CN109963940A - 从多能干细胞获得小胶质细胞的方法 - Google Patents
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Abstract
本发明的目的为从多能干细胞有效产生小胶质细胞。本发明提供一种用于从多能干细胞产生小胶质细胞的方法,所述方法包括以下步骤:(a)将多能干细胞与饲养细胞一起共培养7天或更长时间并获得血液祖细胞的步骤;(b)将步骤(a)中获得的所述血液祖细胞与饲养细胞一起在IL‑3和/或GM‑CSF存在下共培养并获得胚胎单核细胞的步骤,和(c)在M‑CSF存在下,将步骤(b)中获得的所述胚胎单核细胞与星形胶质细胞一起共培养,或使用星形胶质细胞上清液培养所述胚胎单核细胞的步骤。
Description
技术领域
本发明涉及用于从多能干细胞获得小胶质细胞的方法。
背景技术
小胶质细胞为存在于脑和脊髓中的神经胶质细胞,并且也称为霍特加氏细胞。小胶质细胞来源于中胚层。已知小胶质细胞通过外来物质比如病毒入侵脑和外伤而激活,并从而用于各种生理功能比如灭菌和组织修复以及抗肿瘤活性等。另外,小胶质细胞通过吞噬作用去除由细胞凋亡或损伤引起的死亡细胞和废物比如β淀粉样蛋白。
关于与疾病的关系,据报道小胶质细胞参与各种疾病,包括伴有神经变性的慢性神经变性疾病比如阿尔茨海默病和帕金森病及脑梗塞,并且小胶质细胞的反应性根据β淀粉样蛋白所代表的脑内积聚的废物而变化(非专利文献1)。
因此,有必要使用小胶质细胞来开发和评估用于其中涉及小胶质细胞的这些疾病的治疗剂。因此,已尝试各种用于制备小胶质细胞的方法。
非专利文献2公开了用于从小鼠ES细胞获得小胶质细胞的方法。
尽管专利文献1公开了用于从人类iPS细胞获得小胶质细胞前体的方法,但实施例1公开了通过分化获得的细胞中仅有2-10%为对CD45具有免疫反应性的细胞(小胶质细胞前体)。
如非专利文献3所述,尽管许多实验室已尝试将iPS细胞分化成小胶质细胞的事实,但目前尚不知道从人类iPS细胞有效获得小胶质细胞的方法。
引用列表
专利文献
专利文献1:WO2010/125110
非专利文献
非专利文献1:J. Neuroinflammation, Vol.1, pp.14 (2004)
非专利文献2:Nature Protocols, 5, 1481-1494 (2010)
非专利文献3:Brain Research, Volume 1656, Pages 98-106 (2017)
发明概述
本发明要解决的问题
本发明的一个目的为从多能干细胞有效产生小胶质细胞。
解决问题的方法
本发明的发明人进行了深入研究。结果,基于小胶质细胞在胎儿早期从卵黄囊巨噬细胞中出现并迁移至中枢神经系统的启发,他们成功地有效产生了小胶质细胞(NatureReview Immunology, 2011, 11, 775-787)。具体地讲,他们通过在饲养细胞上培养人类iPS细胞以制备血液祖细胞(步骤(a)),通过原始造血从血液祖细胞制备单核细胞(步骤(b)),并将单核细胞与星形胶质细胞共培养(步骤(c))来产生小胶质细胞。当通过步骤(a)获得的所有细胞经受步骤(b)时,所有(100%)细胞作为原始单核细胞获得。然后,当原始单核细胞经受步骤(c)时,其全部(100%)分化成小胶质细胞。换句话说,如非专利文献3中所述,在目前不知用于有效获得小胶质细胞的方法的情况下,在本发明中,非常有效地建立了表达对小胶质细胞和巨噬细胞特异性的细胞表面标志物(lba1)和具有不存在于巨噬细胞上但存在于小胶质细胞上的突起的细胞。
本发明的发明人进一步研究并然后发现,为了提高产生效率,尤其优选的是步骤(a)的培养期为7天或更长时间(尤其是13天或更长时间),在步骤(b)中加入25 ng/ml或更多的IL-3或者50 ng/ml或更多的GM-CSF,和在步骤(c)中加入25 ng/ml或更多的M-SCF。他们还发现步骤(b)的培养期对产生效率没有太大影响。
也就是说,本发明涉及:
(1) 一种用于从多能干细胞产生小胶质细胞的方法,所述方法包括以下步骤:
(a) 将多能干细胞与饲养细胞共培养7天或更长时间以获得血液祖细胞的步骤,
(b) 将通过步骤(a)获得的血液祖细胞与饲养细胞在IL-3和/或GM-CSF存在下共培养以获得原始单核细胞的步骤,和
(c) 将通过步骤(b)获得的原始单核细胞与星形胶质细胞在M-CSF存在下共培养,或使用星形胶质细胞上清液在M-CSF存在下培养通过步骤(b)获得的原始单核细胞的步骤;
(2) (1)的方法,其中步骤(a)的培养期为13天或更长时间;
(3) (1)或(2)的方法,其中步骤(c)的特征为在IL-34存在下培养;
(4) 权利要求(1)-(3)中任何一项的方法,其中步骤(b)的特征为在IL-3和GM-CSF存在下培养;
(5) (1)-(4)中任何一项的方法,其中饲养细胞为10T1/2细胞或OP9细胞;
(6) (1)-(5)中任何一项的方法,其中步骤(a)的特征为在VEGF存在下培养;
(7) (1)-(6)中任何一项的方法,其中多能干细胞为iPS细胞;
(8) (7)的方法,其中iPS细胞来源于人类或小鼠;
(9) 一种用于其中涉及小胶质细胞的疾病的预防或治疗剂或者对于记忆或学习能力的改善剂的筛选方法,所述方法包括使用通过(1)-(8)中任何一项的方法产生的小胶质细胞;
(10) (9)的筛选方法,其中涉及小胶质细胞的疾病为脊髓损伤、脑卒中引起的神经病、癫痫、神经性疼痛、血管闭塞性眼病、脱髓鞘病、精神病、脑梗塞、Nasu-Hakola病或神经变性疾病;
(11) (10)的筛选方法,其中神经变性疾病为阿尔茨海默病、帕金森病或肌萎缩侧索硬化症。
发明效果
根据本发明的方法,小胶质细胞可从多能干细胞有效产生。由此获得的小胶质细胞可用于各种基础研究,包括小胶质细胞本身的研究和涉及小胶质细胞的疾病的研究。进一步地,小胶质细胞在用于筛选涉及小胶质细胞的疾病的治疗剂(其中所述方法包括使用小胶质细胞),或选择所谓的定制治疗剂(其中最适合于患者的治疗剂通过使用从个体患者建立的多能干细胞制备的小胶质细胞选择)的方法中非常有用。还预期小胶质细胞在细胞疗法中的应用。
附图简述
图1为通过本发明的方法分化诱导之后细胞的Iba1免疫染色图像。
图2(a)和(b)两者为通过本发明的方法分化诱导之后细胞的放大图像。
用于实施本发明的方式
除非另外规定,否则本文使用的术语具有本领域的通常含义。除非另外规定,否则本文使用的技术比如分子生物学技术和免疫学技术通过已知方法实施。
I. 用于从多能干细胞分化诱导成小胶质细胞的方法
本发明用于从多能干细胞分化诱导成小胶质细胞的方法包括以下步骤:
(a) 将多能干细胞与饲养细胞共培养7天或更长时间以获得血液祖细胞的步骤,
(b) 将通过步骤(a)获得的血液祖细胞与饲养细胞在IL-3和/或GM-CSF存在下共培养以获得原始单核细胞的步骤,和
(c) 将通过步骤(b)获得的原始单核细胞与星形胶质细胞在M-CSF存在下共培养,或使用星形胶质细胞上清液在M-CSF存在下培养通过步骤(b)获得的原始单核细胞的步骤。
具体地讲,在步骤(a)中,在用于促进分化成血液祖细胞的合适条件下培养多能干细胞。“用于促进分化成血液祖细胞的合适条件”意指将多能干细胞与饲养细胞共培养。
术语“多能干细胞”意指保持未分化和保持多能性的细胞,其由胚胎干细胞(ES细胞)或诱导多能干细胞(iPS细胞)代表。ES细胞可为通过体细胞的核重编程产生的ES细胞。除ES细胞以外的多能干细胞的实例包括来源于原始生殖细胞的胚胎生殖细胞(EG细胞)、从睾丸分离的多能种系干细胞(mGS细胞)和从骨髓分离的多能成体祖细胞(MAPC)。在本发明中,多能干细胞来自人类。在本发明中,多能干细胞优选地为iPS细胞,更优选地为人类iPS(hiPS)细胞。
多能干细胞可通过已知方法制备。已知方法具体描述于WO2007/069666、WO2010/068955、WO2011/030915、WO2013/094771、WO2014/014119和WO2014/065435中。
关于人类iPS细胞系,例如,TkDA3-4可从东京大学干细胞库(Tokyo UniversityStem Cell Bank)获得,和201B7可从京都大学iPS细胞研究与应用中心(Center for iPSCell Research and Application, Kyoto University)获得。
关于人类ES细胞系,例如,WA01 (H1)和WA09 (H9)可从WiCell研究所(WiCellResearch Institute)获得,和KhES-1、KhES-2和KhES-3可从京都大学前沿医学科学研究所(Institute for Frontier Medical Sciences, Kyoto University)获得。
当ES细胞或iPS细胞用作多能干细胞时,例如,以最终浓度为15%补充有FBS的IMDM用作培养基。即使当使用无血清培养基时,也可适当地向培养基中添加生长因子、补充剂等。可将VEGF添加至培养基中。然而,在于低氧条件下培养的情况下,可在没有添加VEGF的情况下获得与向培养基添加VEGF等同的效果。
VEGF的浓度没有特别限制,只要获得血液祖细胞即可。VEGF的浓度可为5 ng/ml-50 ng/ml,优选地为20 ng/ml或者更高。
术语“低氧条件”意指用于培养细胞的气氛中的氧浓度显著低于空气中的氧浓度。具体地讲,低氧条件包括其中氧浓度低于5-10% CO2/95-90%空气气氛(其通常用于通常的细胞培养)中氧浓度的条件,并且这种条件的实例包括其中气氛中的氧浓度为18%或更少的条件。气氛中的氧浓度优选地为15%或更低(例如14%或更低、13%或更低、12%或更低、11%或更低等)、10%或更低(例如9%或更低、8%或更低、7%或更低、6%或更低等)或者5%或更低(例如4%或更低、3%或更低、2%或更低等)。气氛中的氧浓度也优选地为0.1%或更高(例如0.2%或更高、0.3%或更高、0.4%或更高等)、0.5%或更高(例如0.6%或更高、0.7%或更高、0.8%或更高、0.9%或更高等)或1%或更高(例如1.1%或更高、1.2%或更高、1.3%或更高、1.4%或更高等)。
用于在细胞环境中产生低氧条件的手段没有特别限制。其优选实例为包括在能够控制氧浓度的CO2温育箱中培养细胞的方法,这是最简单的手段。能够控制氧浓度的CO2温育箱可从各种设备制造商市售得到(例如可使用由制造商比如Thermo scientific, IkemotoScientific Technology Co.,Ltd., Juji-field co. JP, WAKENYAKU CO., LTD.等生产的用于低氧培养的CO2温育箱)。
“饲养细胞”可为有助于多能干细胞分化诱导的任何细胞。例如,小鼠胚胎成纤维细胞,优选地10T1/2细胞系、OP9细胞等可用作饲养细胞。当使用饲养细胞时,优选的是通过照射等抑制细胞生长。
培养期没有特别限制,只要其为多能干细胞“分化成血液祖细胞”的足够天数即可。培养期的实例包括(但不限于)7天或更长时间段、10天或更长时间段和13天或更长时间段。本领域技术人员可根据所使用的条件来适当调整培养期。
其他培养条件包括(但不限于)例如5% CO2,36-38℃,优选地37℃。上述条件下的培养可使用例如已知的CO2温育箱实施。
术语“血液祖细胞”意指特征为选自以下的单个标志物或多个标志物的组合的造血细胞:CD34阴性细胞、CD34阳性细胞、Lin阴性细胞(CD2阴性细胞、CD3阴性细胞、CD4阴性细胞、CD7阴性细胞、CD8阴性细胞、CD10阴性细胞、CD14阴性细胞、CD16阴性细胞、CD19阴性细胞、CD20阴性细胞、CD24阴性细胞、CD41阴性细胞、CD45阴性细胞、CD56阴性细胞、CD66b阴性细胞或CD235a阴性细胞)、CD38阴性细胞、CD90阳性细胞、CD49f阳性细胞、VEGFR2阳性细胞、CD31阳性细胞、CD43阳性细胞、CD34阳性和CD45阳性细胞、罗丹明弱阳性细胞或Hoechst阴性/弱阳性细胞。
在步骤(b)中,通过步骤(a)获得的血液祖细胞在促进分化成原始单核细胞(发生原始造血)的合适条件下培养。“促进分化成原始单核细胞的合适条件”意指将血液祖细胞与饲养细胞共培养。具体地讲,例如,血液祖细胞与饲养细胞在IL-3和/或GM-CSF存在下共培养。
IL-3和GM-CSF的浓度没有特别限制,只要获得原始单核细胞即可。例如,IL-3的浓度可为1 ng/ml-200 ng/ml、20 ng/ml-150 ng/ml或25 ng/ml-100 ng/ml。GM-CSF的浓度可为1 ng/ml-200 ng/ml、20 ng/ml-150 ng/ml或25 ng/ml-100 ng/ml。为了有效产生,IL-3的浓度特别优选地为25 ng/ml或者更高,和GM-CSF的浓度特别优选地为50 ng/ml或者更高。
培养期没有特别限制,只要其为足以“分化成原始单核细胞”并且能够原始造血的天数即可。本领域技术人员可根据所使用的条件来适当调整培养期。
其他培养条件与步骤(a)的那些培养条件(上文[0023]中所述)相同。
术语“单核细胞”意指特征为选自以下的单个标志物或多个标志物的组合的细胞:CD11b阳性细胞、CD14阳性细胞、CD15阳性细胞、CD4阳性细胞、CD163阳性细胞、CD9阳性细胞、CD11c阳性细胞、CDw12阳性细胞、CD13阳性细胞、CD17阳性细胞、CD31阳性细胞、CD32阳性细胞、CD33阳性细胞、CD35阳性细胞、CD36阳性细胞、CD38阳性细胞、CD40阳性细胞、CD43阳性细胞、CD45RO阳性细胞、CD45RA阳性细胞、CD45RB阳性细胞、CD49b阳性细胞、CD49e阳性细胞、CD49f阳性细胞、CD63阳性细胞、CD64阳性细胞、CD65s阳性细胞、CD68阳性细胞、CD74阳性细胞、CD84阳性细胞、CD85阳性细胞、CD86阳性细胞、CD87阳性细胞、CD89阳性细胞、CD91阳性细胞、CD92阳性细胞、CD93阳性细胞、CD98阳性细胞、CD101阳性细胞、CD102阳性细胞、CD111阳性细胞、CD112阳性细胞、CD115阳性细胞、CD116阳性细胞、CD119阳性细胞、CD121b阳性细胞、CD123阳性细胞细胞、CD127阳性细胞、CD128b阳性细胞、CD131阳性细胞、CD142阳性细胞、CD147阳性细胞、CD147阳性细胞、CD156a阳性细胞、CD155阳性细胞、CD157阳性细胞、CD162阳性细胞、CD163阳性细胞、CD164阳性细胞、CD168阳性细胞、CD170阳性细胞、CD171阳性细胞、CD172a阳性细胞、CD172b阳性细胞、CD180阳性细胞、CD184阳性细胞、CD191阳性细胞、CD192阳性细胞、CD195阳性细胞、CDw198阳性细胞、CD206阳性细胞、CDw210阳性细胞、CD213a1阳性细胞、CD213a2阳性细胞、CD226阳性细胞、CD277阳性细胞、CD281阳性细胞、CD282阳性细胞、CD284阳性细胞、CD295阳性细胞、CD300a阳性细胞、CD300c阳性细胞、CD300e阳性细胞、CD302阳性细胞、CD305阳性细胞、CD312阳性细胞、CD317阳性细胞、CD322阳性细胞、CD328阳性细胞或CD329阳性细胞。
术语“原始造血”最初意指在胎儿早期的卵黄囊中短暂发生的造血作用。在本说明书中,例如通过使用实施例1(5)的步骤2中描述的方法,可证实造血阶段为“原始的”。
在步骤(c)中,通过步骤(b)获得的原始单核细胞在促进分化成小胶质细胞的合适条件下培养。“促进分化成小胶质细胞的合适条件”意指将原始单核细胞与星形胶质细胞共培养,或使用星形胶质细胞上清液培养原始单核细胞。具体地讲,例如,原始单核细胞与星形胶质细胞在M-CSF存在下共培养,或者使用星形胶质细胞上清液在M-CSF存在下培养原始单核细胞。另外,可存在IL-34。
IL-34和/或M-CSF的浓度没有特别限制,只要获得小胶质细胞即可。例如,IL-34的浓度可为1 ng/ml-200 ng/ml、20 ng/ml-150 ng/ml或25 ng/ml-100 ng/ml。M-CSF的浓度可为1 ng/ml-200 ng/ml、20 ng/ml-150 ng/ml或25 ng/ml-100 ng/ml。M-CSF极大地影响小胶质细胞的有效产生,并且M-CSF的浓度特别优选地为25 ng/ml或者更高。
“星形胶质细胞上清液”通过在营养培养基中培养从神经组织获得的星形胶质细胞获得。例如,星形胶质细胞上清液可根据WO2006/028049中描述的方法制备。
培养期没有特别限制,只要其为足以“分化成小胶质细胞”的天数即可。培养期的实例包括(但不限于)3天或更长时间段、5天或更长时间段、7天或更长时间段和8天或更长时间段。7天或更长时间段是特别优选的。本领域技术人员可根据所使用的条件来适当调整培养期。
其他培养条件与步骤(a)的那些培养条件(上文[0023]中所述)相同。
由此获得的细胞为“小胶质细胞”可通过使用已知的指数来证实。例如,“小胶质细胞”为特征为选自以下的单个标志物或多个标志物的组合的细胞:Iba1阳性细胞、CD11b阳性细胞、P2Y12阳性细胞、P2X7阳性细胞、P2X4阳性细胞、IL-1β阳性细胞、CX3CR1阳性细胞、CCR2阳性细胞、CCR7阳性细胞、CD80阳性细胞、CD209阳性细胞、CD23阳性细胞、CD163阳性细胞、TREM2阳性细胞、CD45阳性细胞、P2X2阳性细胞、CCL21阳性细胞、IRF8阳性细胞、IRF5阳性细胞、TLR-4阳性细胞、OX42阳性细胞、CD14阳性细胞、CD16阳性细胞、整联蛋白-α4阳性细胞、整联蛋白-β1阳性细胞或CD68阳性细胞。
在上述标志物中,例如,Iba1阳性细胞、CD11b阳性细胞等不仅在小胶质细胞中而且在巨噬细胞中表达。例如,通过将标志物与任何以下特征组合,可将小胶质细胞与巨噬细胞区分开。
-小胶质细胞的形状(突起)特征
-作为嘌呤能受体的P2Y12的表达
在本发明中,除非另外规定,否则可将培养基制备为基础培养基。基础培养基的实例包括IMDM培养基、199培养基、Eagle最低必需培养基(EMEM)、α-MEM培养基、Dulbecco改良的Eagle培养基(DMEM)、Ham F12培养基、RPMI1640培养基、Fischer培养基、Glasgow MEM及其混合物。基础培养基可含有血清或细胞因子。
在粘附细胞培养的情况下,为了改善细胞的粘附性质,培养皿的表面可包被有细胞支持基质,比如胶原蛋白I、胶原蛋白IV、明胶、聚-L-赖氨酸、聚-D-赖氨酸、层粘连蛋白、纤连蛋白或基质胶TM (由Becton, Dickinson and Company制造)。
用于本发明的细胞因子比如VEGF、IL-3、IL-34、M-CSF或GM-CSF可为天然细胞因子或通过基因工程制备的重组细胞因子。本文使用的细胞因子不必为全长,并且可为含有与受体结合相关区域的部分蛋白或肽。只要不丧失受体结合能力,蛋白质或肽的氨基酸序列或立体结构可以改变。进一步地,用于本发明的细胞因子可为能够作为细胞因子的受体的激动剂起作用的蛋白质或肽或药物。
II. 筛选方法
(涉及小胶质细胞激活的疾病的治疗剂的筛选方法)
本发明提供一种作用于小胶质细胞的物质的筛选方法,所述方法包括使通过以上I获得的小胶质细胞与受试物质接触。
“受试物质”可为任何已知的化合物或新化合物。受试物质的实例包括核酸、糖、脂质、蛋白质、肽、有机低分子化合物、使用组合化学技术制备的化合物库、通过固相合成或噬菌体展示制备的随机肽库以及来源于微生物、动物、植物、海洋生物等的天然成分。
在筛选方法中,使通过以上I获得的小胶质细胞与受试物质接触,并然后测定受试物质对小胶质细胞的作用程度(例如形状变化、细胞因子的产生和释放、吞噬作用等)。将程度与其中小胶质细胞未与受试物质接触的情况进行比较。然后,选择与其中小胶质细胞未与受试物质接触的情况相比较显著改变作用程度的受试物质作为有效组分。
作为测定方法,可使用本领域的已知方法。例如,小胶质细胞的形状变化可通过小胶质细胞的成像和图像处理来测定。释放至培养上清液中的细胞因子浓度可通过ELISA方法测定。吞噬珠子的行为可通过图像处理来量化。
由此筛选的受试物质可用作脊髓损伤、脑卒中引起的神经病、癫痫、神经性疼痛、血管闭塞性眼病、脱髓鞘病(多发性硬化、吉兰-巴雷综合征等)、精神病(抑郁症、精神分裂症、自闭症、发育障碍、依赖性等)、脑梗塞、Nasu-Hakola病或神经变性疾病(特别是阿尔茨海默病、帕金森病、肌萎缩侧索硬化症等)等的预防或治疗剂,或者对于记忆或学习能力的改善剂。
(用于筛选定制的治疗剂的方法)
本文使用的术语“定制的治疗剂”意指最适合于个体患者特性的治疗剂。
本发明提供一种作用于小胶质细胞的治疗剂的筛选方法,所述方法包括使通过分化诱导从患有以下疾病的受试者的体细胞制备的诱导多能干细胞获得的小胶质细胞与已知的治疗剂接触:脊髓损伤、脑卒中引起的神经病、癫痫、神经性疼痛、血管闭塞性眼病或神经变性疾病。由此筛选的治疗剂可为最适合于已经建立诱导多能干细胞的受试者的治疗剂。
用于本发明的已知治疗剂的实例包括(但不限于)用于脊髓损伤的治疗剂比如巴氯芬和替扎尼定;用于癫痫的治疗剂比如苯妥英、苯巴比妥、卡马西平、丙戊酸、乙琥胺、唑尼沙胺、加巴喷丁、托吡酯、拉莫三嗪和左乙拉西坦;用于神经性疼痛的治疗剂比如普瑞巴林;用于阿尔茨海默病的治疗剂比如多奈哌齐、利斯的明、加兰他敏和美金刚。
实施例
在下文,本发明通过实施例进一步详细说明,但本发明不限于这些实施例。
实施例1 小胶质细胞的产生
(1) 饲养细胞(小鼠胚胎成纤维细胞;MEF)
在立体显微镜下解剖小鼠(品系,ICR)胎儿(E13.5),并在去除血液之后移除头部、四肢和内脏。剩余部分用剪刀切成小块,并然后与10 ml/胎儿的消化溶液[0.05%胰蛋白酶-乙二胺四乙酸(EDTA)(由Invitrogen制造) + 1/1000重组DNA酶(由TAKARA BIO INC.制造)]混合。用搅拌器将混合物在室温下搅拌约1小时以使小块分散。向混合物中加入等量的培养基A [D-MEM (由Sigma制造) + 10%胎牛血清(FBS) (由Equitech-Bio制造) + 1/100青霉素-链霉素(由Invitrogen制造)]以终止酶反应。通过细胞滤网(70Φ,由BD Falcon制造)收集细胞分散液,并离心(300G,3分钟)以去除上清液。使沉淀重悬于培养基A中,并计数细胞数。然后,将细胞以4 x 106个细胞/瓶接种于已包被有0.1%明胶(由Sigma制造)/磷酸盐缓冲盐水(PBS)(由wako制造) 30分钟的烧瓶(150 cm2,由TPP制造)中。培养3天之后,用PBS洗涤细胞并然后通过加入0.05%胰蛋白酶-EDTA使其解离。加入等量的培养基A以终止酶反应。收集细胞分散液并离心以获得沉淀。使沉淀悬浮于CELLBANKER 1 (由Nippon Zenyaku KogyoCo., Ltd制造)中并冷冻保存。然后,将冷冻保存的细胞解冻并以2 x 106个细胞/瓶接种于已用与上述相同的方式包被有明胶的烧瓶中。培养3天之后,以与上述相同的方式解离细胞,并以2 x 106个细胞/瓶接种于已用与上述相同的方式包被有明胶的新烧瓶中。培养3天之后,将烧瓶中的培养基更换为补充有10 μg/ml丝裂霉素C (MMC,由Sigma制造)的培养基A以终止细胞生长。培养90分钟之后,用PBS洗涤细胞,并然后以与上述相同的方式解离。由此获得的细胞以与上述相同的方式冷冻保存。已用MMC处理的冷冻保存的MEF在使用前一天解冻,并以5 x 105个细胞/皿接种于10 cm明胶包被的细胞培养皿上。
(2) hiPS细胞
使用从东京大学干细胞库(Tokyo University Stem Cell Bank)购买的细胞系TkDA3-4和从京都大学iPS细胞研究与应用中心(Center for iPS Cell Research andApplication, Kyoto University)购买的细胞系201B7。
通过(1)中所述方法制备的MEF用作饲养细胞。DMEM (由Invitrogen制造) + 20%KnockOut Serum Replacement (KSR) (由Gibco制造) + 1/100青霉素/链霉素(由Invitrogen制造)用作培养基。Dissociation Solution (由ReproCELL制造)用作细胞解离溶液。
(3) 基质细胞(10T1/2)
基质细胞10T1/2购自Riken BioResource Research Center。
BME (由Invitrogen制造) + 10%胎牛血清(FCS) (由Hyclone制造) + 1/100GlutaMAX1 (由Invitrogen制造) + 1/100青霉素/链霉素(由Invitrogen制造)用作培养基。作为细胞解离溶液,使用0.05%胰蛋白酶-EDTA (由Invitrogen制造)。通过一周两次传代培养将细胞保持在150 cm2烧瓶中。每次将细胞以约1/8倍的细胞密度传代培养(一个烧瓶中的细胞传代培养至约8个烧瓶中) (细胞密度保持在5 x 105-5 x 106个细胞/瓶的范围内)。用MMC处理直至传代次数p30的细胞以抑制细胞生长并然后使用。将经MMC处理的10T1/2以1 x 106个细胞/皿接种于10 cm明胶包被的细胞培养皿上。
(4) 原代培养的大鼠星形胶质细胞
将大脑从新生胎儿(P5-7)分离,并使用镊子剥离脑膜。通过添加培养基B [AdDMEM/F12(由Invitrogen制造) + 10%胎牛血清(FCS) (由Hyclone制造) + 1/100 GlutaMAX1 (由Invitrogen制造) + 1/100青霉素/链霉素(由Invitrogen制造)]并用滴管吸取,机械破坏和分散脑。静置之后,收集上清液,经受细胞滤网(100Φ,由BD Falcon制造)并离心(200G,4分钟)以得到沉淀。使由此获得的细胞重悬于培养基B中。计数之后,将细胞以5 x 105个细胞/瓶接种于聚-D-赖氨酸(PDL)包被的烧瓶(75 cm2,由BD制造)中。接种之后2天和5天,将培养基B更换为新的培养基(用振荡器振荡烧瓶3小时之后),培养细胞7天并然后使用。收集之前细胞用振荡器振荡3小时,并在培养基B更换为PBS之后将细胞进一步振荡5小时。去除PBS之后,向细胞中加入0.25%胰蛋白酶-EDTA (由nacalai tesque制造)。在细胞用振荡器振荡3分钟之后,加入等量的培养基B以终止酶反应并然后收集细胞。将由此获得的细胞离心(300G,3分钟)以得到沉淀。将沉淀在CELLBANKER中冷冻保存。将冷冻保存的星形胶质细胞解冻并以2.5 x 105个细胞/皿接种于10 cm明胶包被的细胞培养皿上。4天之后,将培养基B更换为新的培养基,并在第7天将培养基B更换为用于共培养的培养基C [DMEM (由Invitrogen制造) + 10% FCS (由Hyclone制造) + 1/100 GlutaMAX1 (由Invitrogen制造) + 1/100丙酮酸钠(由Invitrogen制造) + 1/100 HEPES (由Invitrogen制造)+ 1/100青霉素/链霉素(由Invitrogen制造)]。培养3小时之后,使用细胞。
(5) 分化诱导
步骤1
用PBS洗涤附着有已通过(2)中所述方法传代培养的hiPS细胞的10 cm细胞培养皿。向培养皿加入1.5 ml Dissociation Solution (由ReproCELL制造)以解离MEF,同时摇摆培养皿。用吸液器吸出解离的MEF,并用PBS进一步洗涤。在加入10 ml分化培养基D [IMDM (由Invitrogen制造) + 15%胎牛血清(FCS) (由EquitechLab制造) + 1/100 GlutaMAX1 (由Invitrogen制造) + 1/100 ITS-X (由Invitrogen制造) + 0.5 mmol/l单硫代甘油(由wako制造) + 50 μg/ml L-抗坏血酸磷酸镁盐n-水合物(由wako制造) + 1/100青霉素/链霉素(由Invitrogen制造)]之后,用细胞刮刀刮下hiPS细胞。将由此获得的hiPS细胞以1/40的密度(一个培养皿上的细胞接种于约40个培养皿上),连同20 ng/ml VEGF (由PEPROTECH制造,根据非专利文献4:Blood 2008 111: 5298-5306,不必然添加VEGF)一起,接种于已通过(3)中所述方法传代培养的10T1/2细胞上。接种3、6、8、10和12天之后,将培养基更换为补充有20 ng/ml VEGF (由PEPROTECH制造,根据非专利文献4,不必然添加VEGF)的分化培养基E [IMDM (由Invitrogen制造) + 15%胎牛血清(FCS) (由EquitechLab制造) + 1/100GlutaMAX1 (由Invitrogen制造) + 1/100 ITS-G (由Invitrogen制造)+ 0.5 mmol/l单硫代甘油(由wako制造) +50 μg/ml L-抗坏血酸磷酸镁盐n-水合物(由wako制造)+ 1/100青霉素/链霉素(由Invitrogen制造)]。在第13天,收集细胞。用细胞刮刀从细胞培养皿刮下细胞,同时破坏液囊(Sac),并然后通过细胞滤网(40Φ)收集细胞。离心[120G (证实以100-150G离心不影响回收率和纯度),10分钟,无制动]之后,使沉淀重悬于分化培养基E中。由于由此获得的约50%的细胞为CD34阳性的,因此发现制备了血液祖细胞。
步骤2
将通过步骤1获得的血液祖细胞连同50 ng/ml促红细胞生成素(由PEPROTECH制造)在10T1/2上培养以得到红细胞。由于红细胞的血红蛋白类型为胎儿型血红蛋白直至第6天,因此发现直至从血液祖细胞分化诱导的第6天仅诱导出原始造血。
向通过步骤1获得的所有细胞中加入50 ng/ml IL-3 (由PEPROTECH制造)和50ng/ml GM-CSF (由PEPROTECH制造),并将5个细胞培养皿的重悬液接种于一个细胞培养皿中的10T1/2上。3天之后,向细胞加入5 ml含有50 ng/ml IL-3和50 ng/ml GM-CSF的分化培养基E。6天之后,通过用滴管吸取收集细胞。将由此获得的细胞悬液离心(300G,3分钟)以获得沉淀。由于沉淀的所有(100%)细胞均为CD14阳性的,因此考虑到直至第6天的原始造血,将这些细胞视为原始单核细胞。
步骤3
使通过步骤2获得的原始单核细胞重悬于用于共培养的培养基F [DMEM (由Invitrogen制造) + 10% FCS (由EquitechLab制造) + 1/100 GlutaMAX1 (由Invitrogen制造) + 1/100丙酮酸钠(由Invitrogen制造) + 1/100 HEPES (由Invitrogen制造)+ 1/100青霉素/链霉素(由Invitrogen制造)]。向悬浮液中加入50 ng/ml M-CSF (由PEPROTECH制造)和50 ng/ml IL-34 (由PEPROTECH制造),并将细胞以1/2的密度接种于(4)中所述的原代培养的大鼠星形胶质细胞上。接种之后两天,加入5 ml补充有50 ng/ml M-CSF和50ng/ml IL-34的培养基F。在第4天和第7天,收集7 ml培养基并离心(300G,3分钟)。使沉淀重悬于8 ml补充有50 ng/ml M-CSF、50 ng/ml IL-34和50 ng/ml TGF-β1 (由PEPROTECH制造,证实如果不加入TGF-β1,则分化率不受影响)的培养基F中。接种之后9天(接种之后直到25天获得相同结果),通过用滴管吸取收集细胞。
(6) Iba1免疫染色
将通过(5)中所述方法收集的细胞接种于PDL/层粘连蛋白包被的板(Biocoat,由Corning制造)中。第二天,使用4%多聚甲醛(PFA)/PBS将粘附的细胞在4℃下固定1小时。将固定的细胞用PBS洗涤3次,用0.1% Triton X-100/PBS处理5分钟,用PBS洗涤3次,并然后用封闭溶液(1.5%驴血清/ PBS)处理30分钟。接下来,使细胞与1/50抗Iba1抗体(由Abcam制造)/封闭溶液在4℃下反应过夜,用PBS洗涤3次,并然后与1/500 AlexaFluor 488驴抗山羊IgG (H+L) + 1/10000 Hoechst 33342 (由Invitrogen制造)/封闭溶液反应90分钟。最后,细胞用PBS洗涤3次,并然后使用荧光显微镜观察。
在荧光显微镜下拍摄的图像显示于图1中。收集的所有(100%)细胞均为Iba1阳性并具有伸长的突起(图2)。这些结果表明,通过本申请的方法从hiPS细胞分化的细胞为小胶质细胞。
实施例2 使用无饲养细胞的iPS细胞产生小胶质细胞
(1) 保持和培养无饲养细胞的iPS细胞
使用从东京大学干细胞库(Tokyo University Stem Cell Bank)购买的细胞系TkDA3-4。对于包被,使用iMatrix-511 (由nippi制造)。作为解离溶液,使用0.5 x Triple select[Triple TM select CTS (由Invitrogen制造)和0.5 mol/l EDTA pH 8.0 (由NacalaiTesque制造)和PBS (由Wako制造)的2:1:1混合物]。作为培养基,使用AK03N (由Ajinomoto制造)。
(2) 分化诱导
步骤1
将附着有已通过(1)中所述方法传代培养的iPS细胞的6孔细胞粘附板用PBS洗涤,并然后用1 ml/孔ReLeSR (由STEM CELL Technologies制造)在37℃下处理10分钟。将板再次用PBS洗涤。加入10 ml分化培养基D之后,用细胞刮刀刮下hiPS细胞。将由此获得的hiPS细胞以约1/10的密度(6孔板的1孔中的细胞接种于两个10 cm培养皿上),连同20 ng/ml VEGF(由PEPROTECH制造,根据非专利文献4,不必然添加VEGF)一起,接种于已通过实施例1(3)中所述的方法传代培养的10T1/2细胞上。接种3、6、8、10和12天之后,将培养基更换为补充有20 ng/ml VEGF (由PEPROTECH制造,根据非专利文献4,不必然添加VEGF)的分化培养基E。在第13天,收集细胞。用细胞刮刀从细胞培养皿刮下细胞,同时破坏液囊(Sac),并然后通过细胞滤网(40Φ)收集细胞。离心[120G (证实以100-150G离心不影响回收率和纯度),10分钟,无制动]之后,使沉淀重悬于分化培养基E中。
步骤2
向通过步骤1获得的所有细胞中加入IL-3 (50 ng/ml,由PEPROTECH制造)和GM-CSF(50 ng/ml,由PEPROTECH制造),并将5个细胞培养皿的重悬液接种于一个细胞培养皿中的10T1/2上。3天之后,向细胞中加入5 ml含有IL-3和GM-CSF的分化培养基E。6天之后,通过用滴管吸取收集细胞。
步骤3
将通过步骤2获得的原始单核细胞重悬于用于共培养的培养基F。向悬浮液中加入50ng/ml M-CSF (由PEPROTECH制造)和50 ng/ml IL-34 (由PEPROTECH制造),并将细胞以1/2的密度接种于实施例1(4)中所述的原代培养的大鼠星形胶质细胞上。接种之后两天,加入5ml补充有M-CSF和IL-34的血细胞分化培养基F。在第4天和第7天,收集7 ml培养基并离心(300G,3分钟)。使沉淀重悬于8 ml补充有M-CSF、IL-34和50 ng/ml TGF-β1 (由PEPROTECH制造,证实如果不加入TGF-β1,则分化率不受影响)的血细胞分化培养基F中。接种之后9天,通过用滴管吸取收集细胞。
(3) Iba1免疫染色
将通过步骤3收集的细胞接种于PDL/层粘连蛋白包被的板(Biocoat,由Corning制造)中。第二天,使用4%多聚甲醛(PFA)/PBS将粘附的细胞在4℃下固定1小时。将固定的细胞用PBS洗涤3次,用0.1% Triton X-100/PBS处理5分钟,用PBS洗涤3次,并然后用封闭溶液(1.5%驴血清/ PBS)处理30分钟。接下来,使细胞与1/50抗Iba1抗体(由Abcam制造)/封闭溶液在4℃下反应过夜,用PBS洗涤3次,并然后与1/500 AlexaFluor 488驴抗山羊IgG (H+L)+ 1/10000 Hoechst 33342 (由Invitrogen制造)/封闭溶液反应90分钟。最后,细胞用PBS洗涤3次,并然后使用荧光显微镜观察。结果,收集的所有(100%)细胞均为Iba1阳性并具有伸长的突起。这些结果表明,通过本公开的方法从无饲养细胞的hiPS细胞分化的细胞为小胶质细胞。
实施例3 在血液祖细胞产生阶段对分化诱导期的研究
(1) 分化诱导
步骤1
用PBS洗涤附着有已通过实施例1(2)中所述方法传代培养的hiPS细胞的10 cm细胞培养皿。向培养皿加入1.5 ml Dissociation Solution (由ReproCELL制造)以解离MEF,同时摇摆培养皿。用吸液器吸出解离的MEF,并用PBS进一步洗涤。在加入10 ml分化培养基D之后,用细胞刮刀刮下hiPS细胞。将由此获得的hiPS细胞以1/40的密度(一个培养皿上的细胞接种于约40个培养皿上),连同20 ng/ml VEGF (由PEPROTECH制造,根据非专利文献4,不必然添加VEGF)一起,接种于已通过实施例1(3)中所述方法传代培养的10T1/2细胞上。接种3、6、8、10和12天之后,将培养基更换为补充有20 ng/ml VEGF (由PEPROTECH制造,根据非专利文献4,不必然添加VEGF)的分化培养基E。培养预定天数之后,收集细胞。用细胞刮刀从细胞培养皿刮下细胞,同时破坏液囊(Sac),并然后通过细胞滤网(40Φ)收集细胞。离心[120G(证实以100-150G离心不影响回收率和纯度),10分钟,无制动]之后,使沉淀重悬于分化培养基E中。
步骤2-步骤3
其以与实施例2中的步骤2-步骤3相同的方式实施。
(2) Iba1免疫染色
Iba1免疫染色以与实施例2(3)相同的方式实施。
用于产生血液祖细胞的时间段设定为6、13、20或27天的时间段。当以上述时间段实施分化诱导成小胶质细胞时,在所有条件下产生小胶质细胞。特别是,在13-27天的时间段内,分化诱导成小胶质细胞的效率更好。
实施例4 在原始单核细胞产生阶段对分化诱导期的研究
(1) 分化诱导
步骤1
用PBS洗涤附着有已通过实施例1(2)中所述方法传代培养的hiPS细胞的10 cm细胞培养皿。向培养皿加入1.5 ml Dissociation Solution (由ReproCELL制造)以解离MEF,同时摇摆培养皿。用吸液器吸出解离的MEF,并用PBS进一步洗涤。在加入10 ml分化培养基D之后,用细胞刮刀刮下hiPS细胞。将由此获得的hiPS细胞以1/40的密度(一个培养皿上的细胞接种于约40个培养皿上),连同20 ng/ml VEGF (由PEPROTECH制造,根据非专利文献4,不必然添加VEGF)一起,接种于已通过实施例1(3)中所述方法传代培养的10T1/2细胞上。接种3、6、8、10和12天之后,将培养基更换为补充有20 ng/ml VEGF (由PEPROTECH制造,根据非专利文献4,不必然添加VEGF)的分化培养基E。在第13天,收集细胞。用细胞刮刀从细胞培养皿刮下细胞,同时破坏液囊(Sac),并然后通过细胞滤网(40Φ)收集细胞。离心[120G (证实以100-150G离心不影响回收率和纯度),10分钟,无制动]之后,使沉淀重悬于分化培养基E中。
步骤2
向通过步骤1获得的所有细胞中加入IL-3 (50 ng/ml,由PEPROTECH制造)和GM-CSF(50 ng/ml,由PEPROTECH制造),并将5个细胞培养皿的重悬液接种于一个细胞培养皿中的10T1/2上。3天之后,向细胞中加入5 ml含有IL-3和GM-CSF的分化培养基E。培养预定天数之后,通过用滴管吸取收集细胞。将由此获得的细胞悬液离心(300G,3分钟)。使沉淀经受下一步骤。
步骤3
将通过步骤2获得的单核细胞重悬于用于共培养的培养基F。向悬浮液中加入M-CSF(50 ng/ml,由PEPROTECH制造)和IL-34 (50 ng/ml,由PEPROTECH制造),并将细胞以1/2的密度接种于实施例1(4)中所述的原代培养的大鼠星形胶质细胞上。接种之后两天,加入5ml补充有M-CSF和IL-34的培养基F。在第4天和第7天,收集7 ml培养基并离心(300G,3分钟)。使沉淀重悬于8 ml补充有M-CSF、IL-34和TGF-β1 (50 ng/ml,由PEPROTECH制造,证实如果不加入TGF-β1,则分化率不受影响)的培养基F中。接种之后9天,通过用滴管吸取收集细胞。
(2) Iba1免疫染色
Iba1免疫染色以与实施例2(3)相同的方式实施。
使用0 (其中跳过步骤2的实验为了方便而视为0天)、1、6、10、13、17和20天的单核细胞诱导期来进行实验。在使用上述诱导期的所有实验中,有效产生小胶质细胞。
实施例5 细胞因子浓度的研究
(1) 分化诱导
步骤1
血液祖细胞以与实施例4中步骤1相同的方式产生。
步骤2
向通过步骤1获得的所有细胞中加入预定浓度的IL-3 (由PEPROTECH制造)和预定浓度的GM-CSF (由PEPROTECH制造),并将5个细胞培养皿的重悬液接种于一个细胞培养皿中的10T1/2上。3天之后,向细胞中加入5 ml含有IL-3和GM-CSF的分化培养基E。培养6天之后,通过用滴管吸取收集细胞。将由此获得的细胞悬液离心(300G,3分钟)。使沉淀经受下一步骤。
步骤3
将通过步骤2获得的单核细胞重悬于用于共培养的培养基F中。向悬浮液中加入预定浓度的M-CSF (由PEPROTECH制造)和预定浓度的IL-34 (由PEPROTECH制造),并将细胞以1/2的密度接种于实施例1(4)中所述的原代培养的大鼠星形胶质细胞上。接种之后两天,加入5ml补充有M-CSF和IL-34 (其浓度与细胞接种时相同)的培养基F。在第4天和第7天,收集7ml培养基并离心(300G,3分钟)。使沉淀重悬于8 ml补充有M-CSF和IL-34 (其浓度与细胞接种时相同)及TGF-β1 (由PEPROTECH制造)的培养基F中。接种之后9天,通过用滴管吸取收集细胞。
(2) Iba1免疫染色
Iba1免疫染色以与实施例2(3)相同的方式实施。结果概述于表1中。基于实施例1的结果,等同的分化诱导效率显示为“○”,并且1/10或更小的分化诱导效率显示为“Δ”。
实验使用0、25、50和100 ng/ml的每种细胞因子实施。在所有条件下产生小胶质细胞。当在步骤2加入25 ng/ml或更多IL-3或者50 ng/ml或更多GM-CSF时,分化诱导效率特别提高。当在步骤3加入25 ng/ml或更多M-CSF时,效率特别提高。
[表1]
工业适用性
根据本发明的方法,可从多能干细胞有效产生小胶质细胞。由此获得的小胶质细胞可用于各种基础研究,包括小胶质细胞本身的研究和涉及小胶质细胞的疾病的研究。进一步地,小胶质细胞在用于筛选涉及小胶质细胞的疾病的治疗剂(其中包括使用小胶质细胞),或选择所谓的定制治疗剂(其中最适合于患者的治疗剂通过使用从个体患者建立的多能干细胞制备的小胶质细胞选择)的方法中非常有用。还预期小胶质细胞在细胞疗法中的应用。
Claims (11)
1.一种用于从多能干细胞产生小胶质细胞的方法,所述方法包括以下步骤:
(a) 将多能干细胞与饲养细胞共培养7天或更长时间以获得血液祖细胞的步骤,
(b) 将通过步骤(a)获得的所述血液祖细胞与饲养细胞在IL-3和/或GM-CSF存在下共培养以获得原始单核细胞的步骤,和
(c) 将通过步骤(b)获得的原始单核细胞与星形胶质细胞在M-CSF存在下共培养,或使用星形胶质细胞上清液在M-CSF存在下培养通过步骤(b)获得的原始单核细胞的步骤。
2.权利要求1的方法,其中步骤(a)的培养期为13天或更长时间。
3.权利要求1或2的方法,其中步骤(c)的特征为在IL-34存在下培养。
4.权利要求1-3中任何一项的方法,其中步骤(b)的特征为在IL-3和GM-CSF存在下培养。
5.权利要求1-4中任何一项的方法,其中所述饲养细胞为10T1/2细胞或OP9细胞。
6.权利要求1-5中任何一项的方法,其中步骤(a)的特征为在VEGF存在下培养。
7.权利要求1-6中任何一项的方法,其中所述多能干细胞为iPS细胞。
8.权利要求7的方法,其中所述iPS细胞来源于人类或小鼠。
9.一种用于其中涉及小胶质细胞的疾病的预防或治疗剂或者对于记忆或学习能力的改善剂的筛选方法,所述方法包括使用通过权利要求1-8中任何一项的方法产生的小胶质细胞。
10.权利要求9的筛选方法,其中涉及小胶质细胞的疾病为脊髓损伤、脑卒中引起的神经病、癫痫、神经性疼痛、血管闭塞性眼病、脱髓鞘病、精神病、脑梗塞、Nasu-Hakola病或神经变性疾病。
11.权利要求10的筛选方法,其中所述神经变性疾病为阿尔茨海默病、帕金森病或肌萎缩侧索硬化症。
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