BRPI0407432B1 - núcleo absorvente útil para um artigo absorvente - Google Patents
núcleo absorvente útil para um artigo absorvente Download PDFInfo
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- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
- A61F—FILTERS IMPLANTABLE INTO BLOOD VESSELS; PROSTHESES; DEVICES PROVIDING PATENCY TO, OR PREVENTING COLLAPSING OF, TUBULAR STRUCTURES OF THE BODY, e.g. STENTS; ORTHOPAEDIC, NURSING OR CONTRACEPTIVE DEVICES; FOMENTATION; TREATMENT OR PROTECTION OF EYES OR EARS; BANDAGES, DRESSINGS OR ABSORBENT PADS; FIRST-AID KITS
- A61F13/00—Bandages or dressings; Absorbent pads
- A61F13/15—Absorbent pads, e.g. sanitary towels, swabs or tampons for external or internal application to the body; Supporting or fastening means therefor; Tampon applicators
- A61F13/15203—Properties of the article, e.g. stiffness or absorbency
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- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
- A61F—FILTERS IMPLANTABLE INTO BLOOD VESSELS; PROSTHESES; DEVICES PROVIDING PATENCY TO, OR PREVENTING COLLAPSING OF, TUBULAR STRUCTURES OF THE BODY, e.g. STENTS; ORTHOPAEDIC, NURSING OR CONTRACEPTIVE DEVICES; FOMENTATION; TREATMENT OR PROTECTION OF EYES OR EARS; BANDAGES, DRESSINGS OR ABSORBENT PADS; FIRST-AID KITS
- A61F13/00—Bandages or dressings; Absorbent pads
- A61F13/15—Absorbent pads, e.g. sanitary towels, swabs or tampons for external or internal application to the body; Supporting or fastening means therefor; Tampon applicators
- A61F13/53—Absorbent pads, e.g. sanitary towels, swabs or tampons for external or internal application to the body; Supporting or fastening means therefor; Tampon applicators characterised by the absorbing medium
- A61F13/531—Absorbent pads, e.g. sanitary towels, swabs or tampons for external or internal application to the body; Supporting or fastening means therefor; Tampon applicators characterised by the absorbing medium having a homogeneous composition through the thickness of the pad
- A61F13/532—Absorbent pads, e.g. sanitary towels, swabs or tampons for external or internal application to the body; Supporting or fastening means therefor; Tampon applicators characterised by the absorbing medium having a homogeneous composition through the thickness of the pad inhomogeneous in the plane of the pad
- A61F13/5323—Absorbent pads, e.g. sanitary towels, swabs or tampons for external or internal application to the body; Supporting or fastening means therefor; Tampon applicators characterised by the absorbing medium having a homogeneous composition through the thickness of the pad inhomogeneous in the plane of the pad having absorbent material located in discrete regions, e.g. pockets
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- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
- A61F—FILTERS IMPLANTABLE INTO BLOOD VESSELS; PROSTHESES; DEVICES PROVIDING PATENCY TO, OR PREVENTING COLLAPSING OF, TUBULAR STRUCTURES OF THE BODY, e.g. STENTS; ORTHOPAEDIC, NURSING OR CONTRACEPTIVE DEVICES; FOMENTATION; TREATMENT OR PROTECTION OF EYES OR EARS; BANDAGES, DRESSINGS OR ABSORBENT PADS; FIRST-AID KITS
- A61F13/00—Bandages or dressings; Absorbent pads
- A61F13/15—Absorbent pads, e.g. sanitary towels, swabs or tampons for external or internal application to the body; Supporting or fastening means therefor; Tampon applicators
- A61F13/53—Absorbent pads, e.g. sanitary towels, swabs or tampons for external or internal application to the body; Supporting or fastening means therefor; Tampon applicators characterised by the absorbing medium
- A61F13/534—Absorbent pads, e.g. sanitary towels, swabs or tampons for external or internal application to the body; Supporting or fastening means therefor; Tampon applicators characterised by the absorbing medium having an inhomogeneous composition through the thickness of the pad
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- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
- A61F—FILTERS IMPLANTABLE INTO BLOOD VESSELS; PROSTHESES; DEVICES PROVIDING PATENCY TO, OR PREVENTING COLLAPSING OF, TUBULAR STRUCTURES OF THE BODY, e.g. STENTS; ORTHOPAEDIC, NURSING OR CONTRACEPTIVE DEVICES; FOMENTATION; TREATMENT OR PROTECTION OF EYES OR EARS; BANDAGES, DRESSINGS OR ABSORBENT PADS; FIRST-AID KITS
- A61F13/00—Bandages or dressings; Absorbent pads
- A61F13/15—Absorbent pads, e.g. sanitary towels, swabs or tampons for external or internal application to the body; Supporting or fastening means therefor; Tampon applicators
- A61F13/53—Absorbent pads, e.g. sanitary towels, swabs or tampons for external or internal application to the body; Supporting or fastening means therefor; Tampon applicators characterised by the absorbing medium
- A61F13/534—Absorbent pads, e.g. sanitary towels, swabs or tampons for external or internal application to the body; Supporting or fastening means therefor; Tampon applicators characterised by the absorbing medium having an inhomogeneous composition through the thickness of the pad
- A61F13/535—Absorbent pads, e.g. sanitary towels, swabs or tampons for external or internal application to the body; Supporting or fastening means therefor; Tampon applicators characterised by the absorbing medium having an inhomogeneous composition through the thickness of the pad inhomogeneous in the plane of the pad, e.g. core absorbent layers being of different sizes
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- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
- A61F—FILTERS IMPLANTABLE INTO BLOOD VESSELS; PROSTHESES; DEVICES PROVIDING PATENCY TO, OR PREVENTING COLLAPSING OF, TUBULAR STRUCTURES OF THE BODY, e.g. STENTS; ORTHOPAEDIC, NURSING OR CONTRACEPTIVE DEVICES; FOMENTATION; TREATMENT OR PROTECTION OF EYES OR EARS; BANDAGES, DRESSINGS OR ABSORBENT PADS; FIRST-AID KITS
- A61F13/00—Bandages or dressings; Absorbent pads
- A61F13/15—Absorbent pads, e.g. sanitary towels, swabs or tampons for external or internal application to the body; Supporting or fastening means therefor; Tampon applicators
- A61F13/53—Absorbent pads, e.g. sanitary towels, swabs or tampons for external or internal application to the body; Supporting or fastening means therefor; Tampon applicators characterised by the absorbing medium
- A61F13/539—Absorbent pads, e.g. sanitary towels, swabs or tampons for external or internal application to the body; Supporting or fastening means therefor; Tampon applicators characterised by the absorbing medium characterised by the connection of the absorbent layers with each other or with the outer layers
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- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
- A61F—FILTERS IMPLANTABLE INTO BLOOD VESSELS; PROSTHESES; DEVICES PROVIDING PATENCY TO, OR PREVENTING COLLAPSING OF, TUBULAR STRUCTURES OF THE BODY, e.g. STENTS; ORTHOPAEDIC, NURSING OR CONTRACEPTIVE DEVICES; FOMENTATION; TREATMENT OR PROTECTION OF EYES OR EARS; BANDAGES, DRESSINGS OR ABSORBENT PADS; FIRST-AID KITS
- A61F13/00—Bandages or dressings; Absorbent pads
- A61F13/15—Absorbent pads, e.g. sanitary towels, swabs or tampons for external or internal application to the body; Supporting or fastening means therefor; Tampon applicators
- A61F13/53—Absorbent pads, e.g. sanitary towels, swabs or tampons for external or internal application to the body; Supporting or fastening means therefor; Tampon applicators characterised by the absorbing medium
- A61F2013/530481—Absorbent pads, e.g. sanitary towels, swabs or tampons for external or internal application to the body; Supporting or fastening means therefor; Tampon applicators characterised by the absorbing medium having superabsorbent materials, i.e. highly absorbent polymer gel materials
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- Heart & Thoracic Surgery (AREA)
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- Life Sciences & Earth Sciences (AREA)
- Animal Behavior & Ethology (AREA)
- General Health & Medical Sciences (AREA)
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Abstract
"fralda confortável". a presente invenção refere-se a um artigo absorvente (20), de preferência um artigo absorvente descartável, como uma fralda. a presente invenção referese, especificamente, a um núcleo absorvente (28) para esse tipo de artigo absorvente, que oferece melhor imobilização do material polimérico absorvente quando o artigo está total ou parcialmente carregado de urina. esse núcleo absorvente é útil para conferir, a um artigo absorvente, maior conforto durante o uso. é especificamente apresentado um núcleo absorvente, útil para um artigo absorvente que inclui uma camada de substrato e um material absorvente, o qual contém um material polimérico absorvente e, opcionalmente, um material fibroso absorvente, o qual não representa mais que 20 % do peso do material polimérico absorvente, sendo que o dito material absorvente fica imobilizado quando molhado, de modo que o dito núcleo absorvente obtenha uma imobilização a úmido superior a 50 de preferência superior a 60%,70%, 80% ou 90%, de acordo com o teste de imobilização a úmido aqui descrito.
Description
"NÚCLEO ABSORVENTE ÚTIL PARA UM ARTIGO ABSORVENTE" CAMPO DA INVENÇÃO A presente invenção refere-se a um artigo absorvente, de preferência um artigo absorvente descartável, como uma fralda. A presente invenção refere-se, especificamente, a um núcleo absorvente para esse tipo de artigo absorvente, que oferece melhor imobilização do material polimérico absorvente quando o artigo está total ou parcialmente carregado de urina. Esse núcleo absorvente é útil para conferir, a um artigo absorvente, maior conforto durante o uso.
FUNDAMENTOS
Artigos absorventes, como fraldas e produtos para incontinência em adultos, são artigos bem conhecidos na indústria de fibras têxteis. Várias tentativas têm sido feitas para conferir a esses itens um bom ajuste geral e alta capacidade absorvente. As fraldas modernas fazem uso de materiais poliméricos absorventes, também chamados materiais superabsorventes, que permitem armazenar uma quantidade de liquido tão alta quanto 300 ml em uma típica fralda para bebês.
Embora esse tipo de fralda seja, geralmente, um produto descartável, são em alguns casos usados durante muitas horas, tanto em um estado seco como em um estado carregado de urina.
Conseqüentemente, para proporcionar um bom conforto durante o uso, é muito importante manter os materiais absorventes de uma fralda, ou de outro artigo absorvente, em sua posição pretendida, tanto o artigo está seco como quando o artigo está total ou parcialmente carregado de urina (ou outros líquidos corpóreos). A Patente U.S. N° 4.381.783 (Elias) apresenta um artigo absorvente com um núcleo que contém bolsos de material hidrocolóide absorvente. Esses bolsos destinam-se a confinar o movimento do material hidrocolóide, em particular quando o artigo está total ou parcialmente carregado de urina. Os bolsos fazem parte de uma camada absorvente e são, tipicamente, formados por material celulósico. Consequentemente, para obter uma boa imobilização do material hidrocolóide, de acordo com o que ê apresentado nessa patente, é necessário usar uma quantidade relativamente alta de material celulósico. Além disso, o posicionamento desses bolsos pode prejudicar a livre distribuição de líquidos para as áreas mais absorventes do núcleo como, por exemplo, as áreas de materiais hidrocoloidais. 0 documento WO 95/17868 (Palumbo) apresenta uma estrutura absorvente consistindo em duas camadas de fibra e uma camada intermediária. Essa camada intermediária contém um material de hidrogel absorvente em uma quantidade superior a 120 g/m2, bem como partículas de um material termoplástico. Embora essa construção certamente ofereça boa imobilização das partículas de hidrogel absorvente no estado seco, parece que apenas uma pequena imobilização pode ser obtida no estado carregado de urina. Os materiais termoplãsticos apresentados parecem expandir-se muito menos que os materiais de hidrogel apresentados. Portanto, em particular quando a estrutura absorvente destina-se a ser usada em um produto para absorver grandes quantidades de líquidos, por exemplo uma fralda, a ímobilização no estado úmido pode não ser totalmente satisfatória, 0 documento EP 724418 (Tanzer) apresenta um artigo absorvente que inclui material superabsorvente situado em bolsos distintos. 0 artigo absorvente inclui uma primeira e uma segunda camadas de suporte, bem como meios de fixação sensíveis a água, para manter unidas as camadas de suporte, e para oferecer uma pluralidade de regiões de bolsos. 0 artigo inclui material de alta absorvência, situado no interior das ditas regiões de bolsos. Os meios de fixação sensíveis à água oferecem uma resistência a úmido que é menor que uma força de separação aplicada por uma expansão daquele material de alta absorvência, quando o mesmo é exposto a um líquido aquoso. Ξ dito que artigo absorvente é dotado de uma estrutura absorvente que posiciona e contém com mais segurança o material de alta absorvência em um padrão selecionado de bolsos, quando o artigo está seco. No entanto, devido à construção dos bolsos e, especificamente, devido à seleção dos meios de fixação sensíveis à água, os ditos bolsos não se mantêm quando o artigo está total ou parcialmente carregado com líquidos. Portanto, acredita-se que esse artigo absorvente não ofereça uma ímobilização muito satisfatória do material absorvente no estado total ou parcialmente carregado de urina.
SUMARIO A presente invenção refere-se a um artigo absorvente, de preferência um artigo absorvente descartável, como uma fralda. A presente invenção refere-se, especificamente, a um núcleo absorvente para esse tipo de artigo absorvente, que oferece melhor imobilização do material polimérico absorvente quando o artigo está total ou parcialmente carregado de urina. Esse núcleo absorvente é útil para conferir, a um artigo absorvente, maior conforto durante o uso. É especificamente apresentado um núcleo absorvente, útil para um artigo absorvente que inclui uma camada de substrato e um material absorvente, o qual contém um material polimérico absorvente e, opcionalmente, um material fibroso absorvente, o qual não representa mais que 20 % do peso do material polimérico absorvente, sendo que o dito material absorvente fica imobilizado quando molhado, de modo que o dito núcleo absorvente obtenha uma imobilização a úmido superior a 50 %, de preferência superior a 60 %, 70 %, 80 % ou 90 %, de acordo com o Teste de Imobilização a Úmido aqui descrito.
DESCRIÇÃO DETALHADA A presente invenção refere-se a um artigo absorvente, de preferência um artigo absorvente descartável, como uma fralda.
Para uso na presente invenção, as expressões abaixo têm os seguintes significados: "Artigo absorvente" refere-se aos dispositivos que absorvem e retêm líquidos e, de forma mais específica, refere-se aos dispositivos que são colocados em contato ou próximos do corpo do usuário para absorver e reter os diversos exsudatos liberados pelo corpo. Os artigos absorventes incluem, mas não se limitam a, fraldas, cuecas para incontinência em adultos, "trainíng pants" (roupa íntima infantil com um forro grosso especial entre as pernas usada na fase de treinamento de uso do vaso sanitário), suportes e forros para fraldas, absorventes higiênicos e similares, 0 termo "descartável" é aqui usado para descrever artigos que, geralmente, não se destinam a ser lavados nem recuperados ou reutilizados (isto é, devem ser descartados após um único uso e, de preferência, ser reciclados, compostados ou então descartados de maneira ambientalmente compatível). 0 termo "fralda" refere-se a um artigo absorvente geralmente usado por bebês e por pessoas com incontinência, na parte inferior do torso.
Os termos "inclui" "incluindo" e "que inclui" são termos abertos que especificam a presença do item que se segue, por exemplo um componente, mas não são obstáculo à presença de outros recursos, elementos, etapas ou componentes conhecidos no estado da técnica, ou apresentados na presente invenção. A Figura 1 é uma vista em planta de uma fralda 20 como uma modalidade preferencial de um artigo absorvente de acordo com a presente invenção. A fralda é mostrada em seu estado plano, não-contraído (isto é, sem contração induzida por elástico). Partes da estrutura para mostrar mais claramente a estrutura da fralda 20. A porção da fralda 20 que entra em contato com um usuário está voltada para o observador. 0 chassi 22 da fralda 20 na Figura 1 constitui o corpo principal da fralda 20. O chassi 22 consiste em um revestimento externo que inclui uma camada superior permeável a líquidos 24 e/ou uma camada inferior impermeável a líquidos 26. 0 chassi pode incluir uma porção de um núcleo absorvente 28, disposto entre a camada superior 24 e a camada inferior 26. 0 chassi pode, também, incluir todo ou quase todo o núcleo absorvente 28, disposto entre a camada superior 24 e a camada inferior 26. 0 chassi, de preferência, ainda inclui painéis laterais 30, braçadeiras elastifiçadas para as pernas 32, e um detalhe elástico da cintura 34, sendo que cada uma das braçadeiras para as pernas 32 e o detalhe elástico da cintura tipicamente incluem elementos elásticos 33. Uma porção de extremidade da fralda 20 é configurada como uma primeira região da cintura 36 da fralda 20. A porção de extremidade oposta é configurada como uma segunda região da cintura 38 da fralda 20, Uma porção intermediária da fralda 20 é configurada como uma região do gancho 37, que se estende longitudinalmente entre a primeira e a segunda regiões da cintura 36 e 38. As regiões da cintura 36 e 38 podem incluir elementos elásticos, de modo que possam franzir-se em redor da cintura do usuário para proporcionar melhor ajuste e confinamento (detalhe elástico da cintura 34) . A região do gancho 37 é a porção da fralda 20 que, durante o uso, fica geralmente posicionada entre as pernas do usuário. A fralda 20 é representada com seu eixo longitudinal 10 e seu eixo transversal 12. A periferia da fralda 20 é definida pelas bordas externas da dita fralda 20, na qual as bordas longitudinais 44 se estendem em orientação genericamente paralela ao eixo longitudinal 100 da fralda 20, e as bordas de extremidade 46 se estendem entre as bordas longitudinais 44 e em orientação genericamente paralela ao eixo transversal 110 da fralda 20. O chassi inclui, também, um sistema de fixação, o qual pode incluir ao menos um membro de fixação 42 e ao menos uma zona de ponto de contato 45.
Para artigos absorventes unitários, o chassi 22 constitui a estrutura principal da fralda, com outros recursos adicionados para formar a estrutura composta da fralda. Embora a camada superior 24, a camada inferior 26 e o núcleo absorvente 28 possam ser montados em diversas configurações bem conhecidas, as configurações preferenciais da fralda são descritas de modo geral nas Patentes U.S. N° 5.554.145 intitulada "Absorbent Article With Multiple Zone Structural Elastic-Like Film Web Extensible Waist Feature", concedida a Roe et al. em 10 de setembro de 1996, U.S. N° 5.569.234 intitulada "Disposable Pull-On Pant", concedida a Buell et al. em 29 de outubro de 1996, e U.S. N° 6.004.306 intitulada "Absorbent Article With Multi-Directional Extensible Side Paneis", concedida a Robles et al. em 21 de dezembro de 1999. A camada superior 24 na Figura 1 pode ser total ou parcialmente elastifiçada, ou pode ter seu tamanho reduzido para proporcionar um espaço vazio entre a camada superior 24 e o núcleo absorvente 28. As estruturas exemplares incluindo camadas superiores elastifiçadas ou franzidas são descritas com mais detalhes na Patente U.S. N° 5.037.416, intitulada "Disposable Absorbent Article Having Elastically Extensible Topsheet" e concedida a Allen et al. em 6 de agosto de 1991, e na Patente ü.S. N° 5.269.775, intitulada "Trisectíon Topsheets for Disposable Absorbent Articles and Disposable Absorbent Articles Having Such Trisectíon Topsheets" e concedida a Preeland et al. era 14 de dezembro de 1993. 0 núcleo absorvente 28 na Figura 1 fica geralmente disposto entre a camada superior 24 e a camada inferior 26. 0 núcleo absorvente 28 pode conter qualquer material absorvente que seja genericamente compressível, moldável, não-irritante à pele do usuário e capaz de absorver e reter líquidos como urina e certos outros exsudatos corpóreos. 0 núcleo absorvente 28 pode incluir uma ampla variedade de materiais capazes de absorver líquidos comumente utilizados em fraldas descartáveis e em outros artigos absorventes, como polpa de madeira triturada, geralmente denominada "feltro aerado" (airfelt). Alguns exemplos de outros materiais absorventes apropriados incluem chumaços encrespados de celulose, polímeros produzidos via sopro (melt blown), inclusive coforma, fibras celulósicas quimicamente endurecidas, modificadas ou reticuladas, papel sanitário, inclusive envoltórios e laminados, espumas absorventes, esponjas absorventes, polímeros superabsorventes, materiais de gel absorvente ou qualquer outro material absorvente conhecido, bem como combinações desses materiais. 0 núcleo absorvente 28 pode conter, ainda, pequenas quantidades (tipicamente menos que 10 %) de materiais incapazes de absorver líquidos, como adesivos, ceras, óleos e similares.
Exemplos de estruturas absorventes para uso como conjuntos absorventes são descritos nas patentes U.S. N° 4.610.678 (Weisman et al.), U.S. N° 4.834.735 (Alemany et al.), U.S. N° 4.888.231 (Angstadt), U.S. N° 5.260.345 (DesMarais et al.), U.S. K° 5.387.207 (Dyer et al.), U.S. N° 5.397.316 (LaVon et al.) e U.S. N° 5.625.222 (DesMarais et al.). A camada inferior 26 pode ser unida à camada superior 24. A camada inferior 26 evita que os exsudatos absorvidos pelo núcleo absorvente 28 e confinados no interior do artigo 20 venham a sujar outros artigos externos que possam entrar em contato com a fralda 20, como lençóis de cama e roupas íntimas. Em modalidades preferenciais, a camada inferior 26 é impermeável a líquidos (por exemplo, urina) e inclui um laminado de não-tecido e uma película plástica fina, como uma película termoplãstíca, com espessura de cerca de 0,012 mm a cerca de 0,051 mm: Películas adequadas para a camada inferior incluem aquelas disponíveis junto à Tredegar Industries Inc. de Terre Haute, IN, EUA, e vendidas sob os nomes comerciais de X15306, X10962 e X10964, Outros materiais adequados para a camada inferior podem incluir materiais respirãveis que permitem o escape de vapores a partir da fralda 20 ao mesmo tempo em que evitam a passagem de exsudatos através da camada inferior 26. Materiais respiráveis exemplares podem incluir mantas de tecido, mantas de não-tecido, materiais compósitos como mantas de não-tecido revestidas com película e películas microporosas como as disponíveis junto à Mitsui Toatsu Co., do Japão, sob a designação ESPOIR NO, e junto à EXXON Chemical Co., de Bay City, TX, EUA, sob a designação EXXAIRE. Materiais compôsitos respirãveis adequados contendo misturas de polímeros estão dsponíveis junto à Clopay Corporation, Cincinnati, OH, EUA, sob o nome HYTREL blend P18-3097. Esses materiais compósitos respirãveis são descritos com mais detalhes no Pedido PCT N° WO 95/16746, publicado em 22 de junho de 1995, sob o nome de E. I. DuPont. Outras camadas inferiores respirãveis incluindo mantas de não-tecido e películas formadas dotadas de aberturas são descritas na patente U.S. N° 5.571.096, concedida a Dobrin et al. em 5 de novembro de 1996. A fralda 20 pode, também, incluir outros recursos, conforme é conhecido na técnica, inclusive painéis em asa anteriores e posteriores, arremates na cintura, elásticos e similares, de modo a proporcionar melhores características de ajuste, confinamento e estética. Esses recursos adicionais são bem conhecidos na técnica, e são descritos, por exemplo, nas patentes U.S. N° 3.860.003 e U.S. N° 5.151.092.
Para manter a fralda 20 posicionada em redor do usuário, de preferência ao menos uma porção da primeira região da cintura 36 está ligada, pelo membro de fixação 42, a ao menos uma porção da segunda região da cintura 38, de preferência para formar aberturas para as pernas e uma cintura do artigo. Quando fechado, o sistema de fixação mantém uma carga de tração em redor da cintura do artigo. O sistema de fixação é projetado de modo a permitir que o usuário do artigo segure um elemento do sistema de fixação, como o membro de fixação 42, e conecte a primeira região da cintura 36 à segunda região da cintura 38 em ao menos dois pontos. Isto se obtém por meio da manipulação das intensidades de ligação entre os elementos do dispositivo de fixação.
As fraldas 20 de acordo com a presente invenção podem ser dotadas de um sistema de fixação capaz de ser fechado ou podem ser, alternativamente, fornecidas sob a forma de fraldas do tipo calça higiênica. O sistema de fixação, bem como qualquer componente do mesmo, pode incluir qualquer material adequado para esse tipo de uso, incluindo, mas não se limitando a plásticos, películas, espumas, mantas de não-tecido, mantas de tecido, papel, laminados, plásticos reforçados com fibra e similares, ou combinações desses itens. Pode ser preferencial que os materiais que formam o dispositivo de fixação sejam flexíveis. A flexibilidade destina-se a permitir que o sistema de fixação se amolde ao formato do corpo, reduzindo assim a probabilidade de que o sistema de fixação venha a irritar ou ferir a pele do usuário. A Figura 2 mostra uma seção transversal da Figura 1, tomada no eixo transversal 110. Começando a partir do lado voltado para o usuário, a fralda inclui a camada superior 24, os componentes do núcleo absorvente 28, e a camada inferior 26. 0 núcleo absorvente inclui, de preferência, o sistema de captura 50, o qual consiste em uma camada de captura superior 52, voltada para a pele do usuário, e uma camada de captura inferior 54, voltada para a peça de vestuário do usuário. Em uma modalidade preferencial, a camada de captura superior 52 consiste em um não-tecido, enquanto a camada de captura inferior consiste, de preferência, em uma mistura de fibras quimicamente enrijecidas, torcidas e encaracoladas, fibras de área superficial extensa e fibras ligantes termoplãsticas. Em outra modalidade preferencial, ambas as camadas de captura são obtidas a partir de um material nao-tecido que é, de preferência, hidrófilo. A camada de captura está, de preferência, em contato direto com a camada de armazenamento 60. A camada de armazenamento 60 pode estar envolvida por um material de invólucro do núcleo. Em uma modalidade preferencial, o material de invólucro do núcleo consiste em uma camada superior 56 e uma camada inferior 58. O material de invólucro do núcleo, a camada superior 56 ou a camada inferior 58 podem ser obtidos de um material não-tecido. Um material preferencial é o chamado material SMS, que consiste em uma camada em spunbond {não-tecído de fiação contínua) , uma camada em meltblown (não-tecido produzido por extrusão em blocos com passagem de ar quente em alta velocidade), e uma outra camada em spunbond. São altamente preferenciais os não-tecidos permanentemente hidrófilos e, em particular, os não-tecidos com revestimentos permanentemente hidrófilos. Um material preferencial alternativo consiste em uma estrutura SMMS (spunbond, meltblown, meltblown, spunbond). A camada superior 56 e a camada inferior 58 podem ser obtidas a partir de duas ou mais folhas separadas de materiais, ou podem ser alternativamente obtidas a partir de uma folha unitária de material. Essa folha unitária de material pode ser disposta em torno da camada de armazenamento 60, por exemplo em uma dobra C.
Os materiais não-tecidos preferenciais são obtidos de fibras sintéticas, como PE, PET e, com a máxima preferência, PP. Como os polímeros usados para a produção de não-tecidos são inerentemente hidrofóbicos, estes são, de preferência, tratados com revestimentos hidrófilos.
Um modo preferencial de produzir não-tecidos com revestimentos permanentemente hidrófilos, é a aplicação de um monômero hidrófilo e de um iniciador de polimerização de radical sobre o não-tecido, e a realização de uma polimerização ativada via luz UV, resultando em um monômero quimicamente ligado à superfície do não-tecido, conforme descrito no pedido co-pendente de Patente Européia EP 02021943.2 (Súmula do Advogado N° CM2701FQ).
Um modo preferencial alternativo para produzir não-tecidos com revestimentos permanentemente hidrófilos, é o revestimento do dito não-tecido com nanopartícuias hidrofílicas, conforme descrito no pedido co-pendente WO 02/064877.
Tipicamente, as nanopartícuias tem sua maior dimensão abaixo de 750 nm. As nanopartículas com tamanhos na faixa de 2 a 750 nm podem ser produzidas de maneira econômica. A vantagem das nanopartículas é que muitas delas podem ser facilmente dispersas numa solução em água para permitir a aplicação de um revestimento sobre o não-tecido, além de poderem, tipicamente, formar revestimentos transparentes, sendo que os revestimentos aplicados a partir de soluções em água são, tipicamente duráveis o bastante para exposição a água.
As nanopartículas podem ser orgânicas ou inorgânicas, sintéticas ou naturais. As nanopartículas inorgânicas geralmente existem sob a forma de óxidos, silicatos e carbonatos. Exemplos típicos de nanopartículas adequadas são minerais de argila em camadas (por exemplo, LAPONITE , disponível junto à Southern Clay Products, Inc. (EUA)), e alumina de boemita (por exemplo, Disperal P2 disponível junto à North American Sasol. Inc.) Um não-tecido revestido por nanopartículas altamente preferencial é apresentado no pedido de patente co-pendente intitulado "Dísposable absorbent artícle comprising a durable hydrophílíc core wrap", cujos inventores (nos EUA, Requerentes) são Ekaterina Anatolyevna Ponomarenko e Mattias NMN Schmidt.
Outros não-tecidos úteis são descritos nos pedidos de patente co-pendentes com Súmulas do Advogado N° 8837, N° 8838, N° 8408MX, N° 8857 e N° 8858.
Em alguns casos, a superfície em não-tecido pode ser pré-tratada, sendo submetida a um tratamento de alta energia (corona, plasma) antes da aplicação de revestimentos em nanopartícula. 0 pré-tratamento de alta energia tipicamente aumenta temporariamente a energia de superfície de uma superfície com baixa energia de superfície (como PP) possibilitando, assim, uma melhor molhagem do não-tecido pela dispersão de nanopartículas em água.
Notavelmente, os não-tecidos permanentemente hidrófilos também são úteis em outras partes de um artigo absorvente. Por exemplo, as camadas superiores e de captura consistindo em não-tecidos permanentemente hidrófilos, conforme descrito acima, demonstraram funcionar bem. A tensão superficial é uma medida da permanência da obtenção de um determinado nível de capacidade hidrofílica. 0 valor precisa ser medido usando-se o método de teste descritos mais adiante neste documento. 0 tempo para vazamento do líquido é uma medida de um determinado nível de capacidade hidrofílica. 0 valor precisa ser medido usando-se o método de teste descritos mais adiante neste documento.
Em uma modalidade preferencial da presente invenção, o núcleo absorvente 28 inclui uma camada de substrato 100, um material polimérico absorvente 110 e uma camada fibrosa de adesivo 120. A camada de substrato 100 é, de preferência, obtida de um material não-tecido, sendo preferenciais aqueles acima exemplificados para a camada superior 56 ou para a camada inferior 58. A camada de substrato 100 inclui uma primeira superfície e uma segunda superfície. Ao menos algumas porções da primeira superfície da camada de substrato 100 estão em contato direto com uma camada de material polimérico absorvente 110. Essa camada de material polimérico absorvente 110 é, de preferência, uma camada descontínua, e contém uma primeira superfície e uma segunda superfície. Para uso na presente invenção, uma camada descontínua é uma camada dotada de aberturas. Tipicamente, essas aberturas têm um diâmetro, ou maior extensão, menor que 10 mm, de preferência menor que 5 mm, 3 mm ou 2 mm, e de maior que 0,5 mm, 1 mm ou 1,5 mm. Ao menos algumas porções da segunda superfície da camada de material polimérico absorvente 110 estão em contato com ao menos . algumas porções da primeira superfície do material da camada de substrato 100. A primeira superfície de material polimérico absorvente 112 define uma certa altura da camada do polímero absorvente acima da primeira superfície da camada do material de substrato 100. Quando a camada de material polimérico absorvente 110 é uma camada descontínua, porções da primeira superfície da camada de substrato 100 não são cobertas pelo material polimérico absorvente 110. O núcleo absorvente 28 inclui, ainda, uma composição termoplástica 120. Essa composição termoplãstica 120 serve para imobilizar, ao menos parcialmente, o material polimérico absorvente 110.
Em uma modalidade preferencial da presente invenção, a composição termoplãstica 120 pode ser disposta de maneira essencialmente uniforme no interior do material polimérico absorvente 110.
No entanto, em uma modalidade ainda mais preferencial da presente invenção, o material termoplástico 120 é obtido sob a forma de uma camada fibrosa que se encontra parcialmente em contato com o material polimérico absorvente 110, e parcialmente em contato com a camada de substrato 100. a Figura 3 mostra essa estrutura preferencial. Nesta estrutura preferencial, a camada de material polimérico absorvente 110 é utilizada como uma camada descontínua, e uma camada de material termoplástico fibroso 120 é colocada sobre a camada de material polimérico absorvente 110, de modo que a c amada termoplãstica 120 esteja em contato direto com a primeira superfície da camada de material polimérico absorvente 110, mas também em contato direto com a primeira superfície da camada de substrato 100, onde a camada de substrato não está coberta pelo material polimérico absorvente 110. Isso confere uma estrutura essencialmente tridimensional à camada fibrosa de material termoplástico 120 que, por si mesma, é essencialmente uma estrutura bidimensional de espessura relativamente pequena (na direção z), em comparação à extensão nas direções x e y. Em outras palavras, a camada de material termoplástico fibroso 120 ondula-se entre a primeira superfície do material polimérico absorvente 110 e a primeira superfície da camada de substrato 100.
Portanto, o material termoplástico 120 oferece cavidades para conter o material polimérico absorvente 110 e, assim, imobilizar esse material. Em um outro aspecto, o material termoplástico 120 liga-se ao substrato 100 e, assim, fixa o material polimérico absorvente 110 ao substrato 100. Os materiais termoplãsticos altamente preferenciais penetram, também, tanto no material polimérico absorvente 110 como na camada de substrato 100, oferecendo, assim, maior imobilização e fixação. É claro que, embora os materiais termoplãsticos apresentados na presente invenção ofereçam muito melhor imobilização no estado úmido, isto é, imobilização do material absorvente quando o artigo está molhado, ou ao menos parcialmente carregado, esses materiais termoplásticos também oferecem muito boa imobilização do material absorvente quando o artigo está seco.
De acordo com a presente invenção, o material polimérico absorvente 110 pode, também, estar misturado a um material fibroso absorvente, como um material de feltro aerado (airfelt), capaz de proporcionar uma matriz para ainda maior imobilização do material polimérico superabsorvente. No entanto, de preferência é usada uma quantidade relativamente baixa de material celulósico fibroso, de preferência menos que 40 %, 20 % ou 10 % em peso do material celulósico fibroso, em comparação ao peso do material polimérico absorvente 110. São preferenciais os núcleos substancíalmente isentos de feltro aerado (airfelt). Para uso na presente invenção, o termo "material fibroso absorvente" não se refere a qualquer material termoplástico (120), ainda que esse dito material termoplãstíco seja convertido em fibras e parcialmente absorvente.
Uma modalidade preferencial alternativa da presente invenção é mostrada na Figura 4. O núcleo absorvente mostrado na Figura 4 inclui, ainda, uma camada de cobertura 130. Essa camada de cobertura pode ser obtida do mesmo material que a camada de substrato 100, ou pode ser obtida de um material diferente. Os materiais preferenciais para a camada de cobertura são os materiais não-tecidos, tipicamente aqueles acima descritos como úteis para a camada superior 56 e para a camada inferior 58.
Nesta modalidade, porções da camada de cobertura 130 ligam-se a porções da camada de substrato 100 por meio do material termoplástico 120. Assim, a camada de substrato 100, juntamente com a camada de cobertura 130, oferece cavidades para imobilizar o material polimérico absorvente 110.
Com referência às Figuras 3 e 4, as áreas de contato direto entre o material termoplástico 120 e o material de substrato 100 são denominadas áreas de junção 140. O formato, o número e a disposição das áreas de junção 140 influenciarão a imobilização do material polimérico absorvente 110. As áreas de junção podem ser de formato quadrado, retangular ou circular. As áreas de junção preferenciais são de formato circular. De preferência, estas têm um diâmetro maior que 0,5 mm, 1 mm ou 1,5 mm e menor que 10 mm, 5 mm, 3 mm ou 2 mm. Se as áreas de junção 140 não são de formato circular, estas têm, de preferência, um tamanho que caiba dentro de um círculo de qualquer dos diâmetros preferenciais mencionados acima.
As áreas de junção 140 podem estar dispostas em um padrão regular ou irregular. Por exemplo, as áreas de junção 140 podem estar dispostas ao longo de linhas conforme as mostradas na Figura 5. Essas linhas podem estar alinhadas com o eixo longitudinal do núcleo absorvente ou, alternativamente, podem ter um determinado ângulo em relação às bordas longitudinais do núcleo. Descobriu-se que uma disposição ao longo de linhas paralelas às bordas longitudinais do núcleo absorvente 28 cria canais na direção longitudinal, os quais levam a uma menor mobilização a úmido. De preferência, portanto, as áreas de junção 140 estão dispostas ao longo de linhas que formam um ângulo de 20, 30, 40 ou 45 graus em relação às bordas longitudinais do núcleo absorvente 28. Um outro padrão preferencial para as áreas de junção 140 é um padrão contendo polígonos como, por exemplo, pentágonos ou hexágonos, ou uma combinação de pentágonos e hexágonos. São preferenciais, também, padrões irregulares de áreas de junção 140, que também demonstraram oferecer uma boa imobilização a úmido.
Podem ser escolhidos dois padrões fundamentalmente diferentes de áreas de junção 140 de acordo com a presente invenção. Em uma modalidade, as áreas de junção são distintas. Elas estão posicionadas no interior das áreas de material absorvente, como ilhas em um mar. As áreas de materiais absorventes são, então, denominadas áreas conectadas. Em uma modalidade alternativa, as áreas de junção podem estar conectadas. Nesse caso, o material absorvente pode estar depositado em um padrão distinto ou, em outras palavras, o material absorvente representa ilhas em um mar de material termoplástico 120. Conseqüentemente, uma camada descontínua de material polimérico absorvente 110 pode conter áreas conectadas de material polimérico absorvente 110, ou pode conter áreas distintas de material polimérico absorvente 110.
Em um outro aspecto da presente invenção, descobriu-se que os núcleos absorventes que oferecem uma boa imobilização a úmido podem ser formados pela combinação de duas camadas, conforme mostrado na Figura 3 e conforme descrito no contexto da mesma. Essa modalidade é mostrada na Figura 6. 0 material de núcleo absorvente mostrado na Figura 6 inclui duas camadas de substrato 100, duas camadas de material polimêrico absorvente 110 e duas camadas de material termoplástico fibroso 120. Quando são usadas duas camadas descontínuas de um material polimêrico absorvente 110, estas serão tipicamente dispostas de modo que o material polimêrico absorvente de uma camada fique voltado para as áreas de junção 140 da outra camada. Em uma modalidade preferencial alternativa, no entanto, as áreas de junção (140) estão deslocadas, e não estão voltadas uma para a outra. Consequentemente, quando duas camadas de armazenamento são unidas isto é feito, de preferência, de modo que a primeira superfície da camada de substrato (100) da primeira camada de armazenamento (60) fique voltada para a primeira superfície da camada de substrato (100) da segunda camada de armazenamento (60). A presente invenção e, especificamente, a modalidade preferencial descrita com referência às Figuras 3, 4 e 6, podem ser usadas para a obtenção da camada de armazenamento 60 de um núcleo absorvente. No entanto, elas também podem ser usadas para a obtenção do núcleo absorvente 28 completo. Nesse caso, não estão sendo usados outros materiais para envolver o núcleo, como a camada superior 56 e a camada inferior 58. Com referência à modalidade da Figura 3, a camada de substrato 100 pode desempenhar a função da camada inferior 58, e a camada de material termoplástico fibroso 120 pode desempenhar a função da camada superior 56. Com referência à Figura 4, a camada de cobertura 130 pode desempenhar a função da camada superior 56, e a camada de substrato 100 pode desempenhar a função da camada inferior 58. Com referência à Figura 6, As duas camadas de substrato 100 utilizadas podem desempenhar as funções da camada superior 56 e da camada inferior 58, respectivamente.
De acordo com a presente invenção, a camada termoplãstica 120 pode consistir em qualquer composição termoplástica, sendo preferenciais as composições termoplãsticas adesivas, também denominadas adesivos termofusíveis. Diversas composições termoplãsticas são adequadas para imobilizar o material absorvente.
Alguns materiais inicialmente termoplãsticos podem, mais tarde, perder sua termoplasticidade devido a uma etapa de cura como, por exemplo, aquelas iniciadas por meio de calor, radiação UV, exposição a feixe de elétrons, umidade ou outros meios de cura, levando à formação irreversível de uma rede reticulada de ligações covalentes. Esses materiais, uma vez perdido seu comportamento termoplástico inicial, são também considerados, na presente invenção, como materiais termoplãsticos 120.
Sem se ater à teoria, descobriu-se que as composições termoplãsticas de maior utilidade para a imobilização do material polimérico absorvente 110, são aquelas que combinam comportamentos de boa coesão e boa adesão. A boa adesão tem importância crítica para assegurar que a camada termoplãstica 120 mantenha um bom contato com o material polimérico absorvente 110 e, em particular, com o substrato. A boa adesão é um provocação, especificamente quando é usado um substrato não-tecido. A boa coesão assegura que o adesivo não se rompa, em particular em resposta a forças externas e, especificamente, em resposta a um alongamento. 0 adesivo é submetido a forças externas quando o produto absorvente captura líquidos, os quais são, então, armazenados no material polimérico absorvente 110 que, em resposta, se expande. Um adesivo preferencial permitirá essa expansão sem se romper e sem impor muitas forças de compressão, o que limitaria a expansão do material polimérico absorvente 110. É importante notar que, de acordo com a presente invenção, o adesivo não pode romper-se, o que faria deteriorar a imobilízação a úmido. As composições termoplásticas preferenciais que atendem a essas exigências têm as seguintes características: A composição termoplãstica pode conter, em sua totalidade, um único polímero termoplãstico ou uma mistura de polímeros termoplãsticos, tendo um ponto de amolecimento, conforme determinado pelo método ASTM D-36-95 "Ring and Bali", situado na faixa entre 50 °C e 300 °C ou, alternativamente, a composição termoplãstica pode ser um adesivo termofusível contendo ao menos um polímero termoplãstico em combinação com outros diluentes termoplãsticos como resinas acentuadoras de pegajosidade, plastificantes e aditivos, como antioxídantes. 0 polímero termoplãstico tem, tipicamente, um peso molecular (PM) superior a 10.000, e uma temperatura de transição vítrea (Tg) geralmente abaixo da temperatura ambiente. As concentrações típicas do polímero em um material termofusível situam-se na faixa de 20 % a 40 %, em peso. Há uma ampla variedade de polímeros termoplásticos adequados ao uso na presente invenção. Esses polímeros termoplásticos são, de preferência, insensíveis à água. Alguns exemplos de polímeros são copolímeros de bloco (estirênico), inclusive estruturas tribloco A-B-A, estruturas dibloco A-B e estruturas radiais de copolímero de bloco (A-B)n, em que os blocos A são blocos de polímero não-elastomérico tipicamente contendo poliestireno, e os blocos B são dieno conjugado insaturado, ou versões (parcialmente) hidrogenadas deste. O bloco B é, tipicamente, isopreno, butadieno, etileno/butileno (butadieno hidrogenado), etileno/propileno (isopreno hidrogenado), e misturas desses itens.
Outros polímeros termoplásticos adequados que podem ser usados são poliolefinas de metaloceno, que são polímeros de etíleno preparados usando-se catalisadores de sítio único ou de metaloceno. Nesse caso, ao menos um comonômero pode se polimerizado com etileno para produzir um copolímero, terpolímero ou outro polímero de ordem mais alta. São aplicáveis, também, as poliolefinas amorfas ou poli alfa-olefinas amorfas (APAO), que são homopolímeros, copolímeros ou terpolímeros de alfa-olef inas de C2 a C8. A resina tem, tipicamente, um PM inferior a 5.000, e Tg usualmente acima da temperatura ambiente, sendo que as concentrações típicas da resina em um material termofusível situam-se na faixa de 30 % a 60 %. O plastificante tem baixo PM, tipicamente inferior a 1.000, e Tg abaixo da temperatura ambiente, estando a concentração típica situada entre 0 e 15 %.
De preferência, o adesivo está presente sob a forma de fibras por todo o núcleo, isto é, o adesivo está convertido em fibras. De preferência, as fibras têm uma espessura média de 1 a 50 micrômetros, e um comprimento médio de 5 mm a 50 cm.
Para melhorar a adesão do material termoplãstico 120 à camada de substrato 100, ou a qualquer outra camada, em particular qualquer outra camada em não-tecido, essas camadas podem ser pré-tratadas com um adesivo auxiliar.
De preferência, o adesivo atendera ao menos um e, com mais preferência, diversos ou todos os seguintes parâmetros: Um adesivo preferencial terá um módulo da armazenagem G', medido a 20 C, de ao menos 30.000 Pa e inferior a 300.000 Pa, de preferência inferior a 200.000 Pa e, com mais preferência, inferior a 100.000 Pa. O módulo da armazenagem G' a 20 C é uma medida para a "pegajosidade" permanente, ou adesão permanente, do material termoplástico utilizado. A boa adesão irá assegurar um contato bom e permanente entre o material termoplãstico e, por exemplo, a camada de substrato ”100. Em um outro aspecto, o módulo da armazenagem G' medido a 60 C precisa ser inferior a 300.000 Pa e superior a 18.000 Pa, de preferência superior a 24.000 Pa e, com a máxima preferência, superior a 30.000. O módulo da armazenagem medido a 60 C é uma medida para a estabilidade de forma do material termoplãstico a temperaturas ambientes elevadas. Esse valor é particularmente importante se o produto absorvente destinar-se ao uso em um clima quente, no qual a composição termoplástica * perdería sua integridade se o módulo da armazenagem G' a 60 C não fosse suficíentemente alto. O valor G' é tipicamente medido utilizando-se um reômetro, conforme esquematicamente mostrado na Figura 8, apenas com o propósito de ilustração geral. O reômetro (400) é capaz de aplicar uma tensão de cisalhamento ao adesivo, e medir a resposta de alongamento resultante (deformação por cisalhamento) a uma temperatura constante. O adesivo é colocado entre um elemento Peltier atuando como uma placa fixa mais baixa (410) e uma placa superior (420) com um raio R de, por exemplo, 10 mm, que está conectada à haste motriz de um motor para gerar a tensão de cisalhamento. A lacuna entre ambas as placas tem uma altura H de, por exemplo, 1.500 mícrons. O elemento Peltier permite controlar a temperatura do material (+ 0,5 °C) .
Em um outro aspecto, a tangente Delta do ângulo de perda do adesivo a 60 °C precisa ser inferior ao valor de 1, de preferência inferior ao valor de 0,5. A tangente Delta do ângulo de perda a 60 °C está correlacionada com o caráter líquido de um adesivo a temperaturas ambientes elevadas. Quando mais baixa a tangente Delta, mais o adesivo se comporta como um sólido em vez de um líquido, isto é, mais baixa é sua tendência a fluir ou a migrar, e mais baixa é a tendência de uma superestrutura adesiva, conforme descrita na presente invenção, a deteriorar ou mesmo a esfacelar-se com o decorrer do tempo. Esse valor é, portanto, particularmente importante se o artigo absorvente se destina a ser usado em um clima quente.
Em um outro aspecto, o adesivo preferencial precisa ter uma temperatura de transição vítrea Tg inferior a 25 C, de preferência inferior a 22 C, com mais preferência inferior a 18 C e, com a máxima preferência, inferior a 15 C. Uma baixa temperatura de transição vítrea Tg é benéfica para uma boa adesão. Em um outro aspecto, uma baixa temperatura de transição vítrea Tg assegura que o material termoplãstico adesivo não se torne quebradiço demais.
Em ainda um outro aspecto, um adesivo preferencial terá uma temperatura de transição Tx sufícientemente alta. Uma temperatura de transição Tx suficientemente alta mostrou-se benéfica para a estabilidade da camada termoplãstica em altas temperaturas e, consequentemente, assegura bom desempenho do produto absorvente e, em particular, boa imobilização a úmido, mesmo sob condições de climas quentes e altas temperaturas. Portanto, a Tx precisa, de preferência, estar acima de 80 C, com mais preferência acima de 85 C e, com a máxima preferência, acima de 90 C.
Um adesivo altamente preferencial, útil como material termoplãstico (120) conforme descrito na presente invenção, precisa atender a todos ou quase todos os parâmetros acima. É preciso tomar cuidados específicos para assegurar que o adesivo ofereça boa coesão e boa adesão ao mesmo tempo. O processo para produção de núcleos absorventes preferenciais 28, de acordo com a presente invenção, inclui as seguintes etapas: O núcleo absorvente 28 é disposto sobre um tambor de deposição, o qual apresenta uma superfície irregular. Em uma primeira etapa do processo, a camada de substrato 100 é disposta sobre a superfície irregular. Devido à gravidade ou, de preferência, por meio do uso de vácuo, o material da camada de substrato se amoldará aos contornos da superfície irregular e, assim, o material da camada de substrato assumirá um formato de picos e sulcos. Sobre essa camada de substrato (100) o material polimérico absorvente é disposto por meios conhecidos na técnica. O material polimérico absorvente irá se acumular nos sulcos apresentados pela camada de substrato 100. Em uma outra etapa do processo, um adesivo termofusível é colocado sobre o material polimérico absorvente.
Embora qualquer meio de aplicação do adesivo conhecido na técnica possa ser usado para colocar o adesivo termofusível sobre o material polimérico absorvente, o dito adesivo termofusível é aplicado, de preferência, por um sistema de bocais. De preferência, é utilizado um sistema de bocais capaz de produzir uma cortina de adesivo relativamente delgada, porém larga. Essa cortina de adesivo é, então colocada sobre a camada de substrato 100 e o material polimérico absorvente. Como os picos da camada de substrato 100 são menos cobertos por material polimérico absorvente, o adesivo fará contato com essas áreas da camada de substrato.
Em uma outra etapa opcional do processo, uma camada de cobertura 130 é colocada sobre a camada de substrato 100, o material polimérico absorvente e a camada de adesivo termofusível. A camada de cobertura 130 estará em contato adesivo com a camada de substrato 100, nas áreas de junção 140. Nessas áreas de junção 140, o adesivo está em contato direto com a camada de substrato 100. A camada de cobertura 130 não estará, tipicamente, em contato adesivo com a camada de substrato 100 nos pontos em que os sulcos da dita camada de substrato 100 tiverem sido preenchidos por material polimérico absorvente.
Alternativamente, a camada de cobertura 130 pode ser depositada sobre um tambor com uma superfície irregular, e a camada de substrato 100 pode ser adicionada em uma etapa consecutiva do processo. A modalidade mostrada na Figura 4 pode ser produzida por meio desse processo.
Em uma modalidade alternativa, a camada de cobertura 130 e a camada de substrato 100 são obtidas de uma folha unitária de material. 0 posicionamento da camada de cobertura 13 0 sobre a camada de substrato 100 irá, então, envolver a dobragem da peça unitária de material.
Conseqüentemente, a superfície irregular do sistema de deposição, que é de preferência um tambor de deposição, tipicamente determina a distribuição do material polimérico absorvente por toda a camada de armazenamento 60 e, da mesma forma, determina o padrão das áreas de junção 140. Alternativamente, a distribuição de material polimérico absorvente pode ser influenciada por meios de aplicação de vácuo.
De preferência, a distribuição de material polimérico absorvente é perfilada e, com a máxima preferência, perfilada na direção longitudinal. Conseqüent emente, o peso base do material polimérico absorvente irá mudar ao longo do eixo longitudinal do núcleo absorvente, o qual normalmente coincide com o eixo longitudinal do artigo absorvente como, por exemplo, da fralda. De preferência, o peso base do material polimérico absorvente em ao menos um primeiro quadrado livremente selecionado, medindo 1 cm x 1 cm, é ao menos 10 %, 20 %, 30 I, 40 % ou 50 % mais alto que o peso base do material polimérico absorvente em ao menos um segundo quadrado livremente selecionado, medindo 1 cm x 1 cm. De preferência, o critério é atendido se o primeiro e o segundo quadrados estão centralizados em redor do eixo longitudinal.
Opcionalmente, o núcleo absorvente também pode incluir um material fibroso absorvente como, por exemplo, fibras de celulose. Esse material fibroso pode ser pré-misturado ao material polimérico absorvente e ser depositado em uma etapa do processo, ou pode, alternativamente, ser depositado em etapas separadas do processo.
Descobriu-se ser benéfico o uso de um material polimérico absorvente particulado para os núcleos absorventes produzidos na presente invenção. Sem se ater à teoria, acredita-se que esse material, mesmo em seu estado expandido, isto é, quando líquidos já foram absorvidos, não obstrui substancialmente o fluxo de líquidos através do material, especíalmente quando a permeabilidade, conforme expressa pela condutividade para fluxo de solução salina do material polimérico absorvente, é superior a 10, 20, 30 ou 40 unidades SFC, sendo que 1 unidade SFC eqüivale a 1 x 10 ~7 (cm3 x s)/g. A condutividade para fluxo de solução salina é um parâmetro bem conhecido na técnica, e precisa ser medido de acordo com o teste apresentado em EP 752 892B.
Para se obter uma capacidade absorvente adequada em um artigo absorvente preferencial, de acordo com a presente invenção, e especialmente se o artigo absorvente for uma fralda ou um produto para incontinência em adultos, o material polimérico superabsorvente estará presente com um peso base médio de mais de 50, 100, 200, 300, 400, 500, 600, 700, 800 ou 900 g/m2.
Artigos preferenciais, de acordo com a presente invenção, apresentam uma largura de gancho relativamente pequena, o que aumenta o conforto durante o uso. Um artigo preferencial, de acordo com a presente invenção, apresenta uma largura de gancho inferior a 100 mm, 90 mm, 80 mm, 70 mm, 60 mm ou mesmo inferior a 50 mm. Consequentemente, um núcleo absorvente de acordo com a presente invenção tem, de preferência, uma largura de gancho, conforme medida ao longo da linha transversal que está posicionada a igual distância para as bordas anterior e posterior do núcleo, menor que cerca de 100 mm, 90 mm, 80 mm, 70 mm, 60 mm ou mesmo menor que 50 mm. Descobriu-se que, para a maioria dos artigos absorventes, a descarga de líquidos ocorre predominantemente na metade anterior. A metade anterior do núcleo absorvente precisa, portanto, conter a maior parte da capacidade absorvente do núcleo. De preferência, a metade anterior do dito núcleo absorvente perfaz mais de 60 % da capacidade absorvente e, com mais preferência, mais de 65 %, 70 %, 75 %, 80 %, 85 % ou 90 %.
Todas as patentes e todos os pedidos de patente (inclusive quaisquer patentes concedidas a partir destes) atribuídos à Procter & Gamble Company e mencionados neste documento estão aqui incorporadas, a título de referência, naquilo em que forem com ele consistentes.
Teste de Imobilização a Úmido Equipamento: • Solução de teste: solução salina a 0,90 % e 37 °C. • qsp 100 % • Agitador de fraldas • Banho para manter a solução de teste entre 35 ° e 37 °C • Béquer para fluidos graduado em intervalos de ao menos 2 ml • Cronômetro • Termômetro • Bandeja (300) de cerca de 10 x 120 x 220 mm Agitador de fraldas Uma instalação para realizar o teste de imobilização no estado úmido pode incluir o chamado "agitador de fraldas", conforme descrito na presente invenção e conforme mostrado na Figura 7. 0 agitador contém uma placa de base 210, que precisa ter peso suficiente para permitir condições estáveis de agitação. Montado sobre a placa de base estão duas pernas, 220a e 220b, que são ajustáveis quanto à altura, para testar núcleos absorventes ou produtos absorventes de diferentes comprimentos. As pernas 220 suportam uma placa 230. Montada sobre essa placa, por meio de suportes de borracha 240, encontra-se a mesa de suporte da garra 250. 0 movimento de agitação entre a mesa de suporte da garra 250 e a placa 230 é causado por um motor, de preferência um motor elétrico 260. A mesa de suporte da garra 250 está rigidamente conectada a uma garra 270, cujo tamanho é escolhido conforme os núcleos absorventes ou produtos absorventes a serem avaliados. A placa de base 210 também pode ser usada como um suporte para a bandeja 3 00, na qual o núcleo absorvente ou os produtos absorventes são pré-molhados antes da operação de teste, conforme descrito mais adiante neste documento. Preparação de amostras • Obter dez amostras de artigos absorventes ou de núcleo absorvente. Remover da amostra de artigo absorvente todas as camadas que não envolvem diretamente o material polimérico absorvente (por exemplo, camada superior e camada inferior, bem como camadas de captura que não contenham material polimérico absorvente) . Cortar uma amostra de núcleo com 200 mm de comprimento, usando duas linhas de corte paralelas, em orientação transversal. Se o comprimento núcleo exceder 200 mm, podem ser escolhidas quaisquer duas linhas de corte paralelas, conforme definidas acima. • Medir o peso do laminado seco. • Colocar o laminado na bandeja. • Verter a solução de teste sobre o centro da amostra de núcleo. A quantidade de solução de teste precisa ser 50 % da capacidade prevista para o laminado. A capacidade prevista é a capacidade total disponível dos núcleos absorventes a serem testados, e deve ser compreendida na presente invenção como a capacidade CRC do laminado, no pedaço recortado da amostra de núcleo, conforme definido abaixo. • Executar o teste conforme descrito mais adiante neste documento, após 5 minutos de tempo de permanência.
Execução do teste: • Medir o peso do laminado molhado (ml) antes do teste de agitação. • Prender o laminado com garras, de modo que não menos que 180 mm de laminado se estendam abaixo da garra e não estejam, portanto, impedidos de se moverem livremente durante a agitação. As garras precisam fechar-se ao longo de toda a largura do AGM. • A extremidade inferior do laminado, com movimento livres, precisa ter uma distância de 4 cm até a bandeja de coleta do AGM. • Freqüência de agitação: 16,8 Hz. • Amplitude na direção vertical: 4 mm, na direção horizontal: 1 mm. • Tempo de agitação 2 x 80 s. • Após a agitação, prender à garra a extremidade que anteriormente estava livre para mover-se. • Abrir a extremidade livre para mover-se, se estiver lacrada pela pressão das garras. • Agitar novamente, utilizando as mesmas configurações. • Medir o peso do laminado restante (m2) após a agitação Relato dos resultados: • Registrar o peso do laminado seco com resolução de décimos de grama (por exemplo, 10.0 g) • Registrar o peso antes (ml) e depois (m2) da agitação, com resolução de décimos de grama (por exemplo, ml=130,4 g, m2= 100,4 g) • Registrar a média de perda de peso com resolução de décimos de grama (por exemplo, 30.0 g) • Calcular a (^di®2) perda de peso em porcentagem, 1 , com resolução de unidades de porcentagem (por exemplo, 23 %) . • Registrar o valor de imobilização no estado úmido referente ao único teste, que é a diferença para 100 %, por exemplo, 77 % de imobilização no estado úmido. • O Valor de Imobilização no Estado Úmido da presente invenção, também mencionado como imobilização no estado úmido, ê o valor médio com base nos valores de imobilização no estado úmido obtidos em dez testes únicos. Um alto Valor de Imobilização no Estado Úmido representa boa imobilização no estado úmido e baixa perda de partículas.
Capacidade de retenção centrífuga do laminado A capacidade de CRC do laminado (Clam) é calculada como ;
Clam = mAGM ' CRCâGM m&GM denota a massa de AGM no Laminado. CRCAGM denota a capacidade CRC do AGM no laminado. A massa de AGM no interior do laminado (mAGM) pode ser medida por qualquer método conhecido para o elemento versado na técnica como, por exemplo, titulação. A Capacidade de Retenção Centrífuga do AGM (CRCagm) é medida removendo-se algum AGM do laminado e, então, aplicando-se o teste de CRC abaixo: Capacidade de Retenção Centrífuga (CRC) Para a maioria dos polímeros absorventes formadores de hidrogel, o volume de gel como uma medida da capacidade absorvente é determinado pelo método descrito na Renovação de Patente U.S. N° 32.649 (Brandt et al), renovada em 19 de abril de 1988, porém utilizando solução salina a 0,9 % em lugar de urina sintética. 0 volume de gel e a CRC são calculados com base no peso a seco. Esse método se aplica .a todos os polímeros absorventes formadores de hidrogel que não absorvam Azul de Dextrano. 0 método para medição de volume de gel a ser usado para SAPs (polímeros superabsorventes) que absorvem Azul de Dextrano (vide o método para volume de gel em Re 32.649) para as superfícies do hidrogel formado (por exemplo, polímeros preparados a partir de monômeros catiônícos) , é conforme exposto a seguir: Para esses polímeros formadores de hidrogel, é utilizado o teste de Capacidade de Absorção, mas o peso a seco do polímero formador de hidrogel ê usado no cálculo, em lugar do peso no estado em que se encontra. Vide, por exemplo, a patente U.S. N° 5.124.188 (Roe et al) , concedida em 23 de junho de 1992, nas Colunas 27-28, para uma descrição do teste de Capacidade de Absorção.
Para a avaliação da capacidade de retenção centrífuga, descobriu-se que a chamada avaliação, ou medição, "de bolsa de chã" (mais adiante neste documento denominada medição de CRC} é a mais adequada para refletir a manutenção da pressão capilar em situações próximas à saturação da capacidade absorvente de um material SAP. São usadas para o teste as condições normais de laboratório (de 21 a 23 °C, 50 % de umidade relativa) . Uma amostra de material SAP é mantida seca em um frasco ou outro recipiente de fechamento hermético, o qual só é aberto após o início da avaliação. Os outros materiais utilizados na avaliação (tecidos, equipamentos, etc.) são condicionados durante 24 horas, antes das medições, nas condições de laboratório acima.
Para a medição de CRC, 0,2 +/- 0,0050 g de partículas de SAP são colocadas em uma bolsa para chá (a bolsa precisa ser livremente permeável a líquidos, e precisa reter as partículas, isto é, os poros da bolsa para chã não podem ser maiores que a menor das partículas) . A bolsa para chã precisa ter um tamanho de 60 mm x 85 mm e ser lacrado por soldagem, depois de preenchida. A bolsa para chá é, então, imersa durante 30 minutos em uma solução salina a 0,9 %, de modo que haja ao menos 0,83 1 de solução por grama de SAP; sendo que de preferência hã um excesso substancial desta razão. Após a imersão durante 30 minutos, a bolsa para chã é centrifugada a 250 g durante 3 minutos, para remover o excesso de solução salina. A bolsa é pesada com resolução de 0,01 g, e o líquido absorvido é calculado. O resultado é relatado usando-se a quantidade de SAP seco, que foi colocado na bolsa para chã, como gramas absorvidas por grama de partículas SAP.
Claims (14)
1. Núcleo absorvente (28), útil para um artigo absorvente (20), caracterizado pelo fato de que inclui uma camada de substrato (100) de um material não tecido, uma camada de material termoplástico (120) na forma de um adesivo termofusivel que se liga a camada de substrato (100) para definir cavidades na mesma, e um material absorvente imobilizado nas cavidades, em que o material absorvente contém um material polimérico absorvente (110), e de zero até uma quantidade inferior a 40% em peso de um material fibroso absorvente, baseado no peso do material polimérico absorvente (110) , o material absorvente sendo imobilizado quando úmido de tal forma que o núcleo absorvente (28) pode alcançar uma imobilização a úmido superior a 50%.
2. Núcleo absorvente (28), de acordo com a reivindicação 1, caracterizado pelo fato de que a imobilização a úmido é superior a 60%.
3. Núcleo absorvente (28), de acordo com a reivindicação 1, caracterizado pelo fato de que a imobilização a úmido é superior a 70%.
4. Núcleo absorvente (28), de acordo com a reivindicação 1, caracterizado pelo fato de que a imobilização a úmido é superior a 80%.
5. Núcleo absorvente (28), de acordo com a reivindicação 1, caracterizado pelo fato de que a imobilização a úmido é superior a 90%.
6. Núcleo absorvente (28), de acordo com qualquer uma das reivindicações precedentes, caracterizado pelo fato de que o material fibroso absorvente representa não mais que 20 % do peso do material polimérico absorvente (110).
7. Núcleo absorvente (28), de acordo com qualquer uma das reivindicações 1 a 5, caracterizado pelo fato de que o material absorvente compreende nenhum material fibroso absorvente.
8. Núcleo absorvente (28), de acordo com a reivindicação 1, caracterizado pelo fato de que o material termoplástico (120) é convertido em fibras.
9. Núcleo absorvente (28), de acordo com qualquer uma das reivindicações precedentes, caracterizado pelo fato de que o material polimérico absorvente (110) está presente por toda a área do núcleo absorvente, com um peso base médio de pelo menos 100 g/m2.
10. Núcleo absorvente (28), de acordo com a reivindicação 9, caracterizado pelo fato de que o peso base médio é pelo menos 300 g/m2.
11. Núcleo absorvente (28), de acordo com qualquer uma das reivindicações precedentes, caracterizado pelo fato de que compreende pelo menos duas camadas de substrato (100).
12. Núcleo absorvente (28), de acordo com qualquer uma das reivindicações precedentes, caracterizado pelo fato de que compreende pelo menos uma camada de substrato (100) e pelo menos uma camada de cobertura (130) .
13. Núcleo absorvente (28), de acordo com uma das reivindicações 11 ou 12, caracterizado pelo fato de que pelo menos uma das camadas de substrato (100) ou pelo menos uma das camadas de cobertura (130) compreende um não tecido permanentemente hidrófilo.
14. Núcleo absorvente (28), de acordo com qualquer uma das reivindicações precedentes, caracterizado pelo fato de que apresenta uma largura de gancho inferior a 80 mm.
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US20010018579A1 (en) | 1998-12-18 | 2001-08-30 | Walter Klemp | Disposable absorbent garment having stretchable side waist regions |
ES2347827T5 (es) * | 2003-02-12 | 2014-10-24 | The Procter & Gamble Company | Núcleo absorbente para un artículo absorbente |
DE60323810D1 (de) | 2003-02-12 | 2008-11-13 | Procter & Gamble | Bequem Windel |
JP2007501079A (ja) * | 2003-08-06 | 2007-01-25 | ザ プロクター アンド ギャンブル カンパニー | コーティングされた水膨潤性ポリマー類を含む水膨潤性材料を製造する方法 |
MXPA06001298A (es) | 2003-08-06 | 2006-04-11 | Procter & Gamble | Estructuras absorbentes que comprenden material recubierto dilatable en agua. |
JP2007501315A (ja) * | 2003-08-06 | 2007-01-25 | ザ プロクター アンド ギャンブル カンパニー | コーティングされた水膨潤性材料 |
EP1504740B1 (en) | 2003-08-07 | 2013-03-06 | The Procter & Gamble Company | Latex bonded acquisition layer having temperature insensitive liquid handling properties |
EP1504739B1 (en) | 2003-08-07 | 2013-01-30 | The Procter & Gamble Company | Latex bonded acquisition layer for absorbent articles |
EP1504741A1 (en) | 2003-08-07 | 2005-02-09 | The Procter & Gamble Company | Latex bonded acquisition layer having pressure insensitive liquid handling properties |
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