLAIYFH-UHFFFAOYSA-N Diethyl ether Chemical compound CCOCC RTZKZFJDLAIYFH-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 6
- LYCAIKOWRPUZTN-UHFFFAOYSA-N Ethylene glycol Chemical compound OCCO LYCAIKOWRPUZTN-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 6
- GDTBXPJZTBHREO-UHFFFAOYSA-N bromine Substances BrBr GDTBXPJZTBHREO-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 6
- 229910052794 bromium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 6
- 239000002322 conducting polymer Substances 0.000 description 6
- 238000001914 filtration Methods 0.000 description 6
- 230000006872 improvement Effects 0.000 description 6
- 150000004646 arylidenes Chemical group 0.000 description 5
- 238000005893 bromination reaction Methods 0.000 description 5
- 238000006243 chemical reaction Methods 0.000 description 5
- 239000012043 crude product Substances 0.000 description 5
- 239000010410 layer Substances 0.000 description 5
- 230000003287 optical effect Effects 0.000 description 5
- 229910052763 palladium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 5
- 238000010992 reflux Methods 0.000 description 5
- 239000010409 thin film Substances 0.000 description 5
- 125000004642 (C1-C12) alkoxy group Chemical group 0.000 description 4
- QTBSBXVTEAMEQO-UHFFFAOYSA-M Acetate Chemical compound CC([O-])=O QTBSBXVTEAMEQO-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 description 4
- WKBOTKDWSSQWDR-UHFFFAOYSA-N Bromine atom Chemical compound [Br] WKBOTKDWSSQWDR-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 4
- PCLIMKBDDGJMGD-UHFFFAOYSA-N N-bromosuccinimide Chemical compound BrN1C(=O)CCC1=O PCLIMKBDDGJMGD-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 4
- 230000031709 bromination Effects 0.000 description 4
- 230000003197 catalytic effect Effects 0.000 description 4
- 230000008878 coupling Effects 0.000 description 4
- 238000010168 coupling process Methods 0.000 description 4
- 238000001704 evaporation Methods 0.000 description 4
- 229920001519 homopolymer Polymers 0.000 description 4
- 235000011167 hydrochloric acid Nutrition 0.000 description 4
- 229920002521 macromolecule Polymers 0.000 description 4
- 239000000463 material Substances 0.000 description 4
- 229910052759 nickel Inorganic materials 0.000 description 4
- WCPAKWJPBJAGKN-UHFFFAOYSA-N oxadiazole Chemical compound C1=CON=N1 WCPAKWJPBJAGKN-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 4
- 238000012797 qualification Methods 0.000 description 4
- 238000004528 spin coating Methods 0.000 description 4
- ZRYZBQLXDKPBDU-UHFFFAOYSA-N 4-bromobenzaldehyde Chemical compound BrC1=CC=C(C=O)C=C1 ZRYZBQLXDKPBDU-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
- OKKJLVBELUTLKV-UHFFFAOYSA-N Methanol Chemical compound OC OKKJLVBELUTLKV-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
- 239000004793 Polystyrene Substances 0.000 description 3
- 238000009825 accumulation Methods 0.000 description 3
- 239000007864 aqueous solution Substances 0.000 description 3
- 150000001502 aryl halides Chemical class 0.000 description 3
- 230000008901 benefit Effects 0.000 description 3
- 239000011248 coating agent Substances 0.000 description 3
- 238000000576 coating method Methods 0.000 description 3
- 238000000151 deposition Methods 0.000 description 3
- 230000008021 deposition Effects 0.000 description 3
- 238000003618 dip coating Methods 0.000 description 3
- 230000000694 effects Effects 0.000 description 3
- 238000005516 engineering process Methods 0.000 description 3
- AZVCGYPLLBEUNV-UHFFFAOYSA-N lithium;ethanolate Chemical compound [Li+].CC[O-] AZVCGYPLLBEUNV-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
- 238000004020 luminiscence type Methods 0.000 description 3
- 238000002156 mixing Methods 0.000 description 3
- 229920006254 polymer film Polymers 0.000 description 3
- 229920002223 polystyrene Polymers 0.000 description 3
- 239000000843 powder Substances 0.000 description 3
- 238000005507 spraying Methods 0.000 description 3
- 229910052717 sulfur Inorganic materials 0.000 description 3
- RIOQSEWOXXDEQQ-UHFFFAOYSA-O triphenylphosphanium Chemical compound C1=CC=CC=C1[PH+](C=1C=CC=CC=1)C1=CC=CC=C1 RIOQSEWOXXDEQQ-UHFFFAOYSA-O 0.000 description 3
- RFBNEESZDICKQI-UHFFFAOYSA-N 1-bromo-4-(1-phenylethenyl)benzene Chemical compound C1=CC(Br)=CC=C1C(=C)C1=CC=CC=C1 RFBNEESZDICKQI-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- HEDRZPFGACZZDS-UHFFFAOYSA-N Chloroform Chemical compound ClC(Cl)Cl HEDRZPFGACZZDS-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- MZRVEZGGRBJDDB-UHFFFAOYSA-N N-Butyllithium Chemical compound [Li]CCCC MZRVEZGGRBJDDB-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- URLKBWYHVLBVBO-UHFFFAOYSA-N Para-Xylene Chemical compound CC1=CC=C(C)C=C1 URLKBWYHVLBVBO-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- KYQCOXFCLRTKLS-UHFFFAOYSA-N Pyrazine Chemical compound C1=CN=CC=N1 KYQCOXFCLRTKLS-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- JUJWROOIHBZHMG-UHFFFAOYSA-N Pyridine Chemical compound C1=CC=NC=C1 JUJWROOIHBZHMG-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- SMWDFEZZVXVKRB-UHFFFAOYSA-N Quinoline Chemical compound N1=CC=CC2=CC=CC=C21 SMWDFEZZVXVKRB-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- BLRPTPMANUNPDV-UHFFFAOYSA-N Silane Chemical compound [SiH4] BLRPTPMANUNPDV-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- CDBYLPFSWZWCQE-UHFFFAOYSA-L Sodium Carbonate Chemical compound [Na+].[Na+].[O-]C([O-])=O CDBYLPFSWZWCQE-UHFFFAOYSA-L 0.000 description 2
- HCHKCACWOHOZIP-UHFFFAOYSA-N Zinc Chemical compound [Zn] HCHKCACWOHOZIP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- DZBUGLKDJFMEHC-UHFFFAOYSA-N acridine Chemical compound C1=CC=CC2=CC3=CC=CC=C3N=C21 DZBUGLKDJFMEHC-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 239000004480 active ingredient Substances 0.000 description 2
- 125000002877 alkyl aryl group Chemical group 0.000 description 2
- MWPLVEDNUUSJAV-UHFFFAOYSA-N anthracene Chemical compound C1=CC=CC2=CC3=CC=CC=C3C=C21 MWPLVEDNUUSJAV-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 238000000149 argon plasma sintering Methods 0.000 description 2
- 125000005418 aryl aryl group Chemical group 0.000 description 2
- 150000003851 azoles Chemical class 0.000 description 2
- RWCCWEUUXYIKHB-UHFFFAOYSA-N benzophenone Chemical compound C=1C=CC=CC=1C(=O)C1=CC=CC=C1 RWCCWEUUXYIKHB-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 239000012965 benzophenone Substances 0.000 description 2
- 230000015572 biosynthetic process Effects 0.000 description 2
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- 239000000969 carrier Substances 0.000 description 2
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- 230000000052 comparative effect Effects 0.000 description 2
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- OBISXEJSEGNNKL-UHFFFAOYSA-N dinitrogen-n-sulfide Chemical compound [N-]=[N+]=S OBISXEJSEGNNKL-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- GVEPBJHOBDJJJI-UHFFFAOYSA-N fluoranthene Chemical compound C1=CC(C2=CC=CC=C22)=C3C2=CC=CC3=C1 GVEPBJHOBDJJJI-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 239000011521 glass Substances 0.000 description 2
- 125000000623 heterocyclic group Chemical group 0.000 description 2
- SKOWZLGOFVSKLB-UHFFFAOYSA-N hypodiboric acid Chemical compound OB(O)B(O)O SKOWZLGOFVSKLB-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 239000012212 insulator Substances 0.000 description 2
- AWJUIBRHMBBTKR-UHFFFAOYSA-N isoquinoline Chemical compound C1=NC=CC2=CC=CC=C21 AWJUIBRHMBBTKR-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
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- 125000001280 n-hexyl group Chemical group C(CCCCC)* 0.000 description 2
- 239000003960 organic solvent Substances 0.000 description 2
- YNPNZTXNASCQKK-UHFFFAOYSA-N phenanthrene Chemical compound C1=CC=C2C3=CC=CC=C3C=CC2=C1 YNPNZTXNASCQKK-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 238000005424 photoluminescence Methods 0.000 description 2
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- 239000000376 reactant Substances 0.000 description 2
- WPPDXAHGCGPUPK-UHFFFAOYSA-N red 2 Chemical compound C1=CC=CC=C1C(C1=CC=CC=C11)=C(C=2C=3C4=CC=C5C6=CC=C7C8=C(C=9C=CC=CC=9)C9=CC=CC=C9C(C=9C=CC=CC=9)=C8C8=CC=C(C6=C87)C(C=35)=CC=2)C4=C1C1=CC=CC=C1 WPPDXAHGCGPUPK-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 125000000391 vinyl group Chemical group [H]C([*])=C([H])[H] 0.000 description 2
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- 239000011701 zinc Substances 0.000 description 2
- PGLHPMVRORIUJX-UHFFFAOYSA-N (4-bromo-2,3-diethylphenyl)phosphonic acid Chemical compound CCC1=C(Br)C=CC(P(O)(O)=O)=C1CC PGLHPMVRORIUJX-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- NRESDXFFSNBDGP-UHFFFAOYSA-N (4-bromophenyl)hydrazine Chemical compound NNC1=CC=C(Br)C=C1 NRESDXFFSNBDGP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 125000004400 (C1-C12) alkyl group Chemical group 0.000 description 1
- DYLIWHYUXAJDOJ-OWOJBTEDSA-N (e)-4-(6-aminopurin-9-yl)but-2-en-1-ol Chemical compound NC1=NC=NC2=C1N=CN2C\C=C\CO DYLIWHYUXAJDOJ-OWOJBTEDSA-N 0.000 description 1
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- JYEUMXHLPRZUAT-UHFFFAOYSA-N 1,2,3-triazine Chemical compound C1=CN=NN=C1 JYEUMXHLPRZUAT-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- GEYOCULIXLDCMW-UHFFFAOYSA-N 1,2-phenylenediamine Chemical compound NC1=CC=CC=C1N GEYOCULIXLDCMW-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
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- 238000010268 HPLC based assay Methods 0.000 description 1
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- KEAYESYHFKHZAL-UHFFFAOYSA-N Sodium Chemical compound [Na] KEAYESYHFKHZAL-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
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- VNDYJBBGRKZCSX-UHFFFAOYSA-L Zinc bromide Inorganic materials Br[Zn]Br VNDYJBBGRKZCSX-UHFFFAOYSA-L 0.000 description 1
- 238000010521 absorption reaction Methods 0.000 description 1
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- CWRYPZZKDGJXCA-UHFFFAOYSA-N acenaphthene Chemical compound C1=CC(CC2)=C3C2=CC=CC3=C1 CWRYPZZKDGJXCA-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
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- 150000004982 aromatic amines Chemical class 0.000 description 1
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Abstract
本发明涉及:(a)芴共聚物,包含至少10%(基于残余单体单元)的9-取代和/或9,9-二取代的芴部分和至少两种其它含离域P-电子的单体单元;(b)聚合物共混物,包含至少10重量%的(a)中限定的共聚物,和(c)含有衍生自这些共聚物的一层或多层薄膜的电子器件(例如聚合物发光二极管)。
Description
本申请是与Naval Air Warfare Center#N00421-98C-1187政府合约下进行的。
本发明涉及芴共聚物,含有该共聚物的聚合物共混物以及具有一层或多层由这些共聚物得到的薄膜的电子器件(例如聚合物发光二极管)。
因为离域P-电子对的存在,共轭聚合物可呈现无机半导体的光电性能。聚(9,9-二取代-芴-2,7-二基)构成一类具有有利特性的半导体聚合物。其芳族主链具有耐化学降解和耐光化学降解性;每种芴单体的亚联苯基单元由C9原子固定成平面状构型;可选择在C9上的取代基,以改进物理和化学性能,且在邻近芴单元之间不引入扭应变,否则将破坏p-体系的离域。实际上,美国专利5708130已说明聚(9,9-二正辛基芴-2,7-二基)是蓝色发光二极管(LED)的有效发射体(Grice等,Applied Physics Letters,第73卷,1998,629-631页)并呈现高载流子迁移率,这是电子器件所需的特性(Redecker等,AppliedPhysics Letters,第73卷,1998,1565-1567页)。
需要进一步改进其光电性能的方法,以扩宽这些芴聚合物在电子器件中的应用。在该内容中,聚合物的光学性能包括其吸收和光致发光光谱,电性能包括电离电位、电子亲合势、带隙和载体传递和迁移。美国专利申请系列号08/861469(1997年5月21日递交)教导了一种通过芴共聚物改进性能的方法,其中该共聚物都含有9,9-二取代的芴和另一种共聚单体。例如,含有芴和芳胺的共聚物具有较低的(接近真空水平)电离电位和优先的空穴传递性能,而具有含氰基部分的共聚物比芴均聚物具有较高的电子亲合势和优先的电子传递性能。
许多电子应用要求活性材料同时具有空穴传递性能和电子传递性能。为了使LED的效率最大,例如聚合物应该理想地同样好地传递空穴和电子(Bradley等,Springer Series in Solid State Sciences,第107卷,Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg,1992,304-309页)。美国专利申请系列号08/861469(1997年5月21日递交)含有芴部分和一种其它共聚单体的共聚物不能满足此要求,所以需要进一步改进。
本发明涉及9-取代和/或9,9-二取代的芴部分与至少两种含离域p-电子的其它共聚单体的共聚物。优选,这些共聚物的单体单元总量的至少10%选自9-取代和/或9,9-二取代的芴;更优选这些共聚物的单体单元的至少15%选自9-取代和/或9,9-二取代的芴;最优选这些共聚物的单体单元的至少20%选自9-取代和/或9,9-二取代的芴。每种共聚物以任何比例含有两种或更多种非芴共聚单体。这些共聚物的特征在于其在常用有机溶剂中的优异溶解度(大于1克/升)、形成无针孔薄膜的能力,以及其重均分子量相对于聚苯乙烯标准物为至少3000克/摩尔,优选至少10000克/摩尔,最优选至少20000克/摩尔。它们的进一步特征在于多分散性小于10,优选小于5,最优选小于3。这些共聚物在350-1000nm呈现光致发光,并在200-600nm吸收。本发明的共聚物用作电子器件中的活性组分,这些电子器件包括发光二极管、光电池、光导体和场效应晶体管。
本发明涉及芴共聚物和具有该共聚物薄膜的电子器件。本发明共聚物含有基于残余单体单元(RMU)的至少10%的分别由结构I和II表示的9-取代和/或9,9-二取代的芴部分。残余单体单元是被引入聚合物主链的单体部分。例如,1,4-亚苯基是1,4-二官能苯单体的残余单体单元,与该官能团的化学性质无关。
在结构I和II中,R1和R2各自独立地是氢、C1-20烃基、C1-20烃氧基、C1-20硫代烃氧基、或氰基。R1和R2各自独立地优选是氢、C1-20烷基、C6-10芳基或烷基取代的芳基、C6-10芳氧基或烷基取代的芳氧基、C1-12烷氧基/硫代烷氧基、和氰基。甚至更优选R1和R2各自独立地是氢、C1-10烷基、苯基和氰基。R3和R4各自独立地是氢;C1-20烃基,任选被C1-20烷氧基/芳氧基、硫代烷氧基/硫代芳氧基、仲胺/叔胺、羟基、羧酸/磺酸、氰基和酯取代;C6-20芳基,任选被C1-20烷氧基/芳氧基、硫代烷氧基/硫代芳氧基、仲胺/叔胺、羟基、羧酸/磺酸、氰基和酯取代。R3和R4还可与和其相连的烯烃碳形成C3-12环状结构(结构I),所述环状结构可进一步含有一个或多个杂原子,例如磷、硫、氧和氮。优选,R3和R4各自独立地是氢;C1-12烷基,任选被C1-12烷氧基/芳氧基、硫代烷氧基/硫代芳氧基、仲胺/叔胺、羟基、羧酸/磺酸、氰基和酯取代;C6-20芳基,任选被C1-12烷氧基/芳氧基、硫代烷氧基/硫代芳氧基、仲胺/叔胺、羟基、羧酸/磺酸、氰基和酯取代。最优选,R3和R4各自独立地是氢;C1-8烷基,任选被C1-10烷氧基/芳氧基、硫代烷氧基/硫代芳氧基、仲胺/叔胺、羟基、羧酸/磺酸、氰基和酯取代;C6-12芳基,任选被C1-10烷氧基/芳氧基、硫代烷氧基/硫代芳氧基、仲胺/叔胺、羟基、羧酸/磺酸、氰基和酯取代。R5和R6各自独立地是氢;C1-20烃基,任选被C1-20烷氧基/芳氧基、硫代烷氧基/硫代芳氧基、仲胺/叔胺、羟基、羧酸/磺酸、氰基和酯取代;C6-20芳基,任选被C1-20烷氧基/芳氧基、硫代烷氧基/硫代芳氧基、仲胺/叔胺、羟基、羧酸/磺酸、氰基和酯取代。R5和R6还可与芴的C-9碳形成C3-12环状结构(结构II),所述环状结构可进一步含有一个或多个杂原子,例如磷、硫、氧和氮。优选,R5和R6各自独立地是氢;C1-12烷基,任选被C1-12烷氧基/芳氧基、硫代烷氧基/硫代芳氧基、仲胺/叔胺、羟基、羧酸/磺酸、氰基和酯取代;C6-20芳基,任选被C1-12烷氧基/芳氧基、硫代烷氧基/硫代芳氧基、仲胺/叔胺、羟基、羧酸/磺酸、氰基和酯取代。最优选,R5和R6各自独立地是氢;C1-8烷基,任选被C1-10烷氧基/芳氧基、硫代烷氧基/硫代芳氧基、仲胺/叔胺、羟基、羧酸/磺酸、氰基和酯取代;C6-12芳基,任选被C1-10烷氧基/芳氧基、硫代烷氧基/硫代芳氧基、仲胺/叔胺、羟基、羧酸/磺酸、氰基和酯取代。这些其聚物的特征在于其在常用有机溶剂中的优异溶解度(大于1克/升)、形成无针孔薄膜的能力,以及其重均分子量相对于聚苯乙烯标准物为至少3000克/摩尔,优选至少10000克/摩尔,最优选至少20000克/摩尔。它们的进一步特征在于多分散性小于10,优选小于5,最优选小于3。这些共聚物在350-1000nm呈现光致发光,并在200-600nm吸收。本发明的共聚物用作电子器件中的活性组分,这些电子器件包括发光二极管、光电池、光导体和场效应晶体管。
由此可见,本发明一方面涉及A.一种包括单体单元的共聚物,且其进一步特征是具有:
(a)至少10%的单体单元是芴部分,选自9-取代的芴部分、9,9-二取代的芴部分或其组合;和
(b)至少1%的单体单元包括两种互不相同的其它部分,但都含有离域π-电子;其它部分独立地选自具有空穴传递性能的部分和具有电子传递性能的部分;其中如果这两种其它部分都具有空穴传递性能,则所述部分的至少一种衍生自茋或不含吸电子取代基的1,4-二烯、N,N,N’,N’-四芳基联苯胺、N-取代的咔唑、二芳基硅烷、以及不含吸电子取代基的噻吩、不含吸电子取代基的呋喃或不含吸电子取代基的吡咯。
本发明另一方面涉及B.一种包括单体单元的共聚物,且其进一步特征是具有:
(a)至少10%的单体单元是芴部分,选自9-取代的芴部分、9,9-二取代的芴部分或其组合;和
(b)至少1%的单体单元各自独立地选自具有空穴传递性能的部分和具有电子传递性能的部分;和
(c)至少1%的单体单元衍生自取代或未取代的苯、萘和亚联苯基,其中如果使用取代的化合物,则取代基选自具有1-12个碳原子的烷基或烷氧基,以及具有6-10个碳原子的芳基或芳氧基。
本发明又一方面涉及一种包含第一种聚合物和第二种聚合物的共混物的组合物,其中第一种聚合物选自上述A中的共聚物和B中的共聚物,第二种聚合物是以上A中限定的共聚物,且其不同于第一种聚合物。其中第一种聚合物的存在量是基于组合物总重量的至少0.1重量%。
本发明还涉及一种包含具有以下单体单元的共聚物的组合物:
和
本发明进一步涉及一种包含具有以下单体单元的共聚物的组合物:
和
在第一个实施方案中,本发明的共聚物含有至少10%的结构I和/或II的RMU以及至少1%的两种或更多种具有空穴传递性能的RMU。通过富电子RMU向聚合物赋予空穴传递性能。例子包括衍生自茋或不含吸电子取代基的1,4-二烯、叔胺、N,N,N’,N’-四芳基-1,4-二氨基苯、N,N,N’,N’-四芳基-1,4-联苯胺、N-取代的咔唑、二芳基硅烷、以及不含吸电子取代基的噻吩/呋喃/吡咯。这些空穴传递RMU可具有各种取代基,只要其存在不会不利地显著影响空穴传递性能。优选的取代基是C1-20烷基、C6-20芳基和烷基芳基,任选地被C1-6烷氧基和C6-12芳氧基取代。特别有效的是衍生自叔芳胺、N,N,N’,N’-四芳基-1,4-二氨基苯、N,N,N’,N’-四芳基-1,4-联苯胺、噻吩和并噻吩的RMU。优选,该共聚物含有至少15%的结构I和/或II的RMU以及至少10%的两种或更多种空穴传递RMU。最优选,该共聚物含有至少20%的结构I和/或II的RMU以及至少20%的两种或更多种具有空穴传递性能的RMU。I与II的比率可以不受限地变化,相似地,各种空穴传递RMU的比率可以不受限地变化,只要其在共聚物中的组合百分率保持在特定范围内。对于本发明共聚物中的空穴传递RMU,它们不是必须属于相同的化学类型。本发明的共聚物可以例如含有硅烷基型RMU、噻吩型RMU和叔胺型RMU。
在第二个实施方案中,本发明的共聚物含有至少10%的结构I和II的RMU以及至少1%的两种或更多种具有电子传递性能的RMU。通过贫电子RMU向聚合物赋予电子传递性能。例子包括含有吸电子基团例如F、氰基、磺酰基、羰基、硝基、羧基的RMU;含酰亚胺键的部分,和缩合多环芳族化合物。缩合多环芳族化合物包括二氢苊、菲、蒽、荧蒽、芘、苝、红荧烯、、和corene。含酰亚胺键的五元杂环包括唑/异唑、N-取代的咪唑/吡唑、噻唑/异噻唑、噁二唑,和N-取代的噁三唑。含酰亚胺键的六元杂环包括吡啶、哒嗪、嘧啶、吡嗪、三嗪、和四氮烯。含酰亚胺键的苯并稠合杂环包括苯并噁唑、苯并三唑、苯并咪唑、喹啉、异喹啉、噌啉、喹唑啉、喹喔啉、2,3-二氮杂萘、苯并噻二唑、苯并三嗪、吩嗪、菲啶、和吖啶。最复杂的RMU包括1,4-四氟亚苯基、1,4’-八氟亚联苯基、1,4-氰基亚苯基、1,4-二氰基亚苯基,和
X=O,S X=O,S X=O,S
这些电子传递RMU可具有各种取代基,只要其存在不会不利地显著影响电子传递性能。优选的取代基是C1-20烷基、C6-20芳基和烷基芳基,任选地被C1-6烷氧基和C6-12芳氧基取代。特别有效的是衍生自全氟联苯、喹喔啉、氰基取代的烯烃、噁二唑、和苯并噻二唑的RMU。优选,该共聚物含有至少15%的结构I和/或II的RMU以及至少10%的两种或更多种的例示的电子传递RMU。最优选,该共聚物含有至少20%的结构I和/或II的RMU以及至少20%的两种或更多种的例示的电子传递RMU。I与II的比率可以不受限制地变化,相似地,各种电子传递RMU的比率可以不受限制地变化,只要其在共聚物中的组合百分率保持在特定范围内。对于本发明共聚物中的电子传递RMU,它们不是必须属于相同的化学类型。本发明的共聚物可以例如含有氰基-烯烃型RMU、噁二唑型RMU和缩合多核芳族型RMU。
在第三个实施方案中,本发明的共聚物含有至少10%的结构I和/或II的RMU以及至少1%的一种或多种空穴传递RMU和至少1%的一种或多种电子传递RMU。空穴传递RMU和电子传递RMU选自上述限定的那些。更优选,本实施方案的共聚物含有至少15%的结构I和/或II的RMU以及至少5%的一种或多种空穴传递RMU和至少5%的一种或多种电子传递RMU。最优选,本实施方案的共聚物含有至少20%的结构I和/或II的RMU以及至少10%的一种或多种空穴传递RMU和至少10%的一种或多种电子传递RMU。I与II的比率可以不受限制地变化,相似地,各种空穴传递RMU的比率可以不受限制地变化,只要其在共聚物中的组合百分率保持在特定范围内。对于本发明共聚物中的空穴传递RMU,它们不是必须属于相同的化学类型。本发明的共聚物可以例如含有硅烷基型RMU、噻吩型RMU和叔胺型RMU。相似地,对于本发明共聚物中的电子传递RMU,它们不是必须属于相同的化学类型。本发明的共聚物可以例如含有氰基-烯烃型RMU、噁二唑型RMU和缩合多核芳族型RMU。
在第四个实施方案中,本发明的共聚物含有至少10%的结构I和/或II的RMU、至少1%的一种或多种各自独立地衍生自任选被C1-12烷基/烷氧基和C6-10芳基/芳氧基取代的苯、萘和亚联苯基的RMU(下文中称为亚芳基RMU),和至少1%的一种或多种选自上述限定的那些空穴传递和电子传递RMU。优选,本实施方案的共聚物含有至少15%的结构I和/或II的RMU、至少5%的一种或多种亚芳基RMU和至少1%的一种或多种选自上述限定的那些空穴传递和电子传递RMU。最优选,本实施方案的共聚物含有至少20%的结构I和/或II的RMU以及至少10%的一种或多种亚芳基RMU和至少5%的一种或多种选自上述限定的那些空穴传递和电子传递RMU。I与II的比率可以不受限制地变化,相似地,各种亚芳基RMU的比率可以不受限制地变化,只要其在共聚物中的组合百分率保持在特定范围内。引入亚芳基RMU可改进共聚物的热、光和电性能。
第五个实施方案涉及两种或多种本发明共聚物的共混物,且对独立组分的相对比例没有限制。这种共混物可通过溶液共混或熔融态共混来制备。
第六个实施方案涉及含至少0.1重量%的至少一种本发明共聚物与至少一种芴均聚物或共聚物的共混物,其中芴均聚物或共聚物公开于US 5708130、US 5777070、US申请系列号08/861469。这种共混物可通过溶液共混或熔融态共混来制备。
第七个实施方案涉及含至少0.1重量%的至少一种本发明共聚物与至少一种其它非芴聚合物的共混物,非芴聚合物例如聚苯乙烯、聚乙烯、聚甲基丙烯酸甲酯、聚砜、聚碳酸酯、和聚氨酯。这种共混物可通过溶液共混或熔融态共混来制备。
第八个实施方案涉及含至少0.1重量%的至少一种本发明共聚物的薄膜。
本发明的第九个实施方案涉及包括一种或多种本发明共聚物的发光二极管,其中该共聚物作为单层薄膜或多层薄膜存在,其组合厚度在10-1000纳米范围内,优选25-500纳米,最优选50-300纳米。共聚物薄膜可通过基于溶剂的工艺技术形成,例如旋涂、辊涂、浸涂、喷涂和刮涂。当使用两种或更多种共聚物时,它们可分别作为不同的层沉积,或从含所需共聚物的共混物的溶液中作为一层沉积。有机发光二极管通常包括夹在阳极和阴极之间的有机薄膜,以便当正偏压施加到器件上时,使空穴从阳极注入有机薄膜,而电子从阴极注入有机薄膜。空穴和电子的结合产生激子,激子可通过释放光子进行辐射衰减到基态。阳极和阴极可由任何本领域公知的材料和结构制成。阳极优选是透明的。锡和铟的混合氧化物(ITO)用作阳极,因为其电导率和透明性。ITO沉积在透明基质上,例如玻璃或塑料,以便观察到由有机薄膜发射的光。有机薄膜可以是几种独立层的复合材料,或可以是几种材料的共混物,其中每种材料设计用于特定的功能。阴极通常是通过蒸发或溅射而沉积在有机薄膜表面上的金属薄膜。
本发明的第十个实施方案涉及包括一种或多种本发明共聚物的光电池,其中该共聚物作为单层薄膜或多层薄膜存在,其组合厚度在10-1000纳米范围内,优选25-500纳米,最优选50-300纳米。共聚物薄膜可通过基于溶剂的工艺技术形成,例如旋涂、辊涂、浸涂、喷涂和刮涂。当使用两种或更多种共聚物时,它们可分别作为不同的层沉积,或从含所需共聚物的共混物的溶液中作为一层沉积。光电池指一类能将入射光能转化成电能的光电器件。光电池的例子是光电压(photovoltaic)器件、太阳能电池、光二极管和光检测器。光电池通常包括沉积在透明基质上的透明或半透明的第一电极。然后在第一电极上形成聚合物薄膜,该薄膜又被第二电极涂覆。从基质和第一电极传递的入射光被聚合物薄膜转化成激子,激子能在适当环境下离解成电子和空穴,从而产生电流。
本发明的第十一个实施方案涉及金属-绝缘体-半导体场效应晶体管,包括一种或多种沉积在绝缘体上的本发明共聚物(用作半导体聚合物),其中该共聚物作为单层薄膜或多层薄膜存在,其组合厚度在10-1000纳米范围内,优选25-500纳米,最优选50-300纳米。共聚物薄膜可通过基于溶剂的工艺技术形成,例如旋涂、辊涂、浸涂、喷涂和刮涂。当使用两种或更多种共聚物时,它们可分别作为不同的层沉积,或从含所需共聚物的共混物的溶液中作为一层沉积。两个电极(源和漏)与半导体聚合物连接,且第三电极(栅)在绝缘体的另一侧表面上。如果半导体聚合物是空穴传递(即,大多数载流子是正空穴)型,则对栅电极施加负DC电压将引起空穴在聚合物-绝缘体界面附近的空穴累积,形成导电通道,电流可经由该通道在源和漏之间流动。晶体管处于“开通”状态。反转栅电压将引起在累积区内的空穴耗尽并使电流停止。晶体管处于“关闭”状态。如果半导体聚合物是电子传递(即,大多数载流子是电子)型,则对栅电极施加正DC电压将引起在聚合物-绝缘体界面附近的空穴缺乏(累积电子),形成导电通道,电流可经由该通道在源和漏之间流动。
本发明的共聚物可通过各种缩聚方法制备。特别有效的是包括偶合芳族/乙烯基/炔属单体并由过渡金属例如镍和钯催化的那些方法。
Semmelhack等报道了(J.Am.Chem.Soc,第103卷,1981,6460-6471页)用零价镍偶合芳基/乙烯基卤化物。Yamamoto等(Macromolecules,第25卷,1992,1214-1223页)描述了用零价镍偶合芳基卤化物和其它杂芳族卤化物。这些方法需要大量过量的对空气和湿度敏感的零价镍。Colon等首先报道了需要确切催化量的镍、但需要大量过量的锌作为还原剂的变化(J.Polym.Sci.Polym.Chem.,第28卷,1990,367-383页),随后Ueda等成功地应用完全共轭的聚合物(Macromolecules,第24卷,1991,2694-2697页),表明关于实验处理方面的改进。在这些工序中,各自具有两个卤素取代基(优选溴和氯)的单体的混合物可聚合成基本上无规性质的共聚物,如果这些单体具有大约相同的活性。如果活性是显著不同的,则更活泼的单体将优先于较不活泼的单体进行聚合。结果得到不定结构和序列的其些“成块”的共聚物。这些工序的另一个缺点是存在大量的金属试剂,该试剂必须通常从所得共聚物中完全除去以避免其对电子器件性能的不利影响。
用钯催化的偶合反应通常是更优选的,因为所需的钯的用量确实是催化量,且所得共聚物的结构和序列是更易预测的。Chen等(Macromolecules,第26卷,1993,3462-3463页)制备了区域专一性聚噻吩,用钯催化偶合2-溴-5-(溴化锌)烷基噻吩。但是所得分子量很低。Yamamoto等用钯催化的芳基卤化物与乙炔的偶合反应成功地用于制备共聚物(Macromolecules,第27卷,1994,6620-6626页),Greiner等报道,芳基卤化物与烯烃的偶合反应类似地用于聚合(Macromol.Chem.Phys.,第197卷,1996,113-134页)。
优选的缩合反应包括Miyaura和Suzuki(Chemical Reviews,第95卷,1995,2457-2483页)教导的有机硼化合物与有机卤化物的偶合反应。Inbasekaran等已改进该反应以制备高分子量聚合物,如美国专利5777070所述。聚合反应通过使芳族/乙烯基二硼酸/酯(下文中称为A型单体)与芳族/乙烯基二溴化物(下文中称为B型单体)的接近等摩尔的混合物反应来进行。可使用两种或更多种A型单体和两种或更多种B型单体,只要A的组合摩尔量近似等于B的组合摩尔量。从该方法制得的共聚物的独特特征是由于链增长反应只通过形成A-B二单元组发生而导致的序列,因为每种A型单体仅仅能与B型单体反应。更复杂结构的单体可以有利地用于生成更高度结构序列的共聚物。例如,适当官能化的电子传递RMU可以与空穴传递部分的两分子反应,得到结构为Br-HTRMU-ETRMU-HTRMU-Br的新单体,其中HTRMU和ETRMU分别代表空穴传递RMU和电子传递RMU。
以下具体实施方案用于说明本发明,且不以任何方式限制本发明。
所有特性粘度的检测在THF溶液(0.5g/dL)中于25℃测定。并由单位dL/克表示。所用单体的结构式如下所示。
2b,R5=R6=正己基
1a,R5=R6=正丁基
2c,R5=R6=正辛基
1b,R5=R6=正己基
2d,R5=R6=2-乙基己基
1c,R5=R6=正辛基
1d,R5=R6=2-乙基己基
1e,R5=R6=正十一烷基
1f,R5=R6=正十二烷基
3a,R7=仲丁基 4a,R7=甲基
3b,R7=甲氧基 4b,R7=甲氧基
单体2-5和11是已知的化合物(参见WO 97/33193和美国专利5777070),单体20可从商业获得。以下实施例所用的其它单体的制备方法在下面给出。所有化合物显示与其结构相符的光谱数据。
制备9,9-二取代2,7-芴二硼酸酯(1)的通用步骤
于-78℃在氮气下在10分钟内向含9,9-二取代2,7-二溴芴(10毫摩尔)和50毫升四氢呋喃(THF)的搅拌混合物滴加入正丁基锂在己烷(8毫升,20毫摩尔)中的2.5M溶液。二锂化中间体在几分钟内沉淀,将所得无色悬浮液于-78℃搅拌1小时。一次加入所有的硼酸三异丙基酯(7.5克,40毫摩尔),将所得淤浆(在一些情况下,加入另外20-30毫升THF以促进搅拌)于-78℃搅拌1小时,于室温下搅拌16小时,并倒入含25毫升浓盐酸的300毫升冰水中。在搅拌30分钟之后,用2×150毫升二乙醚萃取产物。醚萃取物用饱和氯化钠水溶液(200毫升)洗涤,干燥(MgSO4)并旋转蒸发以除去溶剂,得到二硼酸,为半固体的形式。粗制二硼酸的纯度估计为85-95%,这取决于HPLC分析的基质,并被转化成二硼酸酯,不再进行纯化,如下所述。
使粗制二硼酸悬浮在50毫升甲苯和30毫摩尔(1.86克)乙二醇中,搅拌该混合物,并在Dean-Stark盘中回流2-3小时。在此期间,收集约25毫升甲苯以及在反应期间作为共沸物形成的少量水。冷却反应混合物,并除去溶剂。残余物(半固体)从己烷或甲苯-己烷混合物中重结晶,这取决于基质,以提供无色无定形粉末形式的二硼酸酯,总产率为70-85%。由HPLC测得的纯度是约95-99%。进一步结晶,使该物质的纯度为99+%。
4,4’-二溴-1,4-二苯乙烯基苯(6)
在氮气下向含对二甲苯基二-(溴化三苯基鏻)(8.05克,10毫摩尔)和4-溴苯甲醛(3.75克,20毫摩尔)在乙醇(100毫升)中的搅拌混合物滴加入乙醇锂溶液(1.0M在乙醇中,21.5毫升,21.5毫摩尔)。将该反应于室温下搅拌6小时。沉淀物经过滤,用乙醇洗涤,并干燥。将粗产物再溶解在甲苯中,连续用盐酸(5%)水溶液和水洗涤,并用硫酸镁干燥。真空蒸发溶剂,将残余物从甲苯/甲醇中重结晶,得到3.6克(82%)白色固体。NMR表明为反-反结构,HPLC测定其纯度为100%。
4,4’-二溴-b,b’-二苯基-1,4-二苯乙烯基苯(7)
向含四乙基-邻二甲苯基二膦酸酯(9.4克,25.0毫摩尔)和4-溴二苯甲酮(13.1克,50.0毫摩尔)在甲苯中的搅拌混合物中加入叔丁醇钾(6.2克,55.0毫摩尔)。将该反应于室温下搅拌6小时。该溶液经塞里塑料层过滤。溶剂经真空蒸发,残余物从甲苯/己烷中重结晶,得到5.8克(39%)浅黄色固体,用HPLC测定其是顺-反和反-反异构体的1∶4混合物。
1,2-二(4-溴苯基)-1-苯基乙烯(8)
在氮气下向含4-溴二苯甲酮(5.22克,20毫摩尔)和二乙基-4-溴苯基膦酸酯(6.8克,22毫摩尔)在1,2-二甲氧基乙烷(60毫升)中的搅拌混合物加入氢化钠(0.52克,22毫摩尔),并将该混合物搅拌回流3小时。冷却后,将该混合物倒入150克冰水中,用乙醚萃取该产物,并用硅胶色谱纯化。用己烷洗提,得到6克(64%产率)目标化合物,是无色的油,发现它是顺式和反式异构体的1∶1混合物。
3,3’-二溴-1,4-二苯乙烯基苯(9)
在氮气下向含对二甲苯基二-(溴化三苯基鏻)(15.8克,20毫摩尔)和3-溴苯甲醛(7.4克,40.0毫摩尔)在乙醇(150毫升)中的搅拌混合物中滴加入乙醇锂(1.0M在乙醇中,41.0毫升,41.0毫摩尔)的溶液。将该反应于室温下搅拌8小时。沉淀物经过滤,用乙醇洗涤,并干燥。将粗产物再溶解在甲苯中,连续用盐酸(5%)水溶液和水洗涤,并用硫酸镁干燥。真空蒸发溶剂,将残余物从甲苯/乙醇中重结晶,得到4.9克(56%)白色固体。HPLC测定其纯度大于99%。
4,4’-二溴-1,3-二苯乙烯基苯(10)
在氮气下向含间二甲苯基二-(溴化三苯基鏻)(15.8克,20毫摩尔)和4-溴苯甲醛(7.4克,40.0毫摩尔)在乙醇(200毫升)中的搅拌混合物滴加入乙醇锂(1.0M在乙醇中,41.0毫升,41.0毫摩尔)的溶液。将该反应于室温下搅拌8小时。沉淀物经过滤,用乙醇洗涤,并干燥。将粗产物再溶解在甲苯中,连续用盐酸(5%)水溶液和水洗涤,并用硫酸镁干燥。真空蒸发溶剂,将残余物从甲苯/乙醇中重结晶,得到3.8克(43%)黄色片状物,HPLC测定其纯度大于99%。
2,5-二(4-溴苯基)-2,1,3-苯并噻二唑(12)
将苯基硼酸(17.6克,144.0毫摩尔)、4,7-二溴-2,1,3-苯并噻二唑(21.0克,71.4毫摩尔)、四(三苯基膦)钯(180毫克,0.156毫摩尔)、季铵氯化物336(1.5克)、碳酸钠水溶液(2M,100毫升)和甲苯(350毫升)的混合物在氮气下搅拌回流14小时。冷却后,分离含水层,用水洗涤有机层并干燥。除去溶剂,残余物从甲苯-乙醇中重结晶,得到11.4克(55%)结晶物质。
向含以上2,5-二苯基-2,1,3-苯并噻二唑(7.0克,30.6毫摩尔)在乙酸(50毫升)中的搅拌溶液滴加入溴(13.7克,77.5毫摩尔)。将该反应搅拌回流8小时。冷却后,加入水(100毫升),使反应于室温静置2小时。产物经过滤,用水洗涤,并干燥。从甲苯/乙醇中重结晶,得到9.3克(68%)黄色粉末。NMR和HPLC测定其纯度大于98%。
2,5-二(4-溴萘基)-2,1,3-苯并噻二唑(13)
向含2,5-二萘基-2,1,3-苯并噻二唑(由萘基硼酸和4,7-二溴-2,1,3-苯并噻二唑通过上述(12)中制备2,5-二苯基-2,1,3-苯并噻二唑的步骤制备)(9.9克,25.5毫摩尔)在1,4-二噁烷(80毫升)中的搅拌溶液滴加入溴(12.4克,77.5毫摩尔)。将该反应搅拌回流6小时。冷却后加入乙醇(100毫升),并使反应于室温静置10小时。产物经过滤,用乙醇洗涤。从甲苯/乙醇中重结晶,得到9.2克(66%)黄色片状物。NMR和HPLC测定其纯度大于95%。
4,7-二(5-溴-2-噻吩基)-2,1,3-苯并噻二唑(14)
将4,7-二噻吩-2-基-2,1,3-苯并噻二唑(由4,7-二溴-2,1,3-苯并噻二唑与三丁基(噻吩-2-基)锡烷按照公开的方法[Kitamura等,Chem.Mater.,第8卷,1996,570-578页]制备)(7.7克,25.7毫摩尔)在氮气下溶解于氯仿(200毫升)和乙酸(200毫升)的混合物中,且-起加入N-溴代琥珀酰亚胺(9.61克,54毫摩尔)中。将该反应于室温搅拌一夜后,过滤出深红色沉淀物,并从DMF重结晶两次,得到目标化合物,为有光泽的红色晶体(6.85克,58.2%),HPLC分析测定其纯度为100%。
2,5-二(5’-溴化呋喃基)-2,1,3-苯并噻二唑(15)
向含2,5-二呋喃基-2,1,3-苯并噻二唑(由4,7-二溴-2,1,3-苯并噻二唑与2-(三丁基锡烷基)呋喃按照公开的方法[Kitamura等,Chem.Mater.,第8卷,1996,570-578页]制备)(2.9克,10.1毫摩尔)在1,4-二噁烷(40毫升)中的搅拌溶液滴加入溴(3.6克,22.3毫摩尔)。将该反应于室温下搅拌5分钟。然后用水稀释反应物,沉淀物经过滤,用水洗涤并干燥。粗产物再次溶解于甲苯中,并在短氧化铝柱上进行色谱分析。真空除去溶剂,残余物从甲苯/乙醇中重结晶,得到3.0克(70%)红色片状物,HPLC测定其纯度大于99%。
5,8-二溴-2,3-二苯基喹喔啉(16)
将3,6-二溴-1,2-苯二胺(通过用锌和乙酸还原4,7-二溴-2,1,3-苯并噻二唑来制备,Naef和Balli报告(Helv.Chim.Acta,1978,61,2959)(2克,8毫摩尔)和偶苯酰(1.9克,9毫摩尔)溶解于2-丙醇中(40毫升),并加入5滴三氟乙酸。将该混合物搅拌并加热回流2小时。冷却后,将浅黄色固体过滤,并从乙醇中重结晶,得到2.7克(75%)目标化合物,是无色的固体,熔点为221-223℃。
4-溴-1-(4-溴苯基)-3,5-二苯基吡唑(17)
通过用N-溴代琥珀酰亚胺在DMF中于65℃将1-(4-溴苯基)-3,5-二苯基吡唑(由二苯甲酰甲烷与4-溴苯基肼在乙酸中反应得到)溴化1小时,得到目标化合物。粗产物从乙醇中重结晶,得到无色粉末的目标化合物,产率为72%,HPLC测定其纯度为100%。
1,3-二(4-溴苯基)-4-甲基-1H-吡唑代[3,4-b]喹喔啉(18)
将含1,3-二(4-溴苯基)-吡唑烷-5-酮(7.9克,20毫摩尔)和邻氨基苯乙酮(2.7克,20毫摩尔)的混合物在30毫升乙二醇中于180℃在氮气下加热搅拌22小时。将深红色溶液冷却,加入40毫升乙醇,回流1小时并冷却。过滤浅黄色固体,并从甲苯-己烷中重结晶,得到2.3克(26%产率)目标化合物,为黄色晶体。HPLC测定其纯度为100%。
a,a-二(4-溴苯基亚甲基)-1,4-苯二腈(19)
将含4-溴苯甲醛(24.0克,0.13摩尔)、亚苯基-1,4-二乙腈(10.0克,0.064摩尔)、哌啶(5毫升)和乙醇(150毫升)的混合物回流3小时,使该混合物于室温静置过夜。过滤橘黄色晶体固体,并用乙醇(200毫升)洗涤三次,并干燥,得到15.3克(50%产率)所需产物。1H NMR谱的结果与所需产物的结构相符。从DMF重结晶,得到用于聚合的很纯的产物。
本发明的共聚物通过美国专利5777070的步骤制备,不同的是包括单体1 4时需要THF作为共溶剂。例示共聚物的结构和单体反应物列于表1;共聚物的性能列于表2。
表1芴共聚物的组成
共聚物 | 共聚物经验式A | 单体(毫摩尔) | 单体(毫摩尔) | 单体(毫摩尔) | 单体(毫摩尔) |
1 | -[(1c)35-(3a)2-(4b)3]n- | 1c(10.2) | 2c(7.5) | 3a(1.0) | 4b(1.5) |
2 | -[(1c)20-(11)17-(20)3]n- | 1c(10.2) | 11(8.5) | 20(1.5) | |
3 | -[(1c)2-(11)1-(3a)1]n- | 1c(8.2) | 11(4.0) | 3a(4.0) | |
4 | -[(1b)3-(11)2-(3a)1]n- | 1b(12.3) | 11(8.0) | 3a(4.0) | |
5 | -[(1b)4-(11)3-(3a)1]n- | 1b(12.3) | 11(9.0) | 3a(3.0) | |
6 | -[(1b)3-(11)1-(3b)2]n- | 1b(12.3) | 11(4.0) | 3b(8.0) | |
7 | -[(1b)2-(12)1-(3a)1]n- | 1b(10.2) | 12(5.0) | 3a(5.0) | |
8 | -[(1b)2-(13)1-(3a)1]n- | 1b(8.2) | 13(4.0) | 3a(4.0) | |
9 | -[(1b)34-(5)5-(11)1]n- | 1b(10.2) | 2b(7.0) | 5(2.5) | 11(0.5) |
10 | -[(1c)2-(16)1-(3a)1]n- | 1c(3.5) | 16(1.7) | 3a(1.7) | |
11 | -[(1c)10-(2c)5-(20)3-(4b)2]n- | 1c(10.2) | 2c(5.0) | 20(3.0) | 4b(2.0) |
12 | -[(1b)15-(3a)2-(20)3]n- | 1b(10.2) | 2b(5.0) | 3a(2.0) | 20(3.0) |
13 | -[(1f)3-(1c)2-(19)1]n- | 1f(3.0) | 2c(2.0) | 19(1.0) | |
14 | -[(1c)19-(19)1]n- | 1c(4.0) | 19(0.4) | ||
15 | -[(1c)39-(19)1]n- | 1c(4.0) | 19(0.2) | ||
16 | -[(1f)2-(1d)1-(1e)1-(19)2]n- | 1f(2.1) | 1d(1.0) | 2c(1.0) | 19(2.0) |
17 | -[(1c)1-(18)1]n- | 1c(4.1) | 18(4.0) | ||
18 | -[(1c)19-(17)1]n- | 1c(8.2) | 17(8.0) |
续表1芴共聚物的组成
共聚物 | 共聚物经验式A | 单体(毫摩尔) | 单体(毫摩尔) | 单体(毫摩尔) | 单体(毫摩尔) |
19 | -[(1c)10-(11)9-(14)1]n- | 1c(8.2) | 11(7.2) | 14(0.8) | |
20 | -[(1c)4-(11)3-(14)1]n- | 1c(5.2) | 11(3.8) | 14(1.2) | |
21 | -[(1e)2-(11)1-(14)1]n- | 1e(2.6) | 11(1.3) | 14(1.3) | |
22 | -[(1c)100-(11)97-(14)3]n- | 1c(8.2) | 11(7.8) | 14(0.2) | |
23 | -[(1c)20-(11)17-(14)3]n- | 1c(6.2) | 11(5.1) | 14(0.9) | |
24 | -[(1c)7-(11)2-(14)1]n- | 1c(5.1) | 2b(2.0) | 11(2.0) | 14(1.0) |
25 | -[(1c)10-(11)1-(15)1]n- | 1c(10.3) | 15(1.0) | 11(9.0) | |
26 | -[(1c)1-(8)1]n- | 1c(11.0) | 8(10.8) | ||
27 | -[(1c)1-(6)1]n- | 1c(10.3) | 6(10.0) | ||
28 | -[(1d)1-(6)1]n- | 1d(10.3) | 6(10.0) | ||
29 | -[(1c)1-(10)1]n- | 1c(10.3) | 10(10.0) | ||
30 | -[(1c)1-(9)1]n- | 1c(10.3) | 9(10.0) | ||
31 | -[(1c)1-(7)1]n- | 1c(9.9) | 7(9.6) | ||
32 | -[(1c)10-(2b)7-(20)3]n- | 1c(10.2) | 2c(7.0) | 20(3.0) |
A共聚物经验式中的黑体数字指相应单体的RMU。
表2芴共聚物的性能
共聚物 | Tg(℃) | 固有粘度 | 吸收A(nm) | 荧光B(nm) | 带隙(eV) |
1 | - | 1.50 | 383 | 467 | |
2 | 108 | 1.33 | 323462 | 535 | |
3 | 100 | 1.27c | 346,384459 | 535 | |
4 | 108 | 0.95° | 339,393466 | 545 | |
5 | 125 | 1.18 | 320,339461 | 550 | |
6 | 140 | 0.52 | 336,383450 | 558 | |
7 | 195 | 3.00 | 352 | 544 | |
8 | 201 | 1.10 | 348383 | 524 | |
9 | 136 | 1.70 | 381 | 531 | |
10 | 125 | 0.52 | 342389 | 507 | |
11 | 81 | 1.00 | 388 | 480 | |
12 | - | 0.45 | 383 | 431 | 2.89 |
13 | 131 | 0.57 | 390 | 500 | |
14 | 108 | 0.78 | 390 | 510 | 2.62 |
15 | 97 | 0.85 | 390 | 510 | 2.71 |
16 | 102 | 0.94 | 420 | 515 | 2.52 |
17 | - | 0.95 | 355 | 497 | |
18 | - | 0.21 | 347 | 420525 | |
19 | 120 | 1.82 | 322,467560 | 642 | 2.10 |
20 | 132 | 1.25 | 341,474550 | 639 | |
21 | 105 | 1.41 | 389,460570 | 659 | |
22 | 103 | 1.43 | 322465 | 666 | |
23 | 125 | 1.24 | 320,470556 | 646 |
续表2芴共聚物的性能
共聚物 | Tg(℃) | 固有粘度 | 吸收A(nm) | 荧光B(nm) | 带隙(eV) |
24 | 112 | 1.15 | 383,463550 | 639 | |
25 | 119 | 1.1 | 325339 | 630 | |
26 | 82 | 0.31 | 375 | 441470 | |
27 | 135 | 0.55 | 373 | 456483 | 2.76 |
28 | 134 | 0.33 | 388 | 440475 | 2.75 |
29 | 101 | 0.23 | 359 | 433 | 2.95 |
30 | 92 | 0.25 | 335 | 428 | 3.20 |
31 | 134 | 0.30 | 381 | 492 | 2.68 |
32 | 130 | 1.73 | 384 | 440 |
A共聚物薄膜的吸收峰
B共聚物薄膜的荧光峰
C光散射法测得重均分子量为97000
D光散射法测得重均分子量为53000
发光二极管(LED)
具有片电阻约为15欧姆/平方的经ITO涂覆的玻璃用作生产二极管的基质。基质的ITO侧用Baytron PTM的100纳米涂料(一种导电聚合物,购自Bayer A.G.)处理,并用相等份数或两份聚苯磺酸稀释。导电聚合物薄膜于200℃在空气中干燥约5分钟,然后用发光聚合物薄膜通过用聚合物的二甲苯溶液旋涂而被涂覆。发光聚合物薄膜然后于氮气中在90℃下干燥至少2小时。然后在发光聚合物薄膜上沉积钙阴极(约75-100纳米)。将成品器件与电源连接,在惰性气氛中,且ITO作为正极。发射光的亮度和流经二极管的电流密度作为施加电压的函数来监控。亮度的单位表示为Cd/m2,效率表示为Lumens/Watt(L/W):L/W=p(Cd/A)/V,其中A和V分别是对于给定亮度的电流和电压。
绿色LED
表3列出了3个绿色LED在4000Cd/m2下的组成和电压和效率,其中两种含本发明的共聚物。具有大约相同性能的绿色1和绿色2,与不含本发明共聚物的对比LED相比,在更低的电压和更高的效率下达到4000Cd/m2的亮度。对比例的共聚物与不含空穴传递RMU的共聚物4和5不同,从而说明达到空穴和电子传递性能平衡的优点。注意,含本发明共聚物的共混物(绿色2)实现了相同的益处。
表3绿色LED
4000Cd/m2 | |||
实施例 | 共聚物薄膜:结构A | 电压 | L/W |
绿色1 | 100纳米共聚物5:-[(1b)4-(11)3-3a]- | 3.9 | 2.36 |
对比例 | 100纳米对比共聚物:-[1b-11]- | 6.3 | 0.56 |
绿色2 | 30重量%对比共聚物在共聚物4中的75纳米共混物。对比共聚物:-[1b-11]-共聚物4:-[(1b)3-(11)2-3a]- | 3.7 | 2.65 |
A共聚物经验式中的黑体数字指相应单体的RMU。
红色LED
表4列出两种发红光的LED。红色1基于单一共聚物,而红色2基于本发明两种共聚物的共混物。在器件性能方面,红色2与红色1相比有显著改进,证明使用聚合物共混物的优点。
表4红色LED
1000Cd/m2 | |||
实施例 | 共聚物薄膜:结构A | 电压 | L/W |
红色1 | 75纳米共聚物19:-[(1c)10-(11)9-14]- | 9.0 | 0.12 |
红色2 | 30重量%共聚物19在共聚物5中的75纳米共混物。 | 5.0 | 0.41 |
A共聚物经验式中的黑体数字指相应单体的RMU。
白色LED
两种白色LED各自基于含本发明共聚物22在非本发明的芴共聚物混合物中的共混物的100纳米薄膜(下文中称作对比混合物)。对比混合物是以下组分的共混物:
15重量%的芴共聚物-[1c-4a]-
7重量%的芴共聚物-[1c-3a]-
78重量%的芴均聚物-[1c]-
表5列出共聚物22的量和LED性能。不含共聚物22的对比混合物是蓝色发光器,加入1重量%或更少的本发明共聚物22使该共混物转化成白色发光器。该实施例说明极少量的本发明共聚物对LED所具有的影响。
表5白色LED
1500Cd/m2 | |||
实施例 | 共混物中的本发明共聚物A | 电压 | L/W |
白色1 | 0.5重量%共聚物22:-[(1c)100-(14)3]-,在共混物中 | 10.8 | 0.2 |
白色2 | 1.0重量%共聚物22:-[(1c)100-(14)3]-,在共混物中 | 8.9 | 0.3 |
A共聚物经验式中的黑体数字指相应单体的RMU。
Claims (20)
1.一种包括单体单元的共聚物,且其进一步特征是具有:
(a)至少10%的单体单元是芴部分,选自9-取代的芴部分、9,9-二取代的芴部分或其组合;和
(b)至少1%的单体单元包括两种互不相同的其它部分,但都含有离域π-电子;其它部分独立地选自具有空穴传递性能的部分和具有电子传递性能的部分;其中如果这两种其它部分都具有空穴传递性能,则所述部分的至少一种衍生自茋或不含吸电子取代基的1,4-二烯、N,N,N’,N’-四芳基联苯胺、N-取代的咔唑、二芳基硅烷、以及不含吸电子取代基的噻吩、不含吸电子取代基的呋喃或不含吸电子取代基的吡咯。
2.根据权利要求1的共聚物,其中芴部分选自具有下面结构式的基团:
其中,R1和R2各自独立地是氢、C1-20烃基、C1-20烃氧基、C1-20硫代烃氧基、或氰基;
R3和R4各自独立地是氢;C1-20烃基,任选被C1-20烷氧基、C1-20芳氧基、硫代烷氧基、硫代芳氧基、仲胺、叔胺、羟基、羧酸、磺酸、氰基或酯取代;C6-20芳基,任选被C1-20烷氧基、C1-20芳氧基、硫代烷氧基、硫代芳氧基、仲胺、叔胺、羟基、羧酸、磺酸、氰基或酯取代;或R3和R4与和其相连的烯烃碳形成C3-12环状结构,所述环状结构进一步任选含有一个或多个杂原子,所述杂原子选自磷、硫、氧和氮;
R5和R6各自独立地是氢;C1-20烃基,任选被C1-20烷氧基、C1-20芳氧基、硫代烷氧基、硫代芳氧基、仲胺叔胺、羟基、羧酸磺酸、氰基或酯取代;C6-20芳基,任选被C1-20烷氧基、C1-20芳氧基、硫代烷氧基硫代芳氧基、仲胺叔胺、羟基、羧酸磺酸、氰基或酯取代;或R5和R6与芴的C-9碳形成C3-12环状结构,所述环状结构进一步任选含有一个或多个杂原子,所述杂原子选自磷、硫、氧和氮。
3.根据权利要求1的共聚物,其中至少15%的单体单元是芴部分,至少10%的单体单元是具有空穴传递性能的两种部分。
4.根据权利要求1的共聚物,其中至少15%的单体单元是芴部分,至少10%的单体单元是具有电子传递性能的两种部分。
5.根据权利要求1的共聚物,其中具有电子传递性能的部分选自含吸电子基团的部分。
6.根据权利要求1的共聚物,其中至少1%的单体单元含有空穴传递部分,至少1%的单体单元含有电子传递部分。
7.根据权利要求6的共聚物,其中至少15%的单体单元是芴部分,至少5%的单体单元具有空穴传递性能,至少5%的单体单元具有电子传递性能。
8.一种包括单体单元的共聚物,且其进一步特征是具有:
(a)至少10%的单体单元是芴部分,选自9-取代的芴部分、9,9-二取代的芴部分或其组合;和
(b)至少1%的单体单元各自独立地选自具有空穴传递性能的部分和具有电子传递性能的部分;和
(c)至少1%的单体单元衍生自取代或未取代的苯、萘和亚联苯基,其中如果使用取代的化合物,则取代基选自具有1-12个碳原子的烷基或烷氧基,以及具有6-10个碳原子的芳基或芳氧基。
9.一种包含第一种聚合物和第二种聚合物的共混物的组合物,其中第一种聚合物选自权利要求1的共聚物和权利要求8的共聚物,第二种聚合物是权利要求1中限定的共聚物,且其不同于第一种聚合物。
10.根据权利要求9的组合物,其中第一种聚合物的存在量是基于组合物总重量的至少0.1重量%。
11.一种薄膜,包含至少0.1重量%的选自权利要求1的共聚物和权利要求8的共聚物的一种聚合物。
12.一种发光二极管,包括阳极、阴极和位于阳极和阴极之间的至少一种权利要求11的薄膜。
13.根据权利要求12的发光二极管,其中所述阳极包含锡和铟的混合氧化物,阴极包含金属薄膜。
14.一种包含至少一种权利要求11的薄膜的光电池。
15.根据权利要求14的光电池,其中至少一种薄膜位于透明或半透明的第一电极和第二电极之间。
16.一种金属-绝缘体-半导体场效应晶体管,包括绝缘层、沉积在基质上的权利要求11的至少一种薄膜、与至少一种薄膜的第一部分连接的源电极、与至少一种薄膜的第二部分连接的漏电极、以及位于至少一种薄膜的绝缘层相对侧的栅电极。
18.一种包含含有权利要求17组合物的薄膜的发光二极管。
19.一种包含具有以下单体单元的共聚物的组合物:
和
20.一种包含含有权利要求19组合物的薄膜的发光二极管。
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JP4505146B2 (ja) | 2010-07-21 |
EP1155096A1 (en) | 2001-11-21 |
KR100663052B1 (ko) | 2007-01-02 |
US6353083B1 (en) | 2002-03-05 |
JP2009293013A (ja) | 2009-12-17 |
DE69924155T2 (de) | 2006-04-13 |
TW577910B (en) | 2004-03-01 |
JP5210950B2 (ja) | 2013-06-12 |
DE69924155D1 (de) | 2005-04-14 |
EP1155096B1 (en) | 2005-03-09 |
WO2000046321A1 (en) | 2000-08-10 |
JP2002536492A (ja) | 2002-10-29 |
CN1337987A (zh) | 2002-02-27 |
JP2011252173A (ja) | 2011-12-15 |
CA2360644A1 (en) | 2000-08-10 |
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