JP6598185B2 - 軟骨過形成疾患の予防および治療剤ならびにそのスクリーニング方法 - Google Patents
軟骨過形成疾患の予防および治療剤ならびにそのスクリーニング方法 Download PDFInfo
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- JP6598185B2 JP6598185B2 JP2014227500A JP2014227500A JP6598185B2 JP 6598185 B2 JP6598185 B2 JP 6598185B2 JP 2014227500 A JP2014227500 A JP 2014227500A JP 2014227500 A JP2014227500 A JP 2014227500A JP 6598185 B2 JP6598185 B2 JP 6598185B2
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- 125000001544 thienyl group Chemical group 0.000 description 1
- RTKIYNMVFMVABJ-UHFFFAOYSA-L thimerosal Chemical compound [Na+].CC[Hg]SC1=CC=CC=C1C([O-])=O RTKIYNMVFMVABJ-UHFFFAOYSA-L 0.000 description 1
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Description
[1] 有効成分としてアデニル酸シクラーゼ阻害剤を含む、軟骨過形成疾患の治療および/または予防用医薬。
[2] 前記アデニル酸シクラーゼ阻害剤が、SQ22536である、[1]に記載の医薬。
[3] 前記軟骨過形成疾患が、慢性乳児神経皮膚関節炎症候群である、[1]または[2]に記載の医薬。
[4] 軟骨過形成疾患を治療および/または予防するための方法であって、アデニル酸シクラーゼ阻害剤を投与することを含む、方法。
[5] 前記アデニル酸シクラーゼ阻害剤が、SQ22536である、[4]に記載の方法。
[6] 前記軟骨過形成疾患が、慢性乳児神経皮膚関節炎症候群である、[4]または[5]に記載の方法。
[7] 軟骨過形成疾患の治療および/または予防用医薬の製造におけるアデニル酸シクラーゼ阻害剤の使用。
[8] 前記アデニル酸シクラーゼ阻害剤が、SQ22536である、[7]に記載の使用。
[9] 前記軟骨過形成疾患が、慢性乳児神経皮膚関節炎症候群である、[7]または[8]に記載の使用。
[10] 軟骨過形成疾患を治療および/または予防するために使用されるアデニル酸シクラーゼ阻害剤。
[11] 前記アデニル酸シクラーゼ阻害剤がSQ22536である、[10]に記載の阻害剤。
[12] 前記軟骨過形成疾患が、慢性乳児神経皮膚関節炎症候群である、[10]または[11]に記載の阻害剤。
[13] 下記の工程を含む、軟骨過形成疾患の治療薬および/または予防薬をスクリーニングする方法;
(a)軟骨前駆細胞を、被験物質と接触させるおよび接触させない条件下で培養する工程、
(b)工程(a)で得られた細胞におけるSOX9のプロモーター活性を測定する工程、および
(c)被験物質と接触させる条件下において、接触させない条件下よりSOX9のプロモーター活性が減少した場合、当該被験物質を軟骨過形成疾患の治療薬または予防薬として選出する工程。
[14] 前記SOX9のプロモーター活性を測定する工程が、SOX9のmRNA量を測定する工程である、[13]に記載の方法。
[15] 下記の工程を含む、軟骨過形成疾患の治療薬および/または予防薬をスクリーニングする方法;
(a)軟骨前駆細胞を、被験物質と接触させるおよび接触させない条件下で培養する工程、
(b)工程(a)で得られた細胞におけるcAMP量を測定する工程、および
(c)被験物質と接触させる条件下において、接触させない条件下よりcAMP量が減少した場合、当該被験物質を軟骨過形成疾患の治療薬または予防薬として選出する工程。
[16] 下記の工程を含む、軟骨過形成疾患の治療薬および/または予防薬をスクリーニングする方法;
(a)軟骨前駆細胞を、被験物質と接触させるおよび接触させない条件下で培養する工程、
(b)工程(a)で得られた細胞におけるCREBのリン酸化を測定する工程、および
(c)被験物質と接触させる条件下において、接触させない条件下よりCREBのリン酸化が減少した場合、当該被験物質を軟骨過形成疾患の治療薬または予防薬として選出する工程。
[17] 前記軟骨前駆細胞が、NLRP3に変異を有するiPS細胞から誘導された軟骨前駆細胞である、[13]〜[16]のいずれかに記載の方法。
[18] 下記の工程を含む、軟骨過形成疾患の治療薬および/または予防薬をスクリーニングする方法;
(a)NLRP3の変異を有する軟骨前駆細胞を、被験物質と接触させるおよび接触させない条件下で培養する工程、
(b)工程(a)で得られた培養物における細胞外マトリックス量を測定する工程、および
(c)被験物質と接触させる条件下において、接触させない条件下より細胞外マトリックス量が減少した場合、当該被験物質を軟骨過形成疾患の治療薬または予防薬として選出する工程。
[19] 前記細胞外マトリックスが、グリコサミノグリカン(GAG)である、[18]に記載の方法。
[20] 前記NLRP3の変異が、NLRP3中のTyr570CysまたはGly307Ser変異である、[17]〜[19]のいずれかに記載の方法。
[21] 前記軟骨過形成疾患が、慢性乳児神経皮膚関節炎症候群である、[13]〜[20]のいずれかに記載の方法。
本発明は、AMP/PKA/CREBシグナル伝達経路を阻害する化合物を含む軟骨過形成疾患の治療および/または予防用医薬を提供する。AMP/PKA/CREBシグナル伝達経路を阻害する化合物には、プロテインキナーゼ A (PKA) 阻害剤、およびアデニル酸シクラーゼ阻害剤が含まれる。本発明において、好ましい軟骨過形成疾患の治療および/または予防用医薬は、アデニル酸シクラーゼ阻害剤である。
本発明は、軟骨前駆細胞と被験物質とを接触させ、各指標を用いて、軟骨過形成疾患の治療薬および/または予防薬の被験物質をスクリーニングする方法を提供する。すなわち、本発明は、以下の工程を含む軟骨過形成疾患の治療薬および/または予防薬の被験物質をスクリーニングする方法である;
(a)軟骨前駆細胞を、被験物質と接触させるおよび接触させない条件下で培養する工程、
(b)工程(a)で得られた細胞における指標値を測定する工程、および
(c)被験物質と接触させる条件下において、接触させない条件下より指標値が減少した場合、当該被験物質を軟骨過形成疾患の治療薬または予防薬として選出する工程。
本発明において、多能性幹細胞から中胚葉細胞を誘導する方法は、特に限定されないが、BMP阻害剤およびGSK-3β阻害剤を含有する培養液で培養する方法が例示される。
本発明において、多能性幹細胞から神経堤細胞を誘導する方法は、特に限定されないが、TGFβファミリー阻害剤を含有する培養液で培養する方法が例示される。
前記工程(i)で得られた中胚葉細胞または神経堤細胞から軟骨細胞を分化誘導するために、任意の方法で分離し、(ii-1)接着培養により軟骨前駆細胞を誘導する工程、および、(ii-2)二次元(2D)マイクロマス培養法、または(ii-2’)三次元(3D)ペレット培養法を用いて軟骨細胞を誘導する工程を含有し得る。ここで、中胚葉細胞または神経堤細胞の分離の方法としては、力学的な方法や酵素学的な方法を用いることができるが、好ましくは、TrypLE Selectにより分離され得る。また、前記工程(i)で得られた細胞を分離後、フローサイトメトリー(FACS)にかけて、中胚葉細胞または神経堤細胞を濃縮し、本工程における出発細胞として用いることもできる。
本発明において、中胚葉細胞または神経堤細胞を接着培養する方法として、細胞外基質によりコーティング処理された培養容器を用いて培養すること方法が挙げられる。コーティング処理は、細胞外基質を含有する溶液を培養容器に入れた後、当該溶液を適宜除くことによって行い得る。
本発明において、二次元(2D)マイクロマス培養法は、細胞外基質によりコーティング処理された培養容器を用いて培養することによって行い得る。コーティング処理は、細胞外基質を含有する溶液を培養容器に入れた後、当該溶液を適宜除くことによって行い得る。
(1)PDGF-BB、
(2)PDGF-BBおよびTGFβ3、ならびに
(3)BMP4。
本発明において、3Dペレット培養に先んじて、工程(i)で得られた細胞をFGF2およびTGFβ3を添加した培地中で継代する工程を含むことができる。継代期間は、特に限定されないが、5日以下の期間であり、3日間が好ましい。培地中のFGF2の濃度は、例えば0.1-50 ng/mlの範囲内、好ましくは0.5-20 ng/mlの範囲内にあり、例えば、0.5ng/ml、0.6ng/ml、0.7ng/ml、0.8ng/ml、0.9ng/ml、1ng/ml、2ng/ml、3ng/ml、4ng/ml、5ng/ml、6ng/ml、7ng/ml、8ng/ml、9ng/ml、10ng/ml、12ng/ml、14ng/ml、16ng/ml、18ng/ml、20ng/mlであるがこれらに限定されない。更に好ましくは、1〜5ng/mlの範囲内である。培地中のTGFβ3の濃度は、例えば1-100 ng/mlの範囲内、好ましくは5-20 ng/mlの範囲内にあり、例えば、1ng/ml、2ng/ml、3ng/ml、4ng/ml、5ng/ml、6ng/ml、7ng/ml、8ng/ml、9ng/ml、10ng/ml、11ng/ml、12ng/ml、13ng/ml、14ng/ml、15ng/ml、16ng/ml、17ng/ml、18ng/ml、19ng/ml、20ng/ml、25ng/ml、50ng/ml、75ng/ml、100ng/mlであるがこれらに限定されない。更に好ましくは、10ng/mlである。
iPS細胞の作製
以下のすべての実験は、京都大学の倫理委員会の承認を得て行われた。また、患者からのサンプルの採取には、ヘルシンキ宣言に従って、事前にインフォームドコンセントを得て行われた。NLRP3体細胞モザイク(p.Tyr570Cysおよびp.Gly307Ser)を有する2人のNOMID患者からiPS細胞を作製した。各々の患者から、野生型(以下、野生型iPS細胞と言う。)および変異型NLRP3 iPS細胞(以下、変異型iPS細胞と言う。)を少なくとも3クローン確立し、この実験のために利用した。以下すべての実験は、同質遺伝子のバックグラウンドを有する野生型細胞と変異型細胞を比較することにより行われた。
軟骨誘導
1)神経堤細胞誘導(day0-8)
実施例1で得られたiPS細胞を、フィーダーフリー培養を経て神経堤細胞へ分化誘導させた。まずフィーダー細胞をCTK(0.25% Trypsin(Life Technologies), 0.1mg/ml collagenase IV(Life Technology), 1mM CaCl, 20% (v/v) KSR) を用いて除去し、PBSで洗浄した後、iPS細胞をスクレーパーで回収、mTeSR培地(mTeSR Basal Medium 400ml, 5X Supplement 100ml, Penicillin/Streptomycin 2.5ml)(STEMCELL Technology)に懸濁し、一度だけピペッティングした後、Matrigel-coated dish(DMEM/F12混合培地(Life Technologies)で50倍希釈したMatrigel stock solution (X50) (BD Biosciences)をdishに添加し、4℃で一晩保存した。使用の30分〜60分前にMatigelを除去し、乾燥させて作成に播種(5×104/10cm dish)、mTeSR培地(10ml)で5% CO2、37℃で培養した。2日後、培地を神経堤誘導培地(15ml/10cm dish)に交換した。詳細には10uM SB431542(Sigma-Aldrich)を添加した合成培地(CDM)(5mg/ml fatty acid-free bovine serum albumin (Sigma-Aldrich)、2%(v/v) chemically defined Lipid concentrate(Life Technologies), 2 mM GlutaMax (Life Technologies), 100 μg/ml human holo-transferrin(Sigma-Aldrich), 20 μg/ml bovine insulin (Sigma-Aldrich), 0.45 mM MTG(monothioglycerol)(Sigma-Aldrich), 0.17 mM AA2P (ascorbic acid-2-phosphate)(Sigma-Aldrich)を添加したIscove’s modified Dulbecco’s medium(Sigma-Aldrich)とHam’s F12(Life Technologies)を1:1で混合した培地)で培養した。培養5日目に培地を交換し、培養8日目に軟骨前駆細胞誘導過程に移行した。
培地を除去しPBSで1回洗浄したのち、Trypsin/EDTA (0.05%)(Life Technology)で剥離させ、10%FCS添加CDMで回収した。40um Cell strainer(BD Biosciences)を用いて単一細胞にしたのち、フィブロネクチンコートdish(PBSで100倍希釈したフィブロネクチン溶液(Millipore)をdishに添加し、30分〜60分、室温で静置したもの)に播種(2×106/10cm dish)した。5ng/ml bFGF(WAKO)を添加した神経堤誘導培地を用いて1回/3日程度の頻度で継代培養し、軟骨前駆細胞を増殖させた。
二次元(2D)マイクロマス培養法
fibronectin-coated 24-well plate (BD)上に上述の方法で得られた軟骨前駆細胞 (1.5 x105cells)を40 ng/ml PDGF-BBおよび1% FCSを含む軟骨誘導培地に懸濁させ、5 mlの小滴でスポットし、培養した。このとき、培地は3日おきに交換した。6日後、10 ng/ml TGFβ3をさらに添加して培養した。2Dマイクロマス培養開始10日後、PDGF-BBを50 ng/ml BMP4 (WAKO)で置換した。2Dマイクロマス培養は、5% CO2下、37℃で14日間行った。
上述の方法で得られた軟骨前駆細胞 を、5 ng/mL FGF2、10 ng/ml TGFβ3を含む軟骨誘導培培地中で3日間培養した。その後、2.5×105個の細胞を遠心分離してペレットを形成させ、2Dマイクロマス培養法と同様に、0.5 mlの40 ng/ml PDGF-BBおよび1% FCSを含む軟骨誘導培地中で培養した。6日後、10 ng/ml TGFβ3をさらに添加して培養した。10日後、PDGF-BBを50 ng/ml BMP4 (WAKO)で置換した。3Dペレット培養は、5% CO2下、37℃で28日間維持行われた。
以上の多能性幹細胞から軟骨細胞を誘導するプロトコールの概略は、図1Aに示す。
軟骨細胞特異的遺伝子の発現解析
実施例2の方法(2Dマイクロマス培養および3Dペレット培養)により分化誘導した軟骨細胞の状態をさらに詳細に調べるために、軟骨細胞誘導前の軟骨前駆細胞と誘導後の軟骨細胞において、軟骨細胞で特異に発現している遺伝子(軟骨細胞特異的遺伝子)の発現状態について解析した。遺伝子の発現解析は、次の方法により行われた。
mRNAは、RNeasy Mini Kit (Qiagen)を用いて、各細胞から単離した。得られた全RNAのうち1μgを鋳型として、Superscript III reverse transcriptase (Invitrogen)を用いて逆転写によりcDNAを合成した。定量リアルタイムPCRのための標準曲線を作成して解析を行った。リアルタイムPCR解析は、Power SYBR Green qPCR mastermix (Invitrogen)を用いて、StepOne real-time PCR system (ABI)により測定した。使用したプライマーの配列およびAssayIDを表1に示す。
軟骨細胞増殖および細胞外マトリックス産生
変異型iPS細胞由来の軟骨細胞における過形成の原因を検証するために、軟骨細胞の増殖率および細胞外マトリックスの産生量に着目して解析を行った。
SOX9の発現亢進について
上述した軟骨細胞外マトリックスの過剰産生のメカニズムを調べるため、軟骨前駆細胞誘導および軟骨誘導過程における各軟骨細胞特異的遺伝子の発現量を検討した(図2および図4A)。軟骨細胞特異的遺伝子のうちSOX9およびCOL2A1は、誘導15日目および29日目の両方において、変異型iPS細胞から誘導した軟骨前駆細胞および軟骨細胞において発現が亢進していたが、ACANおよびCOMPは、29日目のみ変異型iPS細胞由来の軟骨細胞において発現が亢進していた。この結果から、SOX9の発現の軟骨細胞特異的遺伝子の誘発に寄与している可能性が示唆された。また、NLRP3のmRNA量は、変異の有無によって有意に変化しなかったた(図4B)。従って、SOX9の発現は、変異NLRP3発現に依存しており、このSOX9の発現上昇によって他の軟骨細胞特異的遺伝子の発現させていることから、SOX9が軟骨細胞外マトリックスの過剰産生に寄与していることが示唆された。
インビボにおける軟骨細胞分化
NOMID患者由来iPSの細胞(変異型iPS細胞)から分化誘導された軟骨性ペレットのインビボにおける挙動を評価するために、移植実験を行った。上述した3Dペレット培養20日目(分化誘導38日目)で得られた軟骨性ペレットを0.5 cm x 1 cm Gelfoam (Phizer) に包み込み、NOD/scid/γcnull miceの背部皮膚下に移植した。4週間後、軟骨組織/骨パーティクルを回収し、パラホルムアルデヒドで24時間固定し、プラスチックに包理し、5 μmに切片化した後、Hematoxylin and Eosin (HE)、von KossaまたはAlcian Blue染色により染色した。
NLRP3インフラマソームの影響
上述した2Dマイクロマス培養によって得られた軟骨細胞では変異型iPS細胞由来においてカスパーゼ1の活性およびIL-1βの分泌量に変化は見られなかったことから、軟骨細胞外マトリックスの過剰産生は、NLRP3インフラマソームには依存しないメカニズムであることが示された。さらに、10 μM Ac-YVAD-CHOまたは1 μg/mLを添加して2Dマイクロマス培養を行ったところ、軟骨の過形成(図7A、B、D、E、FおよびH)およびSOX9の発現(図7CおよびG)に影響はなかった。以上より、NLRP3インフラマソームを抑制に関連する薬剤では、軟骨の過形成を抑制することはできないことが示唆された。
SOX9プロモーター活性と下流因子の同定
SOX9の制御について検討を行うため、軟骨前駆細胞におけるヒトSOX9プロモーターの活性を測定した。測定には、Ushita M et al., Osteoarthritis and cartilage / OARS, Osteoarthritis Research Society. 2009;17(8):1065-75.に従って、-927から+84bp(転写開始点を0とする)のヒトSOX9プロモーター領域をpGL3-luciferase reporter plasmid(Promega)に挿入して柵瀬いしたレポーターコンストラクトを用いて行った(図7Aおよび表2)。プロモーター活性は、上述した方法で得られた軟骨前駆細胞を6-wellプレートに50000 cells/wellで播種し、FuGENE 6 transfection reagentを用いて、2 μg DNA/wellを導入し、24時間後に、Dual-Luciferase Reporter Assay Kit (Promega)およびCentro XS3 LB 960 Microplate Luminometer (BERTHOLD)を用いて、ルシフェラーゼ活性を測定することによって算出した。その結果、変異型iPS細胞由来の軟骨前駆細胞では、野生型と比較して、SOX9のプロモーター活性が高いことが示された(図7B)。続いて、変異NLRP3依存応答性の責任部位を特定するため、表3に記載されたとおり、NFAT結合配列、AP-1結合配列、NF-κB結合配列、Sp1結合配列およびCREB/ATF結合配列にそれぞれ変異を有するレポーターコンストラクトを作成した。これらの変異レポーターを同様に軟骨前駆細胞へ導入し、プロモーター活性を測定したところ、CREB/AFT結合サイトに変異を有するレポーターでは、変異型iPS細胞由来の軟骨前駆細胞と野生型iPS細胞由来の軟骨前駆細胞においてその活性に違いが確認されなかった(図7C)。以上の結果より、CREB/ATF結合サイトがNLRP3依存型のSOX9プロモーター活性に重要な役割を果たす転写因子結合サイトであることが示唆された。
アデニル酸シクラーゼ阻害剤による軟骨過形成からの回復
AMP/PKA/CREBシグナル伝達経路が軟骨過形成に関与しているかを調べるために、アデニル酸シクラーゼ活性化剤であるforskolinおよびアデニル酸シクラーゼ阻害剤であるSQ22536を用いて解析を行った。本試験は、ヒトSOX9プロモーターを軟骨前駆細胞に導入した直後に10 μM forskolin (CALBIOCHEM)または10 μM SQ22536 (Sigma-Aldrich)で処理し、24時間インキュベートした後のルシフェラーゼ活性を測定することによって行った。その結果、基剤(DMSO)で処理した変異型軟骨前駆細胞 (コントロール)と比較して、forskolinで処理した変異型軟骨前駆細胞 は、SOX9のプロモーター活性が2.3倍に増加した(図7D)。一方、SQ22536で処理した場合には、コントロールと比較して、SOX9のプロモーター活性が2倍減少した(図7D)。また、野生型軟骨前駆細胞 においても、forskolinおよびSQ22536について同様の効果が観察された(図7D)。これらのデータはいずれも、SOX9のmRNA発現におけるforskolinおよびSQ22536の効果と相関していた(図7E)。
配列番号10〜14:変異型結合サイト
Claims (10)
- 有効成分としてアデニル酸シクラーゼ阻害剤であるSQ22536を含む、NLRP3遺伝子変異を原因とする軟骨過形成疾患の治療および/または予防用医薬。
- 前記軟骨過形成疾患が、慢性乳児神経皮膚関節炎症候群または新生児期発症多臓器系炎症性疾患である、請求項1に記載の医薬。
- 下記の工程を含む、軟骨過形成疾患の治療薬および/または予防薬をスクリーニングする方法;
(a)NLRP3の変異を有するiPS細胞から誘導された軟骨前駆細胞を、被験物質と接触させるおよび接触させない条件下で培養する工程、
(b)工程(a)で得られた細胞におけるSOX9のプロモーター活性を測定する工程、および
(c)被験物質と接触させる条件下において、接触させない条件下よりSOX9のプロモーター活性が減少した場合、当該被験物質を軟骨過形成疾患の治療薬または予防薬として選出する工程。 - 前記SOX9のプロモーター活性を測定する工程が、SOX9のmRNA量を測定する工程である、請求項3に記載の方法。
- 下記の工程を含む、軟骨過形成疾患の治療薬および/または予防薬をスクリーニングする方法;
(a)NLRP3の変異を有するiPS細胞から誘導された軟骨前駆細胞を、被験物質と接触させるおよび接触させない条件下で培養する工程、
(b)工程(a)で得られた細胞におけるcAMP量を測定する工程、および
(c)被験物質と接触させる条件下において、接触させない条件下よりcAMP量が減少した場合、当該被験物質を軟骨過形成疾患の治療薬または予防薬として選出する工程。 - 下記の工程を含む、軟骨過形成疾患の治療薬および/または予防薬をスクリーニングする方法;
(a)NLRP3の変異を有するiPS細胞から誘導された軟骨前駆細胞を、被験物質と接触させるおよび接触させない条件下で培養する工程、
(b)工程(a)で得られた細胞におけるCREBのリン酸化を測定する工程、および
(c)被験物質と接触させる条件下において、接触させない条件下よりCREBのリン酸化が減少した場合、当該被験物質を軟骨過形成疾患の治療薬または予防薬として選出する工程。 - 下記の工程を含む、軟骨過形成疾患の治療薬および/または予防薬をスクリーニングする方法;
(a)NLRP3の変異を有するiPS細胞から誘導された軟骨前駆細胞を、被験物質と接触させるおよび接触させない条件下で培養する工程、
(b)工程(a)で得られた培養物における細胞外マトリックス量を測定する工程、および
(c)被験物質と接触させる条件下において、接触させない条件下より細胞外マトリックス量が減少した場合、当該被験物質を軟骨過形成疾患の治療薬または予防薬として選出する工程。 - 前記細胞外マトリックスが、グリコサミノグリカン(GAG)である、請求項7に記載の方法。
- 前記NLRP3の変異が、NLRP3中のTyr570CysまたはGly307Ser変異である、請求項3〜8のいずれか1項に記載の方法。
- 前記軟骨過形成疾患が、慢性乳児神経皮膚関節炎症候群または新生児期発症多臓器系炎症性疾患である、請求項3〜9のいずれか1項に記載の方法。
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