CN105246431B - 可植入心脏瓣膜装置、二尖瓣修复装置以及相关系统和方法 - Google Patents

可植入心脏瓣膜装置、二尖瓣修复装置以及相关系统和方法 Download PDF

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Publication number
CN105246431B
CN105246431B CN201480029375.9A CN201480029375A CN105246431B CN 105246431 B CN105246431 B CN 105246431B CN 201480029375 A CN201480029375 A CN 201480029375A CN 105246431 B CN105246431 B CN 105246431B
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China
Prior art keywords
prosthetic device
support structure
valve
leaflet
natural
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CN201480029375.9A
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CN105246431A (zh
Inventor
汉森·吉福德三世
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Bristol Good Fortune Co
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Bristol Good Fortune Co
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Priority to CN201810168452.9A priority Critical patent/CN108272536B/zh
Priority to CN201810166886.5A priority patent/CN108294846A/zh
Publication of CN105246431A publication Critical patent/CN105246431A/zh
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    • AHUMAN NECESSITIES
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    • A61F2/00Filters implantable into blood vessels; Prostheses, i.e. artificial substitutes or replacements for parts of the body; Appliances for connecting them with the body; Devices providing patency to, or preventing collapsing of, tubular structures of the body, e.g. stents
    • A61F2/02Prostheses implantable into the body
    • A61F2/24Heart valves ; Vascular valves, e.g. venous valves; Heart implants, e.g. passive devices for improving the function of the native valve or the heart muscle; Transmyocardial revascularisation [TMR] devices; Valves implantable in the body
    • A61F2/2442Annuloplasty rings or inserts for correcting the valve shape; Implants for improving the function of a native heart valve
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    • A61FFILTERS IMPLANTABLE INTO BLOOD VESSELS; PROSTHESES; DEVICES PROVIDING PATENCY TO, OR PREVENTING COLLAPSING OF, TUBULAR STRUCTURES OF THE BODY, e.g. STENTS; ORTHOPAEDIC, NURSING OR CONTRACEPTIVE DEVICES; FOMENTATION; TREATMENT OR PROTECTION OF EYES OR EARS; BANDAGES, DRESSINGS OR ABSORBENT PADS; FIRST-AID KITS
    • A61F2250/00Special features of prostheses classified in groups A61F2/00 - A61F2/26 or A61F2/82 or A61F9/00 or A61F11/00 or subgroups thereof
    • A61F2250/0014Special features of prostheses classified in groups A61F2/00 - A61F2/26 or A61F2/82 or A61F9/00 or A61F11/00 or subgroups thereof having different values of a given property or geometrical feature, e.g. mechanical property or material property, at different locations within the same prosthesis
    • A61F2250/0039Special features of prostheses classified in groups A61F2/00 - A61F2/26 or A61F2/82 or A61F9/00 or A61F11/00 or subgroups thereof having different values of a given property or geometrical feature, e.g. mechanical property or material property, at different locations within the same prosthesis differing in diameter
    • AHUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61FFILTERS IMPLANTABLE INTO BLOOD VESSELS; PROSTHESES; DEVICES PROVIDING PATENCY TO, OR PREVENTING COLLAPSING OF, TUBULAR STRUCTURES OF THE BODY, e.g. STENTS; ORTHOPAEDIC, NURSING OR CONTRACEPTIVE DEVICES; FOMENTATION; TREATMENT OR PROTECTION OF EYES OR EARS; BANDAGES, DRESSINGS OR ABSORBENT PADS; FIRST-AID KITS
    • A61F2250/00Special features of prostheses classified in groups A61F2/00 - A61F2/26 or A61F2/82 or A61F9/00 or A61F11/00 or subgroups thereof
    • A61F2250/0014Special features of prostheses classified in groups A61F2/00 - A61F2/26 or A61F2/82 or A61F9/00 or A61F11/00 or subgroups thereof having different values of a given property or geometrical feature, e.g. mechanical property or material property, at different locations within the same prosthesis
    • A61F2250/0051Special features of prostheses classified in groups A61F2/00 - A61F2/26 or A61F2/82 or A61F9/00 or A61F11/00 or subgroups thereof having different values of a given property or geometrical feature, e.g. mechanical property or material property, at different locations within the same prosthesis differing in tissue ingrowth capacity, e.g. made from both ingrowth-promoting and ingrowth-preventing parts
    • AHUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61FFILTERS IMPLANTABLE INTO BLOOD VESSELS; PROSTHESES; DEVICES PROVIDING PATENCY TO, OR PREVENTING COLLAPSING OF, TUBULAR STRUCTURES OF THE BODY, e.g. STENTS; ORTHOPAEDIC, NURSING OR CONTRACEPTIVE DEVICES; FOMENTATION; TREATMENT OR PROTECTION OF EYES OR EARS; BANDAGES, DRESSINGS OR ABSORBENT PADS; FIRST-AID KITS
    • A61F2250/00Special features of prostheses classified in groups A61F2/00 - A61F2/26 or A61F2/82 or A61F9/00 or A61F11/00 or subgroups thereof
    • A61F2250/0058Additional features; Implant or prostheses properties not otherwise provided for
    • A61F2250/0069Sealing means
    • AHUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61FFILTERS IMPLANTABLE INTO BLOOD VESSELS; PROSTHESES; DEVICES PROVIDING PATENCY TO, OR PREVENTING COLLAPSING OF, TUBULAR STRUCTURES OF THE BODY, e.g. STENTS; ORTHOPAEDIC, NURSING OR CONTRACEPTIVE DEVICES; FOMENTATION; TREATMENT OR PROTECTION OF EYES OR EARS; BANDAGES, DRESSINGS OR ABSORBENT PADS; FIRST-AID KITS
    • A61F2250/00Special features of prostheses classified in groups A61F2/00 - A61F2/26 or A61F2/82 or A61F9/00 or A61F11/00 or subgroups thereof
    • A61F2250/0058Additional features; Implant or prostheses properties not otherwise provided for
    • A61F2250/0096Markers and sensors for detecting a position or changes of a position of an implant, e.g. RF sensors, ultrasound markers

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  • Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Biomedical Technology (AREA)
  • Heart & Thoracic Surgery (AREA)
  • Transplantation (AREA)
  • Oral & Maxillofacial Surgery (AREA)
  • Vascular Medicine (AREA)
  • Life Sciences & Earth Sciences (AREA)
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  • General Health & Medical Sciences (AREA)
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Abstract

用于修复天然心脏瓣膜的系统、装置和方法。在一个实施方案中,用于修复具有左心房和左心室之间的前叶和后叶的天然二尖瓣的修复装置包括具有收缩构型和扩展构型的支持结构。在收缩构型中,支持结构的尺寸被设计为在左心室的壁和腱索之间的后叶之下被插入。在扩展构型中,支持结构被配置为以一距离相对于左心室的后壁向前突出,所述距离足以定位所述后叶的至少一部分为朝向所述前叶。

Description

可植入心脏瓣膜装置、二尖瓣修复装置以及相关系统和方法
对相关申请的交互引用
本申请要求2013年3月20日提交的美国临时专利申请号为61/825,491,名称为“IMPLANTABLE HEART VALVE DEVICES,MITRAL VALVE REPAIR DEVICES AND ASSOCIATEDSYSTEMS AND METHODS”的优先权,其以引用方式被全部合并于此。
技术领域
本发明的技术大体上涉及可植入心脏瓣膜装置。具体而言,几个实施例涉及用于天然二尖瓣的透皮修复的二尖瓣装置以及用于天然二尖瓣的修复和/或替换的相关系统和方法。
背景技术
影响二尖瓣正常功能的状况例如包括二尖瓣反流、二尖瓣脱垂和二尖瓣狭窄。二尖瓣反流是心脏疾病其中二尖瓣的瓣叶不能在峰收缩压闭合成对合,而使得血液从左心室异常泄漏至左心房中。存在许多可能影响二尖瓣瓣叶正确闭合的结构性因素。
导致二尖瓣瓣叶隔开的一个结构因素是心脏肌肉的扩张。图1A是显示二尖瓣前叶(AMVL)和二尖瓣后叶(PMVL)之间的正常闭合的天然二尖瓣的示意图,图1B是伴随心肌梗塞的天然二尖瓣的示意图,其扩张心室游离壁至二尖瓣返流的程度。功能性二尖瓣疾病的特征在于左心室扩张和二尖瓣环的共存的扩大。如图1B所示,放大的环将前叶和后叶的自由缘彼此隔离,使得二尖瓣叶不能正常闭合。放大的左心室也使乳头肌远离二尖瓣环位移。因为腱索是固定长度的,乳头状位移的位移可引起“束缚”效果,其同样还会防止二尖瓣叶的正常闭合。因此,心脏肌肉的扩张可能会导致二尖瓣反流。
可导致异常回流的另一个结构性因素是因缺血或其他条件的而遭受的乳头肌功能损害。随着左心室在心脏收缩期期间收缩,受影响的乳头肌并未充分地收缩以实现瓣膜的正确闭合。这反过来会导致二尖瓣反流。
治疗二尖瓣反流涉及应用利尿药和/或血管舒张药以便减少血液回流入左心房的量。其他方法已经涉及用于修复或替换瓣膜的(开放和血管内)手术方案。通过大的开放性开胸术或是更少侵入性的通过经皮途径完成的置换术都可以是有效的,但也存在移植人工瓣膜的妥协。例如,人工机械瓣膜需要终其一生的抗凝治疗,并有中风或出血的风险。此外,人工组织瓣膜具有有限的寿命,例如,超过12年或15年,最终会损耗殆尽。因此,瓣膜置换手术有几个缺点。
二尖瓣替换术同样设置了独特的解剖障碍,其使得透皮二尖瓣替换比例如主动脉瓣替换等其他瓣膜替换术明显更有挑战性。首先,主动脉瓣是相对对称和均匀的,但相反的,二尖瓣膜环具有非圆的D形状或肾样形状,并为经常缺少对称性的非平面的马鞍样几何结构。这种不可预测性造成难以设计具有恰当贴合二尖瓣膜环的二尖瓣假体。假体和天然瓣叶和/或瓣膜环之间缺少紧密配合可能在其中留下允许血液经其回流的间隙。例如,安置圆柱状瓣膜假体可能在天然瓣膜的连合区中留下间隙,其引起这些区域内的瓣周泄漏。因此,二尖瓣的解剖学结构增加了二尖瓣置换程序和设备的难度。
除其改变每次心跳过程中的大小的不规则、不可预测形状之外,二尖瓣膜环还缺少来自周围组织的径向支撑。例如,主动脉瓣被纤维弹性组织完全包围,这为将人工瓣膜固定在天然主动脉瓣处提供了良好的支撑。在另一方面,二尖瓣仅由肌肉组织束缚在外壁上。二尖瓣内壁由薄血管壁束缚,该薄血管壁将二尖瓣膜环与主动脉流出道的内在部分分隔。因此,在二尖瓣膜环上的显著径向力,如由扩张性支架假体所施加的力,可能会导致主动脉流出道的内在部分损害。
典型的二尖瓣修复方法都涉及到收紧或切除扩张了的环的部分。已经通过植入通常被固定至瓣膜环或周围组织的瓣膜环圈(annular ring)或围瓣膜环圈(peri-annularring),完成瓣膜环收紧。其他修复手术还涉及将瓣叶缝合或修剪成彼此局部对合。例如,Evalve(雅培血管)在瓣叶未能闭合的区域将两个二尖瓣瓣叶夹在一起以由此减少或消除反流。二尖瓣修复术已被证明有效,尤其是对患者的退行性疾病。修复手术通常涉及切除和缝纫瓣叶的部分,以优化它们的形状和修理任何撕裂腱索,并且此种手术通常包括瓣膜成形术环的放置以用减少环的前-后尺寸的方式收缩环的整个圆周。
避免与手术相关的创伤、并发症和恢复过程的开发用于经皮二尖瓣环成形术的努力都引向了用于经由冠状窦来环的装置或方法或通过植入由拉紧缝合线或金属丝连接的螺钉或锚来收紧环的装置和方法。在操作中,拉紧线拖动锚彼此靠近以收紧(即,拉)环的区域更靠近在一起。以前提出的另外的技术包括在环的前部和后部区域植入配对锚并将它们拉在一起,并且利用RF能量来收缩环组织,等等。
然而,所有的这些经皮瓣环成形方法到目前为止还没有有意义的临床或商业上的成功,这至少部分是由于改变天然环形状所需的力,其是相对坚硬且由于心室压力而受到显著负荷。另外,许多外科修复手术高度依赖于心外科医生的技巧,其中不良或不精确放置的缝线可能影响手术成功。总体而言,许多二尖瓣修复和置换术由于不当的大小或瓣膜的磨损具有有限的耐久性。
鉴于与当前方法相关的难题,例如,在患有功能性二尖瓣病变的患者中仍有对用于治疗机能不良的心脏瓣膜的简单的、有效的和侵入性低的装置和方法的需求。
发明内容
至少一些实施例是针对修复具有左心房和左心室之间的前叶和后叶的天然二尖瓣的方法。具有支持结构的修复装置可以被植入在后叶的下方。支持结构可以压靠在后叶的下侧的一部分上并由此朝向前叶推动后叶的至少一部分。
在一些实施方案中,修复具有左心房和左心室之间的前叶和后叶的天然二尖瓣的方法包括在左心室中将修复装置定位在后叶的下方以及左心室的壁和腱索之间。所述修复装置可以接合后叶的下侧,使得后叶的一部分朝向所述前叶移动。
至少一些实施例涉及用于修复患者的原生瓣膜的方法,且包括将心脏瓣膜修复装置定位在被连接至腱索的至少一个瓣叶的后面的子环位置处。修复装置具有在未扩张构型中的支持结构。在子环位置的支持结构被扩张,使得支持结构接合心脏壁的内表面和瓣叶的面向下游的表面。修复装置被配置为重新定位瓣叶到至少部分封闭的位置并支撑瓣叶以天然瓣膜的功能。在一些实施方案中,修复装置被配置为通过支撑瓣叶来改善天然瓣膜的功能。
在一些实施方案中,用于修复具有左心房和左心室之间的前叶和后叶的天然二尖瓣的修复装置包括支持结构,该支持结构具有:(a)收缩构型,在该构型中支持结构的尺寸被设计为将在左心室的壁和腱索之间的后叶之下被插入,和(b)扩展构型,在该构型中支持结构以一距离相对于左心室的后壁向前突出,该距离足以将后叶的至少一部分定位为充分地朝向前叶以改善后叶和前叶的闭合。
在一些实施方案中,用于治疗患者的天然瓣膜的心脏瓣膜修复装置包括在子环位置相对于天然瓣膜的可植入的支持结构。支持结构被配置为在子环位置接合心脏壁的内表面和天然瓣膜的瓣叶的向外面向的表面,使得支持结构将瓣叶重新定位到所期望的位置(例如,至少部分封闭的位置)。
在进一步的实施方案中,用于治疗患者的天然瓣膜的心脏瓣膜修复装置包括框架,框架具有第一端、第二端和在第一端与第二端之间的弯曲区域,第一端配置为放置在至少靠近天然瓣膜的第一合缝处,第二端配置为放置在至少接近天然瓣膜的第二合缝处。框架的弯曲区域被配置为接合天然心脏瓣膜的瓣叶的背面,以便重新定位瓣叶,使得瓣叶与天然瓣膜的相邻瓣叶至少部分地闭合。
在一些实施方案中,用于治疗患者的天然瓣膜的系统包括人工瓣膜修复装置,其在子环位置相对于天然瓣膜可植入。修复装置备包括配置成在天然瓣膜的子环位置接合心脏壁的内表面和天然瓣膜的瓣叶的向外面向的表面的支持结构。支持结构被配置为当装置处于展开构型时,改变有效环形状和/或有效环横截面尺寸。在某些实施方案中,系统进一步包括人工瓣膜,所述人工瓣膜具有带腔的可径向扩张的支持结构和在所述腔内的且连接到所述支持结构的瓣膜。径向可扩张支持结构被配置为当人工瓣膜修复装置被植入在子环位置并在改变的环形状或改变的环横截面尺寸内被支撑时在天然瓣膜内展开。
至少一些实施例是针对瓣膜修复装置,其包括:用于支撑后叶的装置。所述用于支撑后叶的装置具有用于在左心室的壁和腱索之间的后叶之下插入的收缩构型和用于相对于所述左心室的后壁向前突出的扩展构型。在一个实施方案中,用于支撑的装置扩展一距离,该距离足以定位后叶的至少一部分朝向前叶以影响后部和前叶的接合。在一个实施方案中,用于支撑的装置包括使用一种或多种填充材料的可扩张的一个或多个的扩展单元。用于支撑的装置可进一步包括连接到扩展单元的细长刺。
附图说明
本公开的许多方面可以参照下面的附图被更好地理解。附图中的构件不一定是按比例绘制。相反,重点是清楚地示出本发明的原理。此外,构件可以在若干视图中被显示为透明的,仅为了阐述的清楚起见而不是指示所示出的构件必须是透明的。
图1A是显示二尖瓣前叶和二尖瓣后叶之间的正常闭合的天然二尖瓣的示意图。
图1B是伴随心肌梗塞的天然二尖瓣的示意图,其扩张心室游离壁至二尖瓣返流的程度。
图2和图3是具有天然瓣膜结构的哺乳动物心脏的示意图。
图4是显示瓣膜环和瓣叶的天然二尖瓣示意性截面侧视图。
图5是在心肌病患者中并且适用于与根据本技术的实施例的多种人工心脏瓣膜修复装置组合的心脏的示意图。
图6A是显示天然二尖瓣瓣叶正常闭合的心脏天然二尖瓣的示意图。
图6B是心脏天然二尖瓣的示意图,其显示天然二尖瓣瓣叶在扩张的心脏中的异常闭合并且适用于与根据本技术的实施例的多种人工心脏瓣膜修复装置组合。
图6C是心脏二尖瓣的示意图,其显示瓣膜环的尺度并且适用于与根据本技术的实施例的多种人工心脏瓣膜装置组合。
图7和图8是心脏的示意性截面图,其显示根据本技术的多种实施例,穿过主动脉瓣和动脉血管系统至天然二尖瓣的逆行入路。
图9是心脏的示意性截面图,其显示根据本技术的多种实施例,使用经心尖穿刺时至天然二尖瓣的入路。
图10A是心脏的示意性截面图,其显示根据本技术的多种实施例从静脉脉管系统至天然二尖瓣的顺行入路。
图10B是心脏的示意性截面图,其显示根据本技术的多种实施例,通过在导丝上放置导引导管维持的穿过房中隔(IAS)的通路。
图11A是根据本技术的一实施例的处于扩张构型的人工心脏瓣膜修复装置的截面俯视图。
图11B是根据本技术的一实施例的处于扩张构型的人工心脏瓣膜修复装置的截面侧视图。
图11C是根据本技术的一实施例的人工心脏瓣膜修复装置处于收缩结构的横截面侧视图。
图12A是根据本技术的一实施例的人工心脏瓣膜修复装置和输送系统在植入人工心脏修复瓣膜装置阶段的横截面顶视图。
图12B是根据本技术的一实施例的图12A的人工心脏瓣膜修复装置和输送系统在植入人工心脏修复瓣膜装置的随后阶段的横截面俯视图。
图13是示意性示出了根据本技术的一实施例的具有被植入在天然二尖瓣区域的人工心脏瓣膜修复装置的实施例的左心房、左心室,和心脏的天然二尖瓣的横截面图。
图14是示意性地示出了示出了根据本技术的一实施例的具有被植入在天然二尖瓣区域的人工心脏瓣膜修复装置的实施例的一部分的左心房、左心室,和心脏的天然二尖瓣的横截面图。
图15是示意性地示出了示出了根据本技术的一实施例的具有被植入在天然二尖瓣区域的人工心脏瓣膜修复装置的实施例的一部分的左心房、左心室,和心脏的天然二尖瓣的横截面图。
图16A和16B是示意性地示出了示出了根据本技术的一实施例的具有被植入在天然二尖瓣区域的人工心脏瓣膜修复装置的实施例的一部分的左心房、左心室,和心脏的天然二尖瓣的横截面图。
图17A-17C是根据本技术的额外的实施例的在从左心房观察的心脏中的天然二尖瓣的示意性俯视图且示出了在天然二尖瓣植入的心脏瓣膜修复装置。
图18是根据本技术的另一实施例的处于扩张构型的人工心脏瓣膜修复装置的立体图。
图19是根据本技术的实施例的示意性地示出了人工心脏瓣膜修复装置被植入在天然二尖瓣区域中的左心房、左心室和心脏的天然二尖瓣的横截面视图。
图20A是在从左心房观察的心脏中的天然二尖瓣的示意性俯视图且示出了天然二尖瓣叶的正常闭合。
图20B是根据本技术的实施例的在从左心房观察的心脏中天然二尖瓣示意性俯视图且示出了天然二尖瓣叶的异常闭合,其适用于与各种人工心脏瓣膜修复装置的组合。
图20C是根据本技术的实施例的在从左心房观察的心脏中的天然二尖瓣的示意性俯视图且示出了在天然二尖瓣植入的心脏瓣膜修复装置。
图21A是根据本技术的进一步的实施例的在从左心房观察的心脏中的天然二尖瓣的示意性俯视图且示出了在天然二尖瓣植入的心脏瓣膜修复装置。
图21B是根据本技术的另一实施例的在从左心房观察的心脏中的天然二尖瓣的示意性俯视图且示出了在天然二尖瓣植入的心脏瓣膜修复装置。
图21C是根据本技术的实施例的在从左心房观察的心脏中的天然二尖瓣的示意性俯视图且示出了图21A的心脏瓣膜修复装置和在天然二尖瓣植入的心脏瓣膜修复装置。
图22示出了根据本技术的实施例的用于修复患者的天然瓣膜的方法。
具体实施方式
下文参考图1A-22描述该技术的几个实施例的具体细节。虽然下文相对于使用人工心脏瓣膜修复装置透皮修复天然二尖瓣的装置、系统和方法描述了许多实施例,但是除本文所述的那些之外,其他应用和其他实施例也处于本技术的范围内。另外,本技术的几个其他实施例可以具有与本文所述的那些不同的构型、组件或程序。因此,本领域技术人员,将因此理解本技术可以具有采用另外部件的其他实施例,或本技术可以在不具有下文参考图1A-22所显示和描述的几个特征的情况下,具有其他实施例。
就本说明书内的术语“远端”和“近端”而言,除非另外说明,这些术语可以指心脏瓣膜修复装置和/或相关递送装置的多个部分相对于操作者和/或血管系统或心脏中某位置的相对位置。例如,在提到适于递送和定位本文所述的各种心脏瓣膜修复或替换装置的递送导管时,“近端”可以指更靠近该装置操作员或血管系统切口的位置,并且“远端”可以指距离该装置操作员较远或沿血管系统的切口更远的位置(例如,导管的末端)。相对于人工心脏瓣修复或替换膜装置,术语“近端”和“远端”可以指该装置的多个部分相对于血液流动方向的位置。例如,近端可以指上游定向的位置或血液入流位置,并且远端可以指下游定向的位置或血液出流位置。
另外,术语“扩张构型”指该装置在不存在束缚力或扭曲力的情况下被允许自由扩张至无约束尺寸时的构型或状态。术语“展开构型”或“展开的”是指在天然瓣膜部位扩张并经受天然解剖学所发出的束缚力和扭曲力扩张之后的装置。术语“扩展构型”或“扩展状态”指的是“扩张构型和/或展开构型”以及术语“收缩构型”或“收缩状态”指的是在压缩或以其他方式折叠的状态中的装置。
为易于参考,在本披露通篇范围,相同指示符和/或字母用来确定相似或类似的组件或特征,但是相同指示符的使用不暗示该零件应当是解读为是相同的。实际上,在本文所述的许多实例中,相同编号的零件在结构和/或功能方面是不同的。本文提供的标题仅为方便起见。
概述
本文提供了用于透皮修复天然心脏瓣膜,如二尖瓣,的系统、装置和方法。提供下文所述的几项详细内容以便按这样的方式描述以下实例和方法,该方式足以使相关领域技术人员实施、制造和使用它们成为可能。然而,下文描述的几项详细内容和优点可以不是实施本技术的某些实例和方法必需的。另外,本技术可以包括处于权利要求书范围内但未详述的其他实例和方法。
本技术的实施例提供了治疗身体瓣膜如心脏瓣膜(包括二尖瓣)的系统、方法和装置。这些装置和方法使得利用导管的透皮方法成为可能,其中该导管经静脉或动脉按血管内方式递送至心脏中。另外,这些装置和方法使得侵入性较小的其他方法成为可能,所述其他方法包括经心尖、经心房和直接主动脉递送心脏瓣膜修复装置至心脏中的靶位置。这些装置和方法使得人工装置通过接合瓣膜环的子环表面和其他子瓣膜元素、腱索和/或瓣叶锚定在天然瓣膜位置处或附近成为可能。另外,如本文所述的装置和方法的实施例可以与许多已知的外科术和手术组合,如采用顺行或逆行入路及它们的组合抵达心脏瓣膜(例如,二尖瓣或三尖瓣)的已知方法。
本文所述的装置和方法提供一种瓣膜修复装置,其具有适应于并且贴合形状各异的天然二尖瓣解剖学的柔韧度,同时在至少部分封闭的位置物理上地支持或支撑(例如,推)二尖瓣的后叶朝向前叶以促进心脏收缩期间的天然二尖瓣叶的闭合。该装置的几个实施例有效地减小二尖瓣孔的大小并是天然二尖瓣能够胜任。该装置具有随时间推移经受心脏动态状况所必需的结构性强度和完整性,且牢固地锚定修复装置在子环位置,以使得患者可以过上实质地正常的生活。这些系统和方法进一步以侵入性较小的方式递送这种装置,使用风险较低的手术为患者提供新的永久的修复装置,其具有相比于传统手术更快的恢复期。
本技术的若干实施例包括用于修复心脏瓣膜的装置。天然心脏瓣膜具有瓣环和瓣叶,并且这种修复装置包括用于在天然瓣膜的子环位置接合心脏壁的内表面和天然瓣膜的瓣叶的向外面向的表面(例如,背面,底面或下游侧)的支持结构。该装置可以被配置为在至少部分封闭的位置支撑瓣叶。在至少部分封闭的位置的瓣叶可以被定位,使得瓣膜的功能通常通过改善瓣叶的闭合而被改善。例如,在至少部分封闭的位置的瓣叶可以保持更接近天然瓣膜的相对的瓣叶,使得两个瓣叶在一部分的心动周期期间闭合或与彼此密封地接合。瓣叶可以被定位,使得瓣叶的一部分——其可以是瓣叶的游离缘或瓣叶的中间部分——与相对瓣叶的表面闭合,在治疗前瓣叶并不与该相对瓣叶闭合。该装置可以具有支持结构,其任选可以包括刺或束,以及连接到或从该刺或围绕该刺扩展的扩展单元。在一个实施例中,扩展单元可包括适于支持结构组织向内生长的生物相容材料。在各种实施方式中,扩展单元可包括多个配置成扩张或以其它方式扩展在与瓣叶相关联的腱索之间的和/或与之接合的突起。在一些实施例中,扩展单元包括柔性的,不透液的盖,例如可充气气囊或气球,以及盖内的可注射的填充材料,其扩张扩展单元的部分并随着时间的推移维持扩张构型(如,填充和扩张多个突起)。
本公开的一些实施例涉及修复患者的天然瓣膜和植入人工瓣膜的系统。在一个实施方案中,该系统可以具有人工心脏瓣膜修复装置,其可在子环位置相对于天然瓣膜被植入且具有用于在天然瓣膜的子环位置接合心脏壁的内表面和天然瓣膜的瓣叶的向外面向的表面(例如,背面,底面或下游侧)。在本实施例中,支持结构可以配置成改变环形的形状和/或环形横截面尺寸时,该装置处于展开构型。例如,所述支持结构可以配置为从非圆形横截面的环形状改变为更圆形的或大致圆形的横截面。该系统还可以包括人工心脏瓣膜。人工心脏瓣膜可以,例如,包括可径向扩张的支持结构,其具有腔和连接到在腔内的支持结构的瓣膜。在这种布置中,当人工心脏瓣膜修复装置被植入在子环位置时,径向可扩张的支持结构可以在改变的环形状或改变的环形横截面尺寸内得到支撑。在一个特定实例中,心脏瓣膜修复装置可定位在子环区域中的二尖瓣后叶的后面,并且人工心脏瓣膜可以具有大致圆形的横截面尺寸。
本技术的其他方面涉及用于修复患者的天然瓣膜的方法。在一个实施方案中,一种方法包括在子环位置将心脏瓣膜修复装置定位在连接到腱索的至少一个瓣叶的后面。修复装置可具有支持结构,其初始地处于收缩构型。该方法还可以包括扩展或以其他方式在子环位置扩展支持结构,使得支持结构接合心脏壁的内表面和瓣叶的向外面向的表面(例如,背面,底面或下游侧)。在一个实例中,天然瓣膜是二尖瓣并且支持结构可以接合左心室壁和二尖瓣后叶。在示范性实施例中,支持结构朝向瓣叶的游离缘,或朝向支持结构应当与其闭合的相对的瓣叶扩展。在二尖瓣修复的实施方式中,支持结构可以在前部方向上扩展(即,远离心室的后壁并朝向前叶),或朝后叶的前缘。在各种不同的实施方案中,修复装置被配置为在至少部分封闭的位置支撑瓣叶,以促进瓣叶的闭合并由此修复天然瓣膜。该闭合可能会发生在一个或两个瓣叶的远端游离缘,或沿一个或两个瓣叶的中间部分发生。
本公开的另一实施方案涉及一种治疗病人的天然瓣膜的心脏瓣膜修复装置。在各种布置中,修复装置可以包括框架,其具有第一端和第二端,所述第一端配置为在至少靠近所述天然瓣膜的第一合缝被放置,第二端配置为在至少接近所述天然瓣膜的第二合缝被放置。该框架还包括在所述第一端与所述第二端之间的弯曲区域。所述框架的弯曲区域被配置为接合所述天然心脏瓣膜的瓣叶的背面,使得所述瓣叶与所述天然瓣膜的相邻瓣叶至少部分地闭合。
本文所披露的装置和方法可以配置成用于治疗非圆、非对称形状的瓣膜和双叶瓣或双尖瓣(bicuspid valve),如二尖瓣。本文所披露的许多装置和方法还可以提供人工装置的长期(例如,永久)和可靠锚定,甚至在其中心脏或天然瓣膜可能遭遇逐步膨大或扭曲的条件下也是如此。
心脏和二尖瓣生理学
图2与3显示正常的心脏H。心脏包括左心房,左心房借助肺静脉PV接收来自肺的氧合血液并且将这种氧合血液经二尖瓣MV泵送至左心室LV中。图3中显示心脏收缩期时正常心脏H的左心室LV。左心室LV收缩并且血液经主动脉瓣AV以箭头方向外向地流动。通过二尖瓣防止血液经二尖瓣MV回流或“反流”,因为二尖瓣配置为当左心室中压力高于左心房LA中压力时防止回流的“单向阀”。更具体地,二尖瓣MV包括一对具有游离边缘FE的瓣叶,游离边缘均匀地会合或“闭合”至关闭,如图3中所示。瓣叶LF的对立端借助称作瓣膜环AN的瓣膜环组织区域与周围心脏结构附接。
图4是更详细地显示二尖瓣的瓣膜环和瓣叶的示意性截面侧视图。如所示,瓣叶LF的对立端借助致密结缔组织的纤维环(称作瓣膜环AN)与周围心脏结构附接,该纤维环区别于瓣叶组织LF以及心壁的毗邻肌肉组织。瓣叶LF和瓣膜环AN由不同类型的心脏组织组成,这些心脏组织具有不同的强度、韧度、纤维特性和柔韧度。另外,二尖瓣MV也可以包括使每个瓣叶LF互连瓣膜环AN的独特组织区域,在本文中称作瓣叶/瓣膜环连接组织LAC(由重叠交叉阴影线指示)。
再次参照图3,二尖瓣叶LF的游离缘FE经腱索CT固定至左心室LV的下部分,腱索包括在每个瓣叶LF的下半表面上固定的多根分支腱。初级腱索CT转而附接至乳头肌PM,乳头肌从左心室LV和室中隔IVS的下半壁向上扩展。虽然图3示出了初级腱索(CT),其将瓣叶连接到乳头肌,二尖瓣的后叶(以及三尖瓣瓣膜的瓣叶)也有二级和三级腱索,其直接连接瓣叶到心室壁。这些二级和三级腱索有一定范围的长度和位置,在所有高度连接到瓣叶,包括接近靠近到瓣环的瓣叶的连接。二级和三级腱索示于图3、5、12、13-16B和19,并在本文进一步被详细的描述。
现在参考图5,反流可发生在正患有功能性二尖瓣疾病(例如,心肌病)的患者身上,在其中心脏扩张并且增加的尺寸妨碍瓣叶LF正确地会合。心脏的膨大造成二尖瓣膜环变得膨大,使得游离缘FE不可能在心脏收缩期期间会合(例如,闭合)。前瓣叶和后瓣叶的游离缘正常情况下沿如图65A,瓣膜的顶部或左心房侧的视图,中所示的一条闭合线C会合,但是在患有心肌病的患者中可能留下显著的间隙G,如图6B中所示。
图6A-6C进一步显示二尖瓣的瓣叶L的形状和相对尺寸。如图6C中所示,整个二尖瓣大体上具有长轴为MVA1和短轴为MVA2的“D”形或肾样形状。在健康人中,长轴MVA1一般具有约33.3mm至约42.5mm的范围内(37.9+/-4.6mm)的长度,并且短轴MVA2具有约26.9至约38.1mm的范围内(32.5+/-5.6mm)的长度。然而,对于具有降低心脏功能的患者,这些值可以较大,例如MVA1可以在约45mm至55mm范围内并且MVA2可以在约35mm至约40mm范围内。闭合线C是弯曲或C形的,以使得前瓣叶AL大于后瓣叶PL(图6A)。两个瓣叶大体从上侧或心房侧均显示为新月形,且前瓣叶AL在瓣膜中部实质地宽于后瓣叶PL。如图6A中所示,在闭合线C的相对端,瓣叶在称作前外侧连合AC和后内侧连合PC的角处联合在一起。
图6C显示二尖瓣的瓣膜环的形状和尺度。如上所述,瓣膜环是围绕瓣膜周线的环形区域,由纤维组织组成,该纤维组织比瓣叶LF的纤维组织更厚和更坚韧并且区别于心室壁和心房壁的肌肉组织。瓣膜环可以包含马鞍样形状,同时第一峰部分PP1和第二峰部分PP2沿峰间轴IPD存在并且第一谷部分VP1和第二谷部分VP2沿谷间轴IVD存在。相对于含有两个谷部分VP1、VP2最低点的平面,第一峰部分和第二峰部分PP1和PP2在海拔上更高,一般在人类中约8-19mm更高,因此赋予瓣膜总体马鞍样的形状。在第一峰部分PP1和第二峰部分PP2之间的距离,称作峰间跨度IPD,实质地短于谷间跨度IVD,第一谷部分VP1和第二谷部分VP2之间的距离。
再次参照图4,如本文所用,“子环”指二尖瓣MV的位于天然瓣口平面PO上的或下游DN的部分。如本文所用,天然瓣膜孔的平面PO是大致垂直于血液流过瓣膜的方向的平面,并且含有任一或两个的长轴MVA1或短轴MVA2(图6C)。因而,二尖瓣MV的子环表面是位于该平面PO的心室侧上的的组织表面,并且优选地是一个大体上下游地面向左心室LV的组织表面。子环表面可以安置在瓣膜环AN本身或天然瓣叶LF后的心室壁上,或它可以包括天然瓣叶向外表面IF或向下表面OF,该表面位于该平面PO下方。子环表面或子环组织因此可以包括瓣膜环AN本身、天然瓣叶LF的向外表面OF、瓣叶/瓣膜环结缔组织、心室壁或它们的组合。
本领域技术人员会认识到二尖瓣的尺度和生理学可能在患者之间变动,并且虽然一些患者可以包含不同的生理学,但是如本文所述的教授内容可以适应于由二尖瓣病状、尺度和形状各异的许多患者使用。例如,与实施例相关的工作表明,一些患者可以在峰部分和谷部分未充分限定的情况下具有横贯瓣膜环的长尺度和横贯瓣膜环的短尺度,并且可以相应地配置如本文所述的方法和装置。
至二尖瓣的通路
可以经患者的血管系统以透皮方式实现抵达二尖瓣或其他房室瓣。透皮意指经皮肤接入远离心脏的血管系统位置,一般使用外科下切术或侵入性最小的手术,如借助例如Seldinger技术使用针通路。透皮抵达远处血管系统的能力是熟知的并且在专利和医学文献中描述。取决于血管通路的点,至二尖瓣入路可以是顺行的并且可以依赖于通过穿过房中隔进入左心房。可选地,至二尖瓣入路可以是逆行的,其中经主动脉瓣进入左心室。一旦实现透皮抵达,则可以将介入性工具和支撑导管以血管内方式推进至心脏并且以多种方式毗邻靶心脏瓣膜安置。
图7和图8中显示逆行至二尖瓣入路的例子。二尖瓣MV可以通过从主动脉弓AA、跨主动脉瓣AV并且进入二尖瓣MV下方左心室LV的入路抵达。主动脉弓AA可以经常规的股动脉通路途径以及借助肱动脉、腋动脉、桡动脉或颈动脉经更直接的入路抵达。可以使用导丝6实现这类通路。一旦就位,导引导管4可以沿着导丝6前进。可替代地,可以通过在胸部切开、优选地在不取出肋骨的情况下以肋间方式切开并经主动脉本身中的穿刺孔安置导引导管而取得手术入路。导引导管4提供后续通路以允许放置人工瓣膜装置,如本文中更详细的描述。
在一些具体情况下,可以因某些优点而选择至二尖瓣的逆行动脉入路。例如,逆行入路的使用可以消除经中隔穿刺的需求(描述如下)。此外,逆行入路更常由心脏病学家使用因此具有熟悉的优点。
另外的至二尖瓣入路是借助经心尖穿刺,如图9中所示。在这条入路中,借助胸部开术或更小的肋间或剑突下切开术或穿刺术获得至心脏的通路,其中该胸部开术可以是常规开放式胸廓切开术或胸骨切开术。随后在心尖处或其附近的左心室壁中经穿刺孔放置通路套管,然后由荷包缝合术密封。本发明的导管和人工装置随后可以通过这根通路套管引入左心室中。
使用经中隔入路,借助下腔静脉IVC或上腔静脉SVC、经右心房RA、跨房中隔IAS并且进入二尖瓣MV上方左心房LA而获得通路。
如图10A中所示,具有针头2的导管1可以从下腔静脉IVC推进至右心房RA中。一旦导管1达到房中隔IAS的前侧,则可以推进针头2,从而它穿透房中隔,例如在卵圆窝FO或进入左心房的卵圆孔处,进入左心房LA。导管然后穿过针头进入左心房。此时,可以将导丝交换为针头2并抽出导管1。
如图10B中所示,经房中隔IAS的通路通常可以通过通过放置导引导管4(一般在已经如上文所述那样安置的导丝6上方)来维持。导引导管4提供允许引入装置以修复二尖瓣的后续通路,如本文中更详细描述。
在替代性顺行入路(未显示)中,可以经肋间切口,优选地在不取出肋骨的情况下,获得手术通路,并且可以在左心房壁中造出小穿刺孔或切口。随后可以将导引导管通过这个穿刺孔或切口直接置入左心房中,由荷包缝合术密封。
如上文所述,顺行或经中隔至二尖瓣入路可以在许多方面是有利。例如,顺行入路可以降低如逆行入路中那样与穿过主动脉瓣相关的风险。这可以对带有人工主动脉瓣的患者特别有意义,该人工主动脉瓣根本不能穿过或不能在不存在实质地损伤风险的情况下穿过。
人工瓣膜修复装置还可以使用常规的开放式外科手术方法被植入。对于一些患者,本发明的装置和方法可提供某些瓣膜病症的治疗的疗法或者比现有的治疗更耐用的疗法,如环成形术或瓣膜置换。
人工瓣膜修复装置可以被专门设计用于本入路或在多种入路之间可互换。根据本文所述的实施例,本领域技术人员可以为个体患者确定适宜的入路并且设计用于所确定入路的治疗装置。
人工瓣膜修复装置的取向和导引可以与许多已知的导管、工具和装置组合。可以通过以下方式实现这种取向:大体导引(Gross steering)该装置至所需位置并且随后精细导引该装置组件以实现所需的结果。
可以通过许多方法实现大体导引。可导引导丝可以用来将导引导管和人工瓣膜修复装置引入正确位置。导引导管可以例如使用外科下切术或Seldinger通路引入到患者腹股沟中的股动脉。在放置导丝后,可以将导引导管借助导丝引入到所需的位置。可替代地,可以经以上描述的其他途径引入更短和不同形状的导引导管。
导引导管可以预成型以提供相对于二尖瓣的所需取向。为了借助经中隔入路抵达,导引导管可以在其尖端处具有弯曲、带角度或其他合适的形状以便使远端从导引导管经其扩展的中隔穿刺位置朝着二尖瓣取向。对于逆行入路,如图7和图8中所示,导引导管4可以具有预成型的J尖端,该J尖端如此构形,从而将它在主动脉弓AA上并穿过主动脉瓣AV放置后,它转向二尖瓣MV。如图7中所示,导引导管4可以配置成向下扩展至左心室LV中和采取J型构型,从而介入性工具或导管的取向与二尖瓣MV的轴更紧密地对齐。如图8所示,导向导管可选地被以合适于在后叶后面推进的方式成形。在任何一种情况下,预成型的导引导管可以配置成变直以便借助通管针或硬导丝进行血管内递送,其中该通管针或硬导丝穿过导引导管的管腔。导引导管可能还具有用于调节其形状以便更精细导引调节的牵拉丝或其他手段。
人工心脏瓣膜装置和方法的所选择实施例
本技术的实施例可以用来治疗如本文所述的一个或多个心脏瓣膜,并且若干实施例非常适合用于治疗二尖瓣。在这个部分中参照图10A-56描述根据本技术的实施例的人工心脏瓣膜修复装置、系统组件和相关方法的介绍性例子。将可以理解,参照图11A-22所描述的实施例的具体部件、子结构、优点、用途和/或其他特征可以适当地彼此互换、替代和/或以其他方式构形。另外,参照图11A-22所描述的实施例的合适部件可以用作单独和/或自持装置。
根据本技术的系统、设备和方法提供在患者的心脏中的人工心脏瓣膜修复装置的经皮植入。在一些实施方案中,方法和装置通过在子环位置使用上述关于图7-10B的技术的在一个或多个天然瓣叶后面的修复装置的微创植入治疗瓣膜疾病。在一个实施例中,修复装置可以是适合于接合心脏壁的内表面,如左心室壁和瓣叶的背面(例如,在患者的心脏中的二尖瓣的后叶)。在另一个实施方案中,修复装置可以是适合在患者的心脏中的另一瓣膜(例如,二尖瓣或三尖瓣)的植入和修复。
图11A是根据本技术的实施方式显示了在扩张或扩展构型的人工心脏瓣膜修复装置100(“修复装置100”),以及图11B和图11C分别是根据本技术的一实施例的处于扩张构型和处于收缩或输送构型的修复装置100的横截面侧视图。修复装置100在如图11C中所示的输送构型和在图11A-B中所示的扩张构型之间是可移动的,以在二尖瓣后叶的下放被部署。在图11C中所示的输送构型中,修复装置100具有适于输送通过小直径导管104的腔102的低轮廓,该导管104经由在此所述的经隔、逆行或反式心尖方法被定位在心脏中。在一些实施方案中,修复装置100的输送构型将优选地具有尽可能小的外径,例如经隔办法的不大于约8-10毫米,逆行办法的约6-8毫米,或二尖瓣MV的反式心尖方法的约8-12毫米。在一些实施方案中,修复装置100可以是弹性的,且一旦展开是相对抗压的,从而更容易地将装置定位和保持在目标位置。如图11A中可见,修复装置100可以被预成形,以在展开构型中不受约束时承担弯曲形状或其他非直线形状。因此,修复装置100可以是柔性的和有弹性的,使得当被定位在导管104的腔102中时它可以被形成为更线性的形状,以及当从导管释放时它会弹性地恢复到其预成形的展开构型。可替代的或附加的,修复装置100可以是以流体材料可充气的或可填充的,如与下面进一步描述的,并且它可以被配置成作为流体压力的结果呈现预定展开的形状。
在图11A所示的实施例中,修复装置100包括支持结构110,用于接合和至少部分地符合在心脏腔室壁(例如,左心室壁)的内表面和天然瓣叶(如二尖瓣后叶)背面之间的子环位置。支持结构110通常可具有第一端112,第二端114,和在第一和第二端112、114之间的弯曲区域116。在一个实施例中,支持结构110可被定位为尽可能地靠近瓣环中的子环区域(例如,在瓣叶片的外侧表面和心室壁之间的空间内的最高点)。弯曲区域116的弯曲形状可以容纳和/或以其它方式符合后二尖瓣瓣环的弯曲形状,或者它可以是相对刚性的,以鼓励具体形状。支持结构110的长度可以基本上扩展合缝之间的整个距离,或仅部分围绕后叶PL而不达到合缝,或超过一个或两个合缝以便扩展到一部分前叶AL的下面。支持结构110被优选地配置成通过后叶PL和心室的内壁的下侧(例如,向外的表面或下游侧)的压缩或摩擦被楔入或保持和/或与附于后叶PL的腱索接合。在一些实施例中,支持结构110被配置成定位在基底和/或三级腱索和室壁之间。支持结构110将优选地具有足够的刚性以偏转后叶PL到期望的后处理配置,但仍具有一定的柔性,以允许它弯曲并避免在高压力下的组织损伤。支持结构110还可以具有一些弹性和可压缩性以随着急性和长期的心脏形状改变,保持其与腱索、瓣叶和壁组织的接合。支持结构可以是框架、膀胱、气球、泡沫、管(例如,网状管),或其他结构,其被配置为以一方式在目标部位被扩展(例如,展开),该方式从预处理位置推压或以其它方式重新定位天然瓣膜的瓣叶,在预处理位置的天然瓣叶不能正确闭合到后处理位置,在一部分的心动周期内的瓣叶在后处理位置闭合。支持结构可以进一步配置为支撑,支持或以其他方式在至少一部分的心动周期将瓣叶保持在后处理位置,优选的是永久性的。
支持结构110可以被预成形以使得在扩展后,修复装置100容纳(例如,近似于)天然解剖学的形状或天然解剖结构的期望的后处理的形状。例如,支持结构110可以被预成形为扩张成“C”形或其他适当的弯曲形状,以容纳二尖瓣环的曲率和/或符合一部分的天然二尖瓣环。在一些实施例中,支持结构110的若干组件可具有子环接合表面118,其在上游-下游的方向包括一个或多个峰(未示出)和一个或多个谷(未示出),用于容纳或符合二尖瓣的天然鞍形轮廓。支持结构110的弯曲区域116的外边缘117可以是定位对着心脏壁的内表面。
一并参照图11A和11B,支持结构110可包括中心刺111(例如,束、管、或框架),其可以是支架结构,例如气囊可扩张的或自扩张支架。在其他实施例中,刺111可以是螺旋弹簧、编织管、金属丝、聚合物部件,或其他形式。刺111和/或支持结构110的其它部分,在各种实施方案中,可以包括金属材料,例如镍钛合金(镍钛诺),不锈钢,或钴铬合金。在其它实施例中,支撑110结构可包括聚合物,如聚酯、聚丙烯、尼龙、特氟纶、聚四氟乙烯、ePTFE,等等。在本领域中已知的其他合适的材料和/或可扩张的或柔性的植入物可以是也被用于形成支持结构110的某些组件。如在图11A中所示,刺111的若干实施例可以至少部分地由包含弹性长丝的圆柱形编织物或支架结构被形成。因此,刺111和/或支持结构110的其他部分可以包括弹性,超弹性或其他形状的记忆元件,其在装置100展开之后在目标部位自扩张为形成的或预成形的结构。刺111还可以包括腔119,导丝(未示出)和/或加强/加固部件115(在图11B中所示),如线、线圈或聚合元件,通过该腔可以被放入或集成到支持结构110。这种加强/加固部件115可以在修复装置100展开之前或展开过程中被插入到腔119内,以一旦被植入后提供对心脏组织的附加阻性压力。刺111可以是柔性的和有弹性的,因此它可以被矫直用于导管或护套中的输送或穿越线的输送,当不受约束时它可以弹性地返回到弯曲的形状(例如,类似于天然瓣环的弯曲形状)。在一些实施例中,刺111优选具有足够的刚度以在所需位置和形状结构上地支撑处理过的瓣叶。在一些实施例中,刺111可覆盖有生物相容的柔性织物或聚合物,优选为允许组织向内生长的柔性织物或聚合物。
支持结构110还可以包括附接到和/或位于至少一部分的刺111周围的扩展单元120。在一个实施例中,例如,扩展单元120在位于或靠近患者的天然瓣膜处可以是与心脏组织生物相容的,以促进组织向内生长和加强天然瓣膜区域内的修复装置100的植入。在示例性实施例中,扩展单元120可以包括围绕刺111生物相容的织物或聚合物的柔性盖。在一个实施例中,扩展单元120可包括可扩张构件,诸如可扩张管、气球、膀胱、泡沫或其他可扩张材料,其被连接到刺111。可扩张构件本身可环绕刺111,可被固定在柔性织物或围绕刺111扩展或附着到刺111的聚合物盖内,或者可直接附连到刺111的横侧面。例如,扩展部120可以是由不可渗透的,灵活的生物相容性材料制成的弹性或无弹性的气球。扩展单元120可包括织物或其他柔性的,可拉伸和/或生物相容的材料,例如编织的,纺织的,或钩状扩张的PTFE(),牛心包,或其他适当的柔性材料,以与相邻的组织整合并促进组织向内生长以促进在子环位置的修复装置100的进一步稳定。在其他实施例中,扩展单元120可包括聚酯织物,聚合物,热塑性聚合物,合成纤维,天然纤维或聚对苯二甲酸乙酯(PET)。扩展单元120的若干实施例可以被预成形,以当修复装置100被植入时容纳一个相对固定的最大尺寸和形状。在各种实施例中,扩展单元120可以是多孔的和/或粘附到心脏壁的内表面和/或瓣叶的背面。组织向内生长进入扩展单元120可以形成是血液相容的组织的血管翳,并且可以强化修复装置100,子环组织和/或心脏壁的内表面,瓣叶的背面的组合结构。扩展单元120从血管内或反式根尖的收缩结构可扩张到在所需的位置的适于支撑瓣叶的扩张构型(例如,在相对于刺111的横向或纵向轴线径向方向)。当处于未扩张构型时,扩展单元120通常会比刺111更灵活,且在一些实施例将在展开时变得基本上更硬,例如通过用流体填充或扩张。这种刚性可以通过流体压力,或通过硬化或固化扩展单元中的流体(例如,环氧树脂或水泥)单独地赋予。
支持结构110还可以包括在扩张构型130中的多个突起和凹陷131的。突起130与凹陷131交替,使得每个凹陷设置在两个突起之间,形成一系列的峰和谷。例如,突起130可以是扩展单元120的特征,其扩展朝向另一天然瓣叶并大致平行于被支撑的瓣叶的下侧,使得突起130扩展在维系瓣叶(如二尖瓣后叶)至心室壁的二级和/或三级腱索之间并与之接合。在一些实施方案中,全部或部分的突起130可以大致相同的(前)方向扩展,而在其他实施方案中,突起130可在相对刺111的曲率(或天然瓣环)的径向向内的方向上扩展。这样,二级和/或三级腱索的一部分可以在修复装置100已经被展开之后被定位在突起131。突起130的上部或瓣叶面向侧面优选地足够光滑和宽以支持瓣叶而不在心动周期中将它移动或摩擦突起研磨或损坏瓣叶。凹陷131优选足够宽以接收至少一个腱索稍微紧贴地抑制支持结构的横向运动。
仍参考图11A-B且根据本技术的实施例,扩展单元120可包括多个容器132,其可被配置成在展开装置100期间或之后接收填充材料140以形成突起130。例如,固化成永久半柔性或刚性的材料的液体可以被注入到扩展单元120以至少部分地填充扩展单元120的容器132,并由此形成突起130。其他实施方案中,未示出,容器132可以扩展,以使用内部元件,例如分段支架,一个或多个螺旋弹簧元件,或其它加强结构形成突起130。例如,支架或弹簧可能预先成形,以帮助装置100呈现展开构型(例如,形状和轮廓)。因此,一旦在展开构造中,突起130可在腱索CT之间穿插。
相对突起130的支持结构的一侧(即,在实施方式的二尖瓣后侧)将优选被配置为无损伤和压缩地接合室壁以帮助锚定装置在适当位置。后表面可以是软的,压缩的,和有弹性的材料,优选无创伤到心脏壁,优选一个鼓励组织内生长。在一些实施方案中,后侧可以具有保持元件,如尖峰,钩,刷,点,凸起,或肋,从其表面突出以接合心室壁,以进一步协助锚定和固定装置。后侧也可以具有一个或多个在其上的可展开的,弹性的,或弹簧状元件,其接合室壁并促进向前方向(远离壁)的支持结构110牢固地和压缩地接合突起130之间的腱索。这可以补充或替代支持结构110或扩展构件的扩张。
图12A和图12B是根据本技术的实施例的在植入修复装置100(为了清楚而移除图12A中的刺111)阶段的修复装置100和输送系统的横截面俯视图。参照图12A,导丝GW被定位在植入部位以及导向导管1210被传递越过导丝GW直到导向导管1210被定位在至少靠近瓣膜处。然后可以令可选的输送导管或护套1220穿过导向导管1210。导丝GW可以撤回,并且修复装置100然后穿过导向导管1210或可选的护套1220。在另一个实施方案中,导丝GW被在修复装置100的腔119(图11A和11B)中接收,使修复装置100植入期间越过导丝GW。当修复装置100被用于修复天然二尖瓣MV时,导丝GW可以被定位在天然二尖瓣MV的后叶PL之下,导向导管1210和/或可选的护套1220然后在目标部位被放置后叶PL之下,然后修复装置100在目标部位被定位在导向导管1210和/或可选的护套1220之内。在此阶段,前叶和后叶未能闭合,导致后叶PL与前叶AL之间的间隙G。
图12B示出在天然二尖瓣MV的后叶PL之下植入修复装置100的随后阶段。护套1220可以具有腔1222,且修复装置100可以通过一个释放机构1232附连到轴1230。另外,充气管1240可以沿着或通过护套1220,并通过一单向阀(未示出)扩展进入支持结构110的扩展单元120。在一个实施例中,在修复装置100被定位在后叶PL之下时,修复装置100以径向收缩状态被包含在护套1220的腔1222内,然后护套1220近侧缩回以在目标部位暴露修复装置100。在修复装置100已被暴露之后,填充材料140经由充气管1240注入到扩展单元120使突起130远离刺111朝向阀孔的中心轴线(箭头AD)扩展。突起130相应地推动后叶PL的至少游离缘朝向前叶AL直到间隙G(图12A)至少部分地封闭,以提高天然二尖瓣MV的能力。在图12B所示的实施例中,间隙G被完全消除,使得后叶PL的游离缘与前叶AL的游离缘充分闭合。此外,定位在突起130之间的凹陷131中的腱索CT确保修复装置100在的子环空间中。释放机构1232然后被启动以使修复装置100从轴1230分开。护套1220与轴1230和充气管1240然后从患者抽出。
在其它实施方案中,修复装置100可以包括流体吸收材料,其在植入后通过血液或其它流体的吸收而扩张以除了或代替使用充气管1240充气扩展单元的120。例如,扩展单元120可具有流体可渗透的盖,以及在盖中的吸收性材料,其在吸收流体时扩张,或者扩展单元120可以是泡沫,其扩张以形成突起130。可替代地,扩展单元120可以填充有流体吸收物质,如生物相容性水凝胶,其当暴露于血液或其它流体时而扩张。在这种方式中,支持结构110可以被植入并可选地部分地扩张,然后使其通过流体吸收扩张到其完全扩张构型。或者,扩展单元120可以足够多孔以允许血液传递到它,使得血液将收集并填满扩展单元。最终,血液可能凝结并通过组织代替,以加强和固化修复装置100。在进一步的实施方案中,扩展单元120可配置成接收可注入材料来实现完全-扩张构型。
图13是示意性地示出具有植入在天然二尖瓣区域的修复装置100的实施例的心脏的左心房、左心室和天然二尖瓣的横截面视图。在本实施例中,修复装置100如上参照图12A和12B在二尖瓣环的AN的心室侧被植入在子环位置中以及在天然二尖瓣MV的后叶PL的后面。修复装置100,例如,可以有沿距离DV接合心室壁的心室壁接合表面150和后叶接合表面160,其配置成接合后叶PL的向外面向的表面(例如,下侧或下游侧)。修复装置100由腱索CT保持在子环位置(例如,这是与后叶PL相关联的最接近瓣环AN的二级或三级腱索)。随着修复装置100从收缩、输送构型到到扩张、展开构型,后叶接合表面160的宽度或面积放大。在一些实施方案中,修复装置100可以被扩展,直到后叶接合表面具有所需的宽度或面积,例如,直至后叶被重新定位和/或再成形使得其与前叶闭合以及通过瓣膜的返流被减小或消除。如图13,当装置100处于展开构型时,后叶接合表面160沿从心室的后壁朝向前叶AL的距离DL至少接合后叶PL的向外面向的表面(例如,下侧)以推动、支撑或以其他方式支持后叶PL以使得其与前瓣叶AL闭合和/或以其他方式减少二尖瓣返流(例如,驱动后叶PL朝向前叶AL进入至少部分封闭的位置)。距离DL可以被选择或控制以将修复装置100适应患者的特定解剖结构。在几个实施方案中,距离DL为从2-20毫米,优选至少约8毫米,或在其他实施方案中从约8毫米至约12毫米。在一些实施例中,装置100可以支持后叶PL处于完全封闭位置,而在进一步的实施方案中,修复装置100可以朝向前叶扩展后叶PL至封闭位置,其扩展超过瓣叶的天然封闭位置。例如,后叶PL的形状可以通过扩张修复装置100被改变以推动它朝向靠近前叶AL的位置或在靠近前叶AL的位置支撑它。在一个实例中,修复装置100可以具有三角形或多边形的截面,以用于接合心室壁、瓣环AN和后叶PL的向外面向的表面。在其他实施方案中,修复装置100可以具有圆形、卵形、椭圆形或长圆形截面。
修复装置100的总体横截面形状可确定后叶PL的静止位置,当它被支撑在至少部分闭合位置时。因此,心室壁接合表面150和后叶接合表面160的距离DV和DL和曲率可以被配置以适应不同的患者的不同解剖要求。例如,图14示出了类似于图13中所示的修复装置100的另一修复装置100a的实施例,但在展开构型中的修复装置100a包括具有垂直或头尾距离DVa的室壁接合表面150a,距离DVa小于在图13中所示的修复装置100的室壁接合表面150的相应的距离DV。修复装置100a进一步包括后叶接合表面160a,其以距离DLa沿后-前尺寸接触后叶PL的下侧,距离DLa大于图13的修复装置100的后叶接合表面160的距离。这样,修复装置100a能够支持后叶PL比装置100处于更靠近前叶AL的位置;更具体地,修复装置100可以移动后叶PL沿着其铰合以打开和关闭的线远离左心室的后心脏壁,并靠近前叶AL以降低在心动周期中打开和关闭的后叶的可动部分的尺寸。瓣叶铰链可以替代地被完全消除,以使瓣叶在整个心动周期基本上静止。
图15是根据本技术另一实施方式的修复装置100b的横截面侧视图。在图15所示的修复装置100b是类似于图14中所示的修复装置100a,但在展开构型中的修复装置100b比修复装置100a平坦(短于房室方向)。例如,修复装置100b具有室壁接合表面150b,其沿小于所述修复装置100a的距离DVa的距离DVb接合心室壁。修复装置100b可以比修复装置100a更容易植入,因为修复装置100b的下部轮廓可以容纳较小的输送导管和在心室心脏壁与腱索CT之间的狭小空间。
图16A和16B是根据本技术另一实施方式的修复装置100c的横截面侧视图。在本实施例中,修复装置100c具有包括波纹管1622的扩展单元1620,其优先地在前向AD上扩张。波纹管1622可以是扩展单元1620的手风琴式的部分,以及扩展单元1620的其余部分可以是柔性织物或聚合物材料,其是由与波纹管1622相同的材料或不同的材料制成的。在其他实施方案中,除波纹管1622之外的扩展单元1620的部分可以由金属或其它材料制成,其可在较低的弯曲1624弯曲。在操作中,当扩展单元1620被充气时,波纹管1622允许突起130在前向方向AD上移动,使得修复装置100c以增加的距离(例如,从图16A的DLc1至图16B的DLc2)接合后叶PL的下侧。
图17A-17C是根据本技术的额外的实施例的在从左心房观察的心脏中的天然二尖瓣的示意性俯视图且示出了在天然二尖瓣植入的上述的任何修复装置100-100c的实施例(修复装置100-100c一并确定为“修复装置100”且参考图17A-17C以虚线示出)。突起130的存在可以允许修复装置100完全扩张以在至少部分闭合位置支撑或支持后叶PL的向外面向表面而不会撕裂或过度位移或拉伸腱索,其将修理装置100维持在目标植入位置。在一些实施例中,腱索还有助于将修复装置100维持在期望的横截面形状。突起130可以被配置为沿后叶PL的下侧向前或径向地以足够的距离扩展通过在基底或三级腱索之间的间隙,以支撑后叶PL在有效闭合所需的位置。突起130的远侧尖端优选是圆形和光滑的,以避免瓣叶的创伤,并允许瓣叶在部分封闭位置围绕突起130弯曲或折叠。突起130也可具有在其上的不会拉出以相反的方向的结构、材料或涂层以接合并维持腱索以使得突起130不会在相反方向上被拔出。例如,突起130可以具有在其远端处的扩大的头部或T形,沿其侧壁的鳞片或向后指向的尖齿或其它特征,其允许突起130在一个方向在腱索之间容易滑动而在其他方向上抵制运动。突起130还可以涂覆有内生长的组织促进剂。在一些实施例中,装置100可以包括其他材料,其鼓励组织向内生长和/或围绕装置的组织愈合,使得所述凹陷131的凸部130之间可以填充有组织(例如,组织的血管翳)留下暴露到左心室的相对平滑的表面。
如图17A所示,所述修复装置100可在装置的长度上具有相对一致的横截面尺寸(例如,在第一和第二端112、114以及沿着弯曲区域116)。在图17B中所示的不同的实施例中,装置100的弯曲区域116可具有横截面尺寸D1,其大于在第一和第二端112、114的横截面尺寸D2、D3。在本实施例中,较大的横截面尺寸D1可以有助于后叶PL与前叶AL在天然二尖瓣MV的中心区域CR的接合。在其它实施例中,装置100可以被配置成具有一个或多个端部(例如,第一和/或第二端部112、114)的更大的横截面尺寸。例如,图17C示出了具有不对称的横截面轮廓的修复装置100。如图17C中,修复装置可具有第二端114,其具有横截面尺寸D4,其分别大于弯曲区域116的和在第一端部112的横截面尺寸D5和D6。因此,修复装置100可以包括各种尺寸(例如,横截面尺寸)和形状,其可用于处理患者的特定心脏瓣膜形态。例如,装置100的形状和尺寸可以被设计成修复天然瓣膜内的返流区域,同时保留瓣叶的功能(例如,后叶功能),至在天然瓣膜的健康区域中的可能的程度。在替代实施例中,设备100可以具有沿装置的长度设置的多个可扩张,可充气的,或者可填充区域或容器,其可通过注入流体被独立地扩张以创建沿装置100的长度的不同的横截面尺寸或形状的区域。在一些实施例中,当心脏仍在跳动时,这些区域或容器的每一个可以选择性地扩张,直到后叶根据需要被定位且成形以减少或消除通过瓣膜的返流。
根据任何前述实施例的修复装置可以具有其它形状,尺寸,大小和配置,以满足患者特定解剖结构或以其他方式实现特定的患者中的天然瓣膜瓣叶闭合。修复装置100的形状和尺寸可以被选择,使得后叶被支撑在一个位置,从而在心脏收缩期间密封后和前叶的闭合。修复装置100在放置之前或之后的尺寸或形状可以是可调节的,以允许医师调节装置以获得所需的处理后的瓣叶位置。例如,修复装置100可以具有可由医师手动成形的可延展部分、可远程调节的机械关节部分,或者流体可以被注入到其中以改变它们的形状或大小的可充气部分。
上述修复装置100-100c的几个实施例的的一个方面是,支持结构110被固定在目标部位,而无需刺穿心脏的瓣叶、瓣环和/或壁的组织的锚固件或其他部件。例如,扩张或以其他方式扩展在腱索之间的突起130和按压支持结构110抵住后叶的下侧和左心室的壁的组合牢固地将修复装置固定在合适的位置。预计这将简化治疗及减少心脏的创伤。
在其它实施方案中,修复装置100可以具有在其外部的功能以提高与天然组织的固定。例如,接合室的壁的后表面,和/或接合后叶的上表面可有倒钩,凸块,肋,尖峰或其它突起,其被配置为接合组织并通过摩擦或组织表面的渗透加强固定。另外或者可选地,摩擦增强织物、聚合物或其它材料也可以设置在这些表面上。在其他实施方案中,环或钩可以耦合到修复装置100,其被配置成与腱或乳头肌接合或围绕腱或乳头肌扩展。此外,被用来覆盖修复装置100的材料可以增强组织向内生长,使得装置在植入后很短的时间内包封在组织中。
在修复装置100-100c的几个实施例的另一个方面,在何种程度上的扩展单元120的突起130在前向方向上扩展的程度可以被控制以定制修复装置100适合特定患者的解剖结构。例如,当扩展单元120是可充气气囊或气囊时,突起130在沿前向方向上扩展的距离可通过被注入到扩展单元120的填充材料140的量来控制。预计这将提供修复装置100的增强的灵活性和定制。
图18是具有弯曲的支持结构1810的修复装置1800的另一实施例的立体图,支持结构1810具有第一端1812和第二端1814。支持结构1810可类似于或与任何上述支持结构110相同。修复装置1800还包括从支持结构1810突出的保持元件1890,以增强到天然组织的锚定。每个保持元件可以具有支柱1892,其配置为扩展通过瓣叶和横向构件1894之间的开口,横向构件1894配置为支撑在瓣叶的外表面的上游侧上。保持元件1890可以具有如图18所示的T形形状、棒棒糖形状、箭头形状,或其他合适的结构以抵抗瓣叶之间的传递。可选地,保持元件1890可以被配置为压靠,摩擦地接合,或穿透天然瓣环、后叶或心房壁的组织。仍在其他实施方案中,保持元件1890可以被配置为接合和任选穿透心室壁。例如,修复装置的心室壁接合面可以具有设置在其上的尖峰、倒钩、脊,凸块,钩或其它摩擦或壁穿透结构的形式的一个或多个保持构件。这样的保持构件可以在放置后输送通过修复装置1800的中央腔,或随着修复在1800扩张而自动展开。
图19是修复装置被植入在天然二尖瓣MV的后叶PL之下之后的已修复装置1800的横截面侧视图。在本实施例中,保持元件1890从瓣叶之间的支持结构1810扩展到瓣叶的上游或超环形侧。优选的是,保持元件1890被安装在支持结构1810的端部1812、1814附加,以便扩展通过瓣膜的合缝至上游侧(在下面的图20C中被详细示出)。可替代地,保持元件1890可以穿透通过瓣叶本身(在图19中更详细示出)。
图20A是在从左心房观察的心脏中的天然二尖瓣MV的示意性俯视图且示出了天然后叶(PL)和天然前叶(AL)的正常闭合,图20B在从左心房观察的心脏中的天然二尖瓣MV的示意性俯视图且示出了天然后叶然前叶PL、AL的异常闭合。在图20B中,后叶PL不能与前叶AL充分闭合,这又允许血液反流通过瓣膜。图20C是根据本技术的实施方式的显示修复装置1800的示意性俯视图(虚线所示),修复装置1800被植入在图20B的以其他方式异常关闭的天然二尖瓣MV的子环位置。如图20C所示,在修复装置1800在子环位置被在后叶PL的后面展开之后,修复装置1800从瓣叶的背侧表面支撑后叶PL,以支持瓣叶在至少部分封闭的位置,在该位置中其与前叶AL充分闭合以减少或消除返流。在本例中的后叶PL被支撑,使得它维持在基本封闭的位置且在心动周期中被防止基本上远离前叶AL移动。前叶AL可以分别在舒张和收缩期间继续打开和关闭。修复装置1800包括如上参照图18和19的一个或多个保持元件1890。例如,保持元件1890被示出扩展通过瓣膜的合缝至上游侧。
本技术的各个方面提供了心脏瓣膜修复装置,其可以通过保持后瓣叶永久封闭,或在其他实施例中大部分封闭,或在进一步的实施例中处于超出天然封闭位置状态的扩展位置减少二尖瓣孔的有效环形区域。当修复装置在二尖瓣的目标区域展开,天然瓣膜可仅具有功能性前叶,从而减少有效开口面积。不受理论的束缚,剩余有效孔口面积被认为是足以避免生理有害或心脏收缩期间通过二尖瓣孔的过大的压力梯度。返流二尖瓣通常扩张到比其原始面积大得多的大小,所以孔面积的减少可能不会损害瓣膜。此外,许多传统的二尖瓣修复手术导致后叶,其从后环仅扩展很短的距离。这些外科手术后,前叶的运动提供了几乎所有的孔口面积。因此,在封闭位置的扩张的二尖瓣的后叶的固定化不被认为导致由于在通过瓣膜的顺行流期间的高的压力梯度的血流动力学的并发症。
在目标位置的修复装置的植入和展开之后,并且当装置扩展并固定二尖瓣后叶在至少部分封闭位置的时候,装置还可以施加来自瓣膜瓣叶的张力至连接到乳头肌和心室壁的腱索。在一些实施方案中,通过植入的修复装置施加的额外张力可拉动乳头肌和左心室的游离壁更靠近二尖瓣,以减少对前叶的束缚作用,并允许前叶更有效地关闭。因此,除了通过至少部分地关闭所述后叶的能胜任的二尖瓣的血流动力学益处,装置可能略微提高前叶和左心室两者的形态,并帮助表面以为心室提供结构益处。
在本技术的另一个方面,修复装置100的多个实施例可以结合使用经皮输送或反式人工心脏瓣膜置换装置以治疗异常或患病的天然心脏瓣膜。二尖瓣的经皮或反式置换是特别具有挑战的,至少部分因为二尖瓣环的非圆形、大的和不对称的形状。此外,有病的二尖瓣可以随作出经皮人工心脏瓣膜的植入的时间放大使其更具挑战性。在根据本技术的实施例中,修复装置100可以被配置为当装置100处于展开构型时,改变环的形状或环形横截面尺寸。在特定实例中,修复装置100可以植入在天然二尖瓣MV的后叶PL的后面的子环形位置,以减少二尖瓣环的有效尺寸。在另一个实施方案中,修复装置100可以被配置为将天然瓣环形状改变为更圆的形状或具有圆形孔,其可以是有利的,以用于接收可植入人工心脏瓣膜的一些变型。在一个实施例中,修复装置100可以在第一外科步骤中被植入且人工心脏瓣膜装置的植入可立即或者在将来的第二外科步骤中出现。
图21A是在从左心房观察的心脏中的天然二尖瓣MV的示意性俯视图,且示出了在天然二尖瓣心脏瓣膜植入的修复装置100(以虚线示出),在其中修复装置100的相对端112、114扩展超出后叶PL的天然瓣膜合缝。在该实施例中,第一和第二端112、114可以支持至少一部分的前叶AL和/或创建较小的和/或圆形的天然二尖瓣孔170,以用于接收置换心脏瓣膜装置。图21B示出了被植入在天然二尖瓣MV的修复装置100的另一实施例(虚线所示),其中所述修复装置100具有第一和第二端112、114,其扩展超出天然瓣膜合缝并相会、重叠和/或连接在前叶AL之后。在一些实施方案中,额外加强和/或加固材料(如镍钛诺,不锈钢等)都可以使用,以将端112、114固定在前叶AL后面的所希望的位置。在图21B所示的实施例中,装置100可部分地或完全地支持前叶AL后面的子环区域以及部分地或完全支持前叶AL以有效地收缩有效环形区域和/或创建较小的和/或多个圆形天然二尖瓣孔170,用于接收置换心脏瓣膜装置。
在一个例子中,较小的和/或圆形的天然二尖瓣孔170可以是能够容纳瓣膜,其设计用于在圆形孔中的植入,如主动脉瓣置换装置。例如,图21C是图21A中所示的天然二尖瓣MV的示意性俯视图且显示了心脏瓣膜修复装置100(以虚线示出)和在天然二尖瓣MV植入的人工心脏瓣膜180。
如上所述关于图7-10B,各种经皮和微创技术可被用于访问和植入本文所公开的心脏瓣膜修复装置。在一个具体的实施方案中,并根据本技术的实施例,图22示出了用于修复患者的天然瓣膜的方法2200。该方法2200可以包括将心脏瓣膜修复装置定位在子环位置以及至少一个瓣叶的后面,其中瓣叶连接到腱索(框2202)。修复装置在收缩构型可以具有支持结构。可选地,支持结构可以包括配置成与处于或接近患者的天然瓣膜的心脏组织生物相容的扩展单元。该方法2200还可以包括在子环位置扩展支持结构,使得支持结构接合心脏壁的内表面和至少一个瓣叶的背面(框2204)。方法2200的进一步任选的步骤可以包括注入填充材料到扩展单元(框2206)。
在一个实施方案中,心脏瓣膜修复装置的定位可以包括放置经皮定位导向导管使其远端头接近一个二尖瓣合缝且定位于后叶后面的槽的末端。可操纵导线和软性导管然后可以从围绕后叶后面的槽的导向导管被推进,并在其他相对合缝的方向推进。一旦导管就位,导线可以被撤回,修复装置可以通过柔性导管引入(例如,收缩构型)。如果需要的话,引入修复装置之前,柔性辅助引导导管或护套可以被放置在导线或导管之上。在导入过程中,修复装置可以通过薄的扩展单元或护套被包含在收缩构型中。一旦修复装置被定位后叶后面,护套被撤回并且装置被展开或充气。进一步的指导可以用来确保突出,如果存在的话,在第三腱索之间扩张。在一些实施方案中,不透射线标记可在导管、护套或修复装置上的已知位置中被结合以确保正确输送到目标位置。
本文公开的在修复装置,系统和方法也可用于修复和/或治疗返流三尖瓣。三尖瓣,如二尖瓣,具有腱索束缚的瓣叶。如本文所公开这样的修复装置可能被展开在一个、两个或全部三个的三尖瓣瓣膜瓣叶的后面。
在进一步的应用中,按照本技术的修复装置的实施方式可被用于增强各种人工瓣膜的功能。例如,修复装置可被配置成推动或支撑在天然心脏瓣膜植入的人工瓣叶或人工适应装置,由此促进人工瓣叶的闭合。在具体的实例中,根据本技术的修复装置的若干实施例可以被用来至少部分地闭合(a)由Webler等人于2003年11月12日提交的美国专利号7,404,824B1中示出和描述的人工适应装置,其在此通过引用被并入,或(b)由Spenser等人于2002年10月11日提交的美国专利号6,730,118和/或由Thambar等人于2008年5月28日提交的美国专利公开号2008/0243245中示出和描述的装置的人工瓣叶,其也通过引用并入本文。在另一个实施方案中,按照本技术修复装置的若干实施例也可以同时使用其它瓣膜的疗法,如由雅培公司售卖的其连接二尖瓣的两个瓣叶的游离缘。
本公开的各个方面提供了心脏瓣膜修复的装置、系统和方法,以用于在封闭的或部分封闭的位置支撑至少一部分的天然二尖瓣的后叶以减少或消除在二尖瓣的反流发生,同时保持足够的有效瓣口面积,以防止跨二尖瓣的任何显著压力梯度。本公开的其他方面提供心脏瓣膜修复的装置、系统和方法,以用于减少二尖瓣孔的有效面积和/或呈现二尖瓣的活性,而基本上不重塑天然瓣环。此外,尽管本领域中已知的附加的束缚或锚固机构可以用于在目标位置锚定装置,但在此描述的装置不要求附加的束缚或锚固机构。
结论
该技术的实施例的上述详细的描述并不旨在穷举或将本技术限制于以上公开的精确形式。虽然技术的具体实施例和示例出于说明目的被描述如上,在技术的范围之内的各种等同修改是可能的,正如那些相关领域技术人员将认识的一样。例如,虽然步骤是以一个给定的顺序被呈现,但替代实施例可以以不同的顺序步骤被执行。本文所描述的各种实施例也可以被组合以提供进一步的实施例。本文中所描述的实施例、特征、系统、装置、材料、方法和技术可以在某些实施方案中被应用于或与在美国临时专利申请号61/825,491中公开的任何一个或多个的实施方案、特征、系统、装置、材料、方法和技术结合使用,该申请以引用的方式被全部合并于此。
由上可知,可以理解的是,技术的特定的实施例已经为了说明的目的被在本文中描述,但公知的结构和特征没有被详细示出或描述以避免不必要地模糊本技术的实施例的描述。如文义许可,单数或复数术语还可以分别包括复数或单数名词。
此外,除非词语“或”被明确地限定为仅指被从参考两个或多个项目的列表中的其他项目中排除的单个项目,则在这样的列表中的“或”的使用将被解释为包括(a)该列表中的任何一个项目,(b)该列表中的所有项目,或(c)该列表中的项目的任意组合。此外,被贯穿使用的术语“包括”意指包括至少所陈述的特征,以使得任何更多数量的相同的特征和/或其他类型的其他特征不排除使用。还应当理解的是,已在本文中描述的具体实施例是出于说明的目的,但各种修改可以在不脱离本技术范围内被作出。此外,虽然该技术的某些实施例相关联的优点已经在那些实施例的上下文中进行了描述,其他实施例也可能表现出这些优点,并且并非所有实施例都需要一定表现出这样的优点以落入本技术的范围。因此,本公开和相关联的技术可包括此处未明确示出或描述的其它实施例。

Claims (39)

1.一种用于修复天然二尖瓣的修复装置,所述天然二尖瓣具有左心房和左心室之间的前叶和后叶,所述修复装置包括:
支持结构,具有:(a)收缩构型,在其中所述支持结构的尺寸被设计为在左心室的壁和腱索之间的后叶之下被插入,和(b)扩展构型,在其中所述支持结构以一距离相对于所述左心室的后壁向前突出,所述距离足以将所述后叶的至少一部分定位为朝向所述前叶以充分地改善所述后叶和所述前叶的闭合,
其中,所述支持结构包括能够从收缩构型扩张到扩张构型的扩展单元,
所述扩展单元被配置为推动所述瓣叶的至少一部分朝向天然瓣膜的相对瓣叶,
所述扩展单元包括多个突起和凹陷,其中,所述突起在连接至所述瓣叶的腱索之间扩张并接合所述腱索。
2.如权利要求1所述的修复装置,其中所述扩展单元包括可充气或可填充构件。
3.如权利要求2所述的修复装置,还包括与所述可充气或可填充构件连通的用于输送流体到那的端口。
4.如权利要求1所述的修复装置,其中所述支持结构包括细长的刺,所述扩展单元被连接到所述刺。
5.如权利要求4所述的修复装置,其中所述扩展单元基本上比在所述收缩构型中的刺更加灵活。
6.如权利要求4所述的修复装置,其中所述刺具有纵向轴线,以及扩展单元被配置为在一个方向上横向于所述纵向轴线扩张。
7.如权利要求4所述的修复装置,其中所述刺被弯曲成不受约束的状态,以及所述扩展单元被配置为在径向方向相对于所述刺扩张。
8.如权利要求1所述的修复装置,其中所述扩展包括围绕所述刺扩展的柔性盖。
9.如权利要求8所述的修复装置,其中所述柔性盖是用流体可充气或可填充的。
10.如权利要求1所述的修复装置,其中所述扩展单元在扩张构型中基本上更硬。
11.如权利要求1所述的修复装置,其中所述支持结构由用于促进组织向内生长的生物相容的材料形成。
12.如权利要求1所述的修复装置,其中所述支持结构是可扩张的。
13.如权利要求1所述的修复装置,其中所述支持结构被配置为符合由在子环位置的天然组织限定的形状。
14.如权利要求13所述的修复装置,其中所述支持结构被配置为由连接至所述瓣叶的腱索固定在适当的位置。
15.如权利要求14所述的修复装置,其中所述支持结构被配置为被压缩地保持在所述腱索和所述心脏的所述瓣叶和子环壁之间。
16.如权利要求1所述的修复装置,其中所述支持结构被配置为被保持在所述子环位置而不穿透瓣叶或心脏壁组织。
17.如权利要求1所述的修复装置,其中所述支持结构配置为基本上完全位于所述瓣叶的所述子环上。
18.如权利要求1所述的修复装置,其中所述支持结构被配置为维持所述瓣叶以便不会打开比所述部分封闭的位置更宽。
19.如权利要求18所述的修复装置,其中所述支持结构被配置为允许所述瓣叶在心动周期中在部分封闭的位置和完全封闭的位置之间移动。
20.如权利要求1所述的修复装置,其中所述支持结构维持所述瓣膜的第一瓣叶在所述部分封闭的位置,以便在一部分的心动周期中密封地接合所述瓣膜的第二瓣叶。
21.如权利要求1所述的修复装置,其中所述修复装置具有三角形或多边形横截面。
22.如权利要求1所述的修复装置,其中所述扩展单元被预形成以在处于展开构型时包括多个突起。
23.如权利要求22所述的修复装置,其中所述支持结构包括配置为接收填充材料的至少一个气囊,并且其中所述支持结构凭借所述填充材料是可扩张的,以当所述修复装置处于所述展开构型时形成多个突起。
24.如权利要求1所述的修复装置,其中所述支持结构具有在所述支持结构的第一端附近的第一径向截面,在所述支持结构的第二端附近的的第二径向截面,和所述支持结构的中央区域附近的第三径向截面,并且其中所述第一、第二和第三径向截面基本相等。
25.如权利要求1所述的修复装置,其中所述支持结构具有在所述支持结构的第一端附近的第一径向截面,在所述支持结构的第二端附近的的第二径向截面,和所述支持结构的中央区域附近的第三径向截面,并且其中所述第三径向截面大于所述第一和第二径向截面。
26.如权利要求1所述的修复装置,其中所述支持结构具有在所述支持结构的第一端附近的第一径向截面,在所述支持结构的第二端附近的的第二径向截面,和所述支持结构的中央区域附近的第三径向截面,并且其中所述第一径向截面大于所述第二和第三径向截面。
27.如权利要求1所述的修复装置,其中所述支持结构接合多个瓣叶的向外面向的表面。
28.如权利要求1所述的修复装置,其中天然瓣膜是二尖瓣,并且其中所述支持结构配置为接合所述二尖瓣的后叶的下侧。
29.如权利要求28所述的修复装置,其中所述支持结构配置为基本上完全位于所述后叶的下方。
30.如权利要求1所述的修复装置,其中所述天然瓣膜是三尖瓣,并且其中所述支持结构配置为接合所述三尖瓣的瓣叶的下侧。
31.如权利要求1所述的修复装置,其中所述天然瓣膜是二尖瓣,并且其中所述支持结构配置为
接合后叶的所述向外面向的表面;和
扩展超过天然瓣膜合缝,以支撑在至少一部分的前叶。
32.如权利要求1所述的修复装置,其中所述支持结构包括柔性的和弹性的刺。
33.如权利要求32所述的修复装置,其中所述刺是导线、支架结构、螺旋弹簧或编织管中的一种。
34.如权利要求32所述的修复装置,其中所述支持结构还包括围绕所述刺扩展的柔性盖。
35.如权利要求34所述的修复装置,其中所述柔性盖是用流体可充气或可填充的。
36.如权利要求1所述的修复装置,其中所述支持结构是自扩张的。
37.如权利要求1所述的修复装置,其中所述支持结构包括镍钛诺或不锈钢中的至少一种。
38.如权利要求1所述的修复装置,其中,所述支持结构扩张以形成“C”形状,以符合天然二尖瓣的一部分。
39.如权利要求1所述的修复装置,其中所述支持结构包括子环接合表面,并且其中所述子环接合表面包括一个或多个峰以及一个或多个谷。
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