FI112555B - Elektroluminoiva laite, menetelmä sen valmistamiseksi ja elektroluminoivien laitteiden järjestelmä - Google Patents
Elektroluminoiva laite, menetelmä sen valmistamiseksi ja elektroluminoivien laitteiden järjestelmä Download PDFInfo
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- H—ELECTRICITY
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- H05B—ELECTRIC HEATING; ELECTRIC LIGHT SOURCES NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; CIRCUIT ARRANGEMENTS FOR ELECTRIC LIGHT SOURCES, IN GENERAL
- H05B33/00—Electroluminescent light sources
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- H05B33/14—Light sources with substantially two-dimensional radiating surfaces characterised by the chemical or physical composition or the arrangement of the electroluminescent material, or by the simultaneous addition of the electroluminescent material in or onto the light source
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- H01L—SEMICONDUCTOR DEVICES NOT COVERED BY CLASS H10
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- C09K11/00—Luminescent, e.g. electroluminescent, chemiluminescent materials
- C09K11/06—Luminescent, e.g. electroluminescent, chemiluminescent materials containing organic luminescent materials
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- H—ELECTRICITY
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- H10K50/00—Organic light-emitting devices
- H10K50/10—OLEDs or polymer light-emitting diodes [PLED]
- H10K50/11—OLEDs or polymer light-emitting diodes [PLED] characterised by the electroluminescent [EL] layers
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H10—SEMICONDUCTOR DEVICES; ELECTRIC SOLID-STATE DEVICES NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
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- H10K85/00—Organic materials used in the body or electrodes of devices covered by this subclass
- H10K85/10—Organic polymers or oligomers
- H10K85/111—Organic polymers or oligomers comprising aromatic, heteroaromatic, or aryl chains, e.g. polyaniline, polyphenylene or polyphenylene vinylene
- H10K85/113—Heteroaromatic compounds comprising sulfur or selene, e.g. polythiophene
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H10—SEMICONDUCTOR DEVICES; ELECTRIC SOLID-STATE DEVICES NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
- H10K—ORGANIC ELECTRIC SOLID-STATE DEVICES
- H10K85/00—Organic materials used in the body or electrodes of devices covered by this subclass
- H10K85/10—Organic polymers or oligomers
- H10K85/111—Organic polymers or oligomers comprising aromatic, heteroaromatic, or aryl chains, e.g. polyaniline, polyphenylene or polyphenylene vinylene
- H10K85/114—Poly-phenylenevinylene; Derivatives thereof
Description
112555
Elektroluminoiva laite, menetelmä sen valmistamiseksi ja elektroluminoivien laitteiden järjestelmä
Keksinnön ala 5 Tämä keksintö kohdistuu elektroluminoiviin (EL) laitteisiin, ja erityisesti EL-laitteisiin, joissa valoa emittoiva kerros on puolijohde.
Keksinnön tausta
Elektroluminoivat (EL) laitteet ovat rakenteita, 10 jotka emittoivat valoa, kun se saatetaan alttiiksi soveltuvalle sähkökentälle. Tavallinen malli fysikaaliselle prosessille tällä tavoin käytetyissä puolijohteissa on säteilevä yhdistelmä elektroniaukkopareja, jotka työntyvät puolijohteeseen vastakkaisesta elektrodista. Tavanomaiset 15 esimerkit ovat valoa emittoivia diodeja GaPrhen perustuen ja vastaavat III-V-puolijohteet. Vaikka nämä laitteet ovat tehokkaita ja laajalti käytettyjä, niiden koko on rajoitettu, eivätkä ne ole helposti tai taloudellisesti käytettävissä suurikokoisissa näytöissä. Vaihtoehtoisia materi-20 aaleja, joita voidaan valmistaa suurille pinnoille, tiede-, tään, ja näiden epäorgaanisten puolijohteiden joukosta eniten ponnistuksia on osoitettu ZnS:lle. Tällä systeemil-” lä on huomattavia käytännön haittoja, ensisijaisesti huono * käyttövarmuus. Mekanismin ZnS:ssä uskotaan olevan sellai- ' 25 nen, jossa yhden tyypin kiihdytys puolijohteen läpi voi- : : makkaassa sähkökentässä aiheuttaa puolijohteen paikallisen ; ; : herätyksen, joka vapautuu säteilevänä emissiona.
Orgaanisten materiaalien joukosta yksinkertaiset :V. aromaattiset molekyylit kuten antraseeni, peryleeni ja ko- 30 roneeni ovat tunnetusti osoittautuneet elektroluminoivik-’·" si. Käytännön ongelmana näillä materiaaleilla on, kuten V ‘ ZnS:lla, niiden huono käyttövarmuus, yhdessä ongelmien * kanssa orgaanisen kerroksen ja sähköä johtavan kerroksen ; saostamisessa. Tekniikat, kuten orgaanisen materiaalin : 35 sublimoiminen, kärsivät niistä ongelmista, että muodostuva 2 112555 kerros on pehmeä, taipuvainen uudelleenkiteytymään, ja kyvytön tukemaan päällyskontaktikerroksen korkealämpötila-kerrostamista. Tekniikat, kuten sopivasti modifioidun aro-maatin Langmuir-Blodgett-kalvon kasvatus, kärsivät huonos-5 ta kalvolaadusta, aktiivisen materiaalin laimeudesta ja valmistusmenetelmien kalleudesta.
Elektroluminoivat laitteet perustuen antraseeniin on liitetty US-A-3 621 321 reen. Tämä laite kärsii korkeasta energian kulutuksesta ja heikosta luminesenssista. Yri-10 tyksessä tehdä parannettu laite, julkaisussa US-A-4 672 265 esitetään EL-laite, jolla on kaksoiskerrosrakenne lu-minoivana kerroksena. Kuitenkin käytetyt materiaalit kak-soiskerrosrakenteena ovat orgaanisia materiaaleja, jotka kärsivät edellä mainituista haitoista.
15 Keksinnön yhteenveto Tämä keksintö pyrkii antamaan elektroluminoivan laitteen, jossa edellä mainitut ongelmat on voitettu tai ainakin lievennetty.
Tässä keksinnössä aikaansaadaan eräältä kannalta 20 elektroluminoiva laite, jolle on tunnusomaista, että se käsittää ohuen tiheän, polymeerikalvon muodossa olevan va-: ·· loa emittoivan kerroksen (4), joka polymeerikalvo käsittää · vähintään yhden polymeerin,- : l : 25 ensimmäisen kontaktikerroksen (2), joka on sovi- ; tettu valoa emittoivan kerroksen yhdelle pinnalle ja on valittu niin, että asetettaessa sähkökenttä laitteeseen ensimmäistä tyyppiä olevia varauksen kuljettajia työntyy valoa emittoivaan kerrokseen; ja • » 30 toisen kontaktikerroksen (5) , joka on sovitettu valoa emittoivan kerroksen toiselle pinnalle ja on valittu v niin, että asetettaessa sähkökenttä laitteeseen toista tyyppiä olevia varauksen kuljettajia työntyy valoa emit-_·' ; toivaan kerrokseen; ja » » 112555 3 valoa emittoiva kerros käsittää konjugoidun puoli-johdepolymeerin, joka on läsnä tilavuusosuutena, joka mahdollistaa perkolaatiokynnyksen aikaansaamisen polymeeri-kalvon varauksen kuljetukselle, jolloin ulkopuolisten va-5 rauksen kuljettajien pitoisuus konjugoidussa puolijohdepo-lymeerissä on riittävän pieni niin, että asetettaessa sähkökenttä ensimmäisen ja toisen kontaktikerroksen välille yli valoa emittoivan kerroksen, jotta toinen kontaktiker-ros tulee positiiviseksi verrattuna ensimmäiseen kontakti-10 kerrokseen, ensimmäistä ja toista tyyppiä olevat varauksen kuljettajat työntyvät valoa emittoivaan kerrokseen ja yhdistyvät muodostaen konjugoidussa puolijohdepolymeerissä varauksen kuljettajapareja, jotka hajoavat säteilevästi niin, että säteilyä emittoituu konjugoidusta polymeeristä.
15 Keksintö perustuu näiden keksijöiden löytöön, että puolijohtavat konjugoidut polymeerit voidaan saada antamaan elektroluminesenssi varauksen kuljettajien injektiolla sopivasta kontaktikerroksesta.
Puolijohtavat konjugoidut polymeerit sinänsä ovat 20 tunnettuja. Esimerkiksi niiden käyttöä optisessa modulaat-; torissa on esitelty EP-A-0 294 061:ssa. Tässä tapauksessa on käytetty polyasetyleeniä aktiivisena kerroksena modu-lointirakenteessa ensimmäisen ja toisen elektrodin välis-* sä. On tarpeen asettaa eristävä kerros yhden elektrodin ja 25 aktiivisen kerroksen väliin tuottamaan tyhjän varausalueen aktiiviseen kerrokseen, mikä antaa parannuksen optiseen V : moduloivaan vaikutukseen. Tällainen rakenne ei voi antaa elektroluminesenssia, koska tyhjän varausalueen läsnäolo ; estää elektroni/aukko parien muodostumisen, joiden hajoa- 30 minen aiheuttaa säteilyä. On selvää kaikissa tapauksissa, että elektroluminesenssin esiintyminen EP-A-0 294 061:ssa ' olisi täysin ei-toivottua, koska optinen modulaatiovaiku- ’·>·' tus katkeaisi tällöin.
4 112525 Tämän keksinnön laitteessa konjugoitu polymeeri on edullisesti poly(p-fenyleenivinyleeni) [PPV] ja ensimmäinen varausta johtava kontaktikerros on ohut kerros alumiinia yhden pinnan ollessa muodostunut ohuesta oksidikerrok-5 sesta, puolijohdekerroksen ensimmäisen pinnan ollessa kosketuksissa mainitun oksidikerroksen kanssa ja toinen varauksia johtava kontaktikerros on ohut kerros alumiinia tai kultaa.
Toisessa tapauksessa konjugoitu polymeeri on PPV, 10 ensimmäinen kontaktikerros on alumiinia tai seos magnesiumista ja hopeasta, ja toinen kontaktikerros on indium-oksidia.
Vielä toisessa tapauksessa konjugoitu polymeeri on PPV ja yksi kontaktikerroksista on ei-kidemäinen pii ja 15 toinen kontaktikerroksista on valittu ryhmästä muodostuen alumiinista, kullasta, magnesium/hopeaseoksesta ja indium-oksidista.
Nämä suoritusmuodot voidaan tehdä laittamalla joko ensimmäinen kontaktikerros tai toinen kontaktikerros subs-20 traatille, asettamalla ohut kalvo PPV:tä ja sitten laittamalla toinen ensimmäisestä ja toisesta kontaktikerrok-sesta.
; '* Edullisesti polymeeritilmi on oleellisesti tasaisen •’,* · paksua alueella 10 nm - 5 μπι ja konjugoidulla polymeerillä '· : 25 on puolijohdevyöaukko alueella 1 - 3,5 eV. Edelleen kon- : ; jugoidun polymeerin osuus polymeerikalvon elektroluminoi- ; : ; vassa alueessa on riittävä aiheuttamaan perkolaatiokynnys varauksen siirrolle kalvossa olevassa konjugoidussa poly-;v, meerissä.
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3 0 Tämän keksinnön toinen näkökohta antaa menetelmän elektroluminoivan laitteen valmistamiseksi, jolle menetel-v ‘ mälle on tunnusomaista, että muodostetaan valoa emittoivaa i ' polymeeriä oleva kerros ensimmäisen ja toisen kontaktiker- ,roksen väliin, jolloin ensimmäinen kontaktikerros on va-35 littu niin, että asetettaessa sähkökenttä laitteeseen en- 5
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simmäistä tyyppiä olevia varauksen kuljettajia työntyy valoa emittoivaan kerrokseen, joka menetelmä käsittää vaiheet, joissa a) kerrostetaan substraatille toinen mainitusta 5 ensimmäisestä ja toisesta kontaktikerroksesta; b) kerrostetaan mainitulle kontaktikerrokselle po-lymeerikalvona esiastepolymeeriä oleva kerros, minkä jälkeen kerrostettu esiastepolymeeri kuumennetaan korkeaan lämpötilaan, jolloin muodostuu valoa emittoiva kerros kon- 10 jugoituna puolijohdepolymeerinä; ja c) muodostetaan toinen mainitusta ensimmäisestä ja toisesta kontaktikerroksesta, jolloin toinen kontaktiker-ros on valittu ja järjestetty niin, että asetettaessa sähkökenttä laitteeseen toista tyyppiä olevia varauksen kul- 15 jettajia työntyy valoa emittoivaan kerrokseen, jolloin ulkopuolisten varauksen kuljettajien pitoisuus konjugoidussa puolijohdepolymeerissä on riittävän pieni niin, että asetettaessa sähkökenttä ensimmäisen ja toisen kontaktiker-roksen välille yli puolijohdekerroksen, jotta toinen kon-20 taktikerros tulee positiiviseksi verrattuna ensimmäiseen . kontaktikerrokseen, ensimmäistä ja toista tyyppiä olevat varauksen kuljettajat työntyvät valoa emittoivaan kerrokseen ja yhdistyvät muodostaen konjugoidussa puolijohdepo-• Ί lymeerissä varauksen kuljettajapareja, jotka hajoavat sä- 25 teilevästi niin, että säteilyä emittoituu konjugoidusta : ‘ polymeeristä.
: ; : Keksintö koskee myös elektroluminoivien laitteiden järjestelmää, jolle on tunnusomaista, että kukin elektro-luminoiva laite on jonkin edellä olevan patenttivaatimuk- * ; ,···. 3 0 sen mukainen, jolloin ensimmäinen ja toinen varauksia työntävä kontaktikerros on järjestetty sallimaan valikoiva *·' ‘ osoittaminen mainitussa järjestelmässä.
Konjugoidulla polymeerillä tarkoitetaan polymee-: riä, joka sisältää delokasiloituneen π-elektronisysteemin ; 35 polymeerirungossa; delokalisoitunut π-elektronisysteemi 112555 6 tuottaa puolijohdeominaisuuksia polymeerille ja antaa mahdollisuuden tukea positiivisten ja negatiivisten varausten kuljetusta suurella liikkuvuudella polymeeriketjua pitkin. Tällaisia polymeerejä on esitellyt esimerkiksi R. H.
5 Friendin julkaisussa Journal of Molecular Electronics, 4 (1988) January-March, nro 1, sivuilla 37 - 46.
Uskotaan, että tämän keksinnön pohjana oleva mekanismi on sellainen, että positiivinen kontaktikerros työntää positiiviset varauksenkuljettajat polymeerikalvoon ja 10 negatiivinen kontaktikerros työntää negatiiviset varauksenkul j ettaj at polymeerikalvoon, nämä varauksen kuljettajat yhdistyvät muodostaen varauksenkuljettajapareja, jotka hajoavat säteillen. Tämän saavuttamiseksi, edullinen positiivinen kontaktikerros on valittu omaamaan korkea työ-15 funktio ja negatiivinen kontaktikerros on valittu omaamaan matala työfunktio. Näin ollen negatiivinen kontaktikerros sisältää elektroneja työntävää materiaalia, esimerkiksi metallia tai doupattua puolijohdetta, joka laitettuna kosketuksiin polymeeripuolijohdekerroksen kanssa ja tehtynä 20 negatiiviseksi polymeeripuolijohteen suhteen käyttämällä ulkopuolista jännitettä piirin yli, mahdollistaa elektro-‘ ' nien työntymisen polymeeripuolijohdekerrokseen. Positiivi- ; ’· nen kontaktikerros sisältää aukkoja työntävää materiaalia, · esimerkiksi metallia tai doupattua puolijohdetta, joka : : : 25 asetettuna kosketuksiin polymeeripuolijohdekerroksen kans- : sa ja tehtynä positiiviseksi polymeeripuolijohteen suhteen asettamalla ulkopuolinen jännite piirin yli, mahdollistaa positiivisten varauksien, yleensä kutsuttu aukoiksi, työn-tymisen polymeeripuolijohdekerrokseen.
3 0 Tuottaakseen toivotun elektroluminesenssin poly- meerikalvon tulee olla oleellisesti puhdas virheistä, jot-·,· : ka toimivat ei-säteilevinä rekombinaatiokeskuksina, koska : : sellaiset virheet ehkäisevät elektroluminensennin.
112555 7
Tiheällä polymeerikalvolla tarkoitetaan sitä, että polymeerikalvo ei ole kuitumainen ja on oleellisesti vapaa aukoista.
Yksi tai molemmat kontaktikerrokset voivat sisäl-5 tää, varauksia työntävän kerroksen lisäksi, toisen kerroksen materiaalia, edullisesti orgaanista materiaalia, joka huolehtii elektronien ja aukkojen työntymisnopeuden valvomisesta EL-kalvoon ja varmistaa, että säteilevä hajoaminen tapahtuu kaukana kontaktikerroksien varauksia työntävästä 10 materiaalista.
Konjugoidun polymeerin kalvo sisältää edullisesti yksittäistä konjugoitua polymeeriä tai yksittäistä kopoly-meeriä, joka sisältää konjugoidun polymeerin segmenttejä. Vaihtoehtoisesti konjugoidun polymeerin kalvo voi muodos-15 tua konjugoitujen polymeerien tai kopolymeerien seoksesta toisen sopivan polymeerin kanssa.
Polymeerikalvon muita toivottuja ominaisuuksia ovat, että: (i) Polymeerin tulee olla stabiili hapen, kosteu-20 den ja käsittelyn korkeissa lämpötiloissa suhteen; (ii) polymeerikalvolla tulee olla hyvä adheesio allaolevaan kerrokseen, hyvä kestävyys lämmön aiheuttamal- “ le ja paineen aiheuttamalle krakkaukselle, ja hyvä kestä- : vyys kutistumiselle, turpoamiselle, uudelleen kiteytymi- :_·/· 25 selle ja muille morfologisille muutoksille; : : (iii) polymeerikalvon tulee olla joustava ionin/atomin migraatioprosesseille, esimerkiksi korkean kiteisyyden ja korkean sulamispisteen johdosta.
Tämän keksinnön suoritusmuodot esitellään nyt vain 30 esimerkeillä viittauksin mukana seuraaviin kuvioihin.
Konjugoidun polymeerin kalvo on edullisesti po-V ' ly(p-fenyleenivinyleeni) [PPV] kalvon muotoa.
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i I v_·' O '.· --^ -CH = CH-- (I) n jossa fenyleenirenkaassa voi mahdollisesti olla yksi tai useampia substituentteja jokaisen erikseen ollessa valittu alkyylistä (edullisesti metyyli), alkoksista (edullisesti 5 metoksi tai etoksi), halogeenista (edullisesti kloori tai bromi) tai nitrosta.
Muut poly(p-fenyleenivinyleeni):stä johdetut kon-jugoidut polymeerit ovat myös sopivia käytettäväksi poly-meerikalvona tämän keksinnön EL-laitteessa. Tyypilliset 10 esimerkit sellaisista johdannaisista ovat seuraavasti johdettuja polymeerejä: (i) korvataan fenyleenirengas rakenteessa (I) yhdistetyllä rengassysteemillä, esimerkiksi korvataan fenyleenirengas antraseeni- tai naftaleenirengassysteemillä 15 tuottaen rakenteet, kuten: t y _ch - ch__ j": ’ /A\ --λ-CH = CH-- n * > t 112555 9 ' --^ V)_ CH = CH-- 1 ο I.
Näissä vaihtoehtoisissa rengassysteemeissä voi myös olla yksi tai useampia substituentteja tyypiltään edellä fenyleenirenkaan yhteydessä esitettyjä.
5 (ii) korvataan fenyleenirengas heterosyklisellä rengassysteemillä, kuten furaanirenkaalla tuottaen rakenteita, kuten --\ CH = CH---‘ ' 0 ' n ; '· Kuten edellä furaanirenkaassa voi olla yksi tai useampia : 10 substituentteja tyypiltään edellä fenyleenirenkaan yhtey- desä mainittuja.
(iii) kasvatetaan kuhunkin fenyleenirenkaaseen liittyneiden (tai kuhunkin edellä kohdissa (i) ja (ii) esitettyihin eri vaihtoehtoisiin rengassysteemeihin) viny-... 15 leeniosien määrää tuottaen rakenteita kuten: : ; : --^3—(CH = CU)j-- ! n 10 11 9 w ' I ύ___ \.J \,J yj --- (CH = CH )y-- n —O—(ch=ch)^— s 7 n joissa y esittää lukua 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7...
Jälleen rengassysteemeissä voi olla erilaisia 5 edellä mainittuja substituentteja.
Nämä erilaiset PPV-johdannaiset tuottavat erilaisen puolijohde-energia-aukon; tämän pitäisi mahdollistaa elek-troluminoivien laitteiden valmistuksen, joilla on emissio eri aallonpituuksilla kattaen koko näkyvän osan spektriä, i 10 Konjugoidun polymeerien kalvo voidaan valmistaa , liuoksen kemiallisella ja/tai lämpökäsittelyllä käsiteltä- t västä tai sulana käsiteltävästä "esiaste"-polymeeristä.
, , , Loppu voidaan puhdistaa tai esivalmitaa toivottuun muotoon _ ennen myöhempää muutosta konjugoiduksi polymeeriksi eli- 15 minointireaktiolla.
Edellä mainitut PPV:n erilaisten johdannaisten kalvot voidaan liittää johtavaan substraattiin samalla tavoin käyttäen soveltuvaa sulfoniumesiastetta.
Tietyissä tapauksissa voi olla tarpeen käyttää po-; 20 lymeeriesiastetta, jonka liukoisuus orgaaniseen liuotti- meen on suurempi kuin sulfoniumsuolaesiasteen (II). Suurempi liukoisuus orgaaniseen liuottimeen voidaan saada ai- kaan korvaamalla sulfoniumosa esiasteessa vähemmän hydro- 112555 11 fiilisella ryhmällä kuten aikoksiryhmällä (yleensä metok-si) tai pyridiniumryhmällä.
Tyypillisesti poly(fenyleenivinyleeni)kalvo liitetään johtavaan substraattiin menetelmällä, joka perustuu 5 reaktioon, jollainen on esitetty kuviossa 1. Sulfoniumsuo-lamonomeeri (II) muutetaan esiastepolymeeriksi (III) vesi-liuoksessa tai metanoli/vesiseosliuoksessa tai metanolis-sa. Tällainen esiastepolymeerin (III) liuos voidaan liittää johtavaan substraattiin tavanomaisella spin-coating-10 menetelmällä, jollaista on käytetty puolijohdeteollisuu-dessa valoresistiprosesseissa. Saatava esiastepolymeerin (III) kalvo voidaan muuttaa poly(fenyleenivinyleeni):ksi (I) lämmittämällä tyypillisesti lämpötilaan 200 - 350 °C.
Yksityiskohtia olosuhteista, jotka tarvitaan mono-15 meerin (II) synteesille, sen polymeroinnille esiasteeksi (III) ja sen termiselle muuttamiselle PPV:ksi, on esitelty kirjallisuudessa, esimerkiksi D.D.C. Bradley, J. Phys. D (Applied Physics) 20, 1389 (1987); ja J. D. Stenger Smith, R. W. Lenz ja G. Wegner, Polymer 30, 1048 (1989).
20 Olemme havainneet, että poly(fenyleenivinyleeni):llä voidaan saavuttaa kalvoja paksuudeltaan alueella 10 nm - 10 mikrometriä. Näissä PPV-kalvoissa on havaittu olevan > hyvin vähän reikiä. PPV-kalvolla on puolijohde-energia- : aukko noin 2,5 eV (500 nm); se on karkeaa, osoittaa vähän 25 reaktioita hapen kanssa huoneenlämpötilassa, ja se on stabiili ilmassa lämpötiloissa selvästi yli 300 °C.
Suurempi järjestäytyminen konjugoidussa materiaalissa voidaan saada aikaan modifioimalla esiastepolymeerin poistuvaa ryhmää takaamaan, että eliminaatio tapahtuu ta-30 saisesti yksinkertaisen reaktion kautta ilman ylimääräisten välivaiherakenteiden muodostumista. Näin ollen esimer-> · kiksi tavallinen dialkyylisulfoniumosa voidaan korvata : : tetrahydrotiofeeniosalla. Loppu eliminoituu yksinkertaise- ' ; na lähtevänä ryhmänä ilman hajaantumista, jollainen on ha- ! 35 vaittu dialkyylisulfidille, alkyylimerkaptaaniksi. Tässä 112555 12 esitellyssä esimerkissä käytetty esiastepolymeeri sisältää sekä sitä yhdessä dialkyylisulfoniumosan kanssa, joksi on valittu dimetyylisulfidi tai tetrahydrotiofeeni lähtevänä ryhmänä. Molemmat esiasteet tuottavat PPV-kalvon, joka on 5 sopiva käytettäväksi laitteissa, joiden rakenne esitetään seuraavissa esimerkeissä.
Toinen materiaali, joka voi olla sopiva muodostamaan konjugoidun polymeerin kalvoa, on poly(fenyleeni).
Tämä materiaali voidaan valmistaa aloittamalla 10 biologisesti syntetisoidusta 5,6-dihydroksisykloheksa-1,3-dieenin johdannaisista. Nämä johdannaiset voidaan polyme-roida käyttämällä radikaali-initiaattoreita polymeeri-esiasteiksi, jotka ovat liukoisia yksinkertaisiin orgaanisiin liuottimiin. Tämä poly(fenyleenin) valmistus on täy-15 dellisemmin kuvattu julkaisussa Ballard et ai., J. Chem.
Soc. Chem. Comm. 954 (1983).
Polymeeriesiasteen liuos voidaan pyörityspinnoit-taa ohueksi kalvoksi johtavalle substraatille ja sitten muuttaa konjugoiduksi poly(fenyleeni)polymeeriksi lämpökä-20 sittelyllä, tyypillisesti alueella 140 - 240 °C.
Kopolymerointia vinyylillä tai dieenimonomeereillä voidaan myös käyttää tuottaen fenyleenikopolymeerejä. ί · Toinen luokka materiaaleja, joita voidaan käyttää ; tuottamaan tarvittava konjugoidun polymeerin kalvo, on : 25 konjugoidut polymeerit, jotka itsessään ovat joko liuokse- : na käsiteltävissä tai sulakäsiteltävissä johtuen konjugoi- tuun pääketjuun liittyneiden, tilaa vievien sivuryhmien läsnäolosta tai johtuen konjugoidun polymeerin mukaanotta-y, misesta kopolymeerirakenteeseen, jossa yksi tai useampi ,1 30 komponentti on ei-konjugoitunut. Esimerkkejä edellisistä » '; ovat: ; (a) Poly (4,4'-difenyleenidifenyylivinyleeni) [PDPV] ! on aryleenivinyleenipolymeeri, jossa molempiin vinyleeni- : hiiliin on liittynyt fenyylirengas. Se liukenee tavaili- 112555 13 siin orgaanisiin liuottimiin mahdollistaen näin ohuiden filmien valmistamisen.
(b) Poly(1,4-fenyleeni-l-fenyylivinyleeni) ja poly ( 1 , 4 -f enyleenidif enyylivinyleeni ) polymeerit ovat analo- 5 gisia PPV:n kanssa, joissa vastaavasti yhteen tai molempiin vinyleenihiiliin on liittynyt fenyyliryhmä. Ne ovat molemmat liukoisia orgaanisiin liuottimiin ja ne voidaan valaa tai spin-päällystää ohuen kalvon muotoon.
(c) Poly(3-alkyylitiofeeni)polymeerit (alkyyli on 10 yksi propyylistä, butyylistä, pentyylistä, heksyylistä, heptyylistä, oktyylistä, dekyylistä, undekyylistä, dode-kyylistä jne.), jotka ovat liuoksessa käsiteltävissä tavallisissa orgaanisissa liuottimissa ja jotka pidemmillä alkyyliketjuilla (alkyyli on suurempi tai yhtäsuuri kuin 15 oktyyli) ovat myös sulakäsiteltävissä.
(d) Poly(3-alkyylipyrroli)polymeerit, joiden oletetaan olevan samanlaisia kuin poly(3-alkyylitiofeeni)-polymeerit.
(e) Poly(2,5-dialkoksi-p-fenyleenivinyleeni)poly-20 meerit, joissa alkyyli on suurempi kuin butyyli, ovat liuoksena käsiteltävissä.
' (f) Poly(fenyyliasetyleeni) on polyasetyleenin joh- : · dannainen, jossa vetyatomit ketjussa on korvattu fenyyli- , * ryhmillä. Tämä substituutio tekee materiaalin liukoiseksi.
: 25 Muutamissa tapauksissa voi olla tarpeen myös muo- dostaa polymeeriseoksia konjugoiduista polymeereistä mui-den polymeerien kanssa tarvittavan käsi tel tävyyden saavuttamiseksi polymeerille ja sitten mahdollistaa tarvittavan ohuen tasaisen kalvon muodostamisen polymeeristä johtaval-! 30 le substraatille (varauksia työntävä kontaktikerros).
Kun tällaista kopolymeerien tai polymeerien seosta : : käytetään muodostamaan konjugoidun polymeerin kalvoa, • elektroluminoivan laitteen aktiivisen osan, joka sisältää mainittua konjugoidun polymeerin kalvoa, täytyy sisältää ’ 35 konjugoitua polymeeriä tilavuusosuuden, joka on suurempi 14
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i i t~— yj '.v vy- tai yhtäsuuri kuin kopolymeeri- tai polymeeriseoksen per-kolaatiokynnys.
Elektroluminoiva puolijohdekerros voidaan valmistaa komposiittikerroksena kerroksista polymeerejä, joilla 5 on erilainen vyöaukko ja/tai pää varauslajit siten, että esimerkiksi työntyvän varauksen pitoisuus varauksia työntävästä kontaktikerroksesta tietyllä EL-laitteen alueella voidaan saada aikaan. Komposiittikerrokset voidaan valmistaa sopivalla polymeerikerrosten kerrostamisella. Tapauk-10 sessa, jossa kalvot kerrostetaan esiasteiden muodossa spin- tai vetämispinnoituksella konjugoidulle polymeerille, muutosprosessi konjugoiduiksi polymeereiksi tekee kalvon liukenemattomaksi, jotta seuraava kerros voidaan tehdä samalla tavoin ilman, että aiemmin kerrostetut kalvot liu-15 kenevat.
Lyhyt selostus kuvioista
Jotta tämä keksintö ymmärrettäisiin paremmin ja osoittaakseen kuinka sama voidaan johtaa tulokseen, tehdään viittauksia esimerkinomaisesti mukana seuraaviin ku-20 vioihin, joissa kuvio 1 on kaavakuva esittäen reaktiokaavion kon-jugoidun polymeerin asentamiseksi; ; =· kuviot 2 ja 3 ovat luonnoksia elektroluminoivista : ; laitteista tämän keksinnön mukaisesti; 25 kuviossa 4 on kuvaaja elektroluminoivasta ulostu- losta laitteille, jotka on kuvattu viitaten kuvioihin 2 ja 3; kuvioissa 5 ja 6 on kuvaaja sähkövirta vs. va-loemissio, ja ulostuleva intensiteetti vs. käytetty jänni-. , te, vastaavasti elektroluminoiville laitteille tämän kek- it; 30 sinnön eri esimerkkien mukaisesti; ja >·*’ kuvioissa 7 ja 8 on kuvaajat vastaten virran ulos- tuloa ja elektroluminesenssin intensiteettiä edelleen tä-män keksinnön esimerkille.
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Kuvaus edullisista suoritusmuodoista
Esimerkki 1
Viitaten nyt kuvioihin 2 ja 3 EL-laite valmistettiin seuraavasti: 5 Ylemmälle pinnalle lasista substraattia, esimerkik si silika- tai boorisilikaattilasia 1 arviolta 1 mm paksu, muodostettiin ensimmäinen varauksia työntävä kontaktiker-ros 2. Varauksia työntävä kontaktikerros muodostettiin termisellä haihdutuksella alumiinista varjostusmaskin läpi 10 saaden tulokseksi kerroksen, joka oli arvioilta 20 nm paksu. Varjostusmaskia käytettiin määrittämään muoto, joka oli sarja yhdensuuntaisia liuskoja, joiden leveys oli 2 mm, ero toisista 2 mm ja pituus 15 mm. Muodostunut alumiininen, varauksia työntävä kontaktikerros käsiteltiin 15 sen jälkeen ilmalla sallimaan ohuen oksidipintakerroksen 3 muodostuminen. Tämä muodosti siten elektroneja työntävän kontakt ikerroksen.
Liuos PPV:n esiastetta metanolissa pitoisuudeltaan alueella 1 grammaa polymeeriä 10 - 25 ml:ssa metanolia, 20 spin-kerrostettiin edellä kuvatulle yhdistelmäsubstraatil-le. Tämä saatiin aikaan ruiskuttamalla polymeeriliuosta ‘ * yhdistelmäsubstraatin koko pinnalle ja sitten pyörittämäl- ; ’·· lä substraattia, pitäen sen ylempää pintaa vaakatasossa, « » ’/.· pystysuoran akselin ympäri nopeuksilla 5000 r.p.m asti.
; : : 25 Tuloksena saatua substraattia ja esiastepolymeerikerrosta lämmitettiin sen jälkeen vakuumiuunissa lämpötilassa 300 °C 12 tuntia. Tämä lämpökäsittely muutti esiastepoly-meerin PPV:ksi, ja tuloksena saatu PPV-kalvo oli paksuu-deltaan alueella 100 - 300 nm. Minimivaatimukset kalvon t * 3 0 paksuudelle asettavat kalvon johtavuus ja alueen alempi raja on alueella 20 nm. Kuitenkin suosittu paksuusalue on : : 20 nm - 1 μπι.
; Toinen varauksia työntävä kontaktikerros (5) muo- ’ . dostettiin sitten haihduttamalla kultaa tai alumiinia PPV- 35 kalvolle. Varjostusmaskia käytettiin jälleen määrittämään 112555 16 PPV-kalvon pinnan muoto, siten että sarja yhdensuuntaisia liuskoja, joiden leveys oli 2 mm, ero toisista 2 mm ja pituus 15 mm, muodostui pyöritettynä oikeissa kulmissa ensimmäisen varauksia työntävän kontaktikalvon liuskoihin 5 nähden. Toisen varauksia työntävän kontaktikalvon paksuus oli alueella 20 - 30 nm. Tämä muodosti siten aukkoja työntävän kontaktikerroksen.
On suositeltavaa, että vähintään yksi varauksia työntävistä kontaktikerroksista on läpinäkyvä tai puolilä-10 pinäkyvä, jotta se sallisi valon emission EL-laitteesta kohtisuoraan laitteen tasoa vastaan. Tämä saadaan aikaan tässä alumiini- ja kultakerroksilla, jotka eivät paksuudeltaan ylitä 30 mm. Laitteelle, jossa PPV-kalvon paksuus on noin 200 nm, jännitekynnys varauksen työntämiselle ja 15 voimakkaan elektroluminesenssin esiintymiselle on noin 40 volttia. Jännite antaa kynnyssähkökentän 2 x 106 Vcm'1. Virran tiheydellä 2 mA/cm2 valon emission puoliläpinäkyvän elektrodin läpi on nähtävissä silmällä tavallisissa va-laisuoloissa. Laitteen ulostulo osoitti vain vähän riippu-20 vuutta taajuuksista 100 kHz:iin asti. Tämä osoittaa, että EL-laitteen vastinaika on hyvin lyhyt ja se on nopeampi ‘ ‘ kuin 10 mikrosekuntia. Käytössä EL-laite toimi ilmassa il- ‘ ' · man mitään erityistä suojausta eikä osoittanut mitään ha- ' : väittäviä merkkejä kulumisesta.
: ; 25 Laitteesta ulostulevan valon spektri hajoitettiin hilamonokromaattorilla ja tutkittiin piivalojännitekennol-; , la, ja molemmat määritykset tehtiin huoneen lämpötilassa (20 °C) ja myös laitetta pidettiin kryostaatissa optisella kytkennällä matalassa lämpötilassa. Tulokset on esitetty 30 kuviossa 4. EL-spektri osoittaa ulostulevan valon olevan spektrialueella 690 - 500 nm (1,8 - 2,4 eV) piikkien erot-; ; tuessa noin 0,15 eV, joka siirtyi paikaltaan hieman lämpö- ; tilan mukaan.
Muita materiaaleja, jotka ovat sopivia käytettäväk- i I 35 si elektroneja työntävänä kontaktikerroksena, koska niillä
119W
J I *— v_.‘ on matala työfunktio verrattuna EL-kerrokseen, ovat: n- doupattu pii (amorfinen tai kiteinen), pii pinnoitettuna oksidilla, alkali- ja maa-alkalimetallit joko puhtaina tai seostettuina muilla metalleilla kuten Ag:lla. Myös ohuita 5 kerroksia "n-tyyppisesti doupattua" konjugoituja polymeerejä voidaan panna metallisen kerroksen ja elektroluminoi-van polymeerikerroksen väliin tuottamaan elektroneja työntävä kontaktikerros.
Muita materiaaleja, jotka ovat sopivia käytettäväk-10 si aukkoja työntävänä kontaktikerroksena, koska niillä on korkea työfunktio EL-kerrokseen verrattuna, ovat: indi- um/tinaoksidit (jotka ovat läpinäkyviä spektrin näkyvällä osuudella) platina, nikkeli, palladium ja grafiitti. Myös ohuita kerroksia "p-tyyppisesti doupattuja" konjugoituja 15 polymeerejä, kuten sähkökemiallisesti polymeroitu polypyr-roli tai polytiofeeni, voidaan laittaa metallisen kerroksen ja elektroluminoivan polymeerikerroksen väliin muodostamaan aukkoja työntävä kontaktikerros.
Edellä mainittuja materiaaleja voidaan käsitellä 20 seuraavasti: kaikkia metalleja paitsi niitä, joilla on hy-, vin korkea sulamispiste, kuten platina voidaan kerrostaa haihduttamalla; kaikkia metalleja, mukaan lukien in-: “ dium/tinaoksidi, voidaan kerrostaa käyttämällä DC- tai RF- ' ‘i sputterointia ja lisäksi elektronisuihkuhaihdutusta; amor- : ,* 25 fisen piin kerrostaminen voidaan tehdä hehkusyövytysker- : rostamisella silaanin ja douppausaineen kuten fosfiinin ; seoksista.
Seuraavassa on muutamia esimerkkejä rakenteista käyttäen näitä materiaaleja.
3 0 Esimerkki 2 '·’ Tämän esimerkin rakenne tehtiin sarjana kerroksia V ' lasisubstraatille. Ensin kerros johtavaa, mutta läpinäky- vää indiumoksidia kerrostettiin substraatille käyttäen me-.·. : netelmänä ionisädesputterointia indiumkohteesta hapen läs- 35 näollessa.
112555 18 Näytteet valmistettiin kryopumpatussa systeemissä peruspaineen ollessa 10'8 mbar. Substraatti on vesijäähdytetty pitäen sen huoneenlämpötilassa kaikissa tässä käytetyissä kerrostamisissa. Ionisädesputterointi indiumläh-5 teestä kerrostamisnopeudella tyypillisesti 0,1 nm/s hapen paineen ollessa tyypillisesti 2 x 10‘4 mbar, muodosti kalvon läpinäkyvää indiumoksidia ja vastus oli tyypillisesti 5 x 10’4 Dem. Tyypillinen 100 nm.-n paksuus antoi ominais-pintavastuksen noin 50 Ω per neliö. Tällaisen kalvon optinen 10 läpäisyvakio näkyvällä osalla spektriä on parempi kuin 90 %.
Näillä kalvoilla on amorfinen rakenne, määritettynä röntgen- ja elektronidiffraktiomittauksilla.
Kerros PPV:tä kerrostettiin seuraavaksi indiumoksi-dikerrokselle käyttäen menetelmää, joka on kuvattu edellä 15 esimerkissä 1. Alumiininen yläosakontakti kerrostettiin lopuksi haihduttamalla tyypillisesti paksuuteen 50 nm. Tämä rakenne toimii indiumoksidikontaktikerroksen ollessa positiivisena kontaktina ja alumiinikontaktin negatiivisena. Valon emissio näkyy indiumoksidikerroksen läpi.
20 Tulokset tällätavoin tehdystä rakenteesta 70 nm paksuisella PPV kalvolla 2 mm2 kokoisella aktiivisella alueella on esitetty kuvioissa 5 ja 6. Kynnyksen virran kululle liittyen valon emissioon on havaittu olevan noin : 14 V kuviossa 5. Vaihtelu spektrisesti yhteenlasketussa : 25 valon ulostulossa laitteelle on esitetty virran funktiona kuviossa 6.
Esimerkki 3 Tämän rakenteen valmistaminen tapahtuu samoin kuin IV, esimerkissä 2 edellä ylempään metalliseen kontaktiin asti.
30 Tässä kerrostettiin haihduttamalla hopean ja magnesiumin '1' seosta muodostaen ylemmän kontaktin, joka toimii negatii- :,· · visena kontaktina. Haihdutus tehtiin lämmittämällä hopea- V, · ja magnesiumjauheiden seosta moolisuhteessa 1-10 venees- ; sä, ja kalvon paksuudeksi kerrostettiin tyypillisesti .' : 35 5 0 nm.
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Magnesium on toivottu materiaaliksi negatiiviselle elektrodille, koska sillä on matala työfunktio. Hopean lisääminen muodostaa seoksen, joka parantaa metallikalvon adheesiota polymeerikerrokseen, ja parantaa sen vastustus-5 kykyä hapettumiselle. Virta/jännite ja EL-ominaisuudet tälle näytteelle olivat vastaavat kuin esimerkissä 2 kuvatut.
Esimerkki 4 Nämä rakenteet valmistettiin kerroksen amorfista pii-vetyseosta toimiessa negatiivisena elektrodina ja in-10 diumoksidin positiivisena elektrodina. Lasisubstraattia käytettiin haihdutetun metallisen alumiini- tai kromikon-taktikerroksen kanssa. Amorfinen pii-vetykalvo kerrostettiin sitten radiotaajuus (RF)-sputteroinnilla kuten on kuvattu alla.
15 RF-sputterissa on kaksi kohtiota, nestetypellä jäähdytetty saaja, ja se toimii kohtiosubstraatin kanssa erotettuna 8 cm:llä. Kammion peruspaine on 5 x 10"8 mbar. Magnetronin kohtiot ladataan kerroksella n-doupattua Si-levyä 3 mm:n paksuuteen. Kohtiot puhdistetaan esisputte-20 roinnilla 1-2 tuntia ennen näytteen kerrostamista. Substraatit, jotka on valmistettu kuten edellä, lämmitetään säteilyttämällä niin, että lämpötila 3 cm paksun Cu- ja : 1 Al-substraattilevyn takapuolella on 250 - 300 °C. Sub- straatteja pyöritetään noin 6 kierr/min. Sputterointikaa- /' : 25 suna käytetään 30 % H2 argonissa paineella 0,007 - 0,013 ;" : mbar, ja se virtaa jatkuvasti kammion läpi kerrostuksen ; j . aikana. RF-tehona käytetään 250 W heijastuneen tehon ol lessa 2 W. Kerrostamisnopeus on tyypillisesti 12 nm/min ;V, antaen kerrostamisajaksi 1,5 tuntia kalvon paksuudessa 1 μπι.
30 Muodostuva amorfinen Si on väriltään punaruskea ja sen d.c.-vastus on välillä 5 x 106 - 5 x 108 ficm. [Tämä V · todettiin haihduttamalla kaksi Ai-kerrosta joko ala- tai :it>: yläpuolella näytettä, pituudeltaan 3 mm erotettuna ; 0,25 mm:llä ja mittaamalla vastus näiden kahden kontaktin ’ ! 35 välillä] .
112555 20
Kerros PPV:tä laitettiin amorfiselle pii-vetyker-rokselle, kuten on kuvattu esimerkissä 1 edellä, ja tämän jälkeen kerros indiumoksidia, kerrostettuna suoraan PPV-kerrokselle, käyttäen esimerkissä 2 kuvattua menetelmää.
5 Tulokset rakenteille, jotka on valmistettu edellä kuvatuilla vaiheilla, on esitetty kuvioissa 7 ja 8 rakenteille pinta-alaltaan 14 mm2 ja kerrospaksuudeltaan 1 μτη pii-vedyn tapauksessa, 40 nm PPV:n tapauksessa ja 250 nm indiumoksidin tapauksessa. Kuvio 7 esittää virta vs. jän-10 nite tunnusmerkkeinä laitteille estoesijännitteellä (in-diumoksidi positiivisena), ja kuvio 8 esittää vaihtelua valon kokonaisulostulossa virran mukaan. Varausten työntymisen ja valon emission lähtöpiste on noin 17 V ja virran nousu tämän kynnyksen yläpuolelle on, vastustavan pii-vety-15 kerroksen läsnäolon takia, asteittaisempaa kuin on havaittu rakenteilla ilman sitä, kuten voidaan nähdä kuviosta 5.
Tämän tyyppiset rakenteet osoittavat myös heikompaa EL : a estoesijännitteellä (indiumoksidikontakti negatiivinen verrattuna pii-vetykontaktiin). Sopivampi toimintatapa 20 kuitenkin on estoesijännite.
Esimerkki 5 ’ ' Valmistus kuten esimerkissä 4, mutta päällikerrok- ' ’ sen indiumoksidi korvattiin puoliläpinäkyvällä kullalla ; tai alumiinilla. Rakenteet, jotka valmistettiin päällikerros- : 25 paksuudessa noin 20 nm, näytti EL:n tämän päällikontaktin ·’ läpi. Nämä laitteet osoittivat samanlaisia tunnusmerkkejä : kuin edellä käsitellyt esimerkit.
Esimerkin 4 valmistusmenetelmää voidaan myös käyt-:v. tää kontaktikerroksilla, jotka on kuvattu esimerkeissä 2 30 ja 3.
On muita sinänsä tunnettuja menetelmiä pii/vetyker-V ' rosten ja indiumoksidikerrosten kerrostamiselle. Piille ·,,,· tämä voi sisältää silaanin hehkusyövytyksen ja haihdutuk- ,v : sen. Indiumoksidille muut vaihtoehdot sisältävät tinan in- .....; 35 diumin kanssa muodostaen indiumtinaoksidia (ITO), jolla on 112555 21 hyvin samanlaiset sähköiset ominaisuudet kuin indiumoksi-dilla, jota on käytetty tässä. Kerrostamismenetelmät sisältävät haihdutuksen, RF- ja DC-sputteroinnin.
Paksuuden valinta varauksia työntävälle kontakti-5 kerrokselle määräytyy käytetystä kerrostusmenetelmästä ja myös halutusta kontaktikerroksen optisesta läpinkäkyvyy-destä. Varausten työntymisen helppoutta voidaan parantaa rakentamalla varauksia työntävät kontaktikerrokset komposiitteina. Tällaiset komposiitit sisältäisivät ohuet ker-10 rokset hapetettua ja pelkistettyä konjugoitua polymeeriä vastaavasti aukkojen ja elektronien työntämiseksi. Nämä ylimääräiset kerrokset konjugoitua polymeeriä voivat olla tai eivät ole samaa kuin aktiivinen elektroluminoiva polymee-rikerros. Menetelmät tällaisten materiaalien douppaamisek-15 si ovat hyvin tunnettuja alalla ja on selvästi kuvattu teoksessa "Handbook of Conducting Polymers", T. J. Skotheim.
Vaikka tietyissä sovellutuksissa on toivottua, että vähintään yksi varauksia työntävistä kontaktikerroksista on läpinäkyvä tai puoliläpinäkyvä salliakseen säteilyn 20 emission kohtisuoraan laitteen tasoon nähden, se ei ole välttämätön tapaus esimerkiksi silloin, kun emissio vain laitteen tasossa on tarpeen.
EL-laitteen koon rajat määräytyvät substraatin · koosta, jota voidaan käyttää spin-kerrostuksessa. Esimer- 25 kiksi halkaisijaltaan 15 cm piilevyjä on pinnoitettu tällä ; tavoin. Paljon suurempien pintojen päällystämiseksi voi- daan käyttää sen sijaan tekniikoita kuten vetopinnoitus.
Näin ollen on mahdollista valmistaa EL-laitteita käyttäen konjugoituja polymeerejä neliömetrien pinta-alalla.
,··ν 3 0 Vähintään muutamat konjugoiduista polymeereistä, '1 mukaan lukien PPV, kykenevät kestämään jälkikäsittelyä ku ten metallikerroksen kerrostamista, missä kerrostaminen tarvitsee hyvin korkean lämpötilan haihduttamiselle, tai amorfisen piikerroksen kerrostamisen, jota seuraa fotolito-35 grafinen menetelmä aktiivisten elektroluminoivien alueiden 112555 22 määrittämiseksi. Vaikka on toivottavaa, PPV:n yhteydessä, joko käytettäessä spin- tai vetopinnoitusta menetelminä asettaa esiastepolymeeri substraatille riippuen konju-goidusta polymeeristä ja halutun EL-laitteen tyypistä, 5 ovat spin-, vetopinnoitus- ja sulakäsittely, kaikki menetelmiä, joita voidaan käyttää konjugoidun polymeerin kerrostamiseen substraatille.
EL-laitetta voidaan käyttää eri tavoilla, missä elektroluminenssia käytetään. Sitä voidaan käyttää siellä, 10 missä perinteisesti on käytetty puolijohde-LED:ejä. Sitä voidaan myös käyttää siellä, missä on perinteisesti käytetty nestekiteitä; EL-laitteella on useita ominaisuuksia, jotka tekevät sen halutuksi vaihtoehdoksi nestekiteille.
Koska EL-laite on valoa emittoiva, vastoin kuin 15 nestekidenäyttö, katselukulma on laaja. Edelleen suuria laisia EL-laitteita voidaan käyttää siellä, missä ongelmat liittyen substraatin tasaisuuteen ja kokoon ovat tulleet vastaan suurialaisilla nestekidenäytöillä. EL-laitteet ovat erityisesti sopivia käytettäväksi matriisiohjatuissa 20 näytöissä kuten esimerkiksi televisioissa ja tietokoneen näytöissä. Esimerkki elektroluminoivan laitteen käytöstä ' matriisiohjatussa näytössä on esitetty kuviossa 3, missä varauksia työntävät kontaktikerrokset on laitettu liuskoi-na molemmille puolilla puolijohdekerrosta, toisen kontak-: : 25 tikerroksen liuskojen ollessa suorassa kulmassa toisen kontaktikerroksen liuskoihin nähden. Yksittäisen EL-lait-teen matriisiohjausta tai puolijohdekerroksen aloja, kutsuttuna näyttöruudun pikseleiksi, saadaan valitsemalla tiet- ;·,·. ty liuska alemmassa varauksia työntävässä kontaktikerrok- ♦ » 30 sessa ja tietty liuska, oikeassa kulmassa ensimmäiseen ’!* liuskaan nähden, ylemmässä varauksia työntävässä kontakti- ,’ * kerroksessa. Edelleen, koska EL-laitteella on niin suuri ·' : vastenopeus, on EL-laite sopiva käytettäväksi televisio- • ruudussa, erityisesti koska emittoituvan valon väriä voi- ! 35 daan säätää valitsemalla konjugoitu polymeeri, ja siten 112555 23 sen puolijohdevyön aukko ja siten värinäytöt käyttäen vihreitä, punaisia ja sinisiä pikseleitä, värien sekoittamiseen sopivina, ovat mahdollisia erilaisten konjugoitujen polymeerien sijoittamisella EL-laitteeseen.
5 Teollinen sovellutus EL-laitteita voidaan käyttää myös yksittäisinä muotoiltuina osoitinelementteinä laitteiden kojelaudoissa, keittimissä tai videonauhureissa esimerkiksi. Jokainen elementti voidaan valmistaa toivottuun muotoon aiottuun 10 sovellutukseen. Edelleen EL-laitteen ei tarvitse olla tasainen ja se voidaan esimerkiksi muotoilla valmistuksen jälkeen seuraaviin muotoihin kolmessa dimensiossa, esimerkiksi kulkuneuvon tai lentokoneen tuulilasin muotoon. Tällaisissa käytöissä esiastepolymeerin tulisi olla asetettu 15 sopivaan substraattiin, kuten läpinäkyvä polymeerikalvo kuten polyesteri, polyvinylideenifluoridi tai polyimidi.
Jos esiastepolymeeri on laitettu sellaiseen joustavaan po-lymeerikalvoon, EL-laitteen jatkuva valmistaminen telan päällä on mahdollista. Vaihtoehtoisesti esiastepolymeeri 20 voidaan asettaa käyttäen esimerkiksi vetopinnoitusta esivalmistetulle muotoilulle substraatille.
Lopuksi EL-laitteiden käyttöä on tutkittu optisessa viestityksessä, jossa EL-laitteet voidaan valmistaa suo-, * raan valmistetulle rakenteelle toimimaan valolähteinä EL- 25 laitteen tehokkaalla optisella kytkimellä optisissa kui-: duissa ja/tai ohutkalvoaalto-ohjäimissä. Samanlaista so- vellutusta on kuvattu Satoshi Ishiharan artikkelissa Science and Technology in Japan, July 1989, sivut 8-14, otsikoituna "Optical Information Processing".
'·’ 30 EL-laitevalolähteet voivat olla sopivia käytettä viksi lasereina.
Claims (26)
1. Elektroluminoiva laite, tunnettu siitä, että se käsittää 5 ohuen tiheän, polymeerikalvon muodossa olevan va loa emittoivan kerroksen (4), joka polymeerikalvo käsittää vähintään yhden polymeerin; ensimmäisen kontaktikerroksen (2), joka on sovitettu valoa emittoivan kerroksen yhdelle pinnalle ja on 10 valittu niin, että asetettaessa sähkökenttä laitteeseen ensimmäistä tyyppiä olevia varauksen kuljettajia työntyy valoa emittoivaan kerrokseen; ja toisen kontaktikerroksen (5), joka on sovitettu valoa emittoivan kerroksen toiselle pinnalle ja on valittu 15 niin, että asetettaessa sähkökenttä laitteeseen toista tyyppiä olevia varauksen kuljettajia työntyy valoa emittoivaan kerrokseen; ja valoa emittoiva kerros käsittää konjugoidun puoli-johdepolymeerin, joka on läsnä tilavuusosuutena, joka mah-20 dollistaa perkolaatiokynnyksen aikaansaamisen polymeeri- kalvon varauksen kuljetukselle, jolloin ulkopuolisten varauksen kuljettajien pitoisuus konjugoidussa puolijohdepo-' " lymeerissä on riittävän pieni niin, että asetettaessa säh- • kökenttä ensimmäisen ja toisen kontaktikerroksen välille 25 yli valoa emittoivan kerroksen, jotta toinen kontaktiker- : ros tulee positiiviseksi verrattuna ensimmäiseen kontakti- kerrokseen, ensimmäistä ja toista tyyppiä olevat varauksen kuljettajat työntyvät valoa emittoivaan kerrokseen ja yh-·. distyvät muodostaen konjugoidussa puolijohdepolymeerissä 30 varauksen kuljettajapareja, jotka hajoavat säteilevästä niin, että säteilyä emittoituu konjugoidusta polymeeristä.
* 2. Patenttivaatimuksen 1 mukainen elektroluminoiva laite, tunnettu siitä, että konjugoitu polymeeri on ; poly(p-fenyleenivinyleeni) [PPV], jonka kaava on 112555 25 —O—ch=ch— (i) n jolloin fenyleenirenkaassa voi olla yksi tai useampi subs-tituentti, jotka toisistaan riippumatta on valittu ryhmästä alkyyli (edullisesti metyyli), alkoksi (edullisesti me-5 toksi tai etoksi), halogeeni (edullisesti kloori tai bromi) tai nitro.
3. Patenttivaatimuksen 1 tai 2 mukainen elektrolu-minoiva laite, tunnettu siitä, että ohut tiheä poly-meerikalvo on oleellisesti tasainen paksuudeltaan alueella 10 10 nm - 5 μτη.
4. Jonkin edellä olevan patenttivaatimuksen mukainen elektroluminoiva laite, tunnettu siitä, että kon-jugoidulla polymeerillä on puolijohdevyöaukko alueella 1 - 3,5 eV.
5. Jonkin edellä olevan patenttivaatimuksen mukai nen elektroluminoiva laite, tunnettu siitä, että en-' ’ simmäinen varauksia työntävä kontaktikerros on ohut kerros : · alumiinia (2), jolle on muodostettu ohut oksidikerros (3), j jolloin puolijohdekerroksen (4) ensimmäinen pinta on kos- : 2 0 ketuksissa mainittuun oksidikerrokseen.
6. Jonkin patenttivaatimuksen 1-4 mukainen elektro luminoiva laite, tunnettu siitä, että ensimmäinen kon- * y t taktikerros valitaan ryhmästä alumiini, ja magnesiumin ja hopean seos. j 25
7. Patenttivaatimuksen 5 mukainen elektroluminoiva t laite, tunnettu siitä, että toinen varauksia työntävä • kontaktikerros (5) valitaan ryhmästä alumiini ja kulta.
: 8. Jonkin edellä olevan patenttivaatimuksen mukai nen elektroluminoiva laite, tunnettu siitä, että aina- 112555 26 kin toinen ensimmäisestä ja toisesta varauksia työntävästä kontaktikerroksesta on vähintään puoliläpinäkyvä.
9. Patenttivaatimuksen 6 mukainen elektroluminoiva laite, tunnettu siitä, että toinen kontaktikerros (5) 5 sisältää indiumoksidia tai indiumtinaoksidia.
10. Jonkin patenttivaatimuksen 1 - 4 mukainen elektroluminoiva laite, tunnettu siitä, että ensimmäinen kontaktikerros muodostuu amorfisesta piistä ja toinen kontaktikerros on valittu ryhmästä alumiini, kulta ja in- 10 diumoksidi.
11. Jonkin edellä olevan patenttivaatimuksen mukainen elektroluminoiva laite, tunnettu siitä, että ainakin toinen ensimmäisestä ja toisesta varauksia työntävästä kontaktikerroksesta on kosketuksissa myös tukevaan 15 substraattiin.
12. Patenttivaatimuksen 11 mukainen elektroluminoiva laite, tunnettu siitä, että tukeva substraatti on piilasi.
13. Patenttivaatimuksen 11 mukainen elektrolu- 20 minoiva laite, tunnettu siitä, että tukeva substraatti on joustava läpinäkyvä polymeeri.
14. Elektroluminoivien laitteiden järjestelmä, ; · tunnettu siitä, että kukin elektroluminoiva laite on • jonkin edellä olevan patenttivaatimuksen mukainen, jolloin : 25 ensimmäinen ja toinen varauksia työntävä kontaktikerros on järjestetty sallimaan valikoiva osoittaminen mainitussa . järjestelmässä. t
15. Menetelmä patenttivaatimuksen 1 mukaisen • t elektroluminoivan laitteen valmistamiseksi, tunnettu '.k 30 siitä, että muodostetaan valoa emittoivaa polymeeriä oleva ; kerros ensimmäisen ja toisen kontaktikerroksen väliin, • · jolloin ensimmäinen kontaktikerros on valittu niin, että asetettaessa sähkökenttä laitteeseen ensimmäistä tyyppiä . olevia varauksen kuljettajia työntyy valoa emittoivaan ! 35 kerrokseen, joka menetelmä käsittää vaiheet, joissa 112555 27 a) kerrostetaan substraatille toinen mainitusta ensimmäisestä ja toisesta kontaktikerroksesta; b) kerrostetaan mainitulle kontaktikerrokselle po-lymeerikalvona esiastepolymeeriä oleva kerros, minkä jäl- 5 keen kerrostettu esiastepolymeeri kuumennetaan korkeaan lämpötilaan, jolloin muodostuu valoa emittoiva kerros kon-jugoituna puolijohdepolymeerinä; ja c) muodostetaan toinen mainitusta ensimmäisestä ja toisesta kontaktikerroksesta, jolloin toinen kontaktiker- 10 ros on valittu ja järjestetty niin, että asetettaessa sähkökenttä laitteeseen toista tyyppiä olevia varauksen kuljettajia työntyy valoa emittoivaan kerrokseen, jolloin ulkopuolisten varauksen kuljettajien pitoisuus konjugoidussa puolijohdepolymeerissä on riittävän pieni niin, että ase-15 tettaessa sähkökenttä ensimmäisen ja toisen kontaktiker-roksen välille yli puolijohdekerroksen, jotta toinen kon-taktikerros tulee positiiviseksi verrattuna ensimmäiseen kontaktikerrokseen, ensimmäistä ja toista tyyppiä olevat varauksen kuljettajat työntyvät valoa emittoivaan kerrok-20 seen ja yhdistyvät muodostaen konjugoidussa puolijohdepolymeerissä varauksen kuljettajapareja, jotka hajoavat sä-’ teilevästi niin, että säteilyä emittoituu konjugoidusta polymeeristä.
16. Patenttivaatimuksen 15 mukainen menetelmä, ; 25 tunnettu siitä, että se käsittää vaiheet, joissa ensin kerrostetaan ensimmäinen varauksia työntävä kontaktikerros tukevalle substraatille komposiittisubstraatin muodostamiseksi ennen vaihetta, jossa esiastepolymeeri kerrostetaan ohuena tiheänä polymeerikalvona ensimmäiselle varauksia ’ 30 työntävälle kontaktikerrokselle.
17. Patenttivaatimuksen 15 tai 16 mukainen mene-: telmä, tunnettu siitä, että esiastepolymeeri on liu- : koinen ja on kerrostettu ohuena polymeerikalvona substraa- ; tille spin-pinnoituksella. 28 112555
18. Jonkin patenttivaatimuksen 15 - 17 mukainen menetelmä, tunnettu siitä, että esiastepolymeeri on esiastepolymeeri poly(p-fenyleenivinyleeni) [PPV].
19. Jonkin patenttivaatimuksen 15 - 18 mukainen 5 menetelmä, tunnettu siitä, että ohut tiheä polymeeri- kalvo on paksuudeltaan tasainen alueella 10 nm - 5 μτη.
20. Jonkin patenttivaatimuksen 15 - 19 mukainen menetelmä, tunnettu siitä, että ensimmäinen varauksia työntävä kontaktikerros on ohut kerros alumiinia, jolle on 10 muodostettu ohut oksidikerros, jolloin ensimmäisen varauksia työntävän kontaktikerroksen ohut oksidikerros on kosketuksissa puolijohdekerrokseen.
21. Jonkin patenttivaatimuksen 15 - 20 mukainen menetelmä, tunnettu siitä, että toinen varauksia työn- 15 tävä kontaktikerros on valittu ryhmästä alumiini ja kulta.
22. Jonkin patenttivaatimuksen 16 - 19 mukainen menetelmä, tunnettu siitä, että ensimmäinen kontakti-kerros on valittu ryhmästä alumiini ja magnesium/hopeaseos ja toinen kontaktikerros on indiumoksidi.
23. Jonkin patenttivaatimuksen 15 - 19 mukainen menetelmä, tunnettu siitä, että ensimmäinen kontakti-' kerros sisältää amorfista piitä ja toinen kontaktikerros on valittu ryhmästä alumiini, kulta ja indiumoksidi.
• 24. Jonkin patenttivaatimuksen 15 - 23 mukainen .* 25 menetelmä, tunnettu siitä, että ensimmäinen ja toinen : varauksia työntävä kontaktikerros on kerrostettu haihdut tamalla.
25. Jonkin patenttivaatimuksen 15 - 23 mukainen menetelmä, tunnettu siitä, että tukeva substraatti on .! 30 piilasi.
26. Jonkin patenttivaatimuksen 15 - 24 mukainen ; ‘ menetelmä, tunnettu siitä, että tukeva substraatti on ; joustava läpinäkyvä polymeeri. i 29 112555
Applications Claiming Priority (4)
Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
---|---|---|---|
GB898909011A GB8909011D0 (en) | 1989-04-20 | 1989-04-20 | Electroluminescent devices |
GB8909011 | 1989-04-20 | ||
GB9000584 | 1990-04-18 | ||
PCT/GB1990/000584 WO1990013148A1 (en) | 1989-04-20 | 1990-04-18 | Electroluminescent devices |
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Publication Number | Publication Date |
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FI906271A0 FI906271A0 (fi) | 1990-12-19 |
FI112555B true FI112555B (fi) | 2003-12-15 |
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Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
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FI906271A FI112555B (fi) | 1989-04-20 | 1990-12-19 | Elektroluminoiva laite, menetelmä sen valmistamiseksi ja elektroluminoivien laitteiden järjestelmä |
Country Status (14)
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US (2) | US5247190A (fi) |
EP (1) | EP0423283B1 (fi) |
JP (3) | JP3249971B2 (fi) |
KR (1) | KR100189398B1 (fi) |
AT (1) | ATE117834T1 (fi) |
AU (1) | AU626415B2 (fi) |
BR (1) | BR9006718A (fi) |
CA (1) | CA2030785C (fi) |
DE (1) | DE69016345T2 (fi) |
ES (1) | ES2070320T3 (fi) |
FI (1) | FI112555B (fi) |
GB (1) | GB8909011D0 (fi) |
HK (1) | HK24597A (fi) |
WO (1) | WO1990013148A1 (fi) |
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EP4362645A3 (en) | 2022-10-27 | 2024-05-15 | Universal Display Corporation | Organic electroluminescent materials and devices |
EP4362646A1 (en) | 2022-10-27 | 2024-05-01 | Universal Display Corporation | Organic electroluminescent materials and devices |
EP4362630A2 (en) | 2022-10-27 | 2024-05-01 | Universal Display Corporation | Organic electroluminescent materials and devices |
Family Cites Families (7)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
US3621321A (en) * | 1969-10-28 | 1971-11-16 | Canadian Patents Dev | Electroluminescent device with light emitting aromatic, hydrocarbon material |
JPS55130160A (en) * | 1979-03-30 | 1980-10-08 | Showa Denko Kk | Fabricating method of p-n hetero junction element |
JPS55130161A (en) * | 1979-03-30 | 1980-10-08 | Showa Denko Kk | Fabricating method of p-n hetero junction element |
US4539507A (en) * | 1983-03-25 | 1985-09-03 | Eastman Kodak Company | Organic electroluminescent devices having improved power conversion efficiencies |
US4528118A (en) * | 1983-04-28 | 1985-07-09 | Agency Of Industrial Science And Technology | Highly electroconductive conjugated polymer composition and process for producing the same |
US4672265A (en) * | 1984-07-31 | 1987-06-09 | Canon Kabushiki Kaisha | Electroluminescent device |
GB8712057D0 (en) * | 1987-05-21 | 1987-06-24 | British Petroleum Co Plc | Optical modulators |
-
1989
- 1989-04-20 GB GB898909011A patent/GB8909011D0/en active Pending
-
1990
- 1990-04-18 KR KR1019900702649A patent/KR100189398B1/ko not_active IP Right Cessation
- 1990-04-18 US US07/634,117 patent/US5247190A/en not_active Expired - Lifetime
- 1990-04-18 EP EP90906272A patent/EP0423283B1/en not_active Expired - Lifetime
- 1990-04-18 DE DE69016345T patent/DE69016345T2/de not_active Expired - Lifetime
- 1990-04-18 WO PCT/GB1990/000584 patent/WO1990013148A1/en active IP Right Grant
- 1990-04-18 CA CA002030785A patent/CA2030785C/en not_active Expired - Lifetime
- 1990-04-18 AU AU54285/90A patent/AU626415B2/en not_active Expired
- 1990-04-18 AT AT90906272T patent/ATE117834T1/de not_active IP Right Cessation
- 1990-04-18 BR BR909006718A patent/BR9006718A/pt not_active IP Right Cessation
- 1990-04-18 JP JP50602890A patent/JP3249971B2/ja not_active Expired - Lifetime
- 1990-04-18 ES ES90906272T patent/ES2070320T3/es not_active Expired - Lifetime
- 1990-12-19 FI FI906271A patent/FI112555B/fi active IP Right Grant
-
1993
- 1993-05-05 US US08/050,348 patent/US5399502A/en not_active Expired - Lifetime
-
1997
- 1997-02-27 HK HK24597A patent/HK24597A/xx not_active IP Right Cessation
- 1997-04-18 JP JP9116158A patent/JPH1092576A/ja active Pending
- 1997-04-18 JP JP11615997A patent/JP3239991B2/ja not_active Expired - Lifetime
Also Published As
Publication number | Publication date |
---|---|
FI906271A0 (fi) | 1990-12-19 |
KR100189398B1 (ko) | 1999-08-02 |
US5399502A (en) | 1995-03-21 |
GB8909011D0 (en) | 1989-06-07 |
JPH1092576A (ja) | 1998-04-10 |
DE69016345T2 (de) | 1995-05-24 |
DE69016345D1 (de) | 1995-03-09 |
EP0423283B1 (en) | 1995-01-25 |
EP0423283A1 (en) | 1991-04-24 |
ES2070320T3 (es) | 1995-06-01 |
US5247190A (en) | 1993-09-21 |
JPH04500582A (ja) | 1992-01-30 |
JPH1092577A (ja) | 1998-04-10 |
CA2030785A1 (en) | 1990-10-21 |
CA2030785C (en) | 2000-05-30 |
AU5428590A (en) | 1990-11-16 |
ATE117834T1 (de) | 1995-02-15 |
WO1990013148A1 (en) | 1990-11-01 |
AU626415B2 (en) | 1992-07-30 |
KR920700480A (ko) | 1992-02-19 |
HK24597A (en) | 1997-02-27 |
BR9006718A (pt) | 1991-08-06 |
JP3249971B2 (ja) | 2002-01-28 |
JP3239991B2 (ja) | 2001-12-17 |
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GB | Transfer or assigment of application |
Owner name: CAMBRIDGE DISPLAY TECHNOLOGY LIMITED |
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FG | Patent granted |
Owner name: CAMBRIDGE DISPLAY TECHNOLOGY LIMITED |