CN103079498B - 经导管二尖瓣假体 - Google Patents

经导管二尖瓣假体 Download PDF

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CN103079498B
CN103079498B CN201180029086.5A CN201180029086A CN103079498B CN 103079498 B CN103079498 B CN 103079498B CN 201180029086 A CN201180029086 A CN 201180029086A CN 103079498 B CN103079498 B CN 103079498B
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valve
skirt section
prosthetic heart
ventricle
prosthetic
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CN103079498A (zh
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兰迪·马修·莱恩
科林·A·纽利
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Neovasc Tiara Inc
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    • A61F2/00Filters implantable into blood vessels; Prostheses, i.e. artificial substitutes or replacements for parts of the body; Appliances for connecting them with the body; Devices providing patency to, or preventing collapsing of, tubular structures of the body, e.g. stents
    • A61F2/02Prostheses implantable into the body
    • A61F2/24Heart valves ; Vascular valves, e.g. venous valves; Heart implants, e.g. passive devices for improving the function of the native valve or the heart muscle; Transmyocardial revascularisation [TMR] devices; Valves implantable in the body
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    • A61F2/00Filters implantable into blood vessels; Prostheses, i.e. artificial substitutes or replacements for parts of the body; Appliances for connecting them with the body; Devices providing patency to, or preventing collapsing of, tubular structures of the body, e.g. stents
    • A61F2/02Prostheses implantable into the body
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    • A61F2/2412Heart valves ; Vascular valves, e.g. venous valves; Heart implants, e.g. passive devices for improving the function of the native valve or the heart muscle; Transmyocardial revascularisation [TMR] devices; Valves implantable in the body with soft flexible valve members, e.g. tissue valves shaped like natural valves
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    • A61F2/00Filters implantable into blood vessels; Prostheses, i.e. artificial substitutes or replacements for parts of the body; Appliances for connecting them with the body; Devices providing patency to, or preventing collapsing of, tubular structures of the body, e.g. stents
    • A61F2/02Prostheses implantable into the body
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    • A61F2/95Instruments specially adapted for placement or removal of stents or stent-grafts
    • A61F2002/9505Instruments specially adapted for placement or removal of stents or stent-grafts having retaining means other than an outer sleeve, e.g. male-female connector between stent and instrument
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    • A61FFILTERS IMPLANTABLE INTO BLOOD VESSELS; PROSTHESES; DEVICES PROVIDING PATENCY TO, OR PREVENTING COLLAPSING OF, TUBULAR STRUCTURES OF THE BODY, e.g. STENTS; ORTHOPAEDIC, NURSING OR CONTRACEPTIVE DEVICES; FOMENTATION; TREATMENT OR PROTECTION OF EYES OR EARS; BANDAGES, DRESSINGS OR ABSORBENT PADS; FIRST-AID KITS
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    • A61F2220/00Fixations or connections for prostheses classified in groups A61F2/00 - A61F2/26 or A61F2/82 or A61F9/00 or A61F11/00 or subgroups thereof
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    • A61FFILTERS IMPLANTABLE INTO BLOOD VESSELS; PROSTHESES; DEVICES PROVIDING PATENCY TO, OR PREVENTING COLLAPSING OF, TUBULAR STRUCTURES OF THE BODY, e.g. STENTS; ORTHOPAEDIC, NURSING OR CONTRACEPTIVE DEVICES; FOMENTATION; TREATMENT OR PROTECTION OF EYES OR EARS; BANDAGES, DRESSINGS OR ABSORBENT PADS; FIRST-AID KITS
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Abstract

一种假体心脏瓣膜,其包括具有心房裙部、环形区和心室裙部的锚固件。该假体心脏瓣膜还具有多个假体瓣膜小叶,每个所述小叶具有第一端和自由端。所述第一端与锚固件相耦合,而所述自由端与该第一端相对。该假体心脏瓣膜具有敞开配置和闭合配置,在所述敞开配置中,假体瓣膜小叶的自由端彼此远离地安置以允许顺行血液从该处流过;在所述闭合配置中,假体瓣膜小叶的自由端彼此接合并基本上阻止逆行血液从该处流过。所述锚固件具有用于向心脏递送的收缩配置和用于将假体心脏瓣膜锚固至病人心脏的扩张配置。

Description

经导管二尖瓣假体
发明背景
1.技术领域。本发明总体涉及医疗器件和方法,且更具体地涉及治疗瓣膜功能不全,例如二尖瓣功能不全,这也称作二尖瓣反流。瓣膜功能不全的一种可能的疗法是使用通过传统的外科植入法递送或者通过创伤较小的经皮导管或微创经心尖法递送的假体瓣膜。
脊椎动物的心脏分为四个腔室,并配有四个瓣膜(二尖瓣、主动脉瓣膜、肺动脉瓣膜和三尖瓣),它们确保由心脏泵送的血液在向前的方向上流过心血管系统。健康心脏的二尖瓣阻止血液从心脏的左心室向左心房中回流,且该二尖瓣包括当接触左心室时闭合的两片柔性小叶。该小叶附接到纤维环,且它们的自由边通过瓣下腱索系至左心室中的乳头肌以防止它们在左心室收缩过程中脱垂入左心房中。
多种心脏疾病或退行性病变可导致二尖瓣器的任何这些部分中的功能障碍,导致二尖瓣变得异常缩窄或扩张,或者使血液能够从左心室回漏(即,反流)至左心房中。任何这样的损伤都会危害心脏的完好性,并且可能会造成衰竭或危及生命。
因此,已开发出许多外科方法和器件来治疗二尖瓣功能障碍,包括用于替换、修复或重塑天然二尖瓣器的心内直视外科技术,以及用以改变天然二尖瓣解剖形态的诸如瓣环成形术环等多种假体器官装置的外科植入。近来,已开发出用于递送置换二尖瓣组装件的创伤较小的经导管技术。在此类技术中,假体瓣膜一般以卷曲状态安装在柔性导管的末端并经病人的血管或身体推进,直至该瓣膜抵达植入位置。然后,假体瓣膜在有缺陷的天然瓣膜的位置处扩张至其功能尺寸。
尽管这些器件和方法是针对瓣膜功能不全的有效疗法,但它们可能难以递送,制造昂贵,或者可能不适用于所有病人。因此,希望提供用于治疗瓣膜功能不全、比如治疗二尖瓣功能不全的改进的器件和方法。下文公开的器件和方法将会满足这些目标中的至少一些目标。
2.背景技术描述。作为示例,PCT国际专利号PCT/US2008/054410(以PCT国际公开号WO2008/103722公开)描述了一种经导管二尖瓣假体,其包括:弹性环;多个小叶膜,它们与所述环相关地安装以允许血液沿一个方向从其中流过;以及多个组织接合定位元件,它们关于所述环可移动地安装且尺寸设定为包握心脏瓣膜环、心脏瓣膜小叶和/或心脏壁的解剖结构,该文献的公开内容通过援引加入本文。每个定位元件限定了相应的近端、中间和远端组织接合区,它们被协同地配置和设定尺寸以便同时接合解剖结构的组织的单独的对应区域,且所述定位元件可包括相应的第一、第二和第三细长组织穿刺元件。瓣膜假体还可包括与弹性环相关地安装的裙部,用于密封瓣膜假体的周边以防血液在瓣膜假体周围逆流。
PCT国际专利号PCT/US2009/041754(以PCT国际公开号WO2009/134701公开)描述了一种假体二尖瓣组装件,包括具有张开的上端和渐缩部以适配天然二尖瓣轮廓的锚固件或外支撑框架,以及安装在其中的基于组织的单向瓣膜,该文献的公开内容通过援引加入本文。该组装件适于径向向外扩张并与天然心脏组织接触以形成压配合,且该组装件还包括张紧构件,该张紧构件将瓣膜组装件的小叶锚固至心脏上的合适位置以发挥假体腱索的功能。
现有技术中还已知利用卡爪结构将假体连接到心脏的假体二尖瓣组装件(例如,见Hermann等人的美国专利申请公开号US2007/0016286,其公开内容通过援引加入本文),这样的假体二尖瓣组装件依赖于轴向而非径向夹持力的施加,以便促进假体相对于天然解剖结构的自定位和自锚固。
作为二尖瓣反流的疗法而提出的另一种方法是外科双孔成形(bowtie)法,其最近已适合基于微创导管的治疗,其中使用植入物将瓣膜小叶夹在一起。该手术更完整地公开于科学和专利文献中,例如公开于St.Goar等人的美国专利号6,629,534中,该文献整体内容通过援引加入本文。
其他相关的公开文献包括Carpentier等人的美国专利公开号2011/0015731。
发明内容
本发明总体涉及医疗器件和方法,且更具体地涉及用于治疗二尖瓣反流的假体瓣膜。尽管本发明内容着眼于治疗二尖瓣反流的假体瓣膜的使用,但并不旨在仅限于此。本文所公开的假体瓣膜还可用于治疗其他的身体瓣膜,包括其他的心脏瓣膜或静脉瓣膜。心脏瓣膜的示例包括主动脉瓣、三尖瓣或肺动脉瓣。
在本发明主题的实施例中,提供了经导管二尖瓣假体和经导管方法以及对其加以利用的系统。在某些实施例中,二尖瓣假体包括:组织型假体单向瓣膜结构,该结构包括装在自扩张或可扩张锚固(即,框架)部内的多片小叶,该锚固部具有的几何形状扩张成低型面心房裙部区;尺寸设定成总体吻合天然二尖瓣环的环形区;使天然二尖瓣小叶位移的心室裙部区;以及多个小叶连合部,其可延伸至环下心室空间(即,在血液流经假体的流出方向上延伸)并配置用于优化假体瓣膜结构的效率和在其小叶上的负荷分布。在优选的实施例中,该锚固部沿其纵轴线还可是非对称的,其中心房裙部区、环形区和/或心室裙部区具有不同配置的前部和后部形貌,以便帮助紧密地适应典型天然二尖瓣器的非对称轮廓和特征。这种非对称性可固有地来自于如下进一步描述的锚固部的结构配置,和/或是在制造过程中采用的成型或形成步骤的结果。
在优选的实施例中,该假体瓣膜结构可包括二叶瓣膜或三叶瓣膜,以便部分地简化二尖瓣假体的制造,但本领域技术人员能很容易明白,其他配置也是可行的。小叶可由本领域中人所熟知的单件或多件标准生物假体材料制成,例如冷藏或化学保藏的心包膜(例如,牛、马、猪、羊、袋鼠的心包膜);或者合适的标准合成假体材料(例如,纤维加强基材);并且可以缝合或以其他方式粘接到锚固件以便通过任何合适的标准方式而形成瓣膜小叶。
为了优化假体瓣膜的效率和在假体小叶上的负荷分布,连合部以悬臂方式大致轴向地向下游延伸到环下空间之中,并且能够沿它们的轴向长度径向和侧向挠曲以分配与流经假体瓣膜结构的血液相关的力。在一些实施例中,所述连合部限定出了大致截锥形的孔(当二尖瓣假体处于扩张状态时),该孔沿血液流动的正向方向缩窄,以便在心室收缩过程中有助于假体瓣膜结构的闭合。为了进一步优化效率和在小叶上的负荷分布,连合部的形状和尺寸可设定成提供小叶沿弓形缝的接附,且还可以例如通过添加或减除加强性支柱,或者通过改变连合部在选定区域中的厚度,来将连合部制成为在沿其轴线长度的不同点或区处选择性地具有柔性。
二尖瓣假体的锚固部优选地由单件金属材料制成,其被切割以便允许将二尖瓣假体压缩成紧凑的、总体呈管状的递送配置,以及扩张成如本文进一步描述的展开配置。在自行扩张实施例中,二尖瓣假体的锚固部可由诸如镍-钛合金镍钛诺等形状记忆合金(SMA)制成,并且在可扩张实施例中,锚固部可由适合植入身体的任何金属材料,比如铬合金或不锈钢等制成。在一些实施例中,金属材料可以在整个锚固部都具有单一厚度,而在其他实施例中,厚度可以变化以有助于改变锚固部在其特定区域中施加的径向力,从而增加或降低锚固部在某些区域的柔性,和/或控制为展开做准备的压缩过程以及展开时的扩张过程。
当展开时,二尖瓣假体的心房裙部区总体上径向向外延伸,从而平铺和覆盖在天然二尖瓣环的心房表面上,并且将二尖瓣假体锚固在心脏的毗连心房表面的至少一部分上。心房裙部区具有低轴向型面(仅略微地伸入心脏的心房)以便最小化血流中可能潜在地形成血栓的湍流,并且在优选实施例中,该心房裙部区可用上述种类的标准生物或合成假体材料覆盖以紧贴心房表面、密封心房裙部区、并有利于穿过二尖瓣假体的心房血液的汇集。在一些实施例中,心房裙部区还包括心房倒刺或尖叉,以进一步促进展开的假体与心房表面的锚固。为了促进二尖瓣假体展开后在天然二尖瓣内的定向和对准,尤其是在锚固部纵向非对称的实施例中,二尖瓣假体锚固部的心房裙部区优选地还可包括对准结构,该对准结构可区别于心房裙部区的其余部分(例如通过血管造影术,计算机断层扫描术等),并因而在展开过程中用作定向引导机构。最优选地,对准结构可包括心房裙部区的前面的伸长,其配置成径向扩张以容纳心房表面的主动脉根部。
如前所述,二尖瓣假体的环形区的尺寸设定成在展开时大体上吻合并锚固到天然二尖瓣环。在优选实施例中,展开的环形区可限定出总体呈D形的环,该环适合于同典型天然二尖瓣的轮廓相符,且可用上述种类的标准生物或合成假体材料覆盖以使环形区贴靠天然二尖瓣环密封。
当在心室空间中展开时,心室裙部区总体上抵靠天然二尖瓣径向地向外扩张,但又不会远至阻碍左心室流出道,也不与心室壁相接触。为了在心室空间中将二尖瓣假体锚固抵靠在移位的天然小叶上,将完全展开的心室裙部区的最大径向位移选择为稍大于天然二尖瓣的周长。在优选实施例中,心室裙部区还可包括心室和/或天然小叶倒刺或尖叉,以进一步将展开的假体锚固于其上。最优选地,心室裙部区是非对称的,且其尖叉包括位于心室裙部区的前面的两个三角形锚固耳片和位于心室裙部区后面的一个后心室锚固耳片,三角形锚固耳片用于锚固抵靠在天然二尖瓣的前小叶任一侧上的纤维三角区,后心室锚固耳片用于锚固在天然二尖瓣的后小叶上。与这些耳片相关联的是如下文所详述的展开控制区域。
在一些实施例中,心室裙部区还可用以上描述的标准生物或合成假体材料覆盖,以便将心室裙部区贴靠着移位的天然小叶密封,并从而使心室血液(在心室收缩过程中)朝向假体瓣膜结构汇集以协助其在心室收缩过程中闭合。
二尖瓣假体在心室空间中抵靠着心房表面、天然瓣膜环以及移位的天然小叶的三区结合锚固(作为补充,在优选实施例中还有由三角形锚固和后心室锚固提供的第四锚固区)防止了假体在心房或心室收缩过程中从天然瓣膜环内迁移或移出,并且与仅在单个锚固区锚固或在这四个锚固区的任何组合中锚固的假体相比降低了在任何给定锚固区中所需施加的锚固压力。在每一区中所需施加在天然结构上的径向力的降低使得因天然二尖瓣器位移而对附近主动脉瓣膜或主动脉根部的阻碍或冲击的风险得以最小化。二尖瓣假体的所述三区或四区结合锚固还有助于如下所述的二尖瓣假体的定位和/或重定位。
为了在天然二尖瓣器中展开二尖瓣假体,首先将该假体压缩和装填到本领域技术人员熟知种类的经适当适配的常规导管递送系统中。优选地,为了便于之后的展开,将假体的连合部和关联的假体瓣膜结构装在导管递送系统的内腔中,并且将锚固区的其余部分装在导管递送系统的辅助外腔中。继而,可使用常规的导管递送系统将装填的二尖瓣假体以其压紧形态递送(通常是经中隔或经心尖)到心脏的左心房中。假体通过其连合部可释放地附接到导管递送系统,并且在被运送到心房空间时由该导管递送系统的递送护套(优选地为双腔)遮护。一旦假体已被导入左心房,导管递送系统的递送护套如下所述地缩回,以允许假体各个区域继续扩张。当然,在自行扩张实施例中,假体的扩张将在递送护套缩回时自发地发生,而在可扩张实施例中,则需要诸如球囊之类的导管膨胀结构来实现所述扩张。
基于被展开的二尖瓣假体具体实施例的特征,假体展开过程可不同。例如,在包括位于心室裙部区中的三角锚固耳片和后心室锚固耳片(以及优选地,位于心房区中的对准结构)的非对称实施例中,这些耳片优选地可在心室裙部区的其余部分展开之前展开,以便于这些耳片相应地抵靠纤维三角区和后小叶而锚固。
在第一常规展开步骤中,可通过缩回导管递送护套的对应部分而允许二尖瓣假体的心房裙部区在心脏的左心房中扩张(或者在递送护套缩回之后靠气囊张开),而扩张的心房裙部区继而被定位在天然二尖瓣的心房表面上且抵靠着毗连心房表面的至少一部分心脏锚固。在心房裙部区包括对准结构的优选实施例中,该第一常规展开步骤还可分为两个子步骤,其中导管递送护套首先仅缩回至允许对准结构扩张的程度(从而使其可以被观测到,以便帮助以将二尖瓣假体定向到期望位置的方式操纵递送系统);继而,一旦假体的初始对准看来令人满意,则该导管递送护套进一步缩回以允许心房裙部区的其余部分扩张、定位和锚固。在对准结构包括心房裙部区前面的伸长部分的实施例中,这样的初始对准包括对准结构的旋转和/或对准,从而使其位于主动脉根部附近和天然前小叶的纤维三角区之间。
接下来,通过导管递送护套的进一步缩回允许假体的环形区扩张以接合天然二尖瓣环(即,接触天然瓣膜环的至少大部分),从而形成第二锚固区和形成供血液流经假体瓣膜结构的合适开口。
继而,在包括位于心室裙部区中的三角锚固耳片和后心室锚固耳片的实施例中,导管递送护套进一步缩回以允许耳片扩张,同时假体心室裙部区的其余部分(包括该耳片的展开控制区在内)仍保持在护套中。在展开控制区仍保留在递送系统内且心房裙部区抵靠着心房表面锚固的情况下,耳片径向向外凸出以促进与天然二尖瓣的对应特征的接合。后心室锚固耳片在与后小叶不存在腱索附接的二尖瓣后小叶中部对准,并越过后小叶从而居于后小叶与心室壁之间。这两个三角锚固耳片定位在前小叶的任一侧,其中它们的头端定位在纤维三角区。此时,假体可稍作旋转和重新对准。
一旦组装件已经令人满意地定位且耳片已对准,则导管递送护套可进一步缩回以允许心室裙部区的其余部分扩张,以便将假体紧固在二尖瓣器内并密封二尖瓣环。外导管递送护套的完全缩回将心室裙部区释放并允许锚固耳片接近其锚固位置。当假体扩张时,三角耳片抵靠着纤维三角区锚固,从而捕捉介于耳片与假体瓣膜组装件的前表面之间的天然前小叶和腱索,并且后心室耳片锚固在心室壁与后小叶之间,从而捕捉介于后锚固耳片与假体瓣膜组装件的后表面之间的天然后小叶。心室裙部区的其余部分抵靠天然二尖瓣小叶和相邻解剖结构扩张,从而在天然小叶内形成密封漏斗并使天然小叶从假体连合部移位以避免妨碍假体瓣膜功能。在假体的连合部仍装在递送系统内的情况下,仍可做出非常小的调整以确保准确的定位、锚固和密封。
当然,在不包括心室裙部区中的三角锚固耳片和后心室锚固耳片的实施例中,导管递送护套从心室裙部区的回缩可在假体的心房裙部区和环形区已经初始锚固之后一步执行,以便允许假体的心室裙部区抵靠着天然二尖瓣扩张,以及在心室空间中抵靠着移位的天然小叶额外地锚固假体。可选地,此时仍通过其连合部可释放地与导管递送系统附接的二尖瓣假体可被稍稍地进一步向下游推入心室空间中,以便在心房裙部区与心脏的心房表面之间形成更大的座合力,并为可能存在于心室裙部区中的任何心室和/或天然小叶倒刺或尖叉提供额外的抓紧力。在心房裙部区、环形区和心室表面区中的一个或多个覆盖有合适的生物或合成假体材料的实施例中,还可在假体的各相应区域与天然二尖瓣器的关联区域之间形成密封。
最后,一旦已经实现假体令人满意的定位,则将连合部从假体递送系统释放,从而允许递送系统撤回,并将二尖瓣假体留在适当位置作为对天然二尖瓣器的功能置换。在连合部释放时,假体可在由递送系统施加的任何剩余压力释放时进一步经历最终的缩短和座合步骤。心房裙部区可因该压力释放而略微回弹,从而将假体进一步稍向上拉入左心房中,并由此进一步座合包括任何关联的倒刺、尖叉或耳片在内的心室裙部区。在包括三角锚固耳片的实施例中,该耳片的座合将捕捉的前小叶紧紧地推向假体,从而避免或最小化对左心室流出道(LVOT)的阻塞,并牢固地将心室裙部区座合在环中以防止瓣周漏。一旦完成最终展开,则缩回和移除递送系统。
在本发明的第一方面中,一种在病人的心脏中锚固假体瓣膜的方法包括:提供假体瓣膜,其中假体瓣膜包括具有心房裙部、环形区、心室裙部和多个瓣膜小叶的锚固件,其中锚固件具有用于向心脏递送的收缩配置和用于与心脏锚固的扩张构造;以及将假体瓣膜定位在病患的心脏中。该方法还包括径向向外扩张心房裙部以将其放置在病人的天然二尖瓣的上表面,抵靠着心室的一部分锚固心房裙部,以及径向扩张锚固件的环形区以吻合并接合天然二尖瓣环。该方法还包括径向扩张心室裙部,从而使天然二尖瓣小叶径向向外移位。
假体瓣膜的至少一部分可覆盖有组织或合成材料。定位假体瓣膜可包括将假体瓣膜从心脏的右心房经中隔递送至左心房,或者将假体瓣膜从心脏外的区域经心尖递送至心脏的左心室。
扩张心房裙部可包括将约束护套从心房裙部滑动地移开从而允许心房裙部径向扩张。心房裙部可在从其上移除约束护套时自行扩张。该方法还可包括在假体瓣膜上施加力以确保心房裙部接合二尖瓣的上表面。心房裙部可包括多个倒刺,并且扩张心房裙部可包括将所述倒刺锚固到二尖瓣的上表面中。扩张心房裙部可包括贴靠着天然二尖瓣的上表面密封心房裙部。
径向扩张环形区可包括将约束护套从环形区滑动地移开从而允许环形区径向扩张。环形区可在从其上移除约束护套时自行扩张。径向扩张环形区可包括非对称地扩张环形区,从而使环形区的前部基本上平坦,而环形区的后部呈圆柱形。
心室裙部还可包括处在心室裙部的前部上的三角锚固耳片,并且径向扩张心室裙部可包括抵靠着天然二尖瓣的前小叶的第一侧上的第一纤维三角区锚固该三角锚固耳片。该天然前小叶和毗邻的腱索可被俘获在三角锚固耳片与锚固件的前表面之间。心室裙部还可包括处在心室裙部的前部上的第二三角锚固耳片,且其中径向扩张心室裙部可包括抵靠着与第一纤维三角区相对的第二纤维三角区锚固该第二三角锚固耳片。天然前小叶和毗邻的腱索可被俘获在第二三角锚固耳片与锚固件的前表面之间。心室裙部还可包括处在心室裙部的后部上的后心室锚固耳片。径向扩张心室裙部可包括将后心室锚固耳片锚固在天然二尖瓣的后小叶上,以便座合在该后小叶与心脏的心室壁之间。径向扩张心室裙部可包括将约束护套从心室裙部滑动地移开,从而允许心室裙部径向扩张。心室裙部可在从其上移除约束护套时自行扩张。
心室裙部可包括多个倒刺,并且扩张心室裙部可包括将所述倒刺锚固到心脏组织中。假体瓣膜可包括多个假体瓣膜小叶,并且径向扩张心室裙部可包括使天然二尖瓣小叶径向向外位移以防止天然二尖瓣小叶与假体瓣膜小叶相互干扰。径向扩张心室裙部可包括使天然二尖瓣小叶径向向外位移而不与心室壁接触,并且不阻塞左心室流出道。径向扩张心室裙部可包括非对称地扩张心室裙部,从而使心室裙部的前部基本上平坦,而心室裙部的后部呈圆柱形。
心房裙部可包括对准元件,且本发明方法可包括相对于病人的瓣膜对准所述对准元件。所述瓣膜可包括二尖瓣,并且对准可包括使对准元件与主动脉根部对准并将所述对准元件安置在二尖瓣的前小叶的两个纤维三角区之间。对准可包括旋转假体瓣膜。该假体瓣膜可包括与一个或多个连合部相耦合的多个假体小叶,并且该方法可包括从递送导管释放连合部。假体瓣膜可包括三小叶配置。
假体瓣膜可具有敞开配置,其中假体瓣膜小叶彼此远离地安置;以及闭合配置,其中假体瓣膜小叶彼此接合。在敞开配置中血液自由地流过假体瓣膜,而在闭合配置中基本上阻止穿过假体瓣膜的逆行血液流动。该方法可包括减小或消除二尖瓣反流。假体瓣膜可包括治疗剂,并且该方法可包括将该治疗剂从假体瓣膜洗脱到毗邻的组织中。
在本发明的另一方面中,一种假体心脏瓣膜包括具有心房裙部、环形区和心室裙部的锚固件。该锚固件具有用于向心脏递送的收缩配置和用于将该假体心脏瓣膜锚固至病人心脏的扩张配置。该假体瓣膜还包括多个假体瓣膜小叶,每个小叶具有第一端和自由端,其中第一端与锚固件相耦合,而自由端与该第一端相对。假体心脏瓣膜具有敞开配置,其中假体瓣膜小叶的自由端彼此远离地安置以允许顺行的血液从该处流过;以及闭合配置,其中假体瓣膜小叶的自由端彼此接合并且基本上阻止逆行血液从该处流过。
心房裙部的至少一部分可用组织或合成材料覆盖。心房裙部还可包括与其耦合的多个倒刺,该多个倒刺适于将心房裙部锚固到病人二尖瓣的上表面中。心房裙部可包括收缩配置和扩张配置。收缩配置可适合于向病人的心脏递送,而扩张配置可相对于收缩配置径向地扩张,并适于放置在病人的天然二尖瓣的上表面上,从而抵靠着心房的一部分锚固心房裙部。心房裙部可在不受约束时从收缩配置自行扩张至径向扩张配置。心房裙部可包括一个或多个不透射线的标记。心房裙部可包括与连接器元件连接在一起的多个轴向定向的支柱,从而形成一系列凸峰和凹谷。一些所述凸峰和凹谷可径向向外延伸超出心房裙部的其余部分,从而形成对准元件。
环形区的至少一部分可用组织或合成材料覆盖。环形区可具有收缩配置和扩张配置。收缩配置适于向病人的心脏递送,而扩张配置可相对于收缩配置径向地扩张并适于与天然二尖瓣环吻合和接合。环形区可在不受约束时从收缩配置自行扩张到扩张配置。该环形区可包括非对称的D形横截面,其具有基本上平坦的前部和圆柱形后部。该环形区可包括与连接器元件连接在一起的多个轴向定向的支柱,从而形成一系列凸峰和凹谷。一个或多个所述轴向定向的支柱可包括延伸穿过其中的一个或多个缝合洞,该缝合洞的尺寸设定成接纳缝合线。
心室裙部的至少一部分可用组织或合成材料覆盖。心室裙部可包括非对称的D形横截面,其具有基本上平坦的前部和圆柱形后部。心室裙部可具有收缩配置和扩张配置。收缩配置适于向病人的心脏递送,该扩张配置可相对于收缩配置径向地扩张并适于使天然二尖瓣小叶径向向外位移。心室裙部可在不受约束时从收缩配置自行扩张到扩张配置。
心室裙部还可包括安置在心室裙部的前部上的三角锚固耳片。该三角锚固耳片可适于抵靠着病人二尖瓣的前小叶的第一侧上的第一纤维三角区锚固。因此,前小叶和毗邻腱索可被俘获在该三角锚固耳片与锚固件的前表面之间。心室裙部还可包括安置在心室裙部的前部上的第二三角锚固耳片。该第二三角锚固耳片可适于抵靠着与第一纤维三角区相对的第二纤维三角区锚固,从而使前小叶和毗邻腱索被俘获在第二三角锚固耳片与锚固件的前表面之间。该心室裙部还可包括安置在心室裙部的后部上的后心室锚固耳片。该后心室锚固耳片可适于锚固在病人二尖瓣的后小叶上,从而使后心室锚固耳片座合在后小叶与病人心脏的心室壁之间。心室裙部还可包括与其耦合的多个倒刺,且所述多个倒刺可适于将心室裙部锚固到心脏组织中。心室裙部可包括与连接器元件连接在一起的多个支柱,从而形成一系列凸峰和凹谷。该一个或多个支柱可包括延伸穿过其中的一个或多个缝合洞,该缝合洞的尺寸可设定成接纳缝合线。
多个假体瓣膜小叶可包括三小叶配置。该一个或多个假体瓣膜小叶的至少一部分可包括组织或合成材料。所述多个假体瓣膜小叶中的一个或多个可安置在一个或多个连合杆或支柱上,该一个或多个连合杆或支柱相对于心室裙部径向向内偏斜。该一个或多个连合杆或支柱可包括延伸穿过其中的一个或多个缝合洞,该缝合洞的尺寸可设定成接纳缝合线。该一个或多个假体瓣膜小叶可耦合到具有连合耳片的连合杆或支柱,该连合耳片适于将连合杆或支柱与递送器件可释放地接合。
假体心脏瓣膜还可包括与锚固件的前部耦合的对准元件。该对准元件可适于与病人心脏的主动脉根部对准并且安置在病患病人二尖瓣的前小叶的两个纤维三角区之间。该对准元件可与心房裙部相耦合。该假体心脏瓣膜还可包括与其耦合并适于可控地从其洗脱的治疗剂。
在本发明的又一方面中,一种用于向病人的心脏递送假体心脏瓣膜的递送系统包括:内导丝轴,其具有延伸贯穿其中并适于可滑动地接纳导丝的内腔;以及同心地安置在内导丝轴上的衬套轴。该递送系统还包括可滑动地并同心地安置在衬套轴上的钟形轴,可滑动地并同心地安置在钟形轴上的护套,以及位于递送系统近端附近的手柄。该手柄包括适于推进和缩回钟形轴和护套的致动器机构。
该系统还可包括假体心脏瓣膜,其能够以径向收缩配置装在护套中。该假体心脏瓣膜可包括锚固件,其具有心房裙部、环形区和心室裙部。该假体瓣膜还可包括多个假体瓣膜小叶。每个小叶可具有第一端和自由端。所述第一端可与锚固件相耦合,而所述自由端可与第一端相对。该假体心脏瓣膜可具有敞开配置,在其中假体瓣膜小叶的自由端彼此远离地安置,以允许顺行血液从该处流过。该瓣膜可具有闭合配置,在其中假体瓣膜小叶的自由端彼此接合并基本上阻止逆行血液从该处流过。
护套相对于钟形轴的近端回缩可消除对假体心脏瓣膜的约束,从而允许假体心脏瓣膜自行扩张而与病人的天然心脏组织相接合。该假体心脏瓣膜可与衬套轴可释放地耦合,并且钟形轴相对于衬套轴的近端回缩可从其释放假体心脏瓣膜。致动器机构可包括转轮。该系统还可包括耦合到衬套轴的组织穿透远尖端。该组织穿透远尖端可适于穿过和扩张病人心脏中的切口。该系统还可包括可释放地与手柄相耦合的锁销机构。该锁销机构可限制护套的近端回缩。
这些实施例和其他实施例将在与附图相关的以下描述中进一步详述。
附图说明
在附图中,相同的参考标号标示相同或相似的步骤或组件。
图1是心脏的左心室的示意图,其用箭头示出心缩期的血液流动。
图2是心脏的左心室的示意图,其具有二尖瓣中的脱垂小叶。
图3是患有心肌病的病人体内心脏的示意图,其中心脏扩张且小叶不相接。
图3A示出小叶的正常闭合。
图3B示出扩张的心脏中的异常闭合。
图4图示了乳头肌受损的心脏左心室中的二尖瓣反流。
图5A-5B图示了二尖瓣。
图6图示了示例性假体二尖瓣的底侧部分截面图。
图7是图6中所示假体二尖瓣的锚固部的透视图。
图8A是假体二尖瓣的透视图。
图8B是从心房看的图8A中假体瓣膜的俯视图。
图9A图示出了从心房看的图8A中假体瓣膜的透视图。
图9B图示了从心室看的图8A中假体瓣膜的透视图。
图10图示了处于平放构型中的无遮盖和展开的图8A的假体瓣膜。
图11是用于假体瓣膜植入的递送器件的侧视图。
图12是图11中递送器件的近端部分的分解透视图。
图13是图11中递送器件的远端部分的分解透视图。
图14是图11中递送器件的近端部分的截面图。
图15A-图15C是图11中递送器件的远端部分的截面图。
图16是用于假体瓣膜植入的递送器件的另一示例性实施例的侧视图。
图17是图16中递送器件的透视图。
图18是图16中递送器件的分解透视图。
图19A-图19B是图16中递送器件在各操作阶段中的侧视图。
图20图示了图16中递送器件的远端部分,其适于接合假体瓣膜的一部分。
图21图示了图16中递送器件与图8A的假体瓣膜的接合。
图22A-图22G图示了经心尖递送假体二尖瓣的示例性方法。
图23A-图23G图示了经中隔递送假体二尖瓣的示例性方法。
图24图示了植入在二尖瓣空间中的假体二尖瓣。
图25图示了从左心室向上看的、植入在二尖瓣空间中的二尖瓣的仰视图。
具体实施方式
现将参考附图描述公开的器件、递送系统和方法的具体实施例。这些详细描述并不旨在暗示任何特定组件、特征或步骤对于本发明而言是不可或缺的。
心脏解剖结构。图1中图示了处于心缩期的正常心脏H的左心室LV。左心室LV正在收缩并且血液在箭头方向上通过主动脉瓣AV、即三尖瓣向外流动。由于二尖瓣被构造成当左心室中的压强高于左心房LA中的压强时阻止回流的“止回阀”,因此阻止了通过二尖瓣MV的血液回流或“反流”。如图1中所示,二尖瓣MV包括一对小叶,其具有均匀接触以便闭合的自由端。小叶LF的相对端沿着被称为环AN的环形区附接到周围的心脏结构。小叶LF的自由边FE通过腱索CT(在本文也称为索)紧固至左心室LV的下部,该腱索包括紧固在每个瓣膜小叶LF的底面上的多个分支腱。索CT转而附接至从左心室下部和室间隔IVS向上延伸的乳头肌PM。
现参考图2-图4,心脏中的许多结构缺陷可能导致二尖瓣反流。如图2中所示,断裂的腱索RCT可能因经由腱索传递至小叶的张力不足而导致瓣膜小叶LF2脱垂。尽管另一小叶LF1保持正常外形,但两个瓣膜小叶不能正确地接触,因而会发生如箭头所示的从左心室LV向左心房LA中的泄漏。
反流还发生在患有心肌病的病人身上,其中,心脏如图3所示地扩张,而增大的尺寸阻止了瓣膜小叶LF正确接触。心脏的增大导致二尖瓣环变大,使得自由边FE无法在心缩期相接触。如图3A所示,前小叶和后小叶的自由边正常情况下沿着接合线接触,但是如图3B中所示,在患有心肌病的病人身上体内可能留有显著的间隙G。
二尖瓣反流还可能在患有缺血性心脏病的病人身上发生,其中如图4中所示,乳头肌PM的功能受损。当左心室LV在心缩期收缩时,乳头肌PM不能充分收缩来实现正确的闭合。从而如图所示,小叶LF1和LF2脱垂。如箭头所示,再次发生从左心室LV向左心房LA中的泄漏。
图5A更清楚地示出二尖瓣MV的解剖结构,其为具有前侧ANT和后侧POST的二叶瓣。该瓣膜包括前(主动脉)小叶AL和后(壁)小叶PL。腱索CT将瓣膜小叶AL、PL与前外侧乳头肌ALPM和后内侧乳头肌PMPM相耦合。瓣膜小叶AL、PL沿着被称为前外侧连合部ALC和后内侧连合部PMC的线彼此接合。环AN包围瓣膜小叶,并且毗邻环的前部、位于前小叶的相对侧上的两个区域被称为左纤维三角区LFT和右纤维三角区RFT。这些区域总体以实线三角形标示。图5B更清楚地示出左纤维三角区LFT和右纤维三角区RFT。
尽管已经提出了各种外科技术以及可植入式器件,并且它们看起来是针对二尖瓣反流的有效疗法,但外科方法可能需要漫长的恢复期,而可植入式器件具有不尽相同的临床结果。因此,仍希望用于治疗二尖瓣反流的改进的器件和方法。尽管本文公开的实施例涉及用于治疗二尖瓣反流的可植入式假体二尖瓣,但是本领域技术人员将领会这并不旨在仅限于此,并且本文所公开的器件和方法还可用于治疗其他的心脏瓣膜,如三尖瓣、主动脉瓣,肺动脉瓣等,以及治疗身体中的其他瓣膜,如静脉瓣膜。
假体瓣膜。假体瓣膜已通过外科手术植入心脏之中作为对二尖瓣反流的治疗。这些瓣膜中的一些瓣膜是诸如猪瓣膜等取自动物的瓣膜,而其他瓣膜则是具有或不具有组织覆盖物的假体机械瓣膜。近来,微创导管技术已被用于向心脏递送假体瓣膜。这些瓣膜通常包括用于将瓣膜紧固至病人心脏的锚固件,以及瓣膜机构——机械瓣膜或是带有动物组织的瓣膜,或者它们的组合。假体瓣膜一旦被植入,即接替功能失常的天然瓣膜,从而减小或消除瓣膜功能不全。尽管这些瓣膜中的一些瓣膜看起来是有效的,但仍希望有改进的瓣膜。下文公开了克服了与现有假体瓣膜关联的一些挑战的假体瓣膜、用于该假体瓣膜的递送系统以及递送该瓣膜的方法的示例性实施例。
现参考图6-图7,以参考标号10标示的二尖瓣假体的示例性实施例包括三叶组织型假体单向瓣膜结构12,该结构12包括装在自行扩张或可扩张锚固部16内的小叶14,该锚固部16具有这样的几何形状——其扩张成低型面心房裙部区18、环形区20、心室裙部区22和多个小叶连合部24(在本文中也称作连合杆),所述多个小叶连合部以悬臂方式向下游轴向延伸入由心室裙部区22限定的环下空间中。图6示出了从病人左心室向上朝右心房看的瓣膜10的部分截面。心房裙部区18锚固至右心房19的下部。瓣膜小叶14具有敞开位置(未示出)和如图6中所示的闭合位置。在敞开位置中,小叶14彼此移开以允许血液从该处流过,而在闭合位置中,小叶14彼此接合以闭合瓣膜并阻止逆行血液从该处流过。瓣膜连合部24可配置用于通过提供小叶14沿弓形缝28的附接(图7所示最佳)以及通过凭借增添/减除加强支柱而在沿其轴向长度的不同点或区域处选择性地具有柔性,来优化假体瓣膜结构12的效率和在小叶14上的负荷分布。
图7示出了瓣膜10的锚固部16的透视图,其由一系列互连的支柱形成。心房裙部区18在该锚固件上形成带凸缘的环状区域以帮助假体瓣膜的上部紧固在心房中,而环形区20是用于沿天然瓣膜环锚固瓣膜的圆柱形区域。心室裙部区22类似地为圆柱形并且帮助在病人左心室中锚固瓣膜的下部。锚固件的任何部分或全部部分可用诸如心包膜或本文公开的其他组织之类的组织覆盖,或者可使用诸如涤纶或膨体聚四氟乙烯(ePTFE)之类的合成材料来覆盖锚固件。该覆盖物有助于将锚固件与天然瓣膜密封,而这有助于使血液汇集进入并通过假体瓣膜,而不是绕过该假体瓣膜。在一些实施例中,锚固件可保持未经覆盖。假体瓣膜具有扩张配置和收缩配置。收缩配置具有适于安装在递送系统上的低型面圆柱形状,并且递送优选地是通过导管经腔实现,或者穿过心脏壁经心尖实现。扩张配置(如图所示)允许假体瓣膜锚固在期望位置上。
图8A示出了假体二尖瓣的优选实施例的透视图,其中移除了可选的覆盖物以便观察锚固支柱。图8B示出了从心房向下朝心室中看的图8A中假体瓣膜的俯视图。瓣膜800包括具有D形横截面的非对称扩张的锚固部。如图所示,锚固部总体包括沿其纵轴线的前面802和后面804以及心房区806、环形区808和心室区810,心房区806、环形区808和心室区810大体与上述图6-图7实施例的心房裙部区18、环形区20和心室裙部区22相对应。连合部(本文也称作连合杆)813还大体对应于图6-图7中实施例的小叶14。假体瓣膜800具有收缩配置和扩张配置。收缩配置适于装载到用于经腔递送至心脏的诸如递送导管之类的轴上,或者装载到用于穿过心脏壁经心尖递送的轴上。径向扩张配置适于将瓣膜锚固至病人天然心脏中受损瓣膜的附近。为了允许瓣膜从收缩配置扩张成扩张配置,瓣膜的锚固部可由诸如镍钛合金(如镍钛诺)等自扩张材料制成,或者它还可由弹簧回火不锈钢或弹性聚合物制成。在其他实施例中,锚固件可通过诸如球囊等可扩张构件而扩张。在优选实施例中,锚固件通过激光切割、电火花加工(EDM)或光化学蚀刻管体而形成。还可通过光化学蚀刻平板材料,继而将其卷起使相对端焊在一起来制造锚固件。
心房裙部区816形成凸缘区,其有助于将假体瓣膜锚固至在二尖瓣之上的心房。心房裙部包括多个三角形指状体,所述指状物从锚固件径向向外延伸形成凸缘。心房裙部816的后部804大体是圆盘状或环形,而心房裙部816的前部802的一部分是扁平的。因此,心房裙部区优选地具有D形横截面。如下文所讨论,这允许假体瓣膜吻合于病人的心脏解剖结构从而不会妨碍心脏的其他部分。每个三角形指状体由一对互连的支柱形成。心房裙部的三角形指状体大体从假体瓣膜的中心轴线向外径向弯曲并且位于横切瓣膜中心轴线的平面内。在一些实施例中,心房裙部位于基本上垂直于瓣膜中心轴线的平面内。心房裙部806的前部802可选地包括对准元件814,该对准元件814可以是一个或多个竖直向上且基本上平行于假体瓣膜延伸的支柱。对准元件814可包括不透射线的标记(未示出)以便于在透视显影术下观测。如下文所讨论,对准元件有助于医生将假体瓣膜与天然二尖瓣解剖结构对准。
环形区820安置在心房裙部区之下,并且也具有用于递送的收缩配置和用于沿着天然瓣膜环锚固假体瓣膜的扩张配置。环形区还可由多个互连的支柱构成,它们形成了一系列单元,这些单元优选是闭合的。在一些支柱中的缝合洞821允许将组织或其他覆盖物(未示出)接附至环形区。用组织或其他覆盖物覆盖整个锚固件或其一部分有助于贴靠着心脏瓣膜和毗邻组织密封锚固件,从而确保血液汇集流经瓣膜,而不是绕过它。环形区可以是圆柱形,但在优选实施例中具有圆形的后部804和平坦的前部802,从而形成D形横截面。该D形横截面与天然二尖瓣解剖结构更好地吻合,而不会阻碍心脏其他区域中的血液流动。
假体瓣膜的下部包括心室裙部区828。该心室裙部区也具有用于递送的收缩配置和用于锚固的扩张配置。它由可径向扩张的多个互连支柱形成,所述支柱形成一系列单元,这些单元优选是闭合的。处于扩张配置中的心室裙部通过抵靠着天然二尖瓣小叶扩张而将假体瓣膜锚固至心室。在心室裙部中的可选的倒刺823可进一步帮助将假体瓣膜锚固到心室组织中。倒刺可选地被包含在锚固件的心房裙部以及环形区中。另外,与上文讨论相类似,心室裙部中的可选的缝合洞821可用于帮助将组织或另外的材料缝合至心室裙部区。心室裙部的前部802可以是扁平的,而心室裙部的后部804可以是圆形的,类似地形成D形横截面以锚固至并吻合于天然解剖结构,而不妨碍心脏的其他部分。另外,如在下文中进一步详细解释,心室裙部的下部充当展开控制区,这是因为该下部可被保持在护套中从而约束心室裙部以免径向扩张,直至可选的心室三角耳片和后耳片扩张之后。
如在下文中进一步详细讨论,心室裙部可选地还可包括处在锚固件的前部上的一对心室三角耳片824(在视图中仅可见一个心室三角耳片),以用于帮助假体瓣膜的锚固。心室裙部可选地还可包括处在心室裙部的后部804上的后耳片826,以用于将假体瓣膜锚固至环的后部。三角耳片824或后耳片826是从锚固件径向向外延伸的耳片,并且它们朝上游方向向上倾斜。
实际的瓣膜机构由三个连合杆(也称作连合部)813形成,所述连合杆呈漏斗形或锥形地朝锚固件的中心轴线径向向内延伸。连合部813由多个互连的支柱形成,所述支柱形成三角形的连合部。连合部的支柱可包括一个或多个缝合洞821,所述缝合洞允许将组织或合成材料接附至该连合部。在该示例性实施例中,瓣膜是三叶瓣膜,因此其包括三个连合部813。连合部的尖端可包括用于接合递送导管的连合耳片812(也称作耳片)。在该实施例中,耳片具有增大的头部区,其连接较窄的颈部,从而形成蘑菇状。该连合部可偏斜向任何方位,但优选地稍向内朝假体瓣膜的中心轴线成角度偏斜,从而逆行血液流动会迫使连合部彼此叠置以闭合瓣膜,而顺行血液流动径向向外推动连合部以完全打开瓣膜。图8B是从心房侧示出图8A的假体瓣膜的俯视图,并且示出了优选的D形横截面。
图9A图示了图8A-图8B的假体二尖瓣,其中覆盖物870通过缝合线872耦合至锚固件的多个部分。该视图取自心房视角。在该实施例中,覆盖物优选地是心包膜,其可来自于本说明书中其他各处公开的许多来源。在备选实施例中,覆盖物可以是聚合物,诸如涤纶聚酯、ePTFE或者其他合成材料。覆盖物优选地安置在环形区820和心室裙部区828上,并且在一些实施例中,前心室三角耳片824和心室后耳片830也可用相同或不同的材料覆盖。该覆盖物有助于锚固件贴靠毗邻组织密封,从而使血液汇集穿过瓣膜机构。在该实施例中,心房裙部以及耳片824、830保持未被覆盖。另外,不透射线标记814a形成对准元件的一部分,并且有利于在透视显影术下观察假体瓣膜,这在瓣膜对准过程中是重要的。
图9B是从心室看的图9A中所示假体二尖瓣的透视图。瓣膜连合部的支柱覆盖有与前述环形区和心室区相同或不同的材料,从而形成三叶式的瓣膜小叶813。图9B示出了处于闭合配置中的瓣膜,在该配置中,三个小叶彼此接合从而阻止逆行血液流动。如下文所解释,连合耳片812保持未被覆盖并且允许连合部与递送器件相耦合。图9A-图9B的假体瓣膜可经消毒,从而使它们适合于使用现有技术已知的方法植入病人体内。
图10图示了图9A的假体瓣膜,其中覆盖物被移除,且锚固件的其余部分摊开并平放。假体瓣膜800由多个互连支柱形成。例如,心房裙部区806包括多个互连的支柱,所述支柱形成一系列凸峰和凹谷。该假体瓣膜的扁平的前部区802的凸峰和凹谷从心房裙部的其余部分的凸峰和凹谷径向偏移,且该区域成为对准元件814的一部分。不透射线标记814a安置在偏移的凸峰和凹谷的任一侧上,并且有助于在瓣膜植入过程中进行观测。轴向定向的连接器将裙部区806的支柱与环形区808的支柱相连。环形区也由形成凸峰和凹谷的多个轴向定向并互连的支柱构成。连接器支柱将环形区的支柱与心室区810的支柱耦合起来。心室区还包括形成凸峰和凹谷的多个互连的支柱。另外,支柱形成小叶连合部813、心室裙部828以及三角耳片和后耳片824、830。缝合洞821沿着环形区以及心室区的支柱安置,以允许诸如心包膜或诸如涤纶或ePTFE等聚合物之类覆盖物的附接。倒刺823沿着心室裙部828安置以帮助将假体瓣膜锚固至毗邻组织。如下文所述,连合耳片或耳片812安置在连合部813的尖端上,并且可用于可释放地将假体瓣膜与递送系统耦合起来。本领域技术人员将会明白,可以使用许多支柱几何形状,另外,可以调节诸如长度、宽度、厚度等支柱尺寸以便为锚固件提供期望的机械性能,诸如刚度、径向抗压强度、连合部挠曲度等。因此,所示的几何形状并不旨在作为限制。
一旦扁平的锚固件构型已通过EDM、激光切割、光化学蚀刻或其他现有技术已知方法形成,则锚固件可径向扩张成期望的几何形状。然后,使用已知的工艺对锚固件进行热处理以设定形状。因此,锚固件能够以收缩配置装载到递送导管上并用约束护套约束在收缩配置中。移除约束护套将允许锚固件自行扩张成其未偏斜的预设形状。在其他实施例中,可使用诸如球囊等可扩张构件将锚固件径向扩张至其优选的扩张配置。
递送系统。图11-图15C示出了成形用于经心尖向心脏递送假体二尖瓣的递送装置1124。然而,本领域技术人员将明白,可以改变该递送系统和调节各个组件的相对运动,以便允许该器件用于经中隔递送假体二尖瓣。该递送装置总体由手柄1101以及柔性尖端1110和护套导管1109构成,其中手柄1101是手柄节段1102和手柄节段1103的组合(最佳见于图12中),柔性尖端1110可平滑地穿透心尖,而护套导管1109容纳有若干个附加导管,这些导管被设计用于轴向平移,将在下文描述这些导管。
手柄1101包括母螺纹鲁尔接头1113,该鲁尔接头1113连接到TouhyBorst接头1114以便提供0.035英寸直径导丝(未示出)的止血密封。母螺纹鲁尔接头1113通过螺纹端口1131(最佳见于图12)与手柄1101的近端节段螺纹接触。
如图11中所示,手柄1101为用于定位和展开假体二尖瓣的控制机构提供了位置。手柄1101为拇指旋轮1106提供外壳,该拇指旋轮可通过手柄1101顶侧和底侧上的窗口1137而被触及。拇指旋轮1106在内部与螺纹嵌件1115匹配(最佳可见于图12),该螺纹嵌件1105促动护套导管1109,且下文将详述这种相互作用的机械结构。
图11还示出了展开用拇指旋轮1104,其在转动时为展开用导管1120(最佳可见于图12)提供线性平移,这是因为展开用拇指旋轮1104的回转运动起到传力螺杆的作用,从而向前推动销钉1128向前并远离使用者。销钉1128背后的机械结构将在下文进一步详述。拇指旋轮锁1105作为阻止旋转的实体阻挡件而提供了安全措施,以防止展开用拇指旋轮1104发生不期望的旋转。为了转动展开用拇指旋轮1104,使用者必须向前推拇指旋轮锁1105,从而使其从展开用拇指旋轮1104中的两个槽1147脱离(见图12)。
同样见于图11,排出阀1108和流体管线1107连接至手柄1101的远端部中的内部机构,该内部机构为护套导管1109提供止血密封。该连接的细节将在下文描述。
递送装置1124的内部机械结构在图12中详细示出,并且以下的描述将揭示单个组件之间的相互作用,以及这些组件结合实现假体心脏瓣膜递送装置的方式。
如图12中所示,手柄节段1103和手柄节段1102结合形成手柄1101,其形成递送装置1124的基础。为了在瓣膜装载时推进护套导管1109或在展开时缩回护套导管1109,可旋转式拇指旋轮1106与螺纹嵌件1115(图13的外螺纹1130)螺纹接触(图14中所示的内螺纹1129),螺纹嵌件1105沿着递送装置的轴线从近端位置向远端位置线性平移。护套导管1109与螺纹嵌件1115匹配接触并且通过使用套环1117而得到紧固,该套环1117使套环与嵌件对准和匹配。套环1117用螺钉1116(最佳见于图14中的细节A)紧固至螺纹嵌件1115并且该套环包含流体端口1142(最佳见于图14中的细节A),该流体端口为流体管线1117提供了位置,从而可在病人与递送设备之间维持止血。O型圈1118(最佳见于图14中的细节A)贴靠护套导管1109密封固定的导管1119(最佳见于图14)。流体管线1107还提供相对于某一位置视觉定位护套导管1109的手段,这是因为手柄1101中的槽1138允许流体管线1107在操作过程中与护套导管1109一起平移(通过洞1151(最佳见于图14中的细节A)),而该平移是可明显可见的。为了防止螺纹嵌件在平移过程中旋转,已在螺纹嵌件1115的两侧都机械加工出扁平面1164。扁平面1164保持与位于两个手柄节段1102和手柄节段1103上的止挡1139和1140接触,所述止挡1139和1140用于紧握螺纹嵌件1115并阻止旋转。凹凸花纹1155允许使用者在外科手术现场容易地转动拇指旋轮1106。止动件1141(最佳见于图14)定位拇指旋轮1106上的凸缘1163(见于图14)以允许转动。
单个导管(存在四个导管)相对彼此移动的方式在图12中示出。护套导管1109为固定的导管1119提供壳体,而该固定导管1119转而为可移动式衬套导管1120提供壳体。衬套导管1120相对于鼻导管1121线性平移,该鼻导管1121还可相对于每个前述导管以及手柄1101平移。固定的导管1119在内孔1150中匹配于手柄节段1103,这还在固定的导管1119与衬套导管1120之间形成密封。固定的导管1119的远端部形成钟形1122(见图15A中的细节A),其起到壳体的作用,以保持衬套捕捉件1123(见于图15A中的细节A)。
如前所述,拇指旋轮锁1105阻止展开用拇指旋轮1104的旋转。为了提供将拇指旋轮锁1105在被操纵之前保持在锁定位置的座合力,弹簧1125被装纳在内孔1162(最佳见于图14)中并抵接位于拇指旋轮锁1105内侧的凸肩1161(最佳见于图14)。该弹簧1125将拇指旋轮锁1105的前缘1149保持在展开用拇指旋轮1104的两个槽1147内的锁定位置。为便于使用而在拇指旋轮锁1105上提供抓握纹理1154。为了将拇指旋轮锁1105定位和保持在手柄1101内,已在手柄节段1102和手柄节段1103二者中提供了槽1135。
如图12中所示,滑块1127被装在手柄1101内侧上的平行平面1134内。该滑块1127与衬套导管1120匹配接触并且是线性促动该导管的实体机构。弹簧1126安装在外杆1159上并抵接位于滑块1127远端上的凸肩1133。该弹簧1126迫使销钉1128(位于图14的通孔1156内)与切入展开用拇指旋轮1104中的倾斜槽1148的近端边缘相接触。展开用拇指旋轮1104被容纳在凸肩1136与卡环(未示出)之间,这两者都是手柄1101的特征。展开用拇指旋轮1104上的抓握纹理1153允许使用者容易地沿顺时针方向旋转拇指旋轮,从而促动销钉1128沿槽1148向远端行进并使滑块1127移动,该滑块1127推动衬套导管1120和衬套件1123(最佳见于图15A的细节A)向前并离开钟形件1122(见于图15A的细节A)。槽1132呈现在手柄节段1102和手柄节段1103中并阻止销钉1128平移超出期望范围。
鼻导管1121从手柄1101近端上的TuohyBorst接头1114延伸,并从内部穿过该手柄和相应的导管(护套导管1109、固定导管1119和衬套导管1120),终止于柔性尖端1110(见于图15A)的刚性嵌件1112的内部(见于图15A),该柔性尖端抵接护套导管1109的远端。
图13显示了递送装置1124的尖端节段的分解图,并示出了假体二尖瓣1165与内部和外部导管之间的关系。当被卷曲并装载时,假体二尖瓣1165被封装在护套导管1109的内表面与鼻导管1121的外表面之间。为了俘获和锚固递送装置1124内的假体二尖瓣1165,假体二尖瓣1165近端上有三个连合耳片1160(120°周向隔开)提供瓣膜与三个槽1143(见于图15A)之间的接触点,该三个槽被机加工于衬套件1123的外表面中(120°周向间隔开)。在首先通过顺时针旋转展开用拇指旋轮1104(见于图12)推进衬套导管1120(图15A)之后,三个连合耳片1160可被捕获在三个槽1143(见于图15A)内。衬套件1123继而可通过释放展开用拇指旋轮1104(见于图12)而缩入钟形件1122中。在该位置,假体二尖瓣1165锚固至递送装置1124,并且对瓣膜的进一步卷曲将允许护套导管1109前进至瓣膜之上。
图15A-图15C进一步示出了实现假体二尖瓣1165(见于图13)向递送装置1124中的装载的方式。最初,柔性尖端1110抵接护套导管1109的远端边缘1157。该柔性尖端1110由刚性嵌件1112和在刚性嵌件1112上包覆成型的软而柔韧的尖端部1111构成。刚性嵌件1112的凸肩1145和渐缩面1146用于引导和定位护套导管1109的远端边缘1157,从而使导管可落置于柔性尖端1100上并由该柔性尖端加强,并且可更容易地导入心尖。
在图15A中图示了可实现装载的初始位置。作为假体二尖瓣1165(见于图13)装载入递送装置1124的第一步骤,护套导管1109通过拇指旋轮1106沿顺时针方向旋转而被撤回。如图15B的细节A所示,护套导管1109的远端边缘1157被缩回,直至其经过钟形件1122的远端边缘。如图15C的细节A所示,作为假体二尖瓣1165(见于图13)装载入递送装置1124的第二步骤,衬套件1123通过展开用拇指旋轮1104(见于图12)的顺时针旋转而从钟形件1122之下推进。展开用拇指旋轮仅可在拇指旋轮锁1105(见图12)已设在前向位置以使其脱离与拇指旋轮的接触时转动。衬套件1123的推进显露三个槽1143,假体二尖瓣1165(见于图13)的三个连合耳片1160将配合并锚固于这三个槽中。在通过缩回衬套件1123而实现了连合耳片1160向槽1143中的锚固之后,可以执行假体二尖瓣1165(见于图13)装载入递送装置1124的第三步骤。假体二尖瓣1165(见于图13)可通过装载机构(未示出)被卷曲至最小直径,而护套套管1109继而可通过拇指旋轮1106沿逆时针方向的旋转而向前推进以覆盖瓣膜。继而,该递送装置1124和假体二尖瓣1165准备好展开。
图16-图19B图示了用于经心尖在心脏中植入假体瓣膜的递送器件的另一示例性实施例。然而,本领域技术人员将明白,可以修改递送系统和调节各个组件的相对运动以允许该器件被用于经中隔递送假体。该递送装置总体由手柄1601、尖端1603和柔性护套1602构成,其中手柄1601由两半(1610和1635)组合,尖端1603能平滑地穿透心尖,而柔性护套1602由多个同心导管构成,该多个同心导管设计成轴向平移并将在下文中详述。
手柄1601包括手柄帽1611,该手柄帽1611连接至母螺纹鲁尔接头1612以便为0.035英寸直径的导丝(未示出)提供可密封的出口。手柄帽1611用螺纹紧固件1613附接至手柄1601。母螺纹鲁尔接头1612通过攻丝端口与手柄帽1613螺纹接触,并且该鲁尔接头在完全插入时挤压O型圈(1636,最佳可见于图18),该O型圈贴靠着导丝导管(1621,最佳可见于图18)的外径密封。
如图17中所示,手柄1601为用于定位和展开假体二尖瓣的控制机构提供位置。手柄1601为拇指旋轮1616提供壳体,该拇指旋轮可通过位于手柄1601的顶部和底部上的窗口1606被触及。该拇指旋轮1616从内部匹配螺纹嵌件(图18中的1627),该螺纹嵌件促动护套导管1604,并且这种相互作用的机械结构将在下文中详细解释。
图17还示出了第一止血管1617,其从内部插入并穿过槽1605,且通过洞(在图18中相应地为1625和1626)与第一止血端口匹配。第一止血管1617允许内导管之间的流体清洗。该第一止血管1617沿着槽1605的位置提供关于护套导管1604的位置以及假体二尖瓣的相对展开阶段(未示出)的视觉提示。第一止血管1617与护套导管1604的连接部之间的关系将在下文描述。
如图17中所示,第二止血管1614被插入手柄1601中并与第二止血端口(图18中的1629)匹配以便允许内导管之间的流体清洗,并且所述插入的细节将在下文详述。最后,销钉锁1608通过充当内部机构之间平移的实体阻挡件而提供了防止假体二尖瓣过早释放的安全措施。销钉锁尖叉1615依赖弹簧力将销钉锁1608保持在手柄1601中,且在假体瓣膜的最终展开之前,使用者必须首先将销钉锁1608拉出。
图17还示出了如何通过使用螺纹紧固件和螺母(分别为图18的1607和1639)以及在整个手柄长度上安设的定位埋头孔1609将手柄1601紧固在一起。
递送系统的内部机构在图18中详细示出,且后续描述将揭示单个组件之间的相互作用,以及将这些组件结合形成优选能经心尖递送假体二尖瓣的系统的方式。
如图18中所示,柔性护套1602由四个同心嵌套导管构成。下文将按直径从最小至最大的顺序来详细描述同心嵌套的导管。最内部的导管是导丝导管1621,其在内部贯穿整个递送系统,起始于尖端1603并终止于母螺纹鲁尔接头1612。该导丝导管1621由较低硬度的单腔改性尼龙(Pebax)挤压成型件构成,并且是固定的。它提供了一个通道,导丝(未示出)穿过该通道与递送系统连通。下一个导管是衬套导管1622,其为衬套件1620提供支撑并且一般由较高硬度的单腔聚醚醚酮(PEEK)挤压成型件构成。衬套导管1662在远端与衬套件1622匹配连接,并在近端与不锈钢支撑杆1634匹配连接。不锈钢支撑杆1634借助于包套在手柄1601中的止挡件1637而被保持固定。衬套导管1622是固定的,并且为同心嵌套的导管提供支撑和轴向刚性。下一个导管是钟形导管1624,其为衬套件1620提供壳体并且一般由中等硬度的单腔Pebax挤压成型件构成,其包括内部钢编织和润滑内衬以及不透射线标记带(未示出)。该钟形导管1624轴向平移,并且可相对于衬套件1620推进和缩回。钟形导管1624在近端与第二止血端口1629匹配连接,并且可通过清洗第二止血管1614实现钟形导管1624与不锈钢支撑杆1634之间的止血。该钟形导管1624在远端隆起成较大的直径1623以便封装衬套件1620。最外层和最后的导管是护套导管1604,其为假体二尖瓣(未示出)提供壳体,并且能够通过支撑和引导尖端1603并帮助扩张心脏壁肌肉中的切口而穿透心尖(未示出)。护套导管1604一般由中等硬度的单腔Pebax挤压成型件构成,其包括内部钢编织和润滑内衬以及不透射线标记带(未示出)。护套导管1604轴向平移,并且可相对于衬套件1620推进和缩回。护套导管1604在近端与第一止血端口1625匹配连接,并且可通过清洗第一止血管1617而实现护套导管1604与钟形导管1624之间的止血。
如图18中所示,护套导管1604的近端与第一止血端口1625匹配接触。第一止血端口与螺纹嵌件1627以及O型圈1638匹配接触,该O型圈被夹持在第一止血端口1625与螺纹嵌件1627之间以便压靠在钟形导管1624上,从而形成止血密封。当拇指旋轮1616旋转时,螺纹嵌件1627将会平移,而护套导管1624可通过附接而被缩回或推进。为了提供足够的刚性以扩张心脏壁组织,护套导管1604的远端边缘将会紧贴位于尖端1603上的凸肩1618。这样的连通允许尖端1603在递送过程中保持固定并与护套导管1604对准,并产生穿刺刚性。
图18还详细示出可使钟形导管1624相对于衬套件1620缩回或推进的机构。拇指旋轮1616可被旋转到螺纹嵌件1627将与压装入第二止血端口1629的两个销钉1628相接触的程度。当钟形导管1624与第二止血端口1629匹配接触时,拇指旋轮1616的进一步旋转将导致第二止血端口1629平移并借助与第二止血端口帽1632的连接而压靠弹簧1633。这样的推进将导致钟形导管1624的较大直径的隆起节段1623从衬套件1620缩回。当拇指旋轮1616沿反方向旋转时,由弹簧1633所产生的回复力将导致第二止血端口1629被推向相反方向,从而将钟形导管1624的较大直径的隆起节段1623回拉越过衬套件1620,这是瓣膜假体初始装载期间所必须的动作。
图18还详细示出在不锈钢支撑杆1634与钟形导管1624之间实现止血的方式。O型圈1631在第二止血端口1629与第二止血端口帽1632之间被压缩,形成贴靠不锈钢支撑杆1634的密封。钟形导管1624与不锈钢支撑杆1634之间的止血可通过清洗第二止血管1614而实现,该第二止血管1614通过槽和洞1630与被清洗的空间连通。
在图19A-图19B中详细示出了促动负责展开的机构所必需的展开过程和动作。这些动作在以相反的顺序执行时,还要求在外科手术之前首先装载瓣膜(未示出)。
如图19A中所示,对拇指旋轮1616的操纵将提供护套导管1604的平移控制。为了实现心脏瓣膜(未示出)的展开,使用者必须撤回护套导管1604使其不与尖端1603的凸肩1618接触,直至其经过钟形导管1624的较大直径节段1623。心脏瓣膜(未示出)将在图19A中指示1621的位置上同心地落置于导丝导管1621之上,这类似于图13中所示的实施例。该护套导管1604可被撤回,直至螺纹嵌件1627与销钉锁1608相接触。继而,在能够实现螺纹嵌件的进一步行进之前必须移除销钉锁1608。
如图19B中所示,销钉锁1608可从手柄1601移除,以便允许护套导管1604的进一步平移。当护套导管1604完全缩回时,钟形导管1624的较大直径节段1623也完全缩回,其将心脏瓣膜(未示出)完全释放出递送系统。彼此以120°周向间隔开的三个衬套槽1619在递送系统与心脏瓣膜之间提供了锚固机构和实体连接。一旦钟形导管1624的较大直径节段1623已撤回,则衬套槽1619被露出,其允许心脏瓣膜锚固件(未示出)完全扩张。
图20图示了图16中递送器件的远端部。三个衬套槽1619可滑动地安置在相对于钟形导管1624的大直径尖端1623的远端处。这些槽允许与假体瓣膜的接合。通过将假体瓣膜的连合耳片或耳片812安置到槽1619中并继而将槽1619缩回至钟形导管1624的尖端1623之下,该瓣膜可以可释放地被该槽保持。相对于钟形导管向远端推进该槽,从而在钟形导管1624上的尖端1623的约束被移除时使装载锚固件或耳片812向外并远离槽1619自行扩张,这样可从递送导管释放假体瓣膜。
图21图示了假体二尖瓣800(如上文参考图8A所讨论),其中锚固耳片812安置在衬套槽(未示出)中,并且钟形导管1623前进越过其上。因此,即使假体瓣膜800的大部分已自行扩张成其扩张配置,但瓣膜连合部仍保持收缩配置,其中耳片812被捕获在槽1619中。一旦由钟形导管1623提供的约束已从槽1619移除,耳片812可自行扩张到槽1619之外,连合部将打开至其未偏斜位置。继而,假体瓣膜脱离并从递送器件释放。
经心尖递送方法。图22A-图22G图示了经心尖递送假体二尖瓣的示例性方法。该实施例可使用本文描述的任何假体瓣膜,且可使用本文所述的任何递送器件。图22A图示了总体的经心尖通路,其从心尖2202进入心脏,通过左心室2204,跨过二尖瓣2206并进入左心房2208。主动脉瓣2210保持不受影响。经心尖递送方法已在各专利和科学文献中有述,诸如国际PCT公开号WO2009/134701,其全部内容通过援引加入本文。
在图22B中,递送器件2214通过心尖2202中的切口导入,并在导丝GW上穿过心室2204,越过二尖瓣2206,且递送器件2214的远端部安置在心房2208中。递送器件具有圆头尖端2212,其配置成穿过并扩张切口,并且可推进穿过心脏而不对二尖瓣2206或毗邻组织导致不期望的创伤。缝合部2216可使用荷包缝合法或其他现有技术已知图案在心尖2202处围绕递送器件2214缝合,以便防止过量的流血和帮助保持递送器件就位。
在图22C中,递送器件2214的外护套2214a相对于假体二尖瓣2220向近端缩回(或者假体二尖瓣相对于外护套2214a向远端推进)以暴露假体二尖瓣2220上的对准元件2218和心房裙部区2222的一部分,这允许心房裙部区2222开始部分地径向向外扩张和张开。对准元件2218可包括一对不透射线的标记2218a,这对标记有利于在透视显影术下观测。医生继而可以将对准元件对准,从而将不透射线标记2218a安置在前二尖瓣小叶的任一侧上。递送器件2214可被转动以便帮助对准所述对准元件。该对准元件优选地位于主动脉根部附近并且位于天然前小叶的纤维三角区之间。
在图22D中,一旦已获得对准,护套2214a进一步朝近端缩回,从而允许心房裙部2222径向扩张,其向外张开形成凸缘。递送器件2214的近端回缩以及假体瓣膜2220使心房裙部2222抵靠着心房表面座合在二尖瓣2206附近,从而将假体瓣膜锚固在第一位置。
图22E示出了护套2214a进一步朝近端缩回使得假体瓣膜2220暴露并从其上轴向移除附加的约束,从而允许瓣膜更多地自行扩张。环形区2224扩张成与二尖瓣环接合,并且心室三角耳片2226和后耳片2228径向扩张。心室裙部的部分充当展开控制区并且阻止整个心室裙部扩张,这是因为它们仍受约束。所述耳片被俘获在前二尖瓣小叶和后二尖瓣小叶与心室壁之间。后心室锚固耳片2228优选地与后二尖瓣小叶的中部对准,在此处没有腱索附接,且该锚固耳片越过后小叶以座合在后小叶与心室壁之间。这两个心室三角锚固耳片2226定位在前小叶的任一侧上,其中它们的头部定位在纤维三角区。在此时可发生假体的轻微旋转和重对准。当假体扩张时,前三角耳片抵靠着纤维三角区锚固,从而将天然前小叶和腱索俘获在耳片与假体瓣膜的前表面之间,并且后心室耳片锚固在心室壁与后小叶之间,从而将后小叶俘获在后锚固耳片与假体瓣膜组装件的后表面之间。
图22F示出护套2214a的进一步缩回释放了心室三角耳片和后耳片,并且心室裙部2230的展开控制区也得到释放并被允许抵靠着天然二尖瓣小叶径向向外扩张。这在天然小叶内形成了密封漏斗并且有助于引导血液流过假体二尖瓣。在假体的连合部保持俘获在递送系统中的情况下,仍可做非常小的调节以确保精确定位、锚固和密封。假体瓣膜现在锚固在四个位置上。继而通过内轴的缩回而从递送系统释放锚固耳片2232,从而允许耳片如先前所讨论和图22G中所示那样自行扩张到递送导管上的槽之外。假体瓣膜现被植入病人的心脏之中并替换天然二尖瓣。递送器件2214继而可通过使其朝近端缩回和将其从心尖切口移除而离开心脏。继而可以结扎缝合部2216,从而密封穿刺部位。
经中隔递送方法。图23A-图23G图示了经中隔递送假体二尖瓣的示例性方法。该实施例可使用本文所述的任何假体瓣膜,并且如果经适当改造,可使用本文所述的任何递送器件。本领域技术人员将明白,上文公开的递送系统实施例中的各个轴的相对运动可能需要反转过来以便适应经中隔方法。图23A图示了总体经中隔通路,其是由向上穿过腔静脉2302进入右心房2304的递送器件所沿用的通路。经中隔穿刺2306由穿过心房中隔形成,通常穿过卵圆孔,从而使该器件可穿入左心房2308,处于二尖瓣2310之上并毗邻左心室2312。经中隔技术已在专利和科学文献中公开,例如Zarbatany等人的美国专利公开号2004/0181238,其整体内容通过援引加入本文。
在图23B中,递送器件2314在导丝GW上穿过腔静脉2302进入右心房2306。该递送器件2314继而经中隔穿过心房壁进入毗邻二尖瓣2310的左心房2308。导丝GW可跨越左心室2312中的二尖瓣2310来安置。递送器件的远尖端通常包括头锥或其他防损末端以防损伤二尖瓣或毗邻组织。
在图23C中,递送器件2214的外护套2214a相对于假体二尖瓣2319朝近端缩回。备选地,递送器件2214的远端部2314a可相对于假体瓣膜2319朝远端推进,以暴露假体二尖瓣2319上的对准元件2316和心房裙部区2318的一部分,这允许心房裙部区2318开始部分地径向向外扩张和张开。对准元件2316可包括一对不透射线的标记2316a,其有利于在透视显影术下的观测。继而,医生可以对准该对准元件,从而将不透射线标记2316a安置在前二尖瓣小叶的任一侧上。对准元件优选地位于主动脉根部附近并处于天然前小叶的纤维三角区之间。递送器件2214可被旋转以便帮助对准该对准元件。
在图23D中,一旦已获得对准,远端部2314b进一步朝远端推进,从而允许心房裙部2318径向扩张,其张开以形成凸缘。朝远端推进递送器件2214和假体瓣膜2319将心房裙部2318抵靠着心房表面座合在二尖瓣2310附近,从而将假体瓣膜锚固在第一位置上。
图23E示出了进一步朝远端推进远端部2314b的即暴露出假体瓣膜2319并从其上径向移除附加的约束,从而允许瓣膜更多地自行扩张。环形区2320扩张成与二尖瓣环接合,并且心室三角耳片2324和后耳片2322径向扩张。心室裙部的多个部分充当展开控制区,这是因为它们保持受约束并且因此心室裙部不能整个扩张。耳片被俘获在前二尖瓣小叶和后二尖瓣小叶与心室壁之间。后心室锚固耳片2322优选地与后二尖瓣小叶的中部对准,在此处没有腱索附接,并且该锚固耳片越过后小叶并座合于后小叶与心室壁之间。这两个心室三角锚固耳片2324定位在前小叶的任一侧上,其中它们的头部定位在纤维三角区。在此时可稍转动和重对准假体。当假体扩张时,前三角耳片抵靠着纤维三角区锚固,从而将天然前小叶和腱索俘获在耳片与假体瓣膜的前表面之间,并且后心室耳片锚固在心室壁与后小叶之间,从而将后小叶俘获在后锚固耳片与假体瓣膜组装件的后表面之间。
图23F示出进一步朝远端推进远端部2314b即释放心室三角耳片和后耳片,并且心室裙部2326也得到释放并可径向向外扩张抵靠天然二尖瓣小叶而不接合心室壁。这在天然小叶中形成了密封漏斗并帮助汇集血液使其流过假体瓣膜。在假体瓣膜的连合部仍被递送系统俘获的情况下,仍可做非常小的调节以确保精确定位、锚固和密封。假体瓣膜现在锚固于四个位置上。继而,通过内轴的进一步推进而从递送器件释放锚固耳片2328,从而允许耳片如先前所讨论和如图23G中所示那样自行扩张到递送导管上的槽之外。假体瓣膜现在被植入在病人的心脏中并替代天然二尖瓣。递送器件2314继而可通过使其朝近端缩回穿过心房中隔并离开腔静脉而被从心脏移除。
图24示出了在经心尖或经中隔递送之后锚固在二尖瓣空间中的假体瓣膜2418。假体瓣膜2418优选地是图8A中所示的假体二尖瓣,并通过图22A-图22G或23A-图23G中所示的方法递送。该假体瓣膜2418已径向自行扩张成与二尖瓣接合以将其锚固就位而不妨碍包括左心室流出道(诸如,主动脉瓣2402)在内的其他心脏部分。前三角耳片2408(在该视图中仅可见一个)和后心室耳片2405从心室裙部2410的余部径向向外扩张,并且前小叶2406和后小叶2404被俘获在相应的耳片与心室裙部2410之间以形成锚固点。心室裙部2410还径向向外扩张以接合并向外压靠至少一些腱索和乳头肌,但优选地不压靠心室壁。环形区2416径向向外扩张以接合并压靠二尖瓣环,并且心房裙部2414也向外扩张以形成凸缘,该凸缘落置在二尖瓣的顶部上并抵靠心房。因此,假体瓣膜2418锚固在二尖瓣空间中的四个位置上,这防止了在心脏收缩过程中假体瓣膜迁移或移出。此外,使用四个锚固点相比于仅在单个锚固区被锚固的假体或者相比于在这四个锚固区的任意组合中被锚固的假体而言,减少了需要施加在任何给定锚固区中的锚固压力。所导致的需要向每个区域中的天然结构施加的径向力的降低使得因天然二尖瓣器移位对毗邻的主动脉瓣或主动脉根部的阻碍或冲击风险最小化。瓣膜小叶2420形成三叶的瓣膜,其对顺行血液流动敞开而对逆行血液流动闭合。连合部2421的尖端上的耳片2412(最佳可见于图25)在从递送器件脱离之后保持自由。
图25图示了从左心室向上朝心房看的、锚固在二尖瓣空间中的图24假体瓣膜2418。如前所述,该假体瓣膜2418可经心尖或经中隔递送并且优选地是图8A中所示的假体二尖瓣,由图22A-图22G或图23A-图23G所示的方法递送。该视图更清楚地图示了假体二尖瓣2418与毗邻组织的锚固和接合。例如,形成三叶瓣膜的三个瓣膜小叶2420被示出为处于敞开位置,从而允许血液从该处流过。另外,前三角耳片2408和后心室耳片2405被示出为径向向外扩张成与心室心脏组织2425接合。如上文所讨论,在前三角耳片2408之间的假体瓣膜的前部大致是扁平的,以匹配对应的扁平解剖结构。假体瓣膜的前部的扁平形状防止假体瓣膜冲击和妨碍毗邻的解剖结构,诸如包括主动脉瓣在内的左心室流出道。图25还图示了心室裙部2410如何径向向外扩张抵靠天然二尖瓣小叶。
药物递送。任何假体瓣膜还可用作局部药物洗脱的药物递送器件。治疗剂可涂覆在假体瓣膜上,涂覆在覆盖锚固件的组织上,或者涂覆在这两者之上,或以其他方式由假体瓣膜携带,并在植入之后可控地从假体瓣膜上洗脱。示例性药物包括抗钙化药、抗生素、抗血小板聚集药、消炎药、组织排斥抑制药、抗再狭窄药、抗血栓药、溶血栓药等。具有这些疗效的药对于本领域技术人员而言是公知的。
尽管为了清楚理解和作为示例已经以一些细节描述了示例性实施例,但本领域技术人员将清楚多种额外的修改、适应和改变。本领域技术人员将明白,本文所述的各个特征可彼此结合或者彼此替换。因此,本发明的范围仅由所附权利要求加以限定。

Claims (41)

1.一种假体心脏瓣膜,所述瓣膜包括:
锚固件,具有心房裙部、环形区和心室裙部,其中该锚固件具有用于向心脏递送的收缩配置和用于将所述假体心脏瓣膜锚固至病人心脏的扩张配置;
其中,所述心室裙部还包括安置在所述心室裙部的前部上的三角锚固耳片,所述三角锚固耳片从所述锚固件径向向外延伸且朝向病人心房,并且所述三角锚固耳片适于抵靠着病人二尖瓣的前小叶的第一侧上的第一纤维三角区锚固,从而使前小叶和毗邻的腱索被俘获在所述三角锚固耳片与所述锚固件的前表面之间;以及
多个假体瓣膜小叶,每个所述小叶具有第一端和自由端,其中所述第一端与所述锚固件耦合,而所述自由端与所述第一端相对,
其中,所述假体心脏瓣膜具有敞开配置和闭合配置,在所述敞开配置中,所述假体瓣膜小叶的所述自由端彼此远离地安置以允许顺行血液从该处流过,而在所述闭合配置中,所述假体瓣膜小叶的所述自由端彼此接合并基本上阻止逆行血液从该处流过。
2.如权利要求1所述的假体心脏瓣膜,其中,所述心房裙部的至少一部分用组织或合成材料覆盖。
3.如权利要求1所述的假体心脏瓣膜,其中,所述心房裙部还包括与其耦合的多个倒刺,所述多个倒刺适于将所述心房裙部锚固至病人的二尖瓣的上表面中。
4.如权利要求1所述的假体心脏瓣膜,其中,所述心房裙部具有收缩配置和扩张配置,所述收缩配置适于向病人的心脏递送,而所述扩张配置相对于所述收缩配置径向扩张并且适于放置在病人的天然二尖瓣的上表面上,从而将所述心房裙部抵靠着心房的一部分锚固。
5.如权利要求4所述的假体心脏瓣膜,其中,所述心房裙部在不受约束时从所述收缩配置自行扩张成所述径向扩张的配置。
6.如权利要求1所述的假体心脏瓣膜,其中,所述心房裙部包括一个或多个不透射线的标记。
7.如权利要求1所述的假体心脏瓣膜,其中,所述心房裙部包括与连接器元件连接在一起的多个轴向定向的支柱,所述多个互连的支柱形成一系列凸峰和凹谷。
8.如权利要求1所述的假体心脏瓣膜,其中,所述环形区的至少一部分用组织或合成材料覆盖。
9.如权利要求1所述的假体心脏瓣膜,其中,所述环形区具有收缩配置和扩张配置,所述收缩配置适于向病人的心脏递送,而所述扩张配置相对于所述收缩配置径向扩张并适于吻合和接合天然二尖瓣环。
10.如权利要求9所述的假体心脏瓣膜,其中,所述环形区在不受约束时从所述收缩配置自行扩张成所述扩张配置。
11.如权利要求1所述的假体心脏瓣膜,其中,所述环形区包括非对称的D形横截面,该横截面具有基本上扁平的前部和圆柱形的后部。
12.如权利要求1所述的假体心脏瓣膜,其中,所述环形区包括与连接器元件连接在一起的多个轴向定向的支柱,所述多个互连的支柱形成一系列凸峰和凹谷。
13.如权利要求12所述的假体心脏瓣膜,其中,所述轴向定向的支柱中的一个或多个支柱包括延伸穿过其中的一个或多个缝合
洞,该缝合洞的尺寸设定成接纳缝合线。
14.如权利要求1所述的假体心脏瓣膜,其中,所述心室裙部的至少一部分用组织或合成材料覆盖。
15.如权利要求1所述的假体心脏瓣膜,其中,所述心室裙部包括非对称的D形横截面,该横截面具有基本上扁平的前部和圆柱形的后部。
16.如权利要求1所述的假体心脏瓣膜,其中,所述心室裙部具有收缩配置和扩张配置,所述收缩配置适于向病人的心脏递送,而所述扩张配置相对于所述收缩配置径向扩张并适于使天然二尖瓣小叶径向向外移位。
17.如权利要求1所述的假体心脏瓣膜,其中,所述心室裙部在不受约束时从所述收缩配置自行扩张成所述扩张配置。
18.如权利要求1所述的假体心脏瓣膜,其中,所述心室裙部还包括安置在所述心室裙部的前部上的第二三角锚固耳片,所述第二三角锚固耳片适于抵靠着与所述第一纤维三角区相对的第二纤维三角区锚固,从而使前小叶和毗邻的腱索被俘获在所述第二三角锚固耳片与所述锚固件的前表面之间。
19.如权利要求1所述的假体心脏瓣膜,其中,所述心室裙部还包括安置在所述心室裙部的后部上的后心室锚固耳片,并且其中所述后心室锚固耳片适于锚固在病人的二尖瓣的后小叶上,从而使所述后心室锚固耳片座合于该后小叶与病人心脏的心室壁之间。
20.如权利要求1所述的假体心脏瓣膜,其中,所述心室裙部还包括与其耦合的多个倒刺,所述多个倒刺适于将所述心室裙部锚固至心脏组织中。
21.如权利要求1所述的假体心脏瓣膜,其中,所述心室裙部包括与连接器元件连接在一起的多个支柱,所述多个互连的支柱形成一系列凸峰和凹谷。
22.如权利要求21所述的假体心脏瓣膜,其中,所述支柱中的一个或多个支柱包括延伸穿过其中的一个或多个缝合洞,所述缝合洞的尺寸设定为接纳缝合线。
23.如权利要求1所述的假体心脏瓣膜,其中,所述多个假体瓣膜小叶包括三小叶配置。
24.如权利要求1所述的假体心脏瓣膜,其中,一个或多个假体瓣膜小叶的至少一部分包括组织或合成材料。
25.如权利要求1所述的假体心脏瓣膜,其中,所述多个假体瓣膜小叶中的一个或多个小叶耦合至相对于所述心室裙部径向向内偏斜的一个或多个支柱。
26.如权利要求25所述的假体心脏瓣膜,其中,所述一个或多个支柱包括延伸穿过其中的一个或多个缝合洞,所述缝合洞的尺寸设定为接纳缝合线。
27.如权利要求1所述的假体心脏瓣膜,其中,所述假体瓣膜小叶中的一个或多个小叶耦合到连合杆,所述连合杆具有适于将该连合杆可释放地接合至递送器件的连合耳片。
28.如权利要求1所述的假体心脏瓣膜,还包括耦合到所述锚固件的前部的对准元件,其中所述对准元件适于与病人心脏的主动脉根部对准并且安置在病人二尖瓣的前小叶的两个纤维三角区之间。
29.如权利要求28所述的假体心脏瓣膜,其中,所述对准元件与所述心房裙部相耦合。
30.如权利要求1所述的假体心脏瓣膜,其中,所述假体心脏瓣膜还包括与其耦合的治疗剂,其中所述治疗剂适于从其上洗脱。
31.如权利要求4所述的假体心脏瓣膜,其中,所述心房裙部在所述环形区和所述心室裙部之前扩张成所述扩张配置。
32.如权利要求18所述的假体心脏瓣膜,其中,所述心房裙部在所述三角锚固耳片之前扩张成所述扩张配置。
33.如权利要求19所述的假体心脏瓣膜,其中,所述心房裙部在所述后心室锚固耳片之前扩张成所述扩张配置。
34.如权利要求1所述的假体心脏瓣膜,其中,所述假体心脏瓣膜适于在锚固到左心室之前锚固至心房。
35.一种用于向病人的心脏递送假体心脏瓣膜的递送系统,所述系统包括:
权利要求1-34中任一项所述的假体心脏瓣膜;
内导丝轴,其具有延伸穿过其中的内腔,该内腔适于可滑动地接纳导丝;
同心地安置在所述内导丝轴上的衬套轴;
可滑动地且同心地安置在所述衬套轴上的钟形轴;
可滑动地且同心地安置在所述钟形轴上的护套;以及
位于所述递送系统的近端附近的手柄,该手柄包括适于推进和缩回所述钟形轴和所述护套的致动器机构。
36.如权利要求35所述的系统,其中所述假体心脏瓣膜以径向收缩配置装在所述护套中。
37.如权利要求36所述的系统,其中,所述护套相对于所述钟形轴的近端回缩从所述假体心脏瓣膜移除约束,从而允许所述假体心脏瓣膜自行扩张成与病人的天然心脏组织相接合。
38.如权利要求36所述的系统,其中,所述假体心脏瓣膜可释放地耦合至所述衬套轴,并且其中所述钟形轴相对于所述衬套轴的近端回缩从其上释放所述假体心脏瓣膜。
39.如权利要求35所述的系统,其中,所述致动器机构包括转轮。
40.如权利要求35所述的系统,还包括耦合至所述衬套轴的组织穿透远尖端,其中所述组织穿透远尖端适于穿过和扩张病人心脏中的切口。
41.如权利要求35所述的系统,还包括与所述手柄可释放地耦合的销钉锁机构,其中所述销钉锁机构限制所述护套的近端回缩。
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