JP5467223B2 - 誘導多能性幹細胞およびその製造方法 - Google Patents
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Description
初期化因子を同定するためには初期化現象を容易に観察する実験系が必要である。実験系としてFbx15遺伝子座にβgeo(ベータガラクトシダーゼとネオマイシン耐性遺伝子の融合遺伝子)をノックインしたマウスを利用した。マウスFbx15遺伝子はES細胞や初期胚といった分化多能性細胞において特異的に発現する遺伝子である。しかしマウスFbx15遺伝子にβgeoをノックインし、Fbx15の機能を欠失したホモ変異マウスにおいては、分化多能性や発生を含めて異常な表現型は観察されなかった。このマウスにおいては、βgeoがFbx15遺伝子のエンハンサーやプロモーターにより発現制御される。すなわち、分化した体細胞ではβgeoは発現せず、G418に感受性を示す。一方、βgeoをノックインしたホモ変異ES細胞は極めて高濃度(12 mg/ml以上)のG418に耐性を示す。この現象を利用し、体細胞の初期化を可視化する実験系を構築した。
10種類の遺伝子群のなかで特に重要性が示唆された4遺伝子により体細胞の初期化の誘導が可能であるか否かを検討した。Fbx15遺伝子にβgeoをノックインしたMEF細胞に上記10種類の遺伝子の組み合わせ、上記4種類の遺伝子の組み合わせ、上記4種類のうち3種類のみの遺伝子の組み合わせ、及び上記4種類のうち2種類のみの遺伝子の組み合わせを用いて、これらの遺伝子群をレトロウイルスにより体細胞に導入した。その結果、4種類の遺伝子を導入した場合には160個のG418耐性コロニーが得られた。この結果は、10種類の遺伝子を導入した場合の結果(179コロニー)とほぼ同数であったが、4遺伝子導入の場合には10遺伝子導入の場合に比べてコロニーが小さかった。また、これらのコロニーを継代培養した場合、iPS細胞の形態を示したコロニーは10遺伝子導入の場合に12クローン中9クローンであったのに対して、4遺伝子導入の場合には12クローン中7クローンと若干少ない傾向にあった。4遺伝子としては、マウス由来のもの、ヒト由来のもの、どちらでもほぼ同じ数のiPS細胞が得られた。
樹立したiPS細胞の分化多能性を評価するため、24因子、10因子、および4因子で樹立されたiPS細胞をヌードマウスの皮下に移植した。その結果、ES細胞と同様の大きさの腫瘍が全例で形成された。組織学的に見ると腫瘍は複数の種類の細胞から構成されており、軟骨組織、神経組織、筋肉組織、脂肪組織、および腸管様組織(図8)が認められたことから、iPS細胞の多能性が証明された。一方、3因子で樹立した細胞をヌードマウスに移植すると腫瘍は形成されたが、組織学的には未分化細胞からのみ形成されていた。したがって、分化多能性の誘導のためには、Soxファミリーが必須であることがわかった。
マウス胎児線維芽細胞(MEF)で同定した4因子をFbx15遺伝子にβgeoをノックインし、さらに全身で緑色蛍光蛋白質(GFP)を発現する成体マウスの尾部に由来する線維芽細胞に導入した。その後、フィーダー細胞上でES細胞培養条件と同様の条件で培養してG418による選択を行った。薬剤選択開始後約2週間で複数のiPS細胞コロニーが得られた。これらの細胞をヌードマウスの皮下に移植すると三胚葉系の様々な組織からなる奇形腫を形成した。また成体皮膚線維芽細胞に由来するiPS細胞を胚盤胞に移植し、偽妊娠マウスの子宮に移植したところ、受精後13.5日目の胚において、全身でGFP陽性細胞の分布しているものが認められた(図9)。これはiPS細胞が多能性を有しており、マウス胚発生に寄与できることを示している。この結果は、同定した因子群が胎児期の体細胞だけではなく成熟したマウスの体細胞に対しても初期化を誘導する能力のあることを示している。成体皮膚由来の細胞で初期化誘導できることは実用上極めて重要である。
iPS細胞樹立におけるサイトカインの影響を検討した。フィーダー細胞(STO細胞)に塩基性線維芽細胞増殖因子(bFGF)又は幹細胞因子(SCF)の発現ベクター(pMXレトロウイルスベクター)を導入し、これらのサイトカインを恒常的に発現する細胞を樹立した。Fbx15βgeo/βgeoマウス由来MEF(50万個/100mmディッシュ)をこれらのSTO細胞上で培養し、4因子を導入後G418 による選択を行ったところ、通常のSTO細胞上で培養した時と比べて、コロニー形成数がbFGF(図11)、SCF(data not shown)を産生するSTO細胞上では20倍以上上昇した。またc-Myc以外の3因子を導入しても通常のSTO細胞上ではiPS細胞コロニーは精製されなかったが、bFGF(図11)、SCF(data not shown)を産生するSTO細胞上では、コロニーの形成が認められた。これらの結果から、サイトカインの刺激により、MEFからのiPS細胞の樹立効率が上昇すること、及びc-Mycに換えてサイトカインを用いることにより核初期化が可能になることが明らかとなった。
Oct3/4、Klf4、c-Myc、及びSox2遺伝子にはすべてファミリー遺伝子(表1及び2)が存在する。そこで4遺伝子に換えてファミリー遺伝子によってもiPS細胞が樹立できるかを検討した。表7に2回の実験の結果を合わせたものを示す。Soxファミリーについては、Sox1はG418耐性コロニー数及びiPS細胞樹立効率とともにSox2と同程度であった。Sox3はG418耐性コロニー数はSox2の10分の1程度であったが、ひろったコロニーからのiPS細胞樹立効率はSox2よりむしろ高かった。Sox15はG418耐性コロニー数及びiPS細胞樹立効率とともにSox2より低かった。Sox17はG418耐性コロニーはSox2と同程度であったが、iPS細胞樹立効率は低かった。Klfファミリーについては、Klf2はKlf4より少ないG418耐性コロニーが生じたが、iPS細胞の樹立効率は同程度であった。Mycファミリーについては、まず野生型のc-MycがT58A変異体とG418耐性コロニー数、iPS細胞樹立効率の両者において同程度であることを確認した。さらにN-Myc及びL-Myc(ともに野生型)は、ともにc-MycとG418耐性コロニー数、iPS細胞樹立効率の両者において同程度であった。
Fbx15-βgeo以外のレポーターでiPS細胞が樹立できるかを検討した。まずNanog遺伝子を中央部に含む大腸菌人工染色体(BAC)を単離し、大腸菌内の組み換えにより、GFP遺伝子及びピューロマイシン耐性遺伝子をノックインした(図12A)。ついで同改変BACをES細胞に導入し、未分化状態特異的にGFP陽性となることを確認した(data not shown)。ついで同ES細胞のマウス胚盤胞に移植することによりキメラマウスを経てトランスジェニックマウスを作出した。このマウスにおいてはGFP陽性細胞は胚盤胞の内部細胞塊や受精後13.5日胚の生殖腺において特異的に認められた(図12B)。受精後13.5日胚(DBA、129及びC57BL/6マウスの雑種)から生殖腺を除去し、MEFを単離した。フローサイトメトリーにより、単離したMEFはGFP陰性であることを確認した(図13)。このMEFに4因子をレトロウイルスで導入し、ピューロマイシンによる選択を行ったところ、複数の耐性コロニーが得られた。その中の約10〜20%のみがGFP陽性であった。GFP陽性コロニーを継代培養するとES細胞に類似した形態(図14)や増殖(図15)を示した。また遺伝子発現を見るとFbx15βgeo/βgeoのMEFからG418選択により単離したiPS細胞より、さらにES細胞に近い発現パターンであることがわかった(図16)。この細胞をヌードマウスに移植すると奇形腫が形成されたことからiPS細胞であることが確認された(図17)。さらにNanog-GFP選択によるiPS細胞をC57BL/6マウスの胚盤胞に移植することによりキメラマウスが誕生した(図18)。さらにこのキメラマウス同士を交配させることによりジャームライントランスミッションが確認された(図19)。このNanog-GFP選択により樹立されたよりES細胞に近いiPS細胞においては、レトロウイルスからの4因子の発現はほぼ完全にサイレンシングを受けており、内在性のOct3/4やSox2により自己複製が維持されていることが示唆された。
10cm コンフルエントのiPS細胞を、トリプシン処理し、ES 細胞用培地に懸濁した(STO細胞は懸濁後10〜20分ゼラチンコートしたディッシュに接着させることによって除去した)。2×106の細胞を、HEMA(2-hydroxyethyl methacrylate)でコーティングした大腸菌培養用ディッシュで4日間浮遊培養し、Embryoid body(EB)を形成させた(day1-4)。EB形成4日目(day 4)に、EBを全量10cm組織培養用ディッシュに移しES 細胞用培地で24時間培養して接着させた。24時間後(day 5)にITS/fibronectin含有培地に交換した。7日間培養し(2日毎に培地交換を行う)、nestin 陽性細胞を選択した(無血清下で培養すると、他の系譜の細胞がある程度死んでいく)(day5-12)。次にA2B5陽性細胞の誘導を行った。7日後(day 12)にトリプシン処理して細胞をばらばらにし、残存するEBは除去した。1×105個の細胞をpoly-L-ornithine/fibronectinがコーティングされている 24ウェルプレートに撒き、N2/ bFGF 含有培地で四日間培養した(二日毎に培地交換(day12-16)。四日後(day 16)にN2/bFGF/EGF 含有培地へ交換し、四日間培養した(二日毎に培地交換)(day16-20)。四日後(day 20)にN2/bFGF/PDGF含有培地 に交換して、四日間培養した(二日毎に培地交換)(day20-24)。この期間(day12-24)に細胞が増えすぎてコンフルエントになった場合は随時継代し、1〜2×105個の細胞を撒いた。(継代時期によって数は変更する)。四日後(day 24)にN2/T3 培地 に交換して、7日間培養し(day24-31)し、2日毎に培地交換を行った。day 31に固定し、免疫染色した。その結果、iPS細胞から、βIIIチュブリン陽性の神経細胞、O4陽性のオリゴデンドロサイト、GFAP陽性のアストロサイトへの分化が確認された(図20)。
Fbx15-βgeoノックインマウス以外の任意のマウス体細胞からiPS細胞を樹立するために、薬剤選択を用いない樹立方法を開発した。10cmディッシュ(STOフィーダー細胞上)にマウス胎児線維芽細胞(MEF)を、これまでより少数(1万、5万又は10万個)培養し、レトロウイルスによりコントロールDNA又は4因子を導入した。ES細胞培地にて2週間培養(G418選択無し)行ったところ、コントロールDNAを導入したディッシュではコロニー形成が認められなかったが、4因子を導入したディッシュにおいては形質転換したと思われる扁平なコロニー加えて、複数のコンパクトなコロニーが形成された(図21)。これらから24コロニーをピックアップし培養を続けたところ、ES細胞様の形態が認められた。その遺伝子発現をRT-PCRにて検討したところ、7クローンにおいてES細胞マーカーであるEsg1の発現が認められた。またクローン4においてはNanog、ERas、GDF3、Oct3/4、Sox2などの多くのES細胞マーカーの誘導が認められたことからiPS細胞であると考えられた(図 22)。以上の結果より、iPS細胞樹立にはFbx15-βgeoノックインなどを用いた薬剤選択は必須でなく、任意のマウス由来体細胞からiPS細胞を樹立できることが示された。本技術により疾患モデルマウスの体細胞からもiPS細胞が樹立できる可能性が示された。
iPS細胞を誘導する細胞として、線維芽細胞以外の細胞である、肝細胞及び胃粘膜細胞を検討した。Fbx15βgeo/βgeoマウスの肝臓から肝細胞を還流により単離した。この肝細胞に4因子をレトロウイルスで投与し、G418による選択を行ったところ複数のiPS細胞コロニーが得られた。DNAマイクロアレーによる遺伝子発現パターン解析の結果、肝臓由来のiPS細胞は皮膚線維芽細胞や胎児線維芽細胞由来のiPS細胞より、さらにES細胞に類似していることが明らかとなった。胃粘膜細胞からも、肝細胞からと同様にiPS細胞が得られた。
PD98059はMAPキナーゼの阻害薬であり、多くの分化細胞においては増殖を抑制するが、ES細胞においては、未分化状態維持と増殖を促進することが知られている。そこでiPS細胞樹立におけるPD98059の効果を検討した。Nanog-EGFP-IRES-Puroの選択マーカーをもつマウスから樹立したMEFに4因子をレトロウイルスで投与し、ピューロマイシンによる選択を行った。PD98059を投与しない場合、得られたiPS細胞コロニーの中で、GFP陽性の割合は8%であった。一方、PD98059(最終濃度25μM)をレトロウイルス感染の翌日から持続的に投与した群では、得られたコロニーの45%がGFP陽性であった。これはPD98059がGFP陽性の、よりES細胞に近いiPS細胞の増殖を促進するが、GFP陰性のiPS細胞や、分化細胞の増殖は抑制するためであると考えられた。このことからPD98059は、よりES細胞に近いiPS細胞の樹立や、薬剤選択を用いないiPS細胞の樹立に利用できることが示された。
胎児由来のHuman dermal fibroblast (HDF) にマウスエコトロピックウイルスレセプターであるsolute carrier family 7(Slc7a1、NCBIアクセッション番号NM_007513)をレンチウイルスで発現させた細胞に、マウスOct3/4遺伝子プロモーター下流に赤色蛍光蛋白質遺伝子を、およびPGKプロモーター下流にハイグロマイシン耐性遺伝子を組み込んだプラスミドをヌクレオフェクションで導入した。ハイグロマイシンによる選択を行い、安定発現株を樹立した。800000個の細胞をマイトマイシン処理したSTO細胞の上にまき、翌日レトロウイルスによりOct3/4, Sox2, Klf4, c-Myc(いずれもヒト由来)を導入した。3週間後に得られたコロニー(図23左)を24個拾い、STO細胞を播種した24-well plateに移して培養した。2週間後に増えてきた1クローンをSTO細胞を播種した6-well plateに継代して培養した結果、ES細胞に形態上において類似した細胞が得られ(図23右)、iPS細胞であることが示唆された。培地は常にマウスES細胞用培地を用いた。
ヒト成体皮膚線維芽細胞(adult HDF) にレンチウイルスでSlc7a1(マウスレトロウイルス受容体)を導入した細胞を800000個のフィーダー細胞(マイトマイシン処理STO細胞)上にまき、以下の組み合わせでレトロウイルスにより遺伝子を導入した。
1. Oct3/4, Sox2, Klf4, c-Myc, TERT, SV40 Large T antigen
2. Oct3/4, Sox2, Klf4, c-Myc, TERT, HPV16 E6
3.Oct3/4, Sox2, Klf4, c-Myc, TERT, HPV16 E7
4. Oct3/4, Sox2, Klf4, c-Myc, TERT, HPV16 E6, HPV16 E7
5. Oct3/4, Sox2, Klf4, c-Myc, TERT, Bmi1
(Oct3/4, Sox2, Klf4, c-Myc, TERTはヒト由来、Bmi1はマウス由来)
マウスES細胞の培養条件下で、薬剤選択無しで培養を続けたところ、1の組み合わせで因子を導入したディッシュにおいて、ウイルス感染8日後において、iPS細胞と思われるコロニーが出現した(図24)。他の組み合わせ(2から5)においても、1の組み合わせの場合ほどは明瞭ではないが、iPS細胞様のコロニーが出現した。4因子のみを導入しても、全くコロニーは出現しなかった。
Claims (1)
- 以下の(1)〜(3)の工程を含む、誘導多能性幹細胞の製造方法:
(1)ES細胞で特異的な発現または高発現を示す遺伝子、WntシグナルまたはLIFシグナルにより活性化される因子をコードする遺伝子、ES細胞の分化多能性維持に必須の遺伝子、およびそれらのファミリー遺伝子から、体細胞へ導入することにより内在性のOct3/4遺伝子及びNanog遺伝子を発現させる遺伝子の組み合せを選択する工程、
(2)工程(1)で選択された遺伝子の組み合わせを体細胞に導入する工程、および
(3)工程(2)で得られた細胞を培養する工程。
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