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Definitions

• the present invention relates to antigen binding molecules (ABMs).
• the present invention relates to recombinant monoclonal antibodies, including chimeric, primatized or humanized antibodies specific for human CD20.
• the present invention relates to nucleic acid molecules encoding such ABMs, and vectors and host cells comprising such nucleic acid molecules.
• the invention further relates to methods for producing the ABMs of the invention, and to methods of using these ABMs in treatment of disease.
• the present invention relates to ABMs with modified glycosylation having improved therapeutic properties, including antibodies with increased Fc receptor binding and increased effector function.
• lymphocytes are critical for the proper function of the immune system. These cells are produced in the thymus, spleen and bone marrow (adult) and represent about 30% of the total white blood cells present in the circulatory system of adult humans. There are two major sub-populations of lymphocytes: T cells and B cells. T cells are responsible for cell mediated immunity, while B cells are responsible for antibody production (humoral immunity).
• T cells and B cells function interdependently: T cells are activated when the T cell receptor binds to fragments of an antigen that are bound to major histocompatability complex ("MHC") glycoproteins on the surface of an antigen presenting cell; such activation causes release of biological mediators (“interleukins”), which stimulate B cells to differentiate and produce antibodies (“immunoglobulins”) against the antigen.
• MHC major histocompatability complex
• B cell proliferation and antibody production spike as a reaction to a foreign antigen, and both typically cease (or substantially decrease) once the foreign antigen has been neutralized. Occasionally, however, proliferation of a particular B cell will continue unabated; such proliferation can result in a cancer referred to as "B cell lymphoma.”
• T cells and B cells both comprise cell surface proteins which can be utilized as “markers” for differentiation and identification.
• One such human B cell marker is the human B lymphocyte-restricted differentiation antigen Bp35, referred to as "CD20.”
• CD20 is expressed during early pre-B cell development and remains until plasma cell differentiation. Specifically, the CD20 molecule may regulate a step in the activation process that is required for cell cycle initiation and differentiation and is usually expressed at very high levels on neoplastic (“tumor”) B cells.
• CD20 is present at high levels on "malignant" B cells, i.e., those B cells whose unabated proliferation can lead to B cell lymphoma, the CD20 surface antigen has the potential of serving as a candidate for "targeting" of B cell lymphomas.
• such targeting can be generalized as follows: antibodies specific to the CD20 surface antigen of B cells are introduced into a patient, by injection, for example. These anti-CD20 antibodies specifically bind to the CD20 cell surface antigen of (ostensibly) both normal and malignant B cells; the anti- CD20 antibody bound to the CD20 surface antigen may lead to the destruction and depletion of neoplastic B cells. Additionally, chemical agents or radioactive labels having the potential to destroy the tumor can be conjugated to the anti- CD20 antibody such that the agent is specifically "delivered" to e.g., the neoplastic B cells.
• mAbs monoclonal antibodies
• Rituximab (RituxanTM; IDEC Pharmaceuticals, San Diego, CA, and Genentech Inc., San Francisco, CA)
• CD20 positive B-cell low-grade or folhcular Non-Hodgkin's lymphoma
• Trastuzumab (HerceptinTM; Genentech Inc,)
• advanced breast cancer Grillo-Lopez, A.-J., et al, Semin. Oncol. 26:66-13 (1999); Goldenberg, M. M., Clin. Ther.
• Gemtuzumab (MylotargTM, Celltech/Wyeth- Ayerst) for the treatment of relapsed acute myeloid leukemia
• Alemtuzumab (CAMPATHTM, Millenium Pharmaceuticals/Schering AG) for the treatment of B cell chronic lymphocytic leukemia.
• CAMPATHTM Millenium Pharmaceuticals/Schering AG
• the murine monoclonal antibody, B- Lyl is another antibody known to be specific to human CD20. (Poppema, S. and Visser, L., Biotest Bulletin 3: 131-139 (1987)).
• non-human monoclonal antibodies can be recognized by the human host as a foreign protein; therefore, repeated injections of such foreign antibodies can lead to the induction of immune responses leading to harmful hypersensitivity reactions.
• murine-based monoclonal antibodies this is often referred to as a Human Anti-Mouse Antibody response, or "HAMA” response.
• HAMA Human Anti-Mouse Antibody response
• these "foreign" antibodies can be attacked by the immune system of the host such that they are, in effect, neutralized before they reach their target site.
• Toxins i.e., chemotherapeutic agents such as doxorubicin or mitomycin C
• chemotherapeutic agents such as doxorubicin or mitomycin C
• Chimeric antibodies comprising portions of antibodies from two or more different species (e.g., mouse and human) have been developed as an alternative to “conjugated” antibodies.
• a mouse/human chimeric antibody directed against the CD20 antigen.
• PCT Publication No. WO 88/04936 describes a mouse/human chimeric antibody directed against the CD20 antigen.
• rituximab RITUXAN®
• a chimeric anti-CD20 antibody has been approved for the treatment of non- Hodgkins lymphoma.
• this antigen can serve as a candidate for "targeting" of such lymphomas.
• targeting can be generalized as follows: antibodies specific for CD20 surface antigen on B cells are administered to a patient. These anti-CD20 antibodies specifically bind to the CD20 antigen of (ostensibly) both normal and malignant B cells, and the antibody bound to the CD20 on the cell surface results in the destruction and depletion of tumorigenic B cells. Additionally, chemical agents, cyto toxins or radioactive agents may be directly or indirectly attached to the anti- CD20 antibody such that the agent is selectively "delivered" to the CD20 antigen expressing B cells. With both of these approaches, the primary goal is to destroy the tumor.
• the rituximab (RITUXAN®) antibody is a genetically engineered chimeric human gamma 1 murine constant domain containing monoclonal antibody directed against the human CD20 antigen.
• This chimeric antibody contains human gamma 1 constant domains and is identified by the name "C2B8" in U.S. Pat. No. 5,736,137 (Andersen et. al.) issued on April 17, 1998, assigned to IDEC Pharmaceuticals Corporation.
• RITUXAN® is approved for the treatment of patients with relapsed or refracting low-grade or follicular, CD20 positive, B cell non-Hodgkin's lymphoma.
• CDC human complement— dependent cytotoxicity
• ADCC antibody— dependent cellular cytotoxicity
• RITUXAN® has been shown to possess anti-proliferative activity in thymidine incorporation assays and a limited ability to induce apoptosis directly, whereas CD20 antibodies do not (Maloney et. al, Blood 88 (10): 637a (1996)).
• the oligosaccharide component can significantly affect properties relevant to the efficacy of a therapeutic glycoprotein, including physical stability, resistance to protease attack, interactions with the immune system, pharmacokinetics, and specific biological activity. Such properties may depend not only on the presence or absence, but also on the specific structures, of oligosaccharides. Some generalizations between oligosaccharide structure and glycoprotein function can be made. For example, certain oligosaccharide structures mediate rapid clearance of the glycoprotein from the bloodstream through interactions with specific carbohydrate binding proteins, while others can be bound by antibodies and trigger undesired immune reactions. (Jenkins et al. , Nature Biotechnol. 14:975-81 (1996)).
• Mammalian cells are the preferred hosts for production of therapeutic glycoproteins, due to their capability to glycosylate proteins in the most compatible form for human application. (Cumming et al. , Glycobiology 1 : 115-30 (1991); Jenkins et al, Nature Biotechnol. 14:975-81 (1996)). Bacteria very rarely glycosylate proteins, and like other types of common hosts, such as yeasts, filamentous fungi, insect and plant cells, yield glycosylation patterns associated with rapid clearance from the blood stream, undesirable immune interactions, and in some specific cases, reduced biological activity. Among mammalian cells, Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cells have been most commonly used during the last two decades.
• these cells allow consistent generation of genetically stable, highly productive clonal cell lines. They can be cultured to high densities in simple bioreactors using serum- free media, and permit the development of safe and reproducible bioprocesses.
• Other commonly used animal cells include baby hamster kidney (BHK) cells, NSO- and SP2/0-mouse myeloma cells. More recently, production from transgenic animals has also been tested. (Jenkins et al, Nature Biotechnol. 14:975-81 (1996)).
• All antibodies contain carbohydrate structures at conserved positions in the heavy chain constant regions, with each isotype possessing a distinct array of N-linked carbohydrate structures, which variably affect protein assembly, secretion or functional activity.
• N-linked carbohydrate structures which variably affect protein assembly, secretion or functional activity.
• the structure of the attached N-linked carbohydrate varies considerably, depending on the degree of processing, and can include high- mannose, multiply-branched as well as biantennary complex oligosaccharides. (Wright, A., and Morrison, S. L., Trends Biotech. 15:26-32 (1997)).
• IgGl type antibodies the most commonly used antibodies in cancer immunotherapy, are glycoproteins that have a conserved N-linked glycosylation site at Asn297 in each CH2 domain.
• ADCC antibody dependent cellular cytotoxicity
• the present inventors showed previously that overexpression in Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cells of ⁇ (l,4)-N-acetylglucosaminyltransferase III (“GnTIII”), a glycosyltransferase catalyzing the formation of bisected oligosaccharides, significantly increases the in vitro ADCC activity of an anti- neuroblastoma chimeric monoclonal antibody (chCE7) produced by the engineered CHO cells.
• GnTIII Chinese hamster ovary
• the antibody chCE7 belongs to a large class of unconjugated mAbs which have high tumor affinity and specificity, but have too little potency to be clinically useful when produced in standard industrial cell lines lacking the GnTIII enzyme (Umana, P., et al, Nature Biotechnol 77:176-180 (1999)). That study was the first to show that large increases of ADCC activity could be obtained by engineering the antibody- producing cells to express GnTIII, which also led to an increase in the proportion of constant region (Fc)-associated, bisected oligosaccharides, including bisected, nonfucosylated oligosaccharides, above the levels found in naturally-occurring antibodies.
• Fc constant region
• ABSMs antigen binding molecules
• the present inventors developed a method for producing such ABMs. Inter alia, this method involves producing recombinant, chimeric antibodies or chimeric fragments thereof. The efficacy of these ABMs is further enhanced by engineering the glycosylation profile of the antibody Fc region.
• the invention is directed to an isolated polynucleotide comprising: (a) a sequence selected from a group consisting of: SEQ ID NO.:5, SEQ JD NO.: 6 and SEQ ID NO.:7. (CDRs V H - ⁇ ); (b) a sequence selected from a group consisting of: SEQ ID NO.:21, SEQ ID NO.:22 and SEQ ID NO. :23. (CDRs V H-2 ); and SEQ ID NO:24.
• the invention is directed to an isolated polynucleotide comprising SEQ ID NO.:8, SEQ ID NO.: 9 and SEQ ID NO.: 10. (CDRs V ).
• any of these polynucleotides encodes a fusion polypeptide.
• the invention is directed to an isolated polynucleotide comprising SEQ ID No.: 3
• the invention is directed to an isolated polynucleotide comprising SEQ ED No.:4.
• the invention is directed to an isolated polynucleotide comprising a sequence selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID No:29; SEQ ID No:31; SEQ JD No:33; SEQ ID No:35; SEQ ID No:37; SEQ ID No:39; SEQ ID No:41; SEQ ID No:43; SEQ ID No:45; SEQ ID No:47; SEQ ID No:49; SEQ ID No:51; SEQ ID No:53; SEQ JD No:55; SEQ JD No:57; SEQ JD No:59; SEQ JD No:61; SEQ ID No:63; SEQ ID No:65; SEQ JD No:67; SEQ JD No:69; and SEQ JD No:71
• the invention is further directed to an isolated polynucleotide comprising a sequence having at least 80% identity to SEQ JD NO:3, wherein said isolated polynucleotide encodes a fusion polypeptide.
• the invention is directed to an isolated polynucleotide comprising a sequence having at least 80% identity to SEQ JD NO:4, wherein said isolated polynucleotide encodes a fusion polypeptide.
• the invention is further directed to an isolated polynucleotide comprising a sequence having at least 80% identity to a sequence selected from the group consisting of SEQ JD No:29; SEQ JD No:31; SEQ JD No:33; SEQ JD No:35; SEQ ID No:37; SEQ ID No:39; SEQ ID No:41; SEQ JD No:43; SEQ JD No:45; SEQ JD No:47; SEQ JD No:49; SEQ JD No:51; SEQ JD No:53; SEQ JD No:55; SEQ JD No:57; SEQ JD No:59; SEQ JD No:61 ; SEQ TD No:63; SEQ JD No:65; SEQ JD No:67; SEQ JD No:69; and SEQ JD No:71, wherein said isolated polynucleotide encodes a fusion polypeptide.
• the invention is directed to an isolated polynucleotide comprising a sequence
• the invention is further directed to a polynucleotide comprising SEQ ID NO: 11 (whole heavy chain), or to polynucleotides having 80%, 85%, 90%, 95% or 99% identity to SEQ ID NO:l l.
• the invention is also directed to a polynucleotide comprising SEQ ID NO: 12 (whole light chain), or to polynucleotides having 80%, 85%, 90%, 95% or 99% identity to SEQ JD NO: 12.
• the invention is also directed to an isolated polynucleotide encoding a chimeric polypeptide having the sequence of SEQ ID No. : 1.
• the polynucleotide comprises a sequence encoding a polypeptide having the sequence of SEQ JD No.:l; and a sequence encoding a polypeptide having the sequence of an antibody Fc region, or a fragment thereof, from a species other than mouse.
• the invention is also directed to an isolated polynucleotide encoding a chimeric polypeptide having a sequence selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID No:30; SEQ ID No:32; SEQ JD No:34; SEQ JD No:36 SEQ JD No:38; SEQ JD No:40; SEQ JD No:42 SEQ JD No:44; SEQ JD No:46 SEQ JD No:48; SEQ ID No:50; SEQ JD No:52 SEQ JD No:54; SEQ JD No:56 SEQ ID No:58; SEQ ID No:60; SEQ JD No:62 SEQ JD No:64; SEQ JD No:66 SEQ JD No:68; SEQ JD No:70; and SEQ JD No:72.
• the polynucleotide comprises a sequence encoding a polypeptide having a sequence selected from the group consisting of SEQ JD No:30; SEQ ID No:32; SEQ JD No:34; SEQ JD No:36; SEQ ID No:38; SEQ JD No:40; SEQ JD No:42; SEQ JD No:44; SEQ JD No:46; SEQ JD No:48; SEQ JD No:50; SEQ JD No:52; SEQ ID No:54; SEQ JD No:56; SEQ ID No:58; SEQ ID No:60; SEQ JD No:62; SEQ JD No:64; SEQ JD No:66; SEQ JD No:68; SEQ JD No:70; and SEQ T No:72; and a sequence encoding a polypeptide having the sequence of an antibody Fc region, or a fragment thereof, from a species other than mouse.
• the invention is directed to an isolated polynucleotide encoding a chimeric polypeptide having the sequence of SEQ ID No.:2.
• the polynucleotide comprises a sequence encoding a polypeptide having the sequence of SEQ JD No.:2; and a sequence encoding a polypeptide having the sequence of an antibody Fc region, or a fragment thereof, from a species other than mouse.
• the invention is directed to an isolated polynucleotide encoding a chimeric polypeptide having the sequence of SEQ ID No.:76.
• the polynucleotide comprises a sequence encoding a polypeptide having the sequence of SEQ ID No.:76; and a sequence encoding a polypeptide having the sequence of an antibody Fc region, or a fragment thereof, from a species other than mouse.
• the invention is also directed to an isolated polynucleotide comprising a sequence encoding a polypeptide having the V H region of the murine B-Lyl antibody, or functional variants thereof, and a sequence encoding a polypeptide having the sequence of an antibody Fc region, or a fragment thereof, from a species other than mouse.
• the invention is directed to an isolated polynucleotide comprising a sequence encoding a polypeptide having the V L region of the murine B-Lyl antibody, or functional variants thereof, and a sequence encoding a polypeptide having the sequence of an antibody Fc region, or a fragment thereof, from a species other than mouse.
• the invention is further directed to an expression vector comprising any of the isolated polynucleotides described above, and to a host cell that comprises such an expression vector.
• the invention is directed to a host cell comprising any of the isolated polynucleotides described above.
• the invention is directed to an isolated polypeptide comprising: (a) a sequence selected from a group consisting of: SEQ JD NO.: 15, SEQ JD NO. : 16 and SEQ JD NO. : 17. (CDRs V H - ⁇ ); (b) a sequence selected from a group consisting of: SEQ JD NO.:25, SEQ JD NO.:26 and SEQ JD NO.:27 (CDRs V H-2 ); and SEQ JD NO:28, wherein said polypeptide is a fusion polypeptide.
• the invention is directed to an isolated polypeptide comprising SEQ ID NO.: 18, SEQ JD NO.: 19 and SEQ JD NO.:20. (CDRs V L ), wherein said polypeptide is a fusion polypeptide.
• the invention is also directed to a chimeric polypeptide comprising the sequence of SEQ JD NO. : 1 or a variant thereof.
• the invention is further directed to a chimeric polypeptide comprising the sequence of SEQ ID NO. :2 or a variant thereof.
• any one of these polypeptides further comprises a human Fc region.
• the invention is also directed to a chimeric polypeptide comprising a sequence selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID No:30; SEQ JD No:32; SEQ ID No:34; SEQ ID No:36; SEQ JD No:38; SEQ JD No:40; SEQ ID No:42; SEQ JD No:44; SEQ JD No:46; SEQ JD No:48; SEQ JD No:50; SEQ ID No:52; SEQ JD No:54; SEQ ID No:56; SEQ ID No:58; SEQ JD No:60; SEQ JD No:62; SEQ JD No:64; SEQ JD No:66; SEQ JD No:68; SEQ JD No:70; and SEQ JD No:72, or a variant thereof.
• the invention is further directed to a chimeric polypeptide comprising the sequence of SEQ ID NO.:76 or a variant thereof. In one embodiment, any one of these polypeptides further comprises a human F
• the invention is directed to a polypeptide comprising a sequence derived from the murine B-Lyl antibody and a sequence derived from a heterologous polypeptide and to an antigen-binding molecule comprising such a polypeptide.
• the antigen-binding molecule is an antibody.
• the antibody is chimeric.
• the antibody is humanized or primatized.
• the invention is directed to an isolated polypeptide comprising SEQ JD NO: 13 or a variant thereof. In another aspect, the invention is directed to an isolated polypeptide comprising SEQ ID NO: 14.
• the invention is directed to an ABM, which is capable of competing with the murine B-Lyl antibody for binding to CD20 and which is chimeric.
• the ABM is an antibody or a fragment thereof.
• the ABM is a recombinant antibody comprising a V H region having an amino acid sequence selected from the group consisting of SEQ JD NO.: 1 ; SEQ ID No:30; SEQ JD No:32; SEQ ID No:34; SEQ ID No:36; SEQ JD No:38; SEQ JD No:40; SEQ ID No:42; SEQ ID No:44; SEQ ID No:46; SEQ ID No:48; SEQ TD No:50; SEQ JD No:52; SEQ ID No:54; SEQ TD No:56; SEQ ID No:58; SEQ ID No:60; SEQ ID No:62; SEQ ID No:64; SEQ JD No:66; SEQ ID No:68; SEQ ID No:60; SEQ ID No:62;
• the ABM is a recombinant antibody comprising a V L region having an amino acid sequence selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NO.: 2 and SEQ TD NO:76.
• the ABM is a recombinant antibody that is primatized.
• the ABM is a recombinant antibody that is humanized.
• the ABM is a recombinant antibody comprising a human Fc region.
• any of the ABMs discussed above may be conjugated to a moiety such as a toxin or a radiolabel.
• the invention is further related to an ABM of the present invention, said ABM having modified oligosaccharides.
• the modified oligosaccharides have reduced fucosylation as compared to non-modified oligosaccharides.
• the modified oligosaccharides are hybrid or complex.
• the ABM has an increased proportion of nonfucosylated oligosaccharides or bisected, nonfucosylated oligosaccharides in the Fc region of said molecule.
• the bisected, nonfucosylated oligosaccharides are hybrid.
• the bisected, nonfucosylated oligosaccharides are complex.
• At least 20% of the oligosacchardies in the Fc region of said polypeptide are nonfucosylated or bisected, nonfucosylated. In more preferred embodiments, at least 30%, 35%, 40%, 45%, 50%, 55%, 60%, 65%, 70% or 75% or more of the oligosaccharides are nonfucosylated or bisected, nonfucosylated.
• the invention is further related to a polynucleotide encoding any of the ABMs discussed above, and to expression vectors and cells comprising such a polynucleotide.
• the invention is further related to a method of producing an ABM, which is capable of competing with the murine B-Lyl antibody for binding to CD20 and wherein said ABM is chimeric; said method comprising: (a) culturing a host cell comprising a polynucleotide that encodes an ABM of the present invention in a medium under conditions allowing the expression of said polynucleotide encoding said ABM; and (b) recovering said ABM from the resultant culture.
• the invention is related to a pharmaceutical composition
• a pharmaceutical composition comprising the ABM of the invention. It is contemplated that the pharmaceutical composition may further comprise a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier, an adjuvant or a combination thereof.
• the invention is related to a method of treating a disease treatable by B-cell depletion.
• the method comprises administering a therapeutically effective amount of the ABM of the present invention to a human subject in need thereof.
• the disease is treated by administering an ABM that is a chimeric antibody, or a chimeric fragment of an antibody.
• the invention is related to a host cell engineered to express at least one nucleic acid encoding a polypeptide having GnTIII activity in an amount sufficient to modify the oligosaccharides in the Fc region of produced by the host cell, wherein the ABM is capable of competing with the murine B- Lyl antibody for binding to CD20 and wherein the ABM is chimeric.
• the polypeptide having GnTIII activity is a fusion polypeptide.
• the ABM produced by the host cell is an antibody or an antibody fragment.
• the ABM comprises a region equivalent to the Fc region of a human IgG.
• the invention is also directed to an isolated polynucleotide comprising at least one complementarity determining region of the murine B-Lyl antibody, or a variant or truncated form thereof containing at least the specificity-determining residues for said complementarity determining region, wherein said isolated polynucleotide encodes a fusion polypeptide.
• such isolated polynucleotides encode a fusion polypeptide that is an antigen binding molecule.
• the polynucleotide comprises three complementarity determining regions of the murine B-Lyl antibody, or variants or truncated forms thereof containing at least the specificity-determining residues for each of said three complementarity determining regions.
• polynucleotide encodes the entire variable region of the light or heavy chain of a chimeric (e.g., humanized) antibody.
• the invention is further directed to the polypeptides encoded by such polynucleotides.
• the invention is directed to an antigen combining molecule comprising at least one complementarity determining region of the murine B-Lyl antibody, or a variant or truncated form thereof containing at lest the specificity-determining residues for said complementarity determining region, and comprising a sequence derived from a heterologous polypeptide.
• the antigen binding molecule comprises three complementarity determining regions of the murine B-Lyl antibody, or variants or truncated forms thereof containing at least the specificity-determining residues for each of said three complementarity determining regions.
• the antigen binding molecule comprises the variable region of an antibody light or heavy chain.
• the antigen binding molecule is a chimeric, e.g., humanized, antibody.
• the invention is also directed to methods of making such antigen binding molecules, and the use of same in the treatment of disease, including B cell lymphomas.
• the present invention is the first known instance in which a Type II anti- CD20 antibody has been engineered to have increases effector functions such as ADCC, while still retaining potent apoptosis ability. Accordingly, the present invention is directed to an engineered Type II anti-CD20 antibody having increased ADCC as a result of said engineering and without loss of substantial ability to induces apoptosis.
• the Type II anti-CD20 antibodies have been engineered to have an altered pattern of glycosylation in the Fc region.
• the altered glycosylation comprises an increased level of bisected complex residues in the Fc region.
• the altered glycosylation comprises and reduced level of fucose residues in the Fc region.
• the Type II anti-CD20 antibodies have undergone polypeptide engineering, he invention is further directed to methods of making such engineered Type II antibodies and to methods of using such antibodies in the treatment of various B cell disorders, including B cell lymphomas.
• the host cell of the present invention may be selected from the group that includes, but is not limited to, a CHO cell, aBHK cell, a NSO cell, a SP2/0 cell, a YO myeloma cell, a P3X63 mouse myeloma cell, a PER cell, a PER.C6 cell or a hybridoma cell.
• the host cell of the invention further comprises a transfected polynucleotide comprising a polynucleotide encoding the V L region of the murine B-Lyl antibody or variants thereof and a sequence encoding a region equivalent to the Fc region of a human immunoglobulin.
• the host cell of the invention further comprises a transfected polynucleotide comprising a polynucleotide encoding the V H region of the murine B-Lyl antibody or variants thereof and a sequence encoding a region equivalent to the Fc region of a human immunoglobulin.
• the invention is directed to a host cell that produces an ABM that exhibits increased Fc receptor binding affinity and or increased effector function as a result of the modification of its oligosaccharides.
• the increased binding affinity is to an Fc receptor, particularly, the Fc ⁇ RIIIA receptor.
• the effector function contemplated herein may be selected from the group that includes, but is not limited to, increased Fc-mediated cellular cytotoxicity; increased binding to NK cells; increased binding to macrophages; increased binding to polymorphonuclear cells; increased binding to monocytes; increased direct signaling inducing apoptosis; increased dendritic cell maturation; and increased T cell priming.
• the host cell of the present invention comprises at least one nucleic acid encoding a polypeptide having GnTIII activity that is operably linked to a constitutive promoter element.
• the invention is directed to a method for producing an ABM in a host cell, comprising: (a) culturing a host cell engineered to express at least one polynucleotide encoding a fusion polypeptide having GnTIII activity under conditions which permit the production of said ABM and which permit the modification of the oligosaccharides present on the Fc region of said ABM; and (b) isolating said ABM; wherein said ABM is capable of competing with the murine B-Lyl antibody for binding to CD20 and wherein said ABM is chimeric.
• the polypeptide having GnTIII activity is a > fusion polypeptide, preferably comprising the catalytic domain of GnTIII and the Golgi localization domain of a heterologous Golgi resident polypeptide selected from the group consisting of the localization domain of mannosidase II, the localization domain of ⁇ (l,2)-N-acetylglucosaminyltransferase I ("GnTI"), the localization domain of mannosidase I, the localization domain of ⁇ (l,2)-N- acetylglucosaminyltransferase II (“GnTII”), and the localization domain of ⁇ l-6 core fucosyltransferase.
• the Golgi localization domain is from mannosidase II or GnTI.
• the invention is directed to a method for modifying the glycosylation profile of an anti-CD20 ABM produced by a host cell comprising introducing into the host cell at least one nucleic acid or expression vector of the invention.
• the ABM is an antibody or a fragment thereof; preferably comprising the Fc region of an IgG.
• the polypeptide is a fusion protein that includes a region equivalent to the Fc region of a human IgG.
• the invention is related to a recombinant, chimeric antibody, or a fragment thereof, capable of competing with the murine B-Lyl antibody for binding to CD20 and having reduced fucosylation.
• the present invention is directed to a method of modifying the glycosylation of the recombinant antibody or a fragment thereof of the invention by using a fusion polypeptide having GnTIII activity and comprising the Golgi localization domain of a heterologous Golgi resident polypeptide.
• the fusion polypeptides of the invention comprise the catalytic domain of GnTIII.
• the Golgi localization domain is selected from the group consisting of: the localization domain of mannosidase II, the localization domain of GnTI, the localization domain of mannosidase I, the localization domain of GnTII and the localization domain of ⁇ l-6 core fucosyltransferase.
• the Golgi localization domain is from mannosidase II or GnTI.
• the method of the invention is directed towards producing a recombinant, chimeric antibody or a fragment thereof, with modified oligosaccharides wherein said modified oligosaccharides have reduced fucosylation as compared to non-modified oligosaccharides.
• these modified oligosaccharides may be hybrid or complex.
• the method of the invention is directed towards producing a recombinant, chimeric antibody or a fragment thereof having an increased proportion of bisected, nonfucosylated oligosaccharides in the Fc region of said polypeptide.
• the bisected, nonfucosylated oligosaccharides are hybrid.
• the bisected, nonfucosylated oligosaccharides are complex.
• the method of the invention is directed towards producing a recombinant, chimeric antibody or a fragment thereof having at least 20% of the oligosaccharides in the Fc region of said polypeptide that are bisected, nonfucosylated.
• at least 30%) of the oligosaccharides in the Fc region of said polypeptide are bisected, nonfucosylated.
• at least 35% of the oligosaccharides in the Fc region of said polypeptide are bisected, nonfucosylated.
• the invention is directed to a recombinant, chimeric antibody or a fragment thereof, that exhibits increased Fc receptor binding affinity and/or increased effector function as a result of the modification of its oligosaccharides.
• the increased binding affinity is to an Fc activating receptor.
• the Fc receptor is Fc ⁇ activating receptor, particularly, the Fc ⁇ RIIIA receptor.
• the effector function contemplated herein may be selected from the group that includes, but is not limited to, increased Fc-mediated cellular cytotoxicity; increased binding to NK cells; increased binding to macrophages; increased binding to polymorphonuclear cells; increased binding to monocytes; increased direct signaling inducing apoptosis; increased dendritic cell maturation; and increased T cell priming.
• the invention is directed to a recombinant, chimeric antibody fragment, having the binding specificity of the murine B-Lyl antibody and containing the Fc region, that is engineered to have increased effector function produced by any of the methods of the present invention.
• the present invention is directed to a fusion protein that includes a polypeptide having the sequence of SEQ JD NO:l and a region equivalent to the Fc region of an immunoglobulin and engineered to have increased effector function produced by any of the methods of the present invention.
• the present invention is directed to a fusion protein that includes a polypeptide having the sequence of SEQ ID NO:2 and a region equivalent to the Fc region of an immunoglobulin and engineered to have increased effector function produced by any of the methods of the present invention.
• the present invention is directed to a pharmaceutical composition comprising a recombinant, chimeric antibody, produced by any of the methods of the present invention, and a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier.
• the present invention is directed to a pharmaceutical composition comprising a recombinant, chimeric antibody fragment produced by any of the methods of the present invention, and a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier.
• the present invention is directed to a pharmaceutical composition comprising a fusion protein produced by any of the methods of the present invention, and a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier.
• the invention is further directed to a method of treating a disease treatable by B-cell depletion comprising administering a therapeutically effective amount of the recombinant, chimeric, antibody or fragment thereof, produced by any of the methods of the present invention, to a human subject in need thereof.
• FIG. Nucleotide (SEQ ID NO:3) and amino acid sequence (SEQ JD NO: 1) of the VH region of the murine B-Lyl .
• FIG 2. Nucleotide (SEQ TD NO:4) and amino acid sequence (SEQ ID NO:2) of the V region of the murine B-Lyl .
• FIG 3. Binding of Rituximab® (O) and ch-B_Lyl ( ⁇ ) to CD20 on Raji B-lymphoma cells.
• FIG. Nucleotide (SEQ ID NO: 11) and amino acid sequence (SEQ ID NO: 13) of the heavy chain of a chimeric, anti-CD20 antibody.
• FIG. Nucleotide (SEQ ID NO: 12) and amino acid sequence (SEQ TD NO: 14) of the light chain of a chimeric, anti-CD20 antibody.
• FIG. Nucleotide and amino acid sequences of the murine B-Lyl antibody CDRs.
• A Predicted CDRs for the V H region.
• B Predicted CDRs for the V L region.
• FIG 8. MALDI-TOF profile of a glycoengineered, chimeric B-Lyl antibody.
• A Table detailing the percentages of specific peaks;
• B Spectrum for glycoengineered chimeric B-Lyl ;
• C Spectrum for glycoengineered chimeric B- Lyl treated with Endo-H.
• FIG 9. Binding of different humanized anti-CD20 antibodies to Raji B- cells.
• the differences between the B-HH2 construct and the B-HL8 and B-HLl 1 constructs are located in the framework 1 and 2 regions with all three CDRs being identical.
• B-HL8 and B-HLl 1 have their FRl and FR2 sequences derived from the human VH3 class, whereas the complete B-HH2 framework is human VH1 derived.
• B-HLl 1 is a derivative of B-HL8 with the single mutation GlulGln, with Gin being the amino acid residue in the B-HH2 construct. This means that the Glul Gin exchange does not alter binding affinity or intensity.
• the other differences between B-HH2 and B-HL8 are 14 FR residues, from which one or more will influence the antigen binding behavior of this antibody.
• FIG 10. Binding of the humanized anti-CD20 antibody BHL4-KV1 on Raji target cells.
• the B-HL4 construct is derived from the B-HH2 antibody by replacing the FRl of the B-HH2 with that of the human germ line sequence VH1_45.
• This construct shows greatly diminished antigen binding capacity, despite of having different amino acids at only three positions within FRl . These residues are located at positions 2, 14, and 30 according to Kabat numbering. Of these, position 30 seems to be the most influential position, since it is part of the Chothia definition of CDRl.
• FIG 11. Comparison of the binding behavior between B-HH1 , B-HH2, B-HH3, and the parental antibody B-lyl.
• B-HH1 can be distinguished from B-HH2 and B-HH3 by its partially human CDRl and CDR2 regions (Kabat definition), as well as the Ala/Thr polymorphism at position 28 (Kabat numbering). This indicates that either position 28, the complete CDRl, and/or the complete CDR2 is important for antibody/antigen interaction.
• FIG 12. The comparison of B-HLl, B-HH1, and the B-lyl parental antibody.
• the data showed absence of any binding activity in the B-HLl construct, and about half of the binding intensity /stoichiometry of B-HH1 compared to B-lyl.
• Both B-HLl, as well as B-HH1, are designed based on acceptor frameworks derived from the human VH1 class.
• position 71 (Kabat numbering) of the B-HLl construct is a striking difference, indicating its putative importance for antigen binding.
• FIG 13 Fluorocytometric analysis of the capaicty of the anti-CD20 antibody to its antigen. The data showed that the B-HL2 and B-HL3 constructs do not display CD-20 binding activity.
• FIG. Apoptosis of anti-CD20 antibodies on Z-138 MCL cells.
• FIG 15. Apoptosis by anti-CD20 antibodies. Assay details: 5 x 105 cells/well were seeded in 24-well plates (5 x 105 cells/ml) in culture medium. 10 mg of the respective Ab, PBS for the negative control or 5mM Camptothecin (CPT) positive control were added to the wells. Samples were incubated o/n (16 h), stained with AnnV-FITC and analysed by FACS. Assay was done in triplicates.(*): Signal for PBS alone subtracted (PBS alone gave 8% and 2% AnnV+ for PR-1 and Z-138 cells respectively). Antibodies used were: C2B8 (chimeric, non-glycoengineered); BHH2-KV1 (humanized, non- glycoengineered). Note: this assay does not involve any additional effector cells, just targets plus antibody or controls.
• FIG. MALDI/TOF-MS profile of PNGaseF-released Fc- oligosaccharides of unmodified, nonglycoengineered BHH2-KV1 humanized IgGl B-lyl anti-human CD20 antibody.
• FIG. MALDI/TOF-MS profile of PNGaseF-released Fc- oligosaccharides of glycoengineered BHH2-KVlgl humanized IgGl B-lyl anti- human CD20 antibody. Glycoengineering done by co-expression in host cells of antibody genes and gene encoding enzyme with ⁇ -l,4-N- acetylglucosaminyltransferase III (GnT-III) catalytic activity.
• GnT-III acetylglucosaminyltransferase III
• FIG 19. MALDI/TOF-MS profile of PNGaseF-released Fc- oligosaccharides ofglycoengineeredBHH2-KVlg2 humanized IgGl B-lyl anti- human CD20 antibody. Glycoengineering done by co-expression in host cells of antibody genes and genes encoding enzyme with ⁇ -l,4-N- acetylglucosaminyltransferase III (GnT-III) catalytic activity and encoding enzyme with Golgi ⁇ -mannosidase II catalytic activity.
• GnT-III acetylglucosaminyltransferase III
• FIG 20 Binding of non-glycoengineered and glycoengineered antibodies to human FcgammaRIIIa receptor displayed on the surface of recombinant CHO- CD16 cells.
• FIG 21 Apoptosis of non-Fc engineered and Fc-engineered anti-CD20 antibodies on Z-138 MCL cells. Assay details: 5 x 105 cells/well were seeded in 24- well plates (5 x 105 cells/ml) in culture medium. 10 mg of the respective Ab, PBS for the negative control were added to the wells. Samples were incubated o/n (16 h), stained with AnnV-FITC and analysed by FACS. Assay was done in triplicates.
• C2B8 rituximab (chimeric, non-glycoengineered form, same as commercial form); BHH2-KV1 (humanized, non-glycoengineered-see Figure 6 for glycosylation profile); BHH2-KVlgl (humanized, glycoengineered - see Fig.7 for glycosylation profile); BHH2-KVlg2 (humanized, glycoengineered - see Fig 8 for glycosylation profile). Note: this assay does not involve any additional effector cells, just targets plus antibody or controls. (*): Signal for PBS alone subtracted.
• antibody is intended to include whole antibody molecules, including monoclonal, polyclonal and multispecific (e.g., bispecific) antibodies, as well as antibody fragments having the Fc region and retaining binding specificity, and fusion proteins that include a region equivalent to the Fc region of an immunoglobulin and that retain binding specificity. Also encompassed are humanized, primatized and chimeric antibodies.
• Fc region is intended to refer to a C-terminal region of an IgG heavy chain. Although the boundaries of the Fc region of an IgG heavy chain might vary slightly, the human IgG heavy chain Fc region is usually defined to stretch from the amino acid residue at position Cys226 to the carboxyl-terminus.
• region equivalent to the Fc region of an immunoglobulin is intended to include naturally occurring allelic variants of the Fc region of an immunoglobulin as well as variants having alterations which produce substitutions, additions, or deletions but which do not decrease substantially the ability of the immunoglobulin to mediate effector functions (such as antibody dependent cellular cytotoxicity).
• one or more amino acids can be deleted from the N-terminus or C-terminus of the Fc region of an immunoglobulin without substantial loss of biological function.
• variants can be selected according to general rules known in the art so as to have minimal effect on activity. (See, e.g., Bowie, J. U. et al, Science 247:1306-10 (1990).
• antigen binding molecule refers in its broadest sense to a molecule that specifically binds an antigenic determinant. More specifically, an antigen binding molecule that binds CD20 is a molecule which specifically binds to a cell surface non- glycosylated phosphoprotein of 35,000 Daltons, typically designated as the human B lymphocyte restricted differentiation antigen Bp35, commonly referred to as CD20. By “specifically binds” is meant that the binding is selective for the antigen and can be discriminated from unwanted or nonspecific interactions.
• fusion and chimeric when used in reference to polypeptides such as ABMs refer to polypeptides comprising amino acid sequences derived from two or more heterologous polypeptides, such as portions of antibodies from different species.
• the non- antigen binding components may be derived from a wide variety of species, including primates such as chimpanzees and humans.
• the constant region of the chimeric ABM is most preferably substantially identical to the constant region of a natural human antibody; the variable region of the chimeric antibody is most preferably substantially identical to that of a recombinant antiCD-20 antibody having the amino acid sequence of the murine B-Lyl variable region.
• Humanized antibodies are a particularly preferred form of fusion or chimeric antibody.
• a polypeptide having "GnTIII activity” refers to polypeptides that are able to catalyze the addition of a N-acetylglucosamine (GlcNAc) residue in ⁇ -1-4 linkage to the ⁇ -linked mannoside of the trimannosyl core of N-linked oligosaccharides.
• GlcNAc N-acetylglucosamine
• ⁇ (l,4)-N-acetylglucosaminyltransferase III also known as ⁇ -l,4-mannosyl- glycoprotein4-beta-N-acetylglucosaminyl-transferase (EC 2.4.1.144)
• NC-IUBMB Nomenclature Committee of the International Union of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology
• the term variant refers to a polypeptide differing from a specifically recited polypeptide of the invention by amino acid insertions, deletions, and substitutions, created using, e g., recombinant DNA techniques.
• Variants of the ABMs of the present invention include chimeric, primatized or humanized antigen binding molecules wherein one or several of the amino acid residues are modified by substitution, addition and/or deletion in such manner that does not substantially affect antigen (e.g., CD20) binding affinity.
• Guidance in determining which amino acid residues may be replaced, added or deleted without abolishing activities of interest maybe found by comparing the sequence of the particular polypeptide with that of homologous peptides and minimizing the number of amino acid sequence changes made in regions of high homology (conserved regions) or by replacing amino acids with consensus sequence.
• recombinant variants encoding these same or similar polypeptides may be synthesized or selected by making use of the "redundancy" in the genetic code.
• Various codon substitutions such as the silent changes which produce various restriction sites, may be introduced to optimize cloning into a plasmid or viral vector or expression in a particular prokaryotic or eukaryotic system.
• Mutations in the polynucleotide sequence may be reflected in the polypeptide or domains of other peptides added to the polypeptide to modify the properties of any part of the polypeptide, to change characteristics such as ligand- binding affinities, interchain affinities, or degradation/turnover rate.
• amino acid substitutions are the result of replacing one amino acid with another amino acid having similar structural and/or chemical properties, i.e., conservative amino acid replacements.
• conservative amino acid replacements may be made on the basis of similarity in polarity, charge, solubility, hydrophobicity, hydrophilicity, and/or the amphipathic nature of the residues involved.
• nonpolar (hydrophobic) amino acids include alanine, leucine, isoleucine, valine, proline, phenylalanine, tryptophan, and methionine; polar neutral amino acids include glycine, serine, threonine, cysteine, tyrosine, asparagine, and glutamine; positively charged (basic) amino acids include arginine, lysine, and histidine; and negatively charged (acidic) amino acids include aspartic acid and glutamic acid.
• “Insertions” or “deletions” are preferably in the range of about 1 to 20 amino acids, more preferably 1 to 10 amino acids. The variation allowed may be experimentally determined by systematically making insertions, deletions, or substitutions of amino acids in a polypeptide molecule using recombinant DNA techniques and assaying the resulting recombinant variants for activity.
• humanized is used to refer to an antigen -binding molecule derived from a non-human antigen-binding molecule, for example, a murine antibody, that retains or substantially retains the antigen-binding properties of the parent molecule but which is less immunogenic in humans.
• critical framework residues e.g., those that are important for retaining good antigen binding affinity or antibody functions
• CDRs complementarity determining regions, or CDR3 in each of the heavy and light chain variable domains of an antibody, which are flanked by four framework subregions (i.e., FRl, FR2, FR3, and FR4) in each of the heavy and light chain variable domains of an antibody: FRl -CDRl -FR2-CDR2-FR3-CDR3- FR4.
• FRl -CDRl -FR2-CDR2-FR3-CDR3- FR4 A discussion of humanized antibodies can be found, inter alia, in U.S. PatentNo. 6,632,927, and in published U.S. Application No.2003/0175269, both of which are incorporated herein by reference in their entirety.
• primatized is used to refer to an antigen-binding molecule derived from a non-primate antigen-binding molecule, for example, a murine antibody, that retains or substantially retains the antigen- binding properties of the parent molecule but which is less immunogenic in primates.
• a non-primate antigen-binding molecule for example, a murine antibody
• primatized retains or substantially retains the antigen- binding properties of the parent molecule but which is less immunogenic in primates.
• CDR complementarity determining region
• Kabat et al. also defined a numbering system for variable domain sequences that is applicable to any antibody.
• One of ordinary skill in the art can unambigously assign this system of "Kabat numbering" to any variable domain sequence, without reliance on any experimental data beyond the sequence itself.
• Kabat numbering refers to the numbering system set forth by Kabat et al., U.S. Dept. of Health and Human Services, "Sequence of Proteins of Immunological Interest" (1983). Unless otherwise specified, references to the numbering of specific amino acid residue positions in an ABM are according to the Kabat numbering system.
• the sequences of the sequence listing i.e., SEQ ID NO:l to SEQ ID NO:78) are not numbered according to the Kabat numbering system.
• nucleic acid or polynucleotide having a nucleotide sequence at least, for example, 95% "identical" to a reference nucleotide sequence of the present invention it is intended that the nucleotide sequence of the polynucleotide is identical to the reference sequence except that the polynucleotide sequence may include up to five point mutations per each 100 nucleotides of the reference nucleotide sequence.
• a polynucleotide having a nucleotide sequence at least 95 % identical to a reference nucleotide sequence up to 5% of the nucleotides in the reference sequence may be deleted or substituted with another nucleotide, or a number of nucleotides up to 5% of the total nucleotides in the reference sequence may be inserted into the reference sequence.
• the query sequence may be the entire sequence shown in either FIG. 24 or FIG. 25.
• nucleic acid molecule or polypeptide is at least 80%, 85%, 90%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98% or 99% identical to a nucleotide sequence or polypeptide sequence of the present invention can be determined conventionally using known computer programs.
• a preferred method for determining the best overall match between a query sequence (a sequence of the present invention) and a subject sequence, also referred to as a global sequence alignment, can be determined using the FASTDB computer program based on the algorithm of Brutlag et al. , Comp. App. Biosci. 6:231-245 (1990). In a sequence alignment the query and subject sequences are both DNA sequences.
• RNA sequence can be compared by converting Us to T's.
• the result of said global sequence alignment is in percent identity.
• the percent identity is corrected by calculating the number of bases of the query sequence that are 5' and 3' of the subject sequence, which are not matched/aligned, as a percent of the total bases of the query sequence. Whether a nucleotide is matched/aligned is determined by results of the FASTDB sequence alignment.
• This percentage is then subtracted from the percent identity, calculated by the above FASTDB program using the specified parameters, to arrive at a final percent identity score.
• This corrected score is what is used for the purposes of the present invention. Only bases outside the 5' and 3' bases of the subject sequence, as displayed by the FASTDB alignment, which are not matched/aligned with the query sequence, are calculated for the purposes of manually adjusting the percent identity score.
• a 90 base subject sequence is aligned to a 100 base query sequence to determine percent identity.
• the deletions occur at the 5' end of the subject sequence and therefore, the FASTDB alignment does not show a matched/alignment of the first 10 bases at 5' end.
• the 10 unpaired bases represent 10% of the sequence (number of bases at the 5' and 3' ends not matched/total number of bases in the query sequence) so 10% is subtracted from the percent identity score calculated by the FASTDB program. If the remaining 90 bases were perfectly matched the final percent identity would be 90%.
• a 90 base subject sequence is compared with a 100 base query sequence.
• deletions are internal deletions so that there are no bases on the 5' or 3' of the subject sequence which are not matched/aligned with the query.
• percent identity calculated by FASTDB is not manually corrected.
• bases 5' and 3' of the subject sequence which are not matched/aligned with the query sequence are manually co ⁇ ected for. No other manual corrections are to made for the purposes of the present invention.
• a polypeptide having an amino acid sequence at least, for example, 95%o "identical" to a query amino acid sequence of the present invention it is intended that the amino acid sequence of the subject polypeptide is identical to the query sequence except that the subject polypeptide sequence may include up to five amino acid alterations per each 100 amino acids of the query amino acid sequence.
• the subject polypeptide sequence may include up to five amino acid alterations per each 100 amino acids of the query amino acid sequence.
• up to 5% of the amino acid residues in the subject sequence may be inserted, deleted, or substituted with another amino acid.
• These alterations of the reference sequence may occur at the amino or carboxy terminal positions of the reference amino acid sequence or anywhere between those terminal positions, interspersed either individually among residues in the reference sequence or in one or more contiguous groups within the reference sequence.
• any particular polypeptide is at least 80%, 85%, 90%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98% or 99% identical to a reference polypeptide can be determined conventionally using known computer programs.
• a prefe ⁇ ed method for determining the best overall match between a query sequence (a sequence of the present invention) and a subject sequence, also refe ⁇ ed to as a global sequence alignment, can be determined using the FASTDB computer program based on the algorithm of Brutlag et al, Comp. App. Biosci. 6:231-245 (1990).
• the query and subject sequences are either both nucleotide sequences or both amino acid sequences.
• the result of said global sequence alignment is in percent identity.
• the subject sequence is shorter than the query sequence due to N- or C-terminal deletions, not because of internal deletions, a manual co ⁇ ectionmust be made to the results. This is because the FASTDB program does not account for N- and C-terminal truncations of the subject sequence when calculating global percent identity. For subject sequences truncated at the N- and C-termini, relative to the query sequence, the percent identity is co ⁇ ected by calculating the number of residues of the query sequence that are N- and C-terminal of the subject sequence, which are not matched/aligned with a co ⁇ esponding subject residue, as a percent of the total bases of the query sequence.
• Whether a residue is matched/aligned is determined by results of the FASTDB sequence alignment. This percentage is then subtracted from the percent identity, calculated by the above FASTDB program using the specified parameters, to arrive at a final percent identity score. This final percent identity score is what is used for the purposes of the present invention. Only residues to the N- and C-termini of the subject sequence, which are not matched/aligned with the query sequence, are considered for the purposes of manually adjusting the percent identity score. That is, only query residue positions outside the farthest N- and C-terminal residues of the subject sequence. For example, a 90 amino acid residue subject sequence is aligned with a
• deletion occurs at the N-terminus of the subject sequence and therefore, the FASTDB alignment does not show a matching/alignment of the first 10 residues at the N-terminus.
• the 10 unpaired residues represent 10% of the sequence (number of residues at the N- and C- termini not matched/total number of residues in the query sequence) so 10% is subtracted from the percent identity score calculated by the FASTDB program. If the remaining 90 residues were perfectly matched the final percent identity would be 90%.
• a 90 residue subject sequence is compared with a 100 residue query sequence. This time the deletions are internal deletions so there are no residues at the N- or C-termini of the subject sequence which are not matched/aligned with the query.
• a nucleic acid that "hybridizes under stringent conditions" to a nucleic acid sequence of the invention refers to a polynucleotide that hybridizes in an overnight incubation at 42° C in a solution comprising 50% formamide, 5x SSC (750 mM NaCl, 75 mM sodium citrate), 50 mM sodium phosphate (pH 7.6), 5x Denhardt's solution, 10% dextran sulfate, and 20 ⁇ g/ml denatured, sheared salmon sperm DNA, followed by washing the filters in O.lx SSC at about 65°C.
• Golgi localization domain refers to the amino acid sequence of a Golgi resident polypeptide which is responsible for anchoring the polypeptide in location within the Golgi complex.
• localization domains comprise amino terminal "tails" of an enzyme.
• effector function refers to those biological activities attributable to the Fc region (a native sequence Fc region or amino acid sequence variant Fc region) of an antibody.
• antibody effector functions include, but are not limited to, Fc receptor binding affinity, antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity (ADCC), antibody-dependent cellular phagocytosis (ADCP), cytokine secretion, immune-complex-mediated antigen uptake by antigen-presenting cells, down-regulation of cell surface receptors, etc.
• glycosylation engineering is considered to include any manipulation of the glycosylation pattern of a naturally occurring or recombinant polypeptide or fragment thereof.
• Glycosylation engineering includes metabolic engineering of the glycosylation machinery of a cell, including genetic manipulations of the oligosaccharide synthesis pathways to achieve altered glycosylation of glycoproteins expressed in cells.
• glycosylation engineering includes the effects of mutations and cell environment on glycosylation.
• the term host cell covers any kind of cellular system which can be engineered to generate the polypeptides and antigen-binding molecules of the present invention.
• the host cell is engineered to allow the production of an antigen binding molecule with modified glycoforms.
• the antigen binding molecule is an antibody, antibody fragment, or fusion protein.
• the host cells have been further manipulated to express increased levels of one or more polypeptides having GnTIII activity.
• Host cells include cultured cells, e.g., mammalian cultured cells, such as CHO cells, BHK cells, NSO cells, SP2/0 cells, YO myeloma cells, P3X63 mouse myeloma cells, PER cells, PER.C6 cells or hybridoma cells, yeast cells, insect cells, and plant cells, to name only a few, but also cells comprised within a transgenic animal, transgenic plant or cultured plant or animal tissue.
• mammalian cultured cells such as CHO cells, BHK cells, NSO cells, SP2/0 cells, YO myeloma cells, P3X63 mouse myeloma cells, PER cells, PER.C6 cells or hybridoma cells, yeast cells, insect cells, and plant cells, to name only a few, but also cells comprised within a transgenic animal, transgenic plant or cultured plant or animal tissue.
• Fc-mediated cellular cytotoxicity includes antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity and cellular cytotoxicity mediated by a soluble Fc-fusion protein containing a human Fc-region. It is an immune mechanism leading to the lysis of "antibody-targeted cells” by "human immune effector cells”, wherein:
• the human immune effector cells are a population of leukocytes that display Fc receptors on their surface through which they bind to the Fc-region of antibodies or of Fc-fusion proteins and perform effector functions.
• Such a population may include, but is not limited to, peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) and/or natural killer (NK) cells.
• PBMC peripheral blood mononuclear cells
• NK natural killer
• the antibody-targeted cells are cells bound by the antibodies or Fc-fusion proteins.
• the antibodies or Fc fusion-proteins bind to target cells via the protein part N-terminal to the Fc region.
• the term increased Fc-mediated cellular cytotoxicity is defined as either an increase in the number of "antibody-targeted cells” that are lysed in a given time, at a given concentration of antibody, or of Fc-fusion protein, in the medium surrounding the target cells, by the mechanism of Fc- mediated cellular cytotoxicity defined above, and/or a reduction in the concentration of antibody, or of Fc-fusion protein, in the medium su ⁇ ounding the target cells, required to achieve the lysis of a given number of "antibody-targeted cells", in a given time, by the mechanism of Fc -mediated cellular cytotoxicity.
• Fc-mediated cellular cytotoxicity is relative to the cellular cytotoxicity mediated by the same antibody, or Fc-fusion protein, produced by the same type of host cells, using the same standard production, purification, formulation and storage methods, which are known to those skilled in the art, but that has not been produced by host cells engineered to express the glycosyltransferase GnTIII by the methods described herein.
• ADCC antibody dependent cellular cytotoxicity
• an antibody as that term is defined herein, having increased ADCC as determined by any suitable method known to those of ordinary skill in the art.
• the present invention is related to antigen binding molecules having the binding specificity of the murine B-Lyl antibody, and to the discovery that their effector functions can be enhanced by altered glycosylation.
• the antigen binding molecule is a chimeric antibody.
• the invention is directed to a chimeric antibody, or a fragment thereof, comprising the CDRs shown in Figure 7.
• the invention is directed to an isolated polynucleotide comprising: (a) a sequence selected from a group consisting of: SEQ ID NO.:5, SEQ ID NO.: 6 and SEQ ID NO.:7. (CDRs V H- ⁇ ); and (b) a sequence selected from a group consisting of: SEQ ID NO.:21, SEQ ID NO.:22 and SEQ ID NO.:23. (CDRs V H-2 ); and SEQ JD NO:24.
• the invention is directed to an isolated polynucleotide comprising SEQ JD NO.: 8, SEQ ID NO.: 9 and SEQ JD NO.: 10. (CDRs V L ).
• any of these polynucleotides encodes a fusion polypeptide.
• the antigen binding molecule comprises the VH domain of the murine B-Lyl antibody shown in Figure 1, or a variant thereof; and a non-murine polypeptide.
• the invention is directed to an antigen binding molecule comprising the V L domain of the murine B-Lyl antibody shown in Figure 2, or a variant thereof; and a non-murine polypeptide.
• the invention is directed to antigen binding molecules comprising one or more truncated CDRs of BLy-1.
• Such truncated CDRs will contain, at a minimum, the specificity-determining amino acid residues for the given CDR.
• specificity-determining residue is meant those residues that are directly involved in the interaction with the antigen. In general, only about one- fifth to one-third of the residues in a given CDR participate in binding to antigen.
• the specificity-determining residues in a particular CDR can be identified by, for example, computation of interatomic contacts from three-dimensional modeling and determination of the sequence variability at a given residue position in accordance with the methods described in Padlan et al, FASEB J. 9(l): ⁇ 33- ⁇ 39 (1995), the contents of which are hereby inco ⁇ orated by reference in their entirety.
• the invention is also directed to an isolated polynucleotide comprising at least one complementarity determining region of the murine B-Lyl antibody, or a variant or truncated form thereof containing at least the specificity- determining residues for said complementarity determining region, wherein said isolated polynucleotide encodes a fusion polypeptide.
• such isolated polynucleotides encode a fusion polypeptide that is an antigen binding molecule.
• the polynucleotide comprises three complementarity determining regions of the murine B-Lyl antibody, or variants or truncated forms thereof containing at least the specificity-determining residues for each of said three complementarity determining regions.
• the polynucleotide encodes the entire variable region of the light or heavy chain of a chimeric (e.g., humanized) antibody. The invention is further directed to the polypeptides encoded by such polynucleotides.
• the invention is directed to an antigen combining molecule comprising at least one complementarity determining region of the murine B-Lyl antibody, or a variant or truncated form thereof containing at lest the specificity-determining residues for said complementarity determining region, and comprising a sequence derived from a heterologous polypeptide.
• the antigen binding molecule comprises three complementarity determining regions of the murine B-Lyl antibody, or variants or truncated forms thereof containing at least the specificity-determining residues for each of said three complementarity determining regions.
• the antigen binding molecule comprises the variable region of an antibody light or heavy chain.
• the antigen binding molecule is a chimeric, e.g., humanized, antibody.
• the invention is also directed to methods of making such antigen binding molecules, and the use of same in the treatment of disease, including B cell lymphomas.
• ADCC antibody dependent cellular cytotoxicity
• CDC complement-dependent cytotoxicity
• rituximab operates through conventional effector mechanisms measured by CDC and ADCC assays.
• B 1 the mode of action in vivo of another antibody that has been approved for therapeutic use, B 1 , requires neither complement nor natural killer (NK) cell activity. Rather, the efficacy of Bl in vivo is due to its ability to induce potent apoptosis.
• anti-CD20 monoclonal antibodies fall into two distinct categories based on their mechanism of action in eradicating lymphoma cells.
• Type I anti-CD20 antibodies primarily utilize complement to kill target cells, while Type II antibodies operate by different mechanisms, primarily apoptosis.
• Rituximab and 1F5 are examples of Type I anti-CD20 antibodies, whereas Bl is an example of a Type II antibody. See, e.g., Cragg, M.S. and Glennie, M.J., Blood 103(7):2738-2743 (April 2004); Teeling, J.L. et al., Blood 104(6):1793- 1800 (September 2004), the entire contents of which are hereby inco ⁇ orated by reference.
• the present invention is the first known instance in which a Type II anti- CD20 antibody has been engineered to have increases effector functions such as ADCC, while still retaining potent apoptosis ability. Accordingly, the present invention is directed to an engineered Type II anti-CD20 antibody having increased ADCC as a result of said engineering and without loss of substantial ability to induces apoptosis.
• the Type II anti-CD20 antibodies have been engineered to have an altered pattern of glycosylation in the Fc region.
• the altered glycosylation comprises an increased level of bisected complex residues in the Fc region.
• the altered glycosylation comprises and reduced level of fucose residues in the Fc region. See U.S.
• the Type II anti-CD20 antibodies have undergone polypeptide engineering as taught in U.S. Pat. No. 6,737,056 to Presta or U.S. Pat. Appl. Pub. No. 2004 0185045 (Macrogenics) or U.S. Pat. Appl. Pub. No. 20040132101 (Xencor), the entire contents of each of which are inco ⁇ orated by reference.
• the invention is further directed to methods of making such engineered Type II antibodies and to methods of using such antibodies in the treatment of various B cell disorders, including B cell lymphomas. [0117] Chimeric mouse/human antibodies have been described.
• the light and heavy chains can be expressed separately, using, for example, immunoglobulin light chain and immunoglobulin heavy chains in separate plasmids, or on a single (e.g., polycistronic) vector. These can then be purified and assembled in vitro into complete antibodies; methodologies for accomplishing such assembly have been described. See, for example, Scharff, M., Harvey Lectures 69:125 (1974). In vitro reaction parameters for the formation of IgG antibodies from reduced isolated light and heavy chains have also been described. See, for example, Sears et al, Biochem. 16(9):2016-25 (1977).
• the chimeric ABM of the present invention is a humanized antibody.
• Methods for humanizing non-human antibodies are known in the art.
• humanized ABMs of the present invention can be prepared according to the methods of U.S. Pat. No. 5,225,539 to Winter, U.S. Pat. No. 6,180,370 to Queen et al, or U.S. Pat. No. 6,632,927 to Adair et al, the entire contents of each of which is hereby inco ⁇ orated by reference.
• a humanized antibody has one or more amino acid residues introduced into it from a source which is non-human.
• humanized antibodies are typically human antibodies in which some hypervariable region residues and possibly some FR residues are substituted by residues from analogous sites in rodent antibodies.
• the subject humanized anti- CD20 antibodies will comprise constant regions of human immunoglobulin.
• the choice of human variable domains, both light and heavy, to be used in making the humanized antibodies is very important to reduce antigenicity. According to the so-called "best-fit" method, the sequence of the variable domain of a rodent antibody is screened against the entire library of known human variable-domain sequences.
• the human sequence which is closest to that of the rodent is then accepted as the human framework region (FR) for the humanized antibody (Sims et al, J. Immunol, 151 :2296 (1993); Chothia et al., J. Mol. Biol, 196:901 (1987)).
• FR human framework region
• Another method of selecting the human framework sequence is to compare the sequence of each individual subregion of the full rodent framework (i.e., FRl , FR2, FR3, and FR4) or some combination of the individual subregions (e.g., FRl and FR2) against a library of known human variable region sequences that co ⁇ espond to that framework subregion (e.g., as determined by Kabat numbering), and choose the human sequence for each subregion or combination that is the closest to that of the rodent (Leung U.S. Patent Application Publication No. 2003/0040606 Al, published Feb. 27, 2003).
• Another method uses a particular framework region derived from the consensus sequence of all human antibodies of a particular subgroup of light or heavy chains.
• the same framework may be used for several different humanized antibodies (Carter et al., Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA, 89:4285 (1992); Presta et al., J Immunol, 151:2623 (1993)).
• humanized antibodies are prepared by a process of analysis of the parental sequences and various conceptual humanized products using three-dimensional models of the parental and humanized sequences.
• Three-dimensional immunoglobulin models are commonly available and are familiar to those skilled in the art.
• Computer programs are available which illustrate and display probable three-dimensional conformational structures of selected candidate immunoglobulin sequences. Inspection of these displays permits analysis of the likely role of the residues in the functioning of the candidate immunoglobulin sequence, i.e., the analysis of residues that influence the ability of the candidate immunoglobulin to bind its antigen.
• FR residues can be selected and combined from the recipient and import sequences so that the desired antibody characteristic, such as increased affinity for the target antigen(s), is achieved.
• the hypervariable region residues are directly and most substantially involved in influencing antigen binding.
• the antigen binding molecules of the present invention are engineered to have enhanced binding affinity according to, for example, the methods disclosed in U.S. Pat. Appl. Pub. No. 2004/0132066 to Balint et al, the entire contents of which are hereby inco ⁇ orated by reference.
• the antigen binding molecule of the present invention is conjugated to an additional moiety, such as a radiolabel or a toxin.
• an additional moiety such as a radiolabel or a toxin.
• conjugated ABMs can be produced by numerous methods that are well known in the art.
• 131 iodine is a well known radionuclide used for targeted immunotherapy.
• the clinical usefulness of 131 iodine can be limited by several factors including: eight-day physical half-life; dehalogenation of iodinated antibody both in the blood and at tumor sites; and emission characteristics (eg, large gamma component) which can be suboptimal for localized dose deposition in tumor.
• 90 Yttrium provides several benefits for utilization in radioimmunotherapeutic applications : the 64 hour half- life of 90 yttrium is long enough to allow antibody accumulation by tumor and, unlike eg, 131 iodine, 90 yttrium is a pure beta emitter of high energy with no accompanying gamma i ⁇ adiation in its decay, with a range in tissue of 100 to 1000 cell diameters. Furthermore, the minimal amount of penetrating radiation allows for outpatient administration of 90 yttrium-labeled antibodies.
• Effective single treatment dosages i.e., therapeutically effective amounts
• 90 yttrium labeled anti-CD20 antibodies range from between about 5 and about 75 mCi, more preferably between about 10 and about 40 mCi.
• Effective single treatment non-marrow ablative dosages of 131 iodine labeled anti-CD20 antibodies range from between about 5 and about 70 mCi, more preferably between about 5 and about 40 mCi.
• Effective single treatment ablative dosages (ie, may require autologous bone ma ⁇ ow transplantation) of 131 iodine labeled anti-CD20 antibodies range from between about 30 and about 600 mCi, more preferably between about 50 and less than about 500 mCi.
• an effective single treatment non-marrow ablative dosages of 131 iodine labeled chimeric anti-CD20 antibodies range from between about 5 and about 40 mCi, more preferably less than about 30 mCi. Imaging criteria for, e.g., the 11 indium label, are typically less than about 5 mCi.
• radiolabeled anti-CD20 antibodies therapy therewith can also occur using a single therapy treatment or using multiple treatments. Because of the radionuclide component, it is prefe ⁇ ed that prior to treatment, peripheral stem cells (“PSC”) or bone marrow (“BM”) be "harvested” for patients experiencing potentially fatal bone ma ⁇ ow toxicity resulting from radiation. BM and/or PSC are harvested using standard techniques, and then purged and frozen for possible reinfusion.
• PSC peripheral stem cells
• BM bone marrow
• a diagnostic dosimetry study using a diagnostic labeled antibody eg, using m indium
• a pu ⁇ ose of which is to ensure that the therapeutically labeled antibody (eg, using 90 yttrium) will not become unnecessarily "concentrated” in any normal organ or tissue.
• the present invention is directed to an isolated polynucleotide comprising a sequence that encodes a polypeptide having an amino acid sequence as shown in Table 3 below.
• the invention is further directed to an isolated nucleic acid comprising a sequence at least 80%, 85%, 90%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98% or 99% identical to a nucleotide sequence shown in Table 2 below.
• the invention is directed to an isolated nucleic acid comprising a sequence that encodes a polypeptide having an amino acid sequence at least 80%, 85%, 90%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98% or 99% identical to an amino acid sequence in Table 3.
• the invention also encompasses an isolated nucleic acid comprising a sequence that encodes a polypeptide having the amino acid sequence of any of the constructs in Table 3 with conservative amino acid substitutions.
• the present invention is directed to an isolated polynucleotide comprising a sequence that encodes a polypeptide having the amino acid sequence shown in FIG. 1 or FIG. 2.
• the invention is further directed to an isolated nucleic acid comprising a sequence at least 80%, 85%, 90%, 95%, 96%o, 91%, 98% or 99% identical to the nucleotide sequence shown in FIG. 5 or FIG. 6.
• the invention is directed to an isolated nucleic acid comprising a sequence that encodes a polypeptide having an amino acid sequence at least 80%, 85%, 90%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98% or 99% identical to the amino acid sequence FIG. 5 or FIG. 6.
• the invention also encompasses an isolated nucleic acid comprising a sequence that encodes a polypeptide having the amino acid sequence of any of FIG. 1, FIG. 2, FIG. 5 or FIG. 6 with conservative amino acid substitutions.
• the present invention is directed to an expression vector and/or a host cell which comprise one or more isolated polynucleotides of the present invention.
• any type of cultured cell line can be used to express the ABM of the present invention.
• CHO cells, BHK cells, NSO cells, SP2/0 cells, YO myeloma cells, P3X63 mouse myeloma cells, PER cells, PER.C6 cells or hybridoma cells are used as the background cell line to generate the engineered host cells of the invention.
• the therapeutic efficacy of the ABMs of the present invention can be enhanced by producing them in a host cell that further expresses a polynucleotide encoding a polypeptide having GnTIII activity.
• the polypeptide having GnTIII activity is a fusion polypeptide comprising the Golgi localization domain of a Golgi resident polypeptide.
• the expression of the ABMs of the present invention in a host cell that expresses a polynucleotide encoding a polypeptide having GnTIII activity results in ABMs with increased Fc receptor binding affinity and increased effector function.
• the present invention is directed to a host cell comprising (a) an isolated nucleic acid comprising a sequence encoding a polypeptide having GnTIII activity; and (b) an isolated polynucleotide encoding an ABM of the present invention, such as a chimeric, primatized or humanized antibody that binds human CD20.
• the polypeptide having GnTIII activity is a fusion polypeptide comprising the catalytic domain of GnTIII and the Golgi localization domain is the localization domain of mannosidase II.
• the chimeric ABM is a chimeric antibody or a fragment thereof, having the binding specificity of the murine B-LY1 antibody.
• the chimeric antibody comprises a human Fc.
• the antibody is primatized or humanized.
• one or several polynucleotides encoding an ABM of the present invention may be expressed under the control of a constitutive promoter or, alternately, a regulated expression system.
• Suitable regulated expression systems include, but are not limited to, a tetracycline-regulated expression system, an ecdysone-inducible expression system, a lac-switch expression system, a glucocorticoid-inducible expression system, atemperature- inducible promoter system, and a metallothionein metal-inducible expression system. If several different nucleic acids encoding an ABM of the present invention are comprised within the host cell system, some of them may be expressed under the control of a constitutive promoter, while others are expressed under the control of a regulated promoter.
• the maximal expression level is considered to be the highest possible level of stable polypeptide expression that does not have a significant adverse effect on cell growth rate, and will be determined using routine experimentation.
• Expression levels are determined by methods generally known in the art, including Western blot analysis using an antibody specific for the ABM or an antibody specific for a peptide tag fused to the ABM; and Northern blot analysis.
• the polynucleotide may be operatively linked to a reporter gene; the expression levels of a chimeric ABM having substantially the same binding specificity of the murine B-Lyl antibody are determined by measuring a signal correlated with the expression level of the reporter gene.
• the reporter gene may be transcribed together with the nucleic acid(s) encoding said fusion polypeptide as a single mRNA molecule; their respective coding sequences may be linked either by an internal ribosome entry site (IRES) or by a cap-independent translation enhancer (CITE).
• the reporter gene may be translated together with at least one nucleic acid encoding a chimeric ABM having substantially the same binding specificity of the murine B- Lyl antibody such that a single polypeptide chain is formed.
• the nucleic acids encoding the AMBs of the present invention may be operatively linked to the reporter gene under the control of a single promoter, such that the nucleic acid encoding the fusion polypeptide and the reporter gene are transcribed into an RNA molecule which is alternatively spliced into two separate messenger RNA (mRNA) molecules; one of the resulting mRNAs is translated into said reporter protein, and the other is translated into said fusion polypeptide.
• mRNA messenger RNA
• Methods which are well known to those skilled in the art can be used to construct expression vectors containing the coding sequence of an ABM having substantially the same binding specificity of the murine B-Lyl antibody along with appropriate transcriptional/translational control signals. These methods include in vitro recombinant DNA techniques, synthetic techniques and in vivo recombination/genetic recombination. See, for example, the techniques described in Maniatis etal, MOLECULAR CLONING A LABORATORY MANUAL, Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, N.Y. (1989) and Ausubel et al, CURRENT PROTOCOLS IN MOLECULAR BIOLOGY, Greene Publishing Associates and Wiley Interscience, N.Y (1989).
• a variety of host-expression vector systems may be utilized to express the coding sequence of the ABMs of the present invention.
• mammalian cells are used as host cell systems transfected with recombinant plasmid DNA or cosmid DNA expression vectors containing the coding sequence of the protein of interest and the coding sequence of the fusion polypeptide.
• CHO cells, BHK cells, NSO cells, SP2/0 cells, YO myeloma cells, P3X63 mouse myeloma cells, PER cells, PER.C6 cells or hybridoma cells, other mammalian cells, yeast cells, insect cells, or plant cells are used as host cell system.
• yeast cells transformed with recombinant yeast expression vectors containing the coding sequence of an ABM of the present invention include yeast cells transformed with recombinant yeast expression vectors containing the coding sequence of an ABM of the present invention; insect cell systems infected with recombinant virus expression vectors (e.g., baculovirus) containing the coding sequence of a chimeric ABM having substantially the same binding specificity of the murine B-Lyl antibody; plant cell systems infected with recombinant virus expression vectors (e.g., cauliflower mosaic virus, CaMV; tobacco mosaic virus, TMV) or transformed with recombinant plasmid expression vectors (e.g.
• yeast cells transformed with recombinant yeast expression vectors containing the coding sequence of an ABM of the present invention include insect cell systems infected with recombinant virus expression vectors (e.g., baculovirus) containing the coding sequence of a chimeric ABM having substantially the same binding specificity of the mur
• Ti plasmid containing the coding sequence of the ABM of the invention; or animal cell systems infected with recombinant virus expression vectors (e.g., adenovirus, vaccinia virus) including cell lines engineered to contain multiple copies of the DNA encoding a chimeric ABM having substantially the same binding specificity of the murine B-Lyl antibody either stably amplified (CHO/dhfr) or unstably amplified in double-minute chromosomes (e.g. , murine cell lines).
• the vector comprising the polynucleotide(s) encoding the ABM of the invention is polycistronic.
• the ABM discussed above is an antibody or a fragment thereof.
• the ABM is a humanized antibody.
• stable expression is generally prefe ⁇ ed to transient expression because it typically achieves more reproducible results and also is more amenable to large-scale production.
• host cells can be transformed with the respective coding nucleic acids controlled by appropriate expression control elements (e.g., promoter, enhancer, sequences, transcription terminators, polyadenylation sites, etc.), and a selectable marker. Following the introduction of foreign DNA, engineered cells may be allowed to grow for 1-2 days in an enriched media, and then are switched to a selective media.
• the selectable marker in the recombinant plasmid confers resistance to the selection and allows selection of cells which have stably integrated the plasmid into their chromosomes and grow to form foci which in turn can be cloned and expanded into cell lines.
• a number of selection systems may be used, including, but not limited to, the he ⁇ es simplex virus thymidine kinase (Wigler et al, Cell 11:223 (1977)), hypoxanthine-guaninephosphoribosyltransferase (Szybalska& Szybalski, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 48:2026 (1962)), and adenine phosphoribosyltransferase (Lowy et al, Cell 22:817 (1980)) genes, which can be employed in tk " , hgprf or aprf cells, respectively.
• antimetabolite resistance can be used as the basis of selection for dhfr, which confers resistance to methotrexate (Wigler et al, Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 77:3567 (1989); O ⁇ are et al, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 78:1527 (1981)); gpt, which confers resistance to mycophenolic acid (Mulligan & Berg, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 78:2012 (1981)); neo, which confers resistance to the aminoglycoside G-418 (Colbe ⁇ e-Garapin et al, J. Mol. Biol.
• tipB which allows cells to utilize indole in place of tryptophan
• hisD which allows cells to utilize histinol in place of histidine
• the present invention is further directed to a method for modifying the glycosylation profile of the ABMs of the present invention that are produced by a host cell, comprising expressing in said host cell a nucleic acid encoding an ABM of the invention and a nucleic acid encoding a polypeptide with GnTIII activity, or a vector comprising such nucleic acids.
• the modified polypeptide is IgG or a fragment thereof comprising the Fc region.
• the ABM is a humanized antibody or a fragment thereof.
• the modified ABMs produced by the host cells of the invention exhibit increased Fc receptor binding affinity and/or increased effector function as a result of the modification.
• the ABM is a humanized antibody or a fragment thereof containing the Fc region.
• the increased Fc receptor binding affinity is increased binding to a Fc ⁇ activating receptor, such as the Fc ⁇ RIIIa receptor.
• the increased effector function is preferably an increase in one or more of the following: increased antibody- dependent cellular cytotoxicity, increased antibody-dependent cellular phagocytosis (ADCP), increased cytokine secretion, increased immune-complex- mediated antigen uptake by antigen-presenting cells, increased Fc-mediated cellular cytotoxicity, increased binding to NK cells, increased binding to macrophages, increased binding to polymo ⁇ honuclear cells (PMNs), increased binding to monocytes, increased crosslinking of target-bound antibodies, increased direct signaling inducing apoptosis, increased dendritic cell maturation, and increased T cell priming.
• ADCP antibody-dependent cellular phagocytosis
• PMNs polymo ⁇ honuclear cells
• monocytes increased crosslinking of target-bound antibodies
• T cell priming increased direct signaling inducing apoptosis, increased dendritic cell maturation, and increased T cell priming.
• the present invention is also directed to a method for producing an ABM of the present invention, having modified oligosaccharides in a host cell comprising (a) culturing a host cell engineered to express at least one nucleic acid encoding a polypeptide having GnTIII activity under conditions which permit the production of an ABM according to the present invention, wherein said polypeptide having GnTIII activity is expressed in an amount sufficient to modify the oligosaccharides in the Fc region of said ABM produced by said host cell; and (b) isolating said ABM.
• the polypeptide having GnTIII activity is a fusion polypeptide comprising the catalytic domain of GnTIII.
• the fusion polypeptide further comprises the Golgi localization domain of a Golgi resident polypeptide.
• the Golgi localization domain is the localization domain of mannosidase II or GnTI.
• the Golgi localization domain is selected from the group consisting of: the localization domain of mannosidase I, the localization domain of GnTII, and the localization domain of ⁇ 1-6 core fucosyltransferase.
• the ABMs produced by the methods of the present invention have increased Fc receptor binding affinity and/or increased effector function.
• the increased effector function is one or more of the following: increased Fc-mediated cellular cytotoxicity (including increased antibody- dependent cellular cytotoxicity), increased antibody-dependent cellular phagocytosis (ADCP), increased cytokine secretion, increased immune-complex- mediated antigen uptake by antigen-presenting cells, increased binding to NK cells, increased binding to macrophages, increased binding to monocytes, increased binding to polymo ⁇ honuclear cells, increased direct signaling inducing apoptosis, increased crosslinking of target-bound antibodies, increased dendritic cell maturation, or increased T cell priming.
• the increased Fc receptor binding affinity is preferably increased binding to Fc activating receptors such as Fc ⁇ RIIIa.
• the ABM is a humanized antibody or a fragment thereof.
• the present invention is directed to a chimeric
• ABM having substantially the same binding specificity of the murine B-Lyl antibody produced by the methods of the invention which has an increased proportion of bisected oligosaccharides in the Fc region of said polypeptide. It is contemplated that such an ABM encompasses antibodies and fragments thereof comprising the Fc region.
• the ABM is a humanized antibody.
• the percentage of bisected oligosaccharides in the Fc region of the ABM is at least 50%, more preferably, at least 60%, at least 70%, at least 80%, or at least 90%, and most preferably at least 90-95% of the total oligosaccharides.
• the ABM produced by the methods of the invention has an increased proportion of nonfucosylated oligosaccharides in the Fc region as a result of the modification of its oligosaccharides by the methods of the present invention.
• the percentage of nonfucosylated oligosaccharides is at least 50%, preferably, at least 60% to 70%>, most preferably at least 75%>.
• the nonfucosylated oligosaccharides may be of the hybrid or complex type.
• the ABM produced by the host cells and methods of the invention has an increased proportion of bisected, nonfucosylated oligosaccharides in the Fc region.
• the bisected, nonfucosylated oligosaccharides may be either hybrid or complex.
• the methods of the present invention may be used to produce ABMs in which at least 15%, more preferably at least 20%), more preferably at least 25%, more preferably at least 30%, more preferably at least 35% of the oligosaccharides in the Fc region of the ABM are bisected, nonfucosylated.
• the methods of the present invention may also be used to produce polypeptides in which at least 15 >, more preferably at least 20%, more preferably at least 25%>, more preferably at least 30%, more preferably at least 35%o of the oligosaccharides in the Fc region of the polypeptide are bisected hybrid nonfucosylated.
• the present invention is directed to a chimeric
• the increased effector function is one or more of the following: increased Fc- mediated cellular cytotoxicity (including increased antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity), increased antibody-dependent cellular phagocytosis (ADCP), increased cytokine secretion, increased immune-complex-mediated antigen uptake by antigen-presenting cells, increased binding to NK cells, increased binding to macrophages, increased binding to monocytes, increased binding to polymo ⁇ honuclear cells, increased direct signaling inducing apoptosis, increased crosslinking of target-bound antibodies, increased dendritic cell maturation, or increased T cell priming.
• increased Fc- mediated cellular cytotoxicity including increased antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity
• ADCP antibody-dependent cellular phagocytosis
• ADCP antibody-dependent cellular phagocytosis
• cytokine secretion increased immune-complex-mediated antigen uptake by antigen-presenting cells
• increased binding to NK cells increased binding to macrophages
• monocytes
• the increased Fc receptor binding affinity is increased binding to a Fc activating receptor, most preferably Fc ⁇ RIIIa.
• the ABM is an antibody, an antibody fragment containing the Fc region, or a fusion protein that includes a region equivalent to the Fc region of an immunoglobulin.
• the ABM is a humanized antibody.
• the present invention is further directed to the use of such pharmaceutical compositions in the method of treatment of cancer.
• the present invention is directed to a method for the treatment of cancer comprising administering a therapeutically effective amount of the pharmaceutical composition of the invention.
• the present invention further provides methods for the generation and use of host cell systems for the production of glycoforms of the ABMs of the present invention, having increased Fc receptor binding affinity, preferably increased binding to Fc activating receptors, and/or having increased effector functions, including antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity.
• the glycoengineering methodology that can be used with the ABMs of the present invention has been described in greater detail in U.S. Pat. No. 6,602,684 and Provisional U.S. Patent Application No. 60/441,307 and WO 2004/065540, the entire contents of each of which is inco ⁇ orated herein by reference in its entirety.
• the ABMs of the present invention can alternatively be glycoengineered to have reduced fucose residues in the Fc region according to the techniques disclosed in EP 1 176 195 Al, the entire contents of which is inco ⁇ orated by reference herein.
• the present invention provides host cell expression systems for the generation of the ABMs of the present invention having modified glycosylation patterns.
• the present invention provides host cell systems for the generation of glycoforms of the ABMs of the present invention having an improved therapeutic value. Therefore, the invention provides host cell expression systems selected or engineered to express a polypeptide having GnTIII activity.
• the polypeptide having GnTIII activity is a fusion polypeptide comprising the Golgi localization domain of a heterologous Golgi resident polypeptide.
• host cell expression systems may be engineered to comprise a recombinant nucleic acid molecule encoding a polypeptide having GnTIII, operatively linked to a constitutive or regulated promoter system.
• the present invention provides a host cell that has been engineered to express at least one nucleic acid encoding a fusion polypeptide having GnTIII activity and comprising the Golgi localization domain of a heterologous Golgi resident polypeptide.
• the host cell is engineered with a nucleic acid molecule comprising at least one gene encoding a fusion polypeptide having GnTIII activity and comprising the Golgi localization domain of a heterologous Golgi resident polypeptide.
• any type of cultured cell line including the cell lines discussed above, can be used as a background to engineer the host cell lines of the present invention.
• CHO cells, BHK cells, NSO cells, SP2/0 cells, YO myeloma cells, P3X63 mouse myeloma cells, PER cells, PER.C6 cells or hybridoma cells are used as the background cell line to generate the engineered host cells of the invention.
• the invention is contemplated to encompass any engineered host cells expressing a polypeptide having GnTIII activity, including a fusion polypeptide that comprises the Golgi localization domain of a heterologous Golgi resident polypeptide as defined herein.
• nucleic acids encoding a polypeptide having GnTIII activity may be expressed under the control of a constitutive promoter or, alternately, a regulated expression system. Such systems are well known in the art, and include the systems discussed above. If several different nucleic acids encoding fusion polypeptides having GnTIII activity and comprising the Golgi localization domain of a heterologous Golgi resident polypeptide are comprised within the host cell system, some of them maybe expressed under the control of a constitutive promoter, while others are expressed under the control of a regulated promoter.
• Expression levels of the fusion polypeptides having GnTIII activity are determined by methods generally known in the art, including Western blot analysis, Northern blot analysis, reporter gene expression analysis or measurement of GnTIII activity.
• a lectin may be employed which binds to biosynthetic products of the GnTIII, for example, E 4 -PHA lectin.
• a functional assay which measures the increased Fc receptor binding or increased effector function mediated by antibodies produced by the cells engineered with the nucleic acid encoding a polypeptide with GnTIII activity may be used.
• the host cells which contain the coding sequence of a chimeric ABM having substantially the same binding specificity of the murine B-Lyl antibody and which express the biologically active gene products may be identified by at least four general approaches; (a) DNA-DNA or DNA-RNA hybridization; (b) the presence or absence of "marker" gene functions; (c) assessing the level of transcription as measured by the expression of the respective mRNA transcripts in the host cell; and (d) detection of the gene product as measured by immunoassay or by its biological activity.
• the presence of the coding sequence of a chimeric ABM having substantially the same binding specificity of the murine B-Lyl antibody and the coding sequence of the polypeptide having GnTIII activity can be detected by DNA-DNA or DNA-RNA hybridization using probes comprising nucleotide sequences that are homologous to the respective coding sequences, respectively, or portions or derivatives thereof.
• the recombinant expression vector/host system can be identified and selected based upon the presence or absence of certain "marker" gene functions (e.g., thymidine kinase activity, resistance to antibiotics, resistance to methotrexate, transformation phenotype, occlusion body formation in baculovirus, etc.).
• certain "marker" gene functions e.g., thymidine kinase activity, resistance to antibiotics, resistance to methotrexate, transformation phenotype, occlusion body formation in baculovirus, etc.
• a marker gene can be placed in tandem with the coding sequences under the control of the same or different promoter used to control the expression of the coding sequences. Expression of the marker in response to induction or selection indicates expression of the coding sequence of the ABM of the invention and the coding sequence of the polypeptide having GnTIII activity.
• transcriptional activity for the coding region of the ABM of the invention, or a fragment thereof, and the coding sequence of the polypeptide having GnTIII activity can be assessed by hybridization assays.
• RNA can be isolated and analyzed by Northern blot using a probe homologous to the coding sequences of the ABM of the invention, or a fragment thereof, and the coding sequence of the polypeptide having GnTIII activity or particular portions thereof.
• total nucleic acids of the host cell may be extracted and assayed for hybridization to such probes.
• the expression of the protein products can be assessed immunologically, for example by Western blots, immunoassays such as radioimmuno-precipitation, enzyme-linked immunoassays and the like.
• immunoassays such as radioimmuno-precipitation
• enzyme-linked immunoassays and the like.
• the ultimate test of the success of the expression system involves the detection of the biologically active gene products.
• the present invention provides glycoforms of chimeric ABMs having substantially the same binding specificity of the murine B-Lyl antibody and having increased effector function including antibody- dependent cellular cytotoxicity.
• Glycosylation engineering of antibodies has been previously described. See, e.g., U.S. Patent No. 6,602,684, inco ⁇ orated herein by reference in its entirety.
• ADCC a lytic attack on antibody-targeted cells, is triggered upon binding of leukocyte receptors to the constant region (Fc) of antibodies. Deo et al , Immunology Today 18:121 (1997).
• An IgG molecule carries two N-linked oligosaccharides in its Fc region, one on each heavy chain.
• an antibody is produced as a population of glycoforms which share the same polypeptide backbone but have different oligosaccharides attached to the glycosylation sites.
• the oligosaccharides normally found in the Fc region of serum IgG are of complex bi-antennary type (Wormald et al, Biochemistry 3(5:130-38 (1997), with a low level of terminal sialic acid and bisecting N-acetylglucosamine (GlcNAc), and a variable degree of terminal galactosylation and core fucosylation.
• the CAMPATH antigen is normally present at high levels on lymphoma cells, and this chimeric mAb has high ADCC activity in the absence of a bisecting GlcNAc. Lifely et al, Glycobiology 318:813-22 (1995). In the N- linked glycosylation pathway, a bisecting GlcNAc is added by GnTIII. Schachter, Biochem. Cell Biol. 54:163-81 (1986).
• the increased GnTIII activity results in an increase in the percentage of bisected oligosaccharides, as well as a decrease in the percentage of fiicose residues, in the Fc region of the ABM.
• This antibody, or fragment thereof has increased Fc receptor binding affinity and increased effector function.
• the invention is directed to antibody fragment and fusion proteins comprising a region that is equivalent to the Fc region of immunoglobulins.
• the ABMs of the present can be used alone to target and kill tumor cells in vivo.
• the ABMs can also be used in conjunction with an appropriate therapeutic agent to treat human carcinoma.
• the ABMs can be used in combination with standard or conventional treatment methods such as chemotherapy, radiation therapy or can be conjugated or linked to a therapeutic drug, or toxin, as well as to a lymphokine or a tumor-inhibitory growth factor, for delivery of the therapeutic agent to the site of the carcinoma.
• the conjugates of the ABMs of this invention that are of prime importance are (1) immunotoxins (conjugates of the ABM and a cytotoxic moiety) and (2) labeled (e.g.
• ABMs in which the label provides a means for identifying immune complexes that include the labeled ABM.
• the ABMs can also be used to induce lysis through the natural complement process, and to interact with antibody dependent cytotoxic cells normally present.
• the cytotoxic moiety of the immunotoxin may be a cytotoxic drug or an enzymatically active toxin of bacterial or plant origin, or an enzymatically active fragment ("A chain") of such a toxin.
• Enzymatically active toxins and fragments thereof used are diphtheria A chain, nonbinding active fragments of diphtheria toxin, exotoxin A chain (from Pseudomonas aeruginosa), ricin A chain, abrin A chain, modeccin A chain, alpha-sarcin, Aleurites fordii proteins, dianthin proteins, Phytolacca americana proteins (PAPI, PAPII, and PAP-S), momordica charantia inhibitor, curcin, crotin, sapaonaria officinalis inhibitor, gelonin, mitogellin, restrictocin, phenomycin, and enomycin.
• the ABMs are conjugated to small molecule anticancer drugs.
• Conjugates of the ABM and such cytotoxic moieties are made using a variety of bifunctional protein coupling agents.
• examples of such reagents are SPDP, IT, bifunctional derivatives of imidoesters such a dimethyl adipimidate HC1, active esters such as disuccinimidyl suberate, aldehydes such as glutaraldehyde, bis-azido compounds such as bis (p-azidobenzoyl) hexanediamine, bis-diazonium derivatives such as bis-(p-diazoniumbenzoyl)-ethylenediamine, diisocyanates such as tolylene 2,6- diisocyanate, and bis-active fluorine compounds such as l,5-difluoro-2,4- dinitrobenzene.
• the lysing portion of a toxin may be joined to the Fab fragment of the ABMs. Additional appropriate toxins are known in the art, as evidenced in e.g., published U.S. Patent Application No. 2002/0128448, inco ⁇ orated herein by reference in its entirety.
• a chimeric, glycoengineered ABM having substantially the same binding specificity of the murine B-Lyl antibody is conjugated to ricin A chain.
• the ricin A chain is deglycosylated and produced tlirough recombinant means.
• the conjugates When used to kill human cancer cells in vitro for diagnostic pu ⁇ oses, the conjugates will typically be added to the cell culture medium at a concentration of at least about 10 nM.
• the formulation and mode of administration for in vitro use are not critical. Aqueous formulations that are compatible with the culture or perfusion medium will normally be used. Cytotoxicity may be read by conventional techniques to determine the presence or degree of cancer.
• a cytotoxic radiopharmaceutical for treating cancer may be made by conjugating a radioactive isotope (e.g., I, Y, Pr) to a chimeric, glycoengineered ABM having substantially the same binding specificity of the murine B-Lyl antibody.
• a radioactive isotope e.g., I, Y, Pr
• cytotoxic moiety as used herein is intended to include such isotopes.
• liposomes are filled with a cytotoxic drug and the liposomes are coated with the ABMs of the present invention. Because there are many CD20 molecules on the surface of the malignant B-cell, this method permits delivery of large amounts of drug to the correct cell type.
• Still other therapeutic applications for the ABMs of the invention include conjugation or linkage, e.g., by recombinant DNA techniques, to an enzyme capable of converting a prodrug into a cytotoxic drug and the use of that antibody-enzyme conjugate in combination with the prodrug to convert the prodrug to a cytotoxic agent at the tumor site (see, e.g., Senter et al., "Anti-Tumor Effects of Antibody-alkaline Phosphatase", Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci.
• Still another therapeutic use for the ABMs of the invention involves use, either unconjugated, in the presence of complement, or as part of an antibody-drug or antibody-toxin conjugate, to remove tumor cells from the bone ma ⁇ ow of cancer patients.
• autologous bone marrow may be purged ex vivo by treatment with the antibody and the ma ⁇ ow infused back into the patient [see, e.g., Ramsay et al., "Bone Ma ⁇ ow Purging Using Monoclonal Antibodies", J. Clin. Immunol, 8(2):81-88 (1988)].
• the invention comprises a single- chain immunotoxin comprising antigen binding domains that allow substantially the same specificity of binding as the murine B-Lyl antibody (e.g., polypeptides comprising the CDRs of the murine B-Lyl antibody) and further comprising a toxin polypeptide.
• the single-chain immunotoxins of the invention may be used to treat human carcinoma in vivo.
• fusion protein comprising at least the antigen-binding region of an ABM of the invention joined to at least a functionally active portion of a second protein having anti-tumor acitivty, e.g., a lymphokine or oncostatin, can be used to treat human carcinoma in vivo.
• a fusion protein comprising at least the antigen-binding region of an ABM of the invention joined to at least a functionally active portion of a second protein having anti-tumor acitivty, e.g., a lymphokine or oncostatin, can be used to treat human carcinoma in vivo.
• the present invention provides a method for selectively killing tumor cells expressing CD20.
• This method comprises reacting the immunoconjugate (e.g., the immunotoxin) of the invention with said tumor cells.
• These tumor cells may be from a human carcinoma.
• this invention provides a method of treating carcinomas (for example, human carcinomas) in vivo.
• This method comprises administering to a subject a pharmaceutically effective amount of a composition containing at least one of the immunoconjugates (e.g., the immunotoxin) of the invention.
• the invention is directed to an improved method for treating B-cell proliferative disorders including B-cell lymphoma, as well as an autoimmune disease produced in whole or in part by pathogenic autoantibodies, based on B-cell depletion comprising administering a therapeutically effective amount of an ABM of the present invention to a human subject in need thereof.
• the ABM is a glycoengineered anti-CD20 antibody with a binding specificity substantially the same as that of the murine B-Lyl antibody.
• the antibody is humanized.
• autoimmune diseases or disorders include, but are not limited to, immune-mediated thrombocytopenias, such as acute idiopathic thrombocytopenic pu ⁇ urea and chronic idiopathic thrombocytopenic pu ⁇ urea, dermatomyositis, Sydenham's chorea, lupus nephritis, rheumatic fever, polyglandular syndromes, Henoch-Schonlein pu ⁇ ura, post-streptococcal nephritis, erythema nodosum, Takayasu's arteritis, Addison's disease, erythema multiforme, polyarteritis nodosa, ankylosing spondylitis, Goodpasture's syndrome, thromboangitis ubiterans, primary biliary ci ⁇ hosis, Hashimoto's thyroiditis, thyrotoxicosis, chronic active hepatitis, polymyositis,
• atopic dermatitis atopic dermatitis
• systemic scleroderma and sclerosis responses associated with inflammatory bowel disease (such as Crohn's disease andulcerative colitis); respiratory distress syndrome (including adult respiratory distress syndrome; ARDS); dermatitis; meningitis; encephalitis; uveitis; colitis; glomerulonephritis; allergic conditions such as eczema and asthma and other conditions involving infiltration of T cells and chronic inflammatory responses; atherosclerosis; leukocyte adhesion deficiency; rheumatoid arthritis; systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE); diabetes mellitus (e.g.
• Type 1 diabetes mellitus or insulin dependent diabetes mellitus multiple sclerosis; Reynaud's syndrome; autoimmune thyroiditis; allergic encephalomyelitis; Sjorgen's syndrome; juvenile onset diabetes; and immune responses associated with acute and delayed hypersensitivity mediated by cytokines and T-lymphocytes typically found in tuberculosis, sarcoidosis, polymyositis, granulomatosis and vasculitis; pernicious amenia (Addison's disease); diseases involving leukocyte diapedesis; central nervous system (CNS) inflammatory disorder; multiple organ injury syndrome; hemolytic anemia (including, but not limited to cryoglobinemia or Coombs positive anemia); myasthenia gravis; antigen-antibody complex mediated diseases; anti-glomerular basement membrane disease; antiphospholipid syndrome; allergic neuritis; Graves' disease; Lambert-Eaton myasthenic syndrome; pemphigoid buUous; pemphigus; autoimmune
• the subject may be a human, equine, porcine, bovine, murine, canine, feline, and avian subjects. Other warm blooded animals are also included in this invention.
• the subj ect invention further provides methods for inhibiting the growth of human tumor cells, treating a tumor in a subject, and treating a proliferative type disease in a subject. These methods comprise administering to the subject an effective amount of the composition of the invention.
• the present invention encompasses pharmaceutical compositions, combinations and methods for treating human carcinomas, such as a B cell lymphoma.
• the invention includes pharmaceutical compositions for use in the treatment of human carcinomas comprising a pharmaceutically effective amount of an antibody of the present invention and a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier.
• the ABM compositions of the invention can be administered using conventional modes of administration including, but not limited to, intravenous, intraperitoneal, oral, intralymphatic or administration directly into the tumor. Intravenous administration is prefe ⁇ ed.
• therapeutic formulations containing the ABMs of the invention are prepared for storage by mixing an antibody having the desired degree of purity with optional pharmaceutically acceptable carriers, excipients or stabilizers (Remington's Pharmaceutical Sciences 16th edition, Osol, A. Ed. (1980)), in the form of lyophilized formulations or aqueous solutions.
• Acceptable carriers, excipients, or stabilizers are nontoxic to recipients at the dosages and concentrations employed, and include buffers such as phosphate, citrate, and other organic acids; antioxidants including ascorbic acid and methionine; preservatives (such as octadecyldimethylbenzyl ammonium chloride; hexamethonium chloride; benzalkonium chloride, benzethonium chloride; phenol, butyl or benzyl alcohol; alkyl parabens such as methyl or propyl paraben; catechol; resorcinol; cyclohexanol; 3-pentanol; and m-cresol); low molecular weight (less than about 10 residues) polypeptides; proteins, such as serum albumin, gelatin, or immunoglobulins; hydrophilic polymers such as polyvinylpy ⁇ olidone; amino acids such as glycine, glutamine, asparagine, histidine,
• Exemplary anti-CD20 ABM formulations are described in WO98/56418, expressly inco ⁇ orated herein by reference.
• This publication describes a liquid multidose formulation comprising 40 mg mL rituximab, 25 mM acetate, 150 mM trehalose, 0.9%> benzyl alcohol, 0.02%> polysorbate 20 at pH 5.0 that has a minimum shelf life of two years storage at 2-8°C.
• Another anti-CD20 formulation of interest comprises 10 mg/mL rituximab in 9.0 mg/mL sodium chloride, 7.35 mg/mL sodium citrate dihydrate, 0.7 mg/mL polysorbate 80, and Sterile Water for Inj ection, pH6.5.
• RITUXAN® will be substituted by an ABM of the present invention.
• Lyophilized formulations adapted for subcutaneous administration are described in WO97/04801. Such lyophihized formulations may be reconstituted with a suitable diluent to a high protein concentration and the reconstituted formulation may be administered subcutaneously to the mammal to be treated herein.
• the formulation herein may also contain more than one active compound as necessary for the particular indication being treated, preferably those with complementary activities that do not adversely affect each other.
• a cytotoxic agent, chemotherapeutic agent, cytokine or immunosuppressive agent e.g. one which acts on T cells, such as cyclosporin or an antibody that binds T cells, e.g., one which binds LFA-1).
• the effective amount of such other agents depends on the amount of antagonist present in the formulation, the type of disease or disorder or treatment, and other factors discussed above. These are generally used in the same dosages and with administration routes as used hereinbefore or about from 1 to 99% of the heretofore employed dosages.
• the active ingredients may also be entrapped in microcapsules prepared, for example, by coacervation techniques or by interfacial polymerization, for example, hydroxymethylcellulose or gelatin-microcapsules and poly- (methylmethacylate) microcapsules, respectively, in colloidal drug delivery systems (for example, liposomes, albumin microspheres, microemulsions, nano- particles and nanocapsules) or in macroemulsions.
• colloidal drug delivery systems for example, liposomes, albumin microspheres, microemulsions, nano- particles and nanocapsules
• Sustained-release preparations may be prepared. Suitable examples of sustained-release preparations include semipermeable matrices of solid hydrophobic polymers containing the antagonist, which matrices are in the form of shaped articles, e.g., films, or microcapsules. Examples of sustained-release matrices include polyesters, hydrogels (for example, poly(2-hydroxyethyl- methacrylate), or poly(vinylalcohol)), polylactides (U.S. Pat. No.
• copolymers of L-glutamic acid and ⁇ ethyl-L-glutamate non-degradable ethylene- vinyl acetate
• degradable lactic acid-glycolic acid copolymers such as the LUPRON DEPOTTM (injectable microspheres composed of lactic acid-glycolic acid copolymer and leuprolide acetate), and poly-D-(-)-3-hydroxybutyric acid.
• formulations to be used for in vivo administration must be sterile. This is readily accomplished by filtration tlirough sterile filtration membranes.
• compositions of the invention may be in a variety of dosage forms which include, but are not limited to, liquid solutions or suspension, tablets, pills, powders, suppositories, polymeric microcapsules or microvesicles, liposomes, and injectable or infusible solutions.
• dosage forms include, but are not limited to, liquid solutions or suspension, tablets, pills, powders, suppositories, polymeric microcapsules or microvesicles, liposomes, and injectable or infusible solutions.
• the prefe ⁇ ed form depends upon the mode of administration and the therapeutic application.
• compositions of the invention also preferably include conventional pharmaceutically acceptable carriers and adjuvants known in the art such as human serum albumin, ion exchangers, alumina, lecithin, buffer substances such as phosphates, glycine, sorbic acid, potassium sorbate, and salts or electrolytes such as protamine sulfate.
• conventional pharmaceutically acceptable carriers and adjuvants known in the art such as human serum albumin, ion exchangers, alumina, lecithin, buffer substances such as phosphates, glycine, sorbic acid, potassium sorbate, and salts or electrolytes such as protamine sulfate.
• compositions of this invention The most effective mode of administration and dosage regimen for the pharmaceutical compositions of this invention depends upon the severity and course of the disease, the patient's health and response to treatment and the judgment of the treating physician. Accordingly, the dosages of the compositions should be titrated to the individual patient. Nevertheless, an effective dose of the compositions of this invention will generally be in the range of from about 0.01 to about 2000 mg/kg.
• the molecules described herein may be in a variety of dosage forms which include, but are not limited to, liquid solutions or suspensions, tablets, pills, powders, suppositories, polymeric microcapsules or microvesicles, liposomes, and injectable or infusible solutions. The prefe ⁇ ed form depends upon the mode of administration and the therapeutic application.
• composition comprising an ABM of the present invention will be formulated, dosed, and administered in a fashion consistent with good medical practice.
• Factors for consideration in this context include the particular disease or disorder being treated, the particular mammal being treated, the clinic condition of the individual patient, the cause of the disease or disorder, the site of delivery of the agent, the method of administration, the scheduling of administration, and other factors known to medical practitioners.
• the therapeutically effective amount of the antagonist to be administered will be governed by such considerations.
• the therapeutically effective amount of the antibody administered parenterally per dose will be in the range of about 0.1 to 20 mg/kg of patient body weight per day, with the typical initial range of antagonist used being in the range of about 2 to 10 mg/kg.
• the ABM is an antibody, preferably a humanized antibody
• Suitable dosages for such an unconjugated antibody are, for example, in the range from about 20 mg/m 2 to about 1000 mg/m 2 .
• the dosage of the antibody differs from that presently recommended for RITUXAN®.
• one may administer one or more initial dose(s) of the antibody followed by one or more subsequent dose(s), wherein the mg/m 2 dose of the antibody in the subsequent dose(s) exceeds the mg/m 2 dose of the antibody in the initial dose(s).
• the initial dose may be in the range from about 20 mg/m 2 to about 250 mg/m 2 (e.g., from about 50 mg/m 2 to about 200mg/m 2 ) and the subsequent dose may be in the range from about 250 mg/m 2 to about 1000 mg/m 2 .
• the antagonist is administered as close to the first sign, diagnosis, appearance, or occu ⁇ ence of the disease or disorder as possible or during remissions of the disease or disorder.
• the ABM of the present invention is administered by any suitable means, including parenteral, subcutaneous, intraperitoneal, intrapulinonary, and intranasal, and, if desired for local immunosuppressive treatment, intralesional administration.
• Parenteral infusions include intramuscular, intravenous, intraarterial, intraperitoneal, or subcutaneous administration.
• the antagonist may suitably be administered by pulse infusion, e.g., with declining doses of the antagonist.
• the dosing is given by injections, most preferably intravenous or subcutaneous injections, depending in part on whether the administration is brief or chronic.
• the combined administration includes coadministration, using separate formulations or a single pharmaceutical formulation, and consecutive administration in either order, wherein preferably there is a time period while both (or all) active agents simultaneously exert their biological activities.
• the pharmaceutical carrier may be a lipid carrier.
• the lipid carrier may be a phospholipid.
• the lipid carrier may be a fatty acid.
• the lipid carrier may be a detergent.
• a detergent is any substance that alters the surface tension of a liquid, generally lowering it.
• the detergent may be a nonionic detergent. Examples of nonionic detergents include, but are not limited to, polysorbate 80 (also known as Tween 80 or (polyoxyethylenesorbitan monooleate), Brij, and Triton (for example Triton WR-1339 and Triton A-20).
• the detergent may be an ionic detergent.
• An example of an ionic detergent includes, but is not limited to, alkyltrimethylammonium bromide.
• the lipid carrier may be a liposome.
• a liposome is any membrane bound vesicle which contains any molecules of the invention or combinations thereof.
• B-Lyl expressing hybridoma cells were grown in RPMI containing 10% FBS and 4 mM L- glutamine. 6 x IO 6 cells with a viability > 90% were harvested and total RNA was isolated using a Qiagen RNAeasy midi kit. cDNAs encoding the variable light and heavy chains of B-Lyl were amplified by RT-PCR. The RT-PCR reaction was performed using the following conditions: 30 min 50 °C for the first strand cDNA synthesis; 15 min 95 °C initial denaturation; 30 cycles of 1 min 94 °C, 1 min 45 °C, 1.5 min 72 °C; and a final elongation step for 10 min at 72 °C. The expected size of the PCR products was confirmed by gel electrophoresis. The PCR products were cloned into suitable E. coli vectors and DNA sequencing confirmed that the variable light and heavy chain encoding genes were isolated.
• variable chains For construction of chimeric B-Lyl expression vectors, synthetic signal sequences and appropriate restriction sites were fused to the variable chains by additional PCR reactions. After a final confirmation of the co ⁇ ect DNA sequence of the variable chains, they were combined with the co ⁇ esponding human IgGl constant regions. Once the genes were constructed, they were cloned under control of the MPSV promoter and upstream of a synthetic polyA site, using two separate vectors, one for each chain, resulting in the plasmids pETRl 808 (heavy chain expression vector) and pETR1813 (light chain expression vector). Each vector carried an EBV OriP sequence.
• Chimeric B-Lyl was produced by co-transfecting HEK293-EBNA cells with vectors pETRl 808 and pETRl 813 using a calcium phosphate-transfection approach. Exponentially growing HEK293-EBNA cells were transfected by the calcium phosphate method. Cells were grown as adherent monolayer cultures in T flasks using DMEM culture medium supplemented with 10%) FCS, and were transfected when they were between 50 and 80% confluent.
• a solution of DNA, CaCl and water was prepared by mixing 47 ⁇ g total plasmid vector DNA divided equally between the light and heavy chain expression vectors, 235 ⁇ l of a IM CaCl 2 solution, and adding water to a final volume of 469 ⁇ l.
• the cells were co-transfected with four plasmids, two for antibody expression (pETR1808 and pETR1813), one for a fusion GnTIII polypeptide expression (pETR1519), and one for mannosidase II expression (pCLF9) at a ratio of 4:4: 1:1, respectively.
• pETR1808 and pETR1813 two for antibody expression
• pETR1519 one for a fusion GnTIII polypeptide expression
• pCLF9 mannosidase II expression
• chB-Lyl and chB-Lyl-ge were purified from culture supernatant using three sequential chromatographic steps, Protein A chromatography, cation exchange chromatography, and a size exclusion chromatography step on a Superdex 200 column (Amersham Pharmacia) exchanging the buffer to phosphate buffer saline and collecting the monomeric antibody peak from this last step.
• Antibody concentration was estimated using a spectrophotometer from the absorbance at 280 nm.
• Oligosaccharides were enzymatically released from the antibodies by PNGaseF digestion, with the antibodies being either immobilized on a PVDF membrane or in solution.
• the liquid in the well was drawn through the membrane by applying vacuum, and the membrane was subsequently washed twice with 50 ⁇ l RCM buffer.
• the reduction of disulfide bridges was performed by addition of 50 ⁇ l of 0.1M dithiothreitol in RCM and incubation at 37°C for 1 h.
• N-linked oligosaccharides were released by addition of 2.5 mU peptide- N-glycosydase F ( recombinatN-Glycanase, GLYKO, Novato, CA) and 0.1 mU Sialidase (GLYKO, Novato, CA), to remove any potential charged monosaccharide residues, in a final volume of 25 ⁇ l in 20mM NaHCO 3 , pH7.0). Digestion was performed for 3 hours at 37°C.
• the PNGaseF released oligosaccharides were subsequently digested with Endoglycosidase H (EC 3.2.1.96).
• Endoglycosidase H EC 3.2.1.96
• 15 mU of EndoH (Roche, Switzerland) were added to the PNGaseF digest (antibody in solution method above) to give a final volume of 30 microliters, and the mix was incubated for 3 hours at 37°C.
• EndoH cleaves between the N-acetylglucosamine residues of the chitobiose core of N-linked oligosaccharides.
• the enzyme can only digest oligomannose and most hybrid type glycans, whereas complex type oligosaccharides are not hydrolyzed.
• sDHB matrix was prepared by dissolving 2 mg of 2,5- dihydroxybenzoic acid plus 0.1 mg of 5-methoxysalicylic acid in 1 ml of ethanol/10 mM aqueous sodium chloride 1:1 (v/v). The samples were air dried, 0.2 ⁇ l ethanol was applied, and the samples were finally allowed to re-crystallize under air.
• the MALDI-TOF mass spectrometer used to acquire the mass spectra was a Voyager Elite (Perspective Biosystems). The instrument was operated in the linear configuration, with an acceleration of 20k V and 80 ns delay. External calibration using oligosaccharide standards was used for mass assignment of the ions. The spectra from 200 laser shots were summed to obtain the final spectrum.
• CD3-FITC and CD 19-PE fluorescence of the blood samples were flowcytometrically analyzed by setting a threshold on CD45-CyChrome.
• B cell-depletion was determined by plotting the ratio of CD19 + B cells to CD3 + T cells. Binding of anti-CD20 Antibodies to Raji Cells
• FACS buffer PBS containing 2% FCS and 5mM EDTA
• the high homology antibody acceptor framework search was performed by aligning the mouse B-lyl protein sequence to a collection of human germ-line sequences and picking that human sequence that showed the highest sequence identity.
• the sequence VH1_10 from the VBase database was chosen as the heavy chain framework acceptor sequence
• the VK_2_40 sequence was chosen to be the framework acceptor for the light chain.
• the three complementary determining regions (CDRs) of the mouse heavy and light variable domains were grafted. Since the framework 4 region is not part of the variable region of the germ line V gene, the alignment for that position was done individually.
• the JH4 region was chosen for the heavy chain, and the JK4 region was chosen for the light chain.
• Those critical residues comprise residues 24, 71, and 94 (Kabat numbering), and also those residues at position 27, 28, and 30 (Kabat numbering), which lie outside of the CDRl definition by Kabat, but often are involved in antigen binding.
• the IMGT sequence VH_3_15 was chosen as a suitable one. After having designed the protein sequences, DNA sequences encoding these proteins were synthesized as detailed below. Using this approach no back mutations were required either for the light or heavy chain, in order to retain good levels of antigen binding.
• DNA sequence After having designed the amino acid sequence of the humanized antibody V region, the DNA sequence had to be generated.
• the DNA sequence data of the individual framework regions was found in the databases for human germ line sequences.
• the DNA sequence of the CDR regions was taken from the co ⁇ esponding murine cDNA data. With these sequences, the whole DNA sequence was virtually assembled. Having this DNA sequence data, diagnostic restriction sites were introduced in the virtual sequence, by introducing silent mutations, creating recognition sites for restriction endonucleases. To obtain the physical DNA chain, gene synthesis was performed (e.g., Wheeler et al. 1995).
• oligonucleotides are designed from the genes of interest, such, that a series of oligonucleotides is derived from the coding strand, and one other series is from the non-coding strand.
• the 3' and 5' ends of each oligonucleotide always show complementary sequences to two primers derived from the opposite strand.
• the newly formed 3 ' end of one primer then anneals with the next primer of the opposite strand, and extending its sequence further under conditions suitable for template dependant DNA chain elongation.
• the final product was cloned into a conventional vector for propagation in E. coli.
• Human heavy and light chain leader sequences (for secretion) were added upstream of the above variable region sequences and these were then joined upstream of human IgGl kappa constant heavy and light chain sequences, respectively, using standard molecular biology techniques.
• the resulting full antibody heavy and light chain DNA sequences were subcloned into mammalian expression vectors (one for the light chain and one for the heavy chain) under the control of the MPSV promoter and upstream of a synthetic polyA site, each vector ca ⁇ ying an EBV OriP sequence, as described in Example 1 above.
• Antibodies were produced as described in Example 1 above, namely by co- transfecting HEK293 -EBNA with the mammalian antibody heavy and light chain expression vectors, harvesting the conditioned culture medium 5 to 7 days post- transfection, and purifying the secreted antibodies by Protein A affinity chromatography, followed by cation exchange chromatography and a final size exclusion chromatographic step to isolate pure monomeric IgGl antibodies.
• the antibodies were formulated in a 25 mM potassium phosphate, 125 mM sodium chloride, 100 mM glycine solution of pH 6.7.
• Glycoengineered variants of the humanized antibody variants were produced by co-transfection of the antibody expression vectors together with a GnT-III glycosyltransferase expression vectors, or together with a GnT-III expression vector plus a Golgi mannosidase II expression vector, as described for the chimeric antibody in Example 1 above.
• Glycoengineered antibodies were purified and formulated as described above for the non-glycoengineered antibodies.
• the oligosaccharides attached to the Fc region of the antibodies was analysed by MALDI/TOF-MS as described below.
• Oligosaccharide release method for antibodies in solution Between 40 and 50 ⁇ g of antibody were mixed with 2.5 mU of PNGaseF (Glyko, U.S.A.) in 2 mM Tris, pH7.0 in a final volume of 25 microliters, and the mix was incubated for 3 hours at 37°C.
• PNGaseF Glyko, U.S.A.
• sDHB matrix was prepared by dissolving 2 mg of 2,5-dihydroxybenzoic acid plus 0.1 mg of 5-methoxysalicylic acid in 1 ml of ethanol/10 mM aqueous sodium chloride 1:1 (v/v). The samples were air dried, 0.2 ⁇ l ethanol was applied, and the samples were finally allowed to re-crystallize under air.
• the MALDI-TOF mass spectrometer used to acquire the mass spectra was a Voyager Elite (Perspective Biosystems). The instrument was operated in the linear configuration, with an acceleration of 20kV and 80 ns delay. External calibration using oligosaccharide standards was used for mass assignment of the ions. The spectra from 200 laser shots were summed to obtain the final spectrum.
• Human NK cells were isolated from freshly isolated peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) applying a negative selection enriching for CD 16- and CD56-positive cells (MACS system, Miltenyi Biotec GmbH, Bergisch Gladbach Germany). The purity determined by CD56 expression was between 88-95 %.
• Freshly isolated NK cells were incubated in PBS without calcium and magnesium ions (3 x 105 cells/ml) for 20 minutes at 37°C to remove NK cell- associated IgG. Cells were incubated at 106 cells/ml at different concentrations of anti-CD20 antibody (0, 0.1 , 0.3, 1 , 3, 10 ⁇ g/ml) in PBS, 0.1% BSA.
• the fluorescence intensity referring to the bound antibody variants was determined for CD56-positive cells on a FACSCalibur (BD Biosciences, Allschwil /Switzerland).
• CHO cells were transfected by electroporation (280 V, 950 ⁇ F, 0.4 cm) with an expression vector coding for theFcgammaRJJIA-Vall58 -chain and the ⁇ -chain.
• Transfectants were selected by addition of 6 ⁇ g/ml puromycin and stable clones were analyzed by FACS using 10 ⁇ l FITC-conjugated-anti-FcgammaRIII 3G8 monoclonal antibody (BD Biosciences, Allschwil/Switzerland) for IO 6 cells. Binding of IgGl to FcgammaRIIIA-Vall58-expressing CHO cells was performed analogously to the NK cell binding described above.
• PBMC peripheral blood mononuclear cells
• the inte ⁇ hase containing the PBMC was collected and washed with PBS (50 ml per cells from two gradients) and harvested by centrifugation at 300 x g for 10 minutes at RT. After resuspension of the pellet with PBS, the PBMC were counted and washed a second time by centrifugation at 200 x g for 10 minutes at RT. The cells were then resuspended in the appropriate medium for the subsequent procedures.
• PBS 50 ml per cells from two gradients
• the effector to target ratio used for the ADCC assays was 25 : 1 and 10:1 for PBMC and NK cells, respectively.
• the effector cells were prepared in ATM-V medium at the appropriate concentration in order to add 50 ⁇ l per well of round bottom 96 well plates.
• Target cells were human B lymphoma cells (e.g., Raji cells) grown in DMEM containing 10% FCS.
• Target cells were washed in PBS, counted and resuspended in ATM-V at 0.3 million per ml in order to add 30O00 cells in 100 ⁇ l per micro well.
• Antibodies were diluted in ATM-V, added in 50 ⁇ l to the pre-plated target cells and allowed to bind to the targets for 10 minutes at RT.
• Vmax values of the color reaction were determined in an ELISA reader at 490 nm for at least 10 min using SOFTmax PRO software (Molecular Devices, Sunnyvale, CA94089, USA).
• Spontaneous LDH release was measured from wells containing only target and effector cells but no antibodies.
• Maximal release was determined from wells containing only target cells and 1% Triton X-100. Percentage of specific antibody-mediated killing was calculated as follows: ((x- SR)/(MR - SR)*100, where x is the mean of Vmax at a specific antibody concentration, SR is the mean of Vmax of the spontaneous release and MR is the mean of Vmax of the maximal release.
• the assay plates were incubated for 2h at 37°C. Killing of cells was determined by measuring LDH release. Briefly, the plates were centrifuged at 300 x g for 3 min. 50 ⁇ l supernatant per well were transferred to a new 96 well plate and 50 ⁇ l of the assay reagent from the Cytotoxicity Kit (Roche) were added. A kinetic measurement with the ELISA reader dete ⁇ nined the Vmax co ⁇ esponding with LDH concentration in the supernatant. Maximal release was determined by incubating the cells in presence of 1% Trition X-100.
• the apoptotic potency of the antibodies was assayed by incubating the antibody at lO ⁇ g/ml (saturating conditions in respect to antigen binding) with the target cells (at a target cell concentration of 5 x 105 cells/ml) overnight (16-24 h). Samples were stained with AnnV-FITC and analyzed by FACS. Assay was done in triplicates.
• Detection is performed by flow cytometry by following the appearance of apoptotic markers like annexin V and phosphatidy serine. Negative control (no apoptosis induced) does not contain any antibody, but only phosphate buffered saline. Positive control (maximal apoptosis) contains 5 micromolar of the strong apoptosis inducer Camptothecin (CPT).
• CPT Camptothecin
• B-HHl can be distinguished from B-HH2 and B-HH3 by its partially human CDRl and CDR2 regions (Kabat definition), as well as the Ala/Thr polymo ⁇ hism at position 28 (Kabat numbering). This indicates that either position 28, the complete CDRl, and/or the complete CDR2 are important for antibody/antigen interaction.
• Kabat definition partially human CDRl and CDR2 regions
• Ala/Thr polymo ⁇ hism at position 28 Kabat numbering
• Both the B-HLl as well as the B-HHl are designed based on acceptor frameworks derived from the human VHl class.
• position 71 Kabat position 71 co ⁇ esponds to position 72 of SEQ TD NO:48
• position 71 Kabat position 71 co ⁇ esponds to position 72 of SEQ TD NO:48
• the BHH2- KV1, BHL8-KV1, and BHLll-KVl variants show the best binding affinity, among the different humanized antibody variants tested, to human CD20 on the surface of human cells.
• the differences between B-HH2, on one hand, and B- HL8 and B-HLl 1 on the other hand are located in the FRl and FR2 regions only , with all three CDRs being identical (compare, e.g., SEQ ID NOs: 32, 56, and 60, which are not numbered according to Kabat, but whose Kabat numbering can be readily determined by one of ordinary skill).
• B-HL8 and B-HLl 1 have their FRl and FR2 sequences derived from the human VH3 class, whereas the complete B- HH2 framework is human VHl derived.
• B-HLl 1 is a derivative of B-HL8 with the single mutation Glul Gin (position 1 is the same in both Kabat numbering and the conventional numbering system used in the sequence listing), with Gin being the amino acid residue in the B-HH2 construct. This means that GlulGln exchange does not alter binding affinity nor intensity.
• the other differences between B-HH2 and B-HL8 are 14 framework residues, of which one or more will influence the antigen binding behavior of this antibody.
• the B-HL4 construct is derived from the B-HH2 antibody by replacing the FRl of the B-HH2 with that of the human germ line sequence VH1_45.
• This construct shows greatly diminished antigen binding capacity, despite having different amino acids at only three positions within FRl . These residues are located at positions 2, 14, and 30 (Kabat numbering). Of these, position 30 could be an influential position, since it is part of the Chothia definition of CDRl .
• the humanized B-lyl did not have any significant complement mediated lysis activity and certainly a lot complement mediated lysis activity than the anti-CD20 antibody C2B8 (chimeric IgGl with identical sequence to rituximab).
• Another important property of the humanized B-lyl antibody was that it was very potent in the hornotypic aggregation assay.
• CD20-positive human cells Daudi cells
• Daudi cells were incubated in cell culture medium for up to 24 hours at 37°C in a 5%CO2 atmosphere in a mammalian cell incubator as described in detail in (Deans reference), with the antibody at a concentration of 1 microgram per ml and in parallel at a concentration of 5 micrograms per ml.
• control, parallel incubation of the cells were done under identical conditions but using the anti-CD20 antibody C2B8.
• the cells were inspected visually using a microscope.
• the humanized B-lyl antibody led to strong homotypic aggregation, with aggregates being significantly larger that those induced by addition of the C2B8 control antibody.
• the antibody being anti-CD20 type II, it induced higher levels of apoptosis when CD20-positive human cells were incubated with the humanized B-lyl antibody, relative to a control under identical conditions using the C2B8 chimeric IgGl antibody with identical sequence to rituximab.
• Glycoengineered variants of the humanized antibodies were produced by co-expression of GnTIII glycosyltransferase, together with the antibody genes, in mammalian cells.
• the ADCC, Fc receptor-dependent cell killing activities and apoptosis induction were present in this superior activity of the humanized B- lyl antibody variants. Furthermore, in the apoptosis assay, both the glycoengineered and non-glycoengineered forms of this type II anti-CD20 antibody were potent, with the Fc-engineered variants with increased binding affinity to Fcgamma receptors being even more potent in apoptosis induction than the non-Fc-engineered variant, and with all variants being significantly more potent than the control antibody C2B8.
• Apoptopsis induction is important as in vivo, as there are locations in the body where the target CD20-positive cells can be found, but were access to FcgammaRIII- positive cells is more difficult than in blood, such locations are, for example, lymph nodes. In those locations, the induction of apoptosis by the anti-CD20 antibody itself can be crucial for good efficacy of the anti-CD20 antibody therapy in humans, both for the treatment of haematological malignancies such as non- Hodgkins lymphomas and B-cell chronic lymphocytic leukaemia, and for the treatment of autoimmune diseases such as rheumatoid arthritis and lupus via a B- cell depletion approach.
• haematological malignancies such as non- Hodgkins lymphomas and B-cell chronic lymphocytic leukaemia
• autoimmune diseases such as rheumatoid arthritis and lupus via a B- cell depletion approach.

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