CN107078759A - 具有模分复用的传输设备和与其使用的方法 - Google Patents
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Abstract
本主题公开内容的各方面可以包括例如传输设备,该传输设备包括被配置成调制数据以生成多个第一电磁波的至少一个收发器。多个耦合器被配置成将所述多个第一电磁波的至少一部分耦合到传输介质,其中所述多个耦合器生成沿着传输介质的外表面传播的多个模分复用的第二电磁波。公开了其它实施例。
Description
对相关申请的交叉引用
本申请要求于2014年11月20日提交的美国专利申请序列No.14/548,411的优先权。上述申请的内容通过引用被结合到本申请中,如同在本文中完全阐述一样。
技术领域
本公开内容涉及通信网络中经由微波传输的通信。
背景技术
随着智能电话和其它便携式设备日益变得普遍存在,并且数据使用增加,宏小区基站设备和现有的无线基础设施进而需要更高的带宽能力,以便解决增加的需求。为了提供额外的移动带宽,正在寻求小小区部署,其中微小区和微微小区提供比传统宏小区小得多的区域的覆盖。
附图说明
图1是图示根据本文所描述各个方面的导波通信系统的示例、非限制性实施例的框图。
图2是图示根据本文所描述各个方面的介电波导耦合器的示例、非限制性实施例的框图。
图3是图示根据本文所描述各个方面的介电波导耦合器的示例、非限制性实施例的框图。
图4是图示根据本文所描述各个方面的介电波导耦合器的示例、非限制性实施例的框图。
图5A和5B是图示根据本文所描述各个方面的介电波导耦合器和收发器的示例、非限制性实施例的框图。
图6是图示根据本文所描述各个方面的双介电波导耦合器的示例、非限制性实施例的框图。
图7是图示根据本文所描述各个方面的双向介电波导耦合器的示例、非限制性实施例的框图。
图8图示了图示根据本文所描述各个方面的双向介电波导耦合器的示例、非限制性实施例的框图。
图9图示了图示根据本文所描述各个方面的双向中继器系统的示例、非限制性实施例的框图。
图10图示了如本文所描述的用于利用介电波导耦合器传送传输的方法的示例、非限制性实施例的流程图。
图11是根据本文所描述各个方面的计算环境的示例、非限制性实施例的框图。
图12是根据本文所描述各个方面的移动网络平台的示例、非限制性实施例的框图。
图13a、13b和13c是图示根据本文所描述各个方面的开槽波导耦合器的示例、非限制性实施例的框图。
图14a和14b是图示根据本文所描述各个方面的波导耦合系统的示例、非限制性实施例的框图。
图15是图示根据本文所描述各个方面的导波通信系统的示例、非限制性实施例的框图。
图16是图示根据本文所描述各个方面的传输设备的示例、非限制性实施例的框图。
图17是图示根据本文所描述各个方面的电磁分布的示例、非限制性实施例的图。
图18是图示根据本文所描述各个方面的电磁分布的示例、非限制性实施例的图。
图19是图示根据本文所描述各个方面的传输设备的示例、非限制性实施例的框图。
图20是根据本文所描述各个方面的传输设备的示例、非限制性实施例的框图。
图21是图示根据本文所描述各个方面的电磁分布的示例、非限制性实施例的图。
图22是图示根据本文所描述各个方面的传播模式的示例、非限制性实施例的图。
图23是图示根据本文所描述各个方面的电磁分布的示例、非限制性实施例的图。
图24是图示根据本文所描述各个方面的导波通信系统的示例、非限制性实施例的框图。
图25是图示根据本文所描述各个方面的信道参数的示例、非限制性实施例的图。
图26图示了如本文所描述的方法的示例、非限制性实施例的流程图。
图27示出了如本文所描述的方法的示例、非限制性实施例的流程图。
具体实施方式
现在参考附图描述一种或多种实施例,其中相同的标号贯穿全文被用来指相同的元件。在以下描述中,为了解释的目的,阐述了许多细节,以便提供对各种实施例的透彻理解。但是,显然,各种实施例可以以这些细节的不同组合和在没有这些细节(以及不应用到任何特定联网环境或标准)的情况下实现。
为了提供到附加基站设备的网络连接性,将通信小区(例如,微小区和宏小区)链接到核心网络的网络设备的回程网络相应地扩展。类似地,为了提供到分布式天线系统的网络连接性,期望链接基站设备及其分布式天线的扩展通信系统。可以提供导波通信系统以启用替代的、增加的或附加的网络连接性,并且可以提供波导耦合系统以在传输介质上发送和/或接收导波(例如,表面波)通信,其中传输介质诸如作为单导线传输线路操作的导线或其它导体、或作为波导操作的介电材料和/或以其它方式操作以引导电磁波的传输的另一种传输介质。
在示例实施例中,在波导耦合系统中使用的波导耦合器可以由介电材料或其它低损耗绝缘体(例如,特氟龙、聚乙烯等)制成,或者可以由导电(例如,金属、非金属等)材料制成,或者是前述材料的任意组合。贯穿整个详细描述对“介电波导”的引用是为了说明的目的并且没有将实施例限制为仅由介电材料构成。在其它实施例中,其它介电或绝缘材料是可能的。应当认识到的是,在不背离示例实施例的情况下,各种传输介质(诸如导线,不论是否绝缘以及无论是单股还是多股;其它形状或构造的导体,包括导线束、电缆、杆、轨道、管道;非导体,诸如介电管道、杆、轨道或其它介电构件;导体和介电材料的组合;或其它导波传输介质)可以与导波通信一起使用。
对于这些和/或其它考虑,在一个或多个实施例中,一种传输设备包括接收包括第一数据的第一通信信号的通信接口。收发器基于第一通信信号生成第一电磁波以传送第一数据,第一电磁波具有至少一个载波频率和至少一个对应的波长。耦合器将第一电磁波耦合到具有由介电材料包围的至少一个内部部分的传输介质,介电材料具有外表面和对应的周长,其中第一电磁波与传输介质的耦合形成第二电磁波,第二电磁波被引导以经由包括非对称模式的至少一个导波模式沿着介电材料的外表面传播,其中该至少一个载波频率在毫米波频带内,并且其中该至少一个对应的波长小于传输介质的周长。
在一个或多个实施例中,一种传输设备包括基于通信信号生成第一电磁波以传送数据的发送器,第一电磁波具有至少一个载波频率和至少一个对应的波长。耦合器将第一电磁波耦合到具有外表面和对应的周长的单导线传输介质,其中第一电磁波与单导线传输介质的耦合形成第二电磁波,第二电磁波被引导以经由包括非对称模式的至少一个导波模式沿着单导线传输介质的外表面传播,其中该至少一个载波频率在毫米波频带内,并且其中该至少一个对应的波长小于单导线传输介质的周长。
在一个或多个实施例中,一种方法包括基于通信信号生成第一电磁波以传送数据,第一电磁波具有至少一个载波频率和至少一个对应的波长。耦合器将第一电磁波耦合到具有外介电表面和对应的周长的单导线传输介质,其中第一电磁波与单导线传输介质的耦合形成第二电磁波,第二电磁波被引导以经由至少一个导波模式沿着单导线传输介质的外介电表面传播,其中该至少一个载波频率在毫米波频带内,并且其中该至少一个对应的波长小于单导线传输介质的周长。
在一个或多个实施例中,一种传输设备包括接收包括第一数据的第一通信信号的通信接口。收发器基于第一通信信号生成第一电磁波以传送第一数据,第一电磁波具有至少一个载波频率。耦合器将第一电磁波耦合到具有由介电材料包围的至少一个内部部分的传输介质,介电材料具有外表面和对应的周长,其中第一电磁波与传输介质的耦合形成第二电磁波,第二电磁波被引导以经由包括具有下限截止频率的非对称模式的至少一种导波模式沿着介电材料的外表面传播,并且其中该至少一个载波频率被选择为在下限截止频率的有限范围内。
本文所描述的各种实施例涉及用于从导线发起和提取导波(例如,作为电磁波的表面波通信)传输的传输系统。在毫米波频率下,其中波长与装备的尺寸相比是小的,传输可以作为由波导引导的波传播,波导诸如一条或一定长度的介电材料或其它耦合器。导波的电磁场结构可以在耦合器的内部和/或在耦合器的外部。当使这个耦合器紧密接近传输介质(例如,导线、公用设施线路或其它传输介质)时,导波的至少一部分与波导解耦并耦合到传输介质,并且继续作为导波传播,导波诸如导线的表面周围的表面波。
在一个或多个实施例中,耦合器包括接收从发送设备传送第一数据的第一电磁波的接收部分。引导部分将第一电磁波引导到用于将第一电磁波耦合到传输介质的接头。第一电磁波经由至少一个第一导波模式传播。第一电磁波与传输介质的耦合形成第二电磁波,第二电磁波被引导以经由与至少一个第一导波模式不同的至少一个第二导波模式沿着传输介质的外表面传播。
在一个或多个实施例中,耦合模块包括接收传送第一数据的对应多个第一电磁波的多个接收部分。多个引导部分将多个第一电磁波引导到对应的多个接头,以将多个第一电磁波耦合到传输介质。多个第一电磁波经由至少一个第一导波模式传播,并且多个第一电磁波与传输介质的耦合形成多个第二电磁波,多个第二电磁波被引导以经由与至少一个第一导波模式不同的至少一个第二导波模式沿着传输介质的外表面传播。
在一个或多个实施例中,传输设备包括被配置成调制数据以生成多个第一电磁波的至少一个收发器。多个耦合器被配置成将多个第一电磁波的至少一部分耦合到传输介质,其中多个耦合器生成沿着传输介质的外表面传播的多个模分复用的第二电磁波。例如,多个第二电磁波可以经由多个导波模式中的不同模式沿着传输介质的外表面传播。
在一个或多个实施例中,传输设备包括被配置成根据信道控制参数调制数据以生成多个第一电磁波的至少一个收发器。多个耦合器被配置成将多个第一电磁波的至少一部分耦合到传输介质,其中多个耦合器生成沿着传输介质的外表面传播的多个第二电磁波。训练控制器被配置成基于从至少一个远程传输设备接收的信道状态信息来生成信道控制参数。
根据示例实施例,电磁波是表面波,它是由传输介质的表面引导的一种类型的导波,传输介质的表面可以包括导线的外部或外表面、介电涂层或绝缘护套的外部或外表面,或者传输介质的与具有不同属性(例如,介电属性)的另一种类型的介质相邻或暴露于该另一种类型的介质的另一个表面。实际上,在示例实施例中,引导表面波的传输介质的表面可以表示在两种不同类型介质之间的过渡表面。例如,在裸露或非绝缘导线的情况下,导线的表面可以是暴露于空气或自由空间的裸露或非绝缘导线的外或外部导电表面。作为另一个示例,在绝缘导线的情况下,取决于绝缘体、空气和/或导体的属性(例如,介电属性)的相对差异并且还取决于导波的一个或多个频率和传播模式,导线的表面可以是与导线的绝缘体部分相遇的导线的导电部分,或者可以以其它方式是暴露于空气或自由空间的导线的绝缘表面,或者可以以其它方式是在导线的绝缘表面和与导线的绝缘体部分相遇的导线的导电部分之间的任何材料区域。
根据示例实施例,诸如表面波的导波可以与经自由空间/空气的无线电传输或者通过导线的导体的电功率或信号的常规传播形成对比。实际上,利用本文所描述的表面波或导波系统,常规的电功率或信号仍然可以通过导线的导体传播或被发送,而导波(包括表面波和其它电磁波)可以根据示例实施例包围导线的表面的全部或部分并且沿着导线以低损耗传播。在示例实施例中,表面波可以具有主要或基本上位于用来引导表面波的传输介质的外部的场结构(例如,电磁场结构)。
在示例实施例中,本文采用的导波可以与用作沿导线的传播手段的Sommerfeld波形成对比,其中Sommerfeld波限于其波长大于、不小于导线周长的波。在示例实施例中,本文采用的导波可以与经由基波模式的传播而不是基于至少一个非对称模式的传播而操作的G波和E波系统形成对比。在示例实施例中,本文采用的导波可以与沿着单根金属导线的表面等离子体波传播形成对比,这种表面等离子体波传播的前提条件是以诸如光学频率(远高于并且不小于γ)的频率在导体中形成的电子束,其中γ是导电材料的电子的平均碰撞频率。这些现有技术的系统不能解决用于传输介质的导波传播,其中导波包括以小于导电材料的电子的平均碰撞频率的低损耗频率(诸如在毫米波频带内)传播的非对称模式。这些现有技术的系统不能解决用于包括外部电介质的传输介质的导波传播,其中导波包括以低损耗传播的非对称模式,其中场集中在电介质的外表面周围。
根据示例实施例,沿导线行进的电磁波是由沿接近该导线的波导行进的其它电磁波感生的。电磁波的感生可以独立于通过作为电路的一部分的导线被注入或以其它方式发送的任何电势、电荷或电流。应当认识到的是,虽然导线中的小电流可以响应于电磁波通过导线的传播而形成,但这可以是由于电磁波沿导线表面的传播,并且不是响应于被注入作为电路的一部分的导线中的电势、电荷或电流而形成的。因此,在导线上行进的电磁波不需要电路以沿导线表面传播。因此,导线是单导线传输线路,它不需要电路。而且,在一些实施例中,导线不是必需的,并且电磁波可以沿不是导线的单线路传输介质传播。
根据示例性实施例,术语“单导线传输介质”与经由导线引导的电磁波的传输结合使用,但不需要导线作为电路的一部分以支持这种传播。传输系统可以包括用于发送这种导波的多个单导线传输介质,其中不同的波由不同的单导线传输介质引导。
根据示例实施例,与导波(例如,表面波)结合使用的术语在导线“周围”可以包括基波传播模式和具有至少部分地在导线周围的圆形或基本上圆形的场分布(例如,电场、磁场、电磁场等)的其它导波。此外,当导波在导线“周围”传播时,它经由波传播模式(至少一个导波模式)沿着导线纵向传播,其中波传播模式可以包括不仅基波传播模式(例如,零阶模式),而且还附加地或替代地包括其它非基波传播模式(诸如高阶导波模式(例如,1阶模式、2阶模式等)、非对称模式和/或具有在导线周围的非圆形的场分布的其它导波(例如,表面波))。
例如,这种非圆形的场分布可以是单边的或多边的,具有特征在于相对较高的场强度的一个或多个方位波瓣和/或特征在于相对低场强度、零场强度或基本上零场强度的一个或多个空值或空值区域。另外,根据示例实施例,场分布可以以其它方式在导线周围根据纵向方位朝向而变化,使得在导线周围的方位朝向的一个或多个区域具有比方位朝向的一个或多个其它区域高的电或磁场强度(或其组合)。应当认识到的是,较高阶模式或不对称模式的相对位置可以随着导波沿导线行进而变化。
现在参考图1,其中图示了示出导波通信系统100的示例、非限制性实施例的框图。导波通信系统100绘出了其中可以使用传输设备、耦合器或耦合模块的示例性环境。
导波通信系统100可以是分布式天线系统,其包括可通信地耦合到宏小区站点102或其它网络连接的一个或多个基站设备(例如,基站设备104)。基站设备104可以通过有线(例如,光纤和/或电缆)或者通过无线(例如,微波无线)连接而连接到宏小区站点102。宏小区(诸如宏小区站点102)可以具有到移动网络的专用连接并且基站设备104可以共享和/或以其它方式使用宏小区站点102的连接。基站设备104可以安装在或附连到电线杆116上。在其它实施例中,基站设备104可以在变压器附近和/或在位于电力线路附近的其它位置的附近。
基站设备104可以便于移动设备122和124到移动网络的连接。分别在电线杆118和120上或它们附近安装的天线112和114可以从基站设备104接收信号并且将那些信号在比如果天线112和114位于基站设备104处或附近时宽得多的区域上发送到移动设备122和124。
应当注意的是,为了简单起见,图1显示了三个电线杆,具有一个基站设备。在其它实施例中,电线杆116可以具有更多的基站设备,并且具有分布式天线的一个或多个电线杆是可能的。
传输设备(诸如介电波导耦合设备106)可以经由连接电线杆116、118和120的(一条或多条)公用设施或电力线路将信号从基站设备104发送到天线112和114。为了发送信号,无线电的源和/或耦合器106将来自基站设备104的信号(例如,经由混频)上变频或以其它方式将来自基站设备104的信号变频到具有毫米波频带内的至少一个载波频率的毫米波频带信号。介电波导耦合设备106发起作为沿公用设施线路或其它导线行进的导波(例如,表面波或其它电磁波)传播的毫米波频带波。在电线杆118处,另一个传输设备(诸如介电波导耦合设备108)接收导波(并且可选地可以根据需要或期望来放大它或者操作为数字中继器以接收它并重新生成它)并且将其作为导波(例如,表面波或其它电磁波)在公用设施线路或其它导线上转发。介电波导耦合设备108还可以从毫米波频带导波中提取信号并将其频率向下移动或以其它方式将其变频到其原始蜂窝频带频率(例如,1.9GHz或其它定义的蜂窝频率)或另一个蜂窝(或非蜂窝)频带频率。天线112可以向移动设备122发送(例如,无线地发送)降频后的信号。根据需要或期望,该过程可以由另一个传输设备(诸如介电波导耦合设备110、天线114和移动设备124)重复。
来自移动设备122和124的发送也可以分别由天线112和114接收。介电波导耦合设备108和110上的中继器可以将蜂窝频带信号升频或以其它方式变频到毫米波频带,并且将信号作为导波(例如,表面波或其它电磁波)传输经(一条或多条)电力线路发送到基站设备104。
在示例实施例中,系统100可以采用分集路径,其中两条或更多条公用设施线路或其它导线串接在电线杆116、118和120之间(例如,在电线杆116和120之间的两条或更多条导线),并且来自基站104的冗余传输作为导波在公用设施线路或其它导线的表面下方被发送。公用设施线路或其它导线可以是绝缘的或非绝缘的,并且取决于造成传输损耗的环境状况,耦合设备可以选择性地从绝缘或非绝缘公用设施线路或其它导线接收信号。该选择可以基于导线的信噪比的测量,或者基于所确定的天气/环境状况(例如,湿度检测器、天气预报等)。与系统100一起使用分集路径可以启用替代路由能力、负载均衡、增加的负载处理、并发的双向或同步通信、扩频通信等(参见图8的更多说明性细节)。
应当注意的是,图1中的介电波导耦合设备106、108和110的使用仅仅是示例性的,并且在其它实施例中,其它使用是可能的。例如,可以在回程通信系统中使用介电波导耦合设备,从而向基站设备提供网络连接性。介电波导耦合设备可以用在其中期望经导线(无论是绝缘的还是不绝缘的)发送导波通信的许多情况中。由于与可以携带高压的导线没有接触或者与导线具有有限的物理和/或电接触,由此介电波导耦合设备是对其它耦合设备的改进。利用介电波导耦合设备,该装置可以位于远离导线(例如,与导线隔开)和/或位于导线上,只要它不与导线电接触即可,因为电介质充当绝缘体,由此允许便宜、容易和/或较不复杂的安装。但是,如前所述,可以采用导电或非介电耦合器,尤其是在其中导线对应于电话网络、有线电视网络、宽带数据服务、光纤通信系统或采用低压或具有绝缘传输线的其它网络的配置中。
还应当注意的是,虽然在示例实施例中示出了基站设备104和宏小区站点102,但是其它网络配置同样是可能的。例如,可以以类似的方式采用诸如接入点或其它无线网关的设备来扩展其它网络(诸如无线局域网、无线个人区域网或者根据诸如802.11协议、WIMAX协议、UltraWideband协议、蓝牙协议、Zigbee协议或其它无线协议的通信协议操作的其它无线网络)的范围。
现在转到图2,其中图示了根据本文所描述各个方面的介电波导耦合系统200的示例、非限制性实施例的框图。系统200包括介电波导204,其具有作为导波在介电波导204的波导表面周围传播的波206。在示例实施例中,介电波导204是弯曲的,并且介电波导204的至少一部分可以被放在导线202附近,以便便于介电波导204和导线202之间的耦合,如本文所描述的。介电波导204可以被放置成使得弯曲的介电波导204的一部分与导线202平行或基本上平行。介电波导204的与导线平行的部分可以是曲线的顶点或者曲线的切线与导线202平行的任何点。当介电波导204如此被定位或放置时,沿介电波导204行进的波206至少部分地耦合到导线202,并且作为导波208在导线202的导线表面周围或附近并且沿导线202纵向地传播。导波208可以被特征化为表面波或其它电磁波,但是在不背离示例实施例的情况下也可以支持其它类型的导波208。波206没有耦合到导线202的一部分作为沿介电波导204的波210传播。应当认识到的是,介电波导204可以相对于导线202在各种各样的位置中被配置和布置,以实现波206到导线202的期望水平的耦合或不耦合。例如,与导线202平行或基本上平行的介电波导204的曲率和/或长度,以及其到导线202的间隔距离(在示例实施例中,这可以包括零间隔距离)可以在不背离示例实施例的情况下变化。同样,介电波导204相对于导线202的布置可以基于对导线202和介电波导204的相应固有特性(例如,厚度、组成、电磁属性等)以及波206和208的特性(例如,频率、能量水平等)的考虑而变化。
即使在导线202弯曲和屈曲时,导波208也在与导线202平行或基本上平行的方向中传播。导线202中的弯曲可以增加传输损耗,传输损耗还取决于导线直径、频率和材料。如果为了高效的功率传输而选择介电波导204的维度,那么波206中的大部分功率被转移到导线202,在波210中剩余的功率很少。应当认识到的是,导波208本质上仍然可以是多模式(本文中讨论的),包括具有非基波(non-fundamental)或不对称的模式,同时沿着与导线202平行或基本上平行的路径行进,具有或不具有基波(fundamental)传输模式。在示例实施例中,非基波或不对称模式可以用于最小化传输损耗和/或获得增加的传播距离。
应当注意的是,术语“平行”一般是几何构造,其在实际系统中常常是不可精确实现的。相应地,当用来描述本公开中公开的实施例时,如在本公开中使用的术语“平行”表示近似而不是精确配置。在示例实施例中,基本上平行可以包括在所有维度上在真正平行的30度内的近似。
在示例实施例中,波206可以表现出一个或多个波传播模式。介电波导模式可以取决于介电波导204的形状和/或设计。波206的一个或多个介电波导模式可以生成、影响或冲击沿导线202传播的导波208的一个或多个波传播模式。在示例实施例中,导线202上的波传播模式可以类似于介电波导模式,因为波206和208两者分别在介电波导204和导线202的外部周围传播。在一些实施例中,当波206耦合到导线202时,由于介电波导204和导线202之间的耦合,模式可以改变形式。例如,介电波导204和导线202的尺寸、材料和/或阻抗的不同可以创建介电波导模式中不存在的附加模式和/或可以抑制一些介电波导模式。波传播模式可以包括基波横向电磁模式(Quasi-TEM00),其中仅小的电场和/或磁场在传播方向上延伸,并且电场和磁场在导波沿导线传播的同时径向向外延伸。这种导波模式可以是环形的,其中在介电波导204或导线202内存在很少的电磁场。波206和208可以包括基波TEM模式,其中场径向向外延伸,并且还包括其它的非基波(例如,不对称的、更高级的等)模式。虽然上面讨论了特定的波传播模式,但是基于所采用的频率、介电波导204的设计、导线202的维度和组成以及其表面特性、其可选的绝缘、周围环境的电磁属性等,其它波传播模式同样是可能的,这些其它波传播模式诸如横向电(TE)和横向磁(TM)模式。应当注意的是,取决于频率、导线202的电和物理特性以及所生成的特定波传播模式,导波208可以沿氧化的非绝缘导线、未氧化的非绝缘导线、绝缘导线的导电表面和/或沿绝缘导线的绝缘表面行进。
在示例实施例中,介电波导204的直径小于导线202的直径。对于所使用的毫米波频带波长,介电波导204支持构成波206的单波导模式。这种单波导模式可以在其作为表面波208耦合到导线202时改变。如果介电波导204更大,那么可以支持多于一个波导模式,但是这些附加的波导模式可能无法高效地耦合到导线202,并且会导致更高的耦合损耗。但是,在一些替代实施例中,介电波导204的直径可以等于或大于导线202的直径,例如,在期望更高耦合损耗的地方或者当与其它技术结合使用以便以其它方式减小耦合损耗时(例如,通过逐渐变细(tapering)的阻抗匹配,等等)。
在示例实施例中,波206和208的波长在尺寸上相当,或者小于介电波导204和导线202的周长。在示例中,如果导线202具有0.5cm的直径和大约1.5cm的对应周长,那么传输的波长是大约1.5cm或更小,对应于20GHz或更大的频率。在另一种实施例中,传输和载波信号的合适频率在30-100GHz的范围内,可能是大约30-60GHz,并且在一个示例中是大约38GHz。在示例实施例中,当介电波导204和导线202的周长在尺寸上相当于或大于传输的波长时,波206和208可以表现出在足够的距离上传播以支持本文所描述的各种通信系统的多波传播模式,包括基波和/或非基波(对称和/或不对称)模式。因此,波206和208可以包括多于一种类型的电和磁场配置。在示例实施例中,当导波208沿导线202传播时,电和磁场配置将从导线202的一端到另一端保持相同。在其它实施例中,当导波208遇到干扰或者由于传输损耗而损失能量时,电和磁场配置可以在导波208沿导线202传播时改变。
在示例实施例中,介电波导204可以由尼龙、特氟龙、聚乙烯、聚酰胺或其它塑料构成。在其它实施例中,其它介电材料是可能的。导线202的导线表面可以是具有裸露的金属表面的金属,或者可以使用塑料、电介质、绝缘体或其它护套来绝缘。在示例实施例中,介电或其它非导电/绝缘波导可以与裸/金属导线或绝缘导线配对。在其它实施例中,金属和/或导电波导可以与裸/金属导线或绝缘导线配对。在示例实施例中,在导线202的裸露金属表面上的氧化层(例如,由于裸露金属表面暴露于氧/空气而产生)也可以提供类似于由一些绝缘体或护套提供的绝缘或介电属性。
应当注意的是,波206、208和210的图形表示仅仅是为了说明波206在例如作为单导线传输线路操作的导线202上感生或以其它方式发起导波208的原理。波210表示在生成导波208之后保留在介电波导204上的波206的部分。作为这种波传播的结果而生成的实际电和磁场可以取决于所采用的频率、一个或多个特定波传播模式、介电波导204的设计、导线202的维度和组成以及其表面特性、其可选的绝缘、周围环境的电磁属性等而变化。
应当注意的是,介电波导204可以在介电波导204的端部包括可吸收来自波210的剩余辐射或能量的终止电路或阻尼器214。终止电路或阻尼器214可以防止和/或最小化来自波210的朝发送器电路212反射回的剩余辐射。在示例实施例中,终止电路或阻尼器214可以包括终止电阻器和/或执行阻抗匹配以衰减反射的其它部件。在一些实施例中,如果耦合效率足够高,和/或波210足够小,那么可能不必使用终止电路或阻尼器214。为了简单起见,这些发送器电路212和终止电路或阻尼器214在其它图中没有绘出,但是在那些实施例中,会有可能使用发送器电路和终止电路或阻尼器。
另外,虽然给出了生成单个导波208的单个介电波导204,但是可以采用在沿导线202的不同点和/或在导线周围的不同方位朝向放置的多个介电波导204,以生成和接收处于相同或不同频率、处于相同或不同相位、和/或处于相同或不同波传播模式的多个导波208。一个或多个导波208可以被调制,以经由诸如相移键控、频移键控、正交幅度调制、幅度调制、多载波调制的调制技术以及诸如频分复用、时分复用、码分复用、经由不同波传播模式的复用的多址技术以及经由其它调制和接入策略来传送数据。
现在转到图3,其中图示了根据本文所描述各个方面的介电波导耦合系统300的示例、非限制性实施例的框图。系统300实现耦合器,该耦合器包括介电波导304和导线302,导线302具有作为导波在导线302的导线表面周围传播的波306。在示例实施例中,波306可以被特征化为表面波或其它电磁波。
在示例实施例中,介电波导304是弯曲的或以其它方式具有曲率,并且可以被放在导线302附近,使得弯曲的介电波导304的一部分与导线302平行或基本上平行。与导线平行的介电波导304的部分可以是曲线的顶点,或者是曲线的切线与导线302平行的任何点。当介电波导304在导线附近时,沿导线302行进的导波306可以耦合到介电波导304并且作为导波308在介电波导304周围传播。没有耦合到介电波导304的导波306的一部分作为导波310(例如,表面波或其它电磁波)沿导线302传播。
即使当导线302和介电波导304弯曲和屈曲时,导波306和308也分别保持与导线302和介电波导304平行。弯曲会增加传输损耗,传输损耗还取决于导线直径、频率和材料。如果为了高效的功率传输而选择介电波导304的维度,那么导波306中的大部分能量耦合到介电波导304,并且很少保留在导波310中。
在示例实施例中,接收器电路可以放在波导304的端部上,以便接收波308。终止电路可以被放在波导304的相对端部上,以便接收在与耦合到波导304的导波306相反方向上行进的导波。因此,终止电路将防止和/或最小化由接收器电路接收到的反射。如果反射小,那么终止电路可能是不必要的。
应当注意的是,介电波导304可以被配置成使得表面波306的选择的偏振作为导波308耦合到介电波导304。例如,如果导波306由具有相应偏振的导波或波传播模式组成,那么介电波导304可以被配置成接收所选择的偏振的一个或多个导波。因此,耦合到介电波导304的导波308是对应于所选择的偏振中的一个或多个的导波集合,并且导波310进一步可以包括不与所选择的偏振匹配的导波。
介电波导304可以被配置成基于在放置介电波导304的导线302周围的角度/旋转(耦合器的方位朝向)以及导波的场结构的方位模式来接收特定偏振的导波。例如,如果耦合器定向成沿着水平接入馈送导波并且如果导波306被水平偏振(即,导波的场结构集中在水平轴上),那么导波306的大部分作为波308被转移到介电波导。在另一种情况下,如果介电波导304绕导线302旋转90度,那么来自导波306的大部分能量将作为导波310保持耦合到导线,并且只有一小部分将作为波308耦合到导线302。
应当注意的是,在图3和说明书的其它图中利用三个圆形符号示出了波306、308和310。这些符号用于表示一般的导波,但不暗示波306、308和310必须是圆形偏振的或以其它方式圆形定向的。事实上,波306、308和310可以包括基波TEM模式,其中场径向向外延伸,并且还包括其它非基波(例如,更高级的等)模式。这些模式在本质上也可以是不对称的(例如,径向、双边、三边、四边等等)。
还应当注意的是,经导线的导波通信可以是全双工的,从而允许在两个方向上的同时通信。在一个方向行进的波可以穿过在相反方向行进的波。由于应用到波的叠加原理,电磁场可以在某些点和短时间内抵消。在相反方向行进的波传播,就像其它波不在那里一样,但是对观察者的复合效果可以是静止的驻波图案。当导波彼此穿过并且不再处于叠加状态时,干扰减弱。当导波(例如,表面波或其它电磁波)耦合到波导并离开导线时,由于其它导波(例如,表面波或其它电磁波)引起的任何干扰减弱。在示例实施例中,当导波306(例如,表面波或其它电磁波)接近介电波导304时,在导线302上从左到右行进的另一导波(例如,表面波或其它电磁波)(未示出)经过,从而造成局部干扰。当导波306作为波308耦合到介电波导304并且从导线302离开时,由于经过的导波引起的任何干扰减弱。
应当注意的是,给出电磁波306、308和310的图形表示仅仅是为了示出导波306在电介波导304上感生或以其它方式发起波308的原理。导波310表示在生成波308之后保留在导线302上的导波306的一部分。作为这种导波传播的结果而生成的实际电和磁场可以取决于介电波导的形状和/或设计、介电波导与导线的相对位置、所采用的频率、介电波导304的设计、导线302的维度和组成以及其表面特性、其可选的绝缘、周围环境的电磁属性等中的一个或多个而变化。
现在转到图4,其中图示了根据本文所描述各个方面的介电波导耦合系统400的示例、非限制性实施例的框图。系统400实现耦合器,该耦合器包括介电波导404,其具有作为导波在介电波导404的波导表面周围传播的波406。在示例实施例中,介电波导404是弯曲的,并且介电波导404的端部可以系到、紧固到或以其它方式机械耦合到导线402。当介电波导404的端部紧固到导线402时,介电波导404的端部与导线402平行或基本上平行。可替代地,超过端部的介电波导的另一部分可以紧固或耦合到导线402,使得紧固或耦合部分与导线402平行或基本上平行。耦合设备410可以是与介电波导404分离或构造为介电波导404的集成部件的尼龙电缆扎带或其它类型的非导电/介电材料。在其它实施例中,介电波导404可以从导线402机械解耦,从而在耦合器与导线402之间留下空气间隙。介电波导404可以与导线402邻近而不围绕导线402。
当介电波导404被放成其端部与导线402平行时,沿介电波导404行进的导波406耦合到导线402,并且作为导波408在导线402的导线表面周围传播。在示例实施例中,导波408可以被特征化为表面波或其它电磁波。
应当注意的是,给出波406和408的图形表示仅仅是为了示出波406在例如作为单导线传输线路操作的导线402上感生或以其它方式发起导波408的原理。作为这种波传播的结果而生成的实际电和磁场可以取决于介电波导的形状和/或设计、介电波导与导线的相对位置、所采用的频率、介电波导404的设计、导线402的维度和组成以及其表面特性、其可选的绝缘、周围环境的电磁属性等等当中一个或多个而改变。
在示例实施例中,介电波导404的端部可以朝导线402逐渐变细,以便增加耦合效率。实际上,根据本公开的示例实施例,介电波导404的端部的逐渐变细可以为导线402提供阻抗匹配。例如,介电波导404的端部可以逐渐变细,以便获得如图4中所示的波406和408之间的期望水平的耦合。
在示例实施例中,耦合设备410可以被放成使得在耦合设备410和介电波导404的端部之间存在短长度的介电波导404。当超过耦合设备410的介电波导404的端部的长度是用于正被发送的任何频率的至少几个波长长时,最大的耦合效率得以实现,但是较短的长度也是可能的。
现在转到图5A,其中图示了根据本文所描述各个方面的介电波导耦合器和收发器系统500(本文统称为系统500)的示例、非限制性实施例的框图。系统500包括发起和接收波(例如,到介电波导502上的导波504)的发送器/接收器设备506。导波504可以用于通过通信接口501传输从基站520、移动设备522或建筑物524接收到的信号以及发送到它们的信号。通信接口501可以是系统500的整体组成部分。可替代地,通信接口501可以系留(tethered)到系统500。通信接口501可以包括无线接口,用于利用各种无线信令协议(例如,LTE、WiFi、WiMAX、IEEE 802.xx等)中的任何一个与基站520、移动设备522或建筑物524相接口(interfacing)。通信接口501还可以包括有线接口,诸如光纤线路、同轴电缆、双绞线或用于向基站520或建筑物524发送信号的其它合适的有线介质。对于其中系统500用作中继器的实施例,通信接口501可以是不必要的。
通信接口501的输出信号(例如,Tx)可以在混频器510处与由本地振荡器512生成的毫米波载波组合。混频器510可以使用外差(heterodyning)技术或其它频移技术来频移来自通信接口501的输出信号。例如,发送到通信接口501和从通信接口501发送的信号可以是调制信号,诸如根据长期演进(LTE)无线协议或其它无线3G、4G、5G或更高的语音和数据协议、Zigbee、WIMAX,UltraWideband或IEEE 802.11无线协议或其它无线协议格式化的正交频分复用(OFDM)信号。在示例实施例中,这种频率转换可以在模拟域中进行,因此,可以在不考虑基站520、移动设备522或建筑物内设备524使用的通信协议的类型的情况下进行频移。随着新通信技术被开发,通信接口501可以被升级或替换,并且频移和传输装置可以保留,从而简化升级。载波可以接着被发送到功率放大器(“PA”)514并且可以经由双工器516经由发送器接收器设备506被发送。
从发送器/接收器设备506接收到的朝通信接口501引导的信号可以经由双工器516与其它信号分离。传输可以接着被发送到低噪声放大器(“LNA”)518用于放大。借助于本地振荡器512,混频器520可以将传输(在一些实施例中在毫米波频带中或大约38GHz)降频到固有(native)频率。通信接口501可以接着在输入端口(Rx)处接收传输。
在实施例中,发送器/接收器设备506可以包括圆柱形或非圆柱形金属(例如,其在实施例中可以是中空的,但不一定按比例绘制)或其它导电或非导电波导,并且介电波导502的端部可以放在波导或发送器/接收器设备506中或与其接近,使得当发送器/接收器设备506生成传输时,导波耦合到介电波导502并作为导波504在介电波导502的波导表面周围传播。在一些实施例中,导波504可以部分地在介电波导502的外表面上并且部分地在介电波导502内部传播。在其它实施例中,导波504可以基本上或完全在介电波导502的外表面上传播。在还有其它实施例中,导波504可以基本上或完全在介电波导502内部传播。在后一个实施例中,导波504可以在介电波导502的端部(诸如图4中所示的逐渐变细的端部)辐射,用于耦合到传输介质(诸如图4的导线402)。类似地,如果导波504正在传入(从导线耦合到介电波导502),那么导波504接着进入发送器/接收器设备506并耦合到圆柱形波导或导电波导。虽然发送器/接收器设备506被示为包括单独的波导——但是可以采用天线、空腔谐振器、速调管、磁控管、行波管或其它辐射元件来在波导502上感生导波,而不需要单独的波导。
在实施例中,介电波导502可以完全由介电材料(或其它合适的绝缘材料)构成,其中没有任何金属或其它导电材料。介电波导502可以由尼龙、特氟龙、聚乙烯、聚酰胺、其它塑料或其它不导电并适于便于电磁波至少部分地在这些材料的外表面上的传输的材料组成。在另一种实施例中,介电波导502可以包括导电/金属的芯,并且具有外部介电表面。类似地,耦合到介电波导502用于传播由介电波导502感生出的电磁波或用于向介电波导502提供电磁波的传输介质可以完全由介电材料(或其它合适的绝缘材料)构成,其中没有任何金属或其它导电材料。
应当注意的是,虽然图5A示出发送器接收器设备506的开口比介电波导502宽得多,但这不是按比例的,并且在其它实施例中,介电波导502的宽度与中空波导的开口相当或略小。也未示出,但是在一种实施例中,插入到发送器/接收器设备506中的波导502的端部逐渐变细,以便减少反射并增加耦合效率。
发送器/接收器设备506可以通信地耦合到通信接口501,并且可替代地,发送器/接收器设备506还可以通信地耦合到图1所示的一个或多个分布式天线112和114。在其它实施例中,发送器接收器设备506可以包括用于回程网络的中继器系统的一部分。
在耦合到介电波导502之前,由发送器/接收器设备506生成的导波的一个或多个波导模式可以耦合到介电波导502,以感生导波504的一个或多个波传播模式。由于中空金属波导和介质波导的不同特性,导波504的波传播模式可以不同于中空金属波导模式。例如,导波504的波传播模式可以包括基波横向电磁模式(Quasi-TEM00),其中只有小的电场和/或磁场在传播方向上延伸,并且电场和磁场从介电波导502径向向外延伸,而导波沿介电波导502传播。在中空的波导内部可以不存在基波横向电磁模式波传播模式。因此,由发送器/接收器设备506使用的中空金属波导模式是可以有效且高效地耦合到介电波导502的波传播模式的波导模式。
应当认识到的是,发送器/接收器设备506和介电波导502的其它构造或组合是可能的。例如,介电波导502’可以相对于发送器/接收器设备506’(对应的电路系统未示出)的中空金属波导的外表面切向地或平行地(有或没有间隙)放置,如图5B的标号500’所绘出的。在另一个未由500’示出的实施例中,介电波导502’可以放置在发送器/接收器设备506’的中空金属波导的内部,而无需介电波导502’的轴与发送器/接收器设备506’的中空金属波导的轴同轴对准。在这些实施例中的任一个当中,由发送器/接收器设备506’生成的导波可以耦合到介电波导502’的表面,以感生介电波导502’上的导波504’的一个或多个波传播模式,包括基波模式(例如,对称模式)和/或非基波模式(例如,非对称模式)。
在一个实施例中,导波504’可以部分地在介电波导502’的外表面上并且部分地在介电波导502’内部传播。在另一个实施例中,导波504’可以基本上或完全在介电波导502,的外表面上传播。在还有其它实施例中,导波504’可以基本上或完全在介电波导502’内部传播。在这后一个实施例中,导波504’可以在介电波导502’的端部(诸如图4中所示逐渐变细的端部)辐射,用于耦合到传输介质(诸如图4的导线402)。
还将认识到,发送器/接收器设备506的其它构造是可能的。例如,发送器/接收器设备506”(对应的电路系统未示出)的中空金属波导(图5B中绘制为标号500”)可以相对于传输介质(诸如图4的导线402)的外表面切向或平行地放置(有或没有间隙),而不使用介电波导502。在这个实施例中,由发送器/接收器设备506”生成的导波可以耦合到导线402的表面,以感生导线402上导波408的一个或多个波传播模式,包括基波模式(例如,对称模式)和/或非基波模式(例如,非对称模式)。在另一个实施例中,导线402可以定位在发送器/接收器设备506”’(对应的电路系统未示出)的中空金属波导内部,使得导线402的轴与中空金属波导的轴同轴(或不同轴)对准,而不使用介电波导502,参见图5B的标号500”’,也参见下面描述的图10A-10C。在这个实施例中,由发送器/接收器设备506”’生成的导波可以耦合到导线402的表面,以感生导线上导波408的一个或多个波传播模式,包括基波模式(例如,对称模式)和/或非基波模式(例如,非对称模式)。
在500”和500”’的实施例中,导波408可以部分地在导线402的外表面上并且部分地在导线402内部传播。在另一个实施例中,导波408可以基本上或完全在导线402的外表面上传播。导线402可以是裸导体或具有绝缘外表面的导体。
现在转到图6,其中图示了示出根据本文所描述各个方面的双介电波导耦合系统600的示例、非限制性实施例的框图。在示例实施例中,示出了具有在导线602周围定位以便接收导波608的两个或更多个介电波导(例如,604和606)的耦合模块。在示例实施例中,导波608可以被特征化为表面波或其它电磁波。在示例实施例中,一个介电波导足以接收导波608。在那种情况下,导波608耦合到介电波导604并作为导波610传播。如果导波608的场结构由于各种外部因素而在导线602周围振荡或波动,那么介电波导606可以被放成使得导波608耦合到介电波导606。在一些实施例中,四个或更多个介电波导可以被放在导线602的一部分周围,例如,相对于彼此处于90度或其它间距,以便接收可以在导线602周围振荡或旋转的导波,其中导波已经在不同的方位朝向被感生出或具有例如具有依赖朝向的波瓣和/或空值或其它不对称性的非基波或更高阶模式。但是,应当认识到的是,在不背离示例实施例的情况下,可以在导线602的一部分周围放置少于或多于四个介电波导。还将认识到,虽然一些示例实施例已经给出了在导线602的至少一部分周围的多个介电波导,但是这多个介电波导也可以被认为是具有多个介电波导子成分的单个介电波导系统的一部分。例如,两个或更多个介电波导可以被制造为单个系统,该系统可以在单次安装中安装在导线周围,使得介电波导根据该单个系统相对于彼此(手动地或自动地)预定位或可调节。耦合到介质波导606和604的接收器可以使用分集组合来组合从两个介质波导606和604接收的信号,以便最大化信号质量。在其它实施例中,如果介电波导604和606中的一个或另一个接收到高于预定阈值的传输,那么接收器可以在决定使用哪个信号时使用选择分集。
应当注意的是,给出波608和610的图形表示仅仅是为了图示导波608在介电波导604上感生或以其它方式发起波610的原理。作为这种波传播的结果而生成的实际电场和磁场可以取决于所采用的频率、介电波导604的设计、导线602的维度和组成以及其表面特性、其可选的绝缘、周围环境的电磁属性等而变化。
现在转到图7,其中图示了根据本文所描述各个方面的双向介电波导耦合系统700的示例、非限制性实施例的框图。这种系统700实现具有耦合模块的传输设备,该耦合模块包括两个介质波导704和714,这两个介质波导704和714可以放在导线702附件,使得沿导线702传播的导波(例如,表面波或其它电磁波)作为波706耦合到介电波导704,并且接着被中继器设备710提升或中继并且作为导波716被发起到介电波导714上。导波716可以接着耦合到导线702并继续沿导线702传播。在示例实施例中,中继器设备710可以接收用于通过与导线702的磁耦合来提升或中继的功率的至少一部分,导线702可以是电力线路。
在一些实施例中,中继器设备710可以中继与波706相关联的传输,并且在其它实施例中,中继器设备710可以与位于中继器设备710附近的分布式天线系统和/或基站设备相关联。接收器波导708可以从介电波导704接收波706,并且发送器波导712可以将导波716发起到介电波导714上。在接收器波导708和发送器波导712之间,信号可以被放大,以校正信号损失和与导波通信相关联的其它低效率,或者信号可以被接收和处理以提取其中包含的数据并再生成用于传输。在示例实施例中,信号可以从传输中提取并且被处理以及经由可通信耦合到中继器设备710的分布式天线以其它方式发射到附近的移动设备。类似地,由分布式天线接收的信号和/或通信可以插入到由发送器波导712生成并发起到介电波导714上的传输中。相应地,图7中所绘出的中继器系统700在功能上可以与图1中的介电波导耦合设备108和110相当。
应当注意的是,虽然图7示出了分别从左边进入和从右边离开的导波传输706和716,但这仅仅是简化而不旨在是限制。在其它实施例中,接收器波导708和发送器波导712还可以分别充当发送器和接收器,从而允许中继器设备710是双向的。
在示例实施例中,中继器设备710可以放在导线702上存在不连续或障碍物的位置处。这些障碍物可以包括变压器、连接、电线杆和其它此类电力线路设备。中继器设备710可以帮助导波(例如,表面波)跳过线路上的这些障碍物并且同时提升传输功率。在其它实施例中,可以使用介电波导来跳过障碍物而不使用中继器设备。在该实施例中,介电波导的两端可以系在或紧固到导线上,从而为导波提供行进的路径而不被障碍物阻挡。
现在转到图8,其中图示了根据本文所描述各个方面的双向介电波导耦合器800的示例、非限制性实施例的框图。双向介电波导耦合器800实现具有耦合模块的传输设备,该耦合模块可以在两条或更多条导线串接在电线杆之间的情况下采用分集路径。由于导波传输基于天气、降水和大气状况对绝缘导线和非绝缘导线具有不同的传输效率和耦合效率,因此在某些时候选择性地在绝缘导线或非绝缘导线上发送会是有利的。
在图8所示的实施例中,中继器设备使用接收器波导808接收沿非绝缘导线802行进的导波,并且利用发送器波导810中继传输作为沿绝缘导线804的导波。在其它实施例中,中继器设备可以从绝缘导线804切换到非绝缘导线802,或者可以沿相同的路径中继传输。中继器设备806可以包括传感器,或者与指示会影响传输的状况的传感器通信。基于从传感器接收的反馈,中继器设备806可以确定是沿着同一导线保持传输还是将传输转移到另一条导线。
现在转到图9,其中图示了示出双向中继器系统900的示例、非限制性实施例的框图。双向中继器系统900实现具有耦合模块的传输设备,该耦合模块包括接收和发送来自位于分布式天线系统或回程系统中的其它耦合设备的传输的波导耦合设备902和904。
在各种实施例中,波导耦合设备902可以接收来自另一波导耦合设备的传输,其中该传输具有多个子载波。双工器906可以将该传输与其它传输分离,例如通过过滤,并且将该传输指引到低噪声放大器(“LNA”)908。在本地振荡器912的帮助下,混频器928可以将传输降频(其在一些实施例中在毫米波频带内或大约38GHz)到较低频率,无论它是用于分布式天线系统的蜂窝频带(1.9GHz)、固有频率还是用于回程系统的其它频率。提取器932可以提取与天线或其它输出部件922相对应的子载波上的信号,并将该信号指引到输出部件922。对于在这个天线位置处未被提取的信号,提取器932可以将它们重定向到另一混频器936,其中这些信号被用来调制由本地振荡器914生成的载波。利用其子载波,载波被指引到功率放大器(“PA”)916并且被波导耦合设备904经由同向双工器(diplexer)920重新发送到另一个中继器系统。
在输出设备922处,PA 924可以提升用于传输到移动设备的信号。LNA 926可以被用来放大从移动设备接收的弱信号,接着将该信号发送到多路复用器934,多路复用器934将该信号与已经从波导耦合设备904接收的信号合并。输出设备922可以经由例如未具体示出的同向双工器、双工器(duplexer)或发送接收开关耦合到分布式天线系统中的天线或其它天线。从耦合设备904接收的信号已经被同向双工器920分离,接着通过LNA 918,并由混频器938降频。当信号由多路复用器934组合时,它们由混频器930升频,接着由PA910提升,并且通过波导耦合设备902继续发送到另一个中继器或者发送回到发起器。在示例实施例中,双向中继器系统900可以仅仅是没有天线/输出设备922的中继器。应当认识到的是,在一些实施例中,双向中继器系统900还可以利用两个不同且分离的单向中继器来实现。在替代实施例中,双向中继器系统900还可以是提升器(booster)或以其它方式执行重新传输而无需降频和升频。实际上,在示例实施例中,重新传输可以基于在信号或导波的重新传输之前接收信号或导波并执行某种信号或导波处理或重新整形、滤波和/或放大。
图10图示了与上述系统相关的过程。图10中的过程可以例如由分别图1-9所示的系统100、200、300、400、500、600、700、800和900实现。虽然为了简化说明的目的,该方法被示出和描述为一系列方框,但是应当理解和认识到,所要求保护的主题不受方框的顺序限制,因为一些方框可以与其它方框以与本文所绘出和描述的不同的顺序发生和/或同时发生。此外,可能并不需要所有图示的方框以实现下文所描述的方法。
图10图示了用如本文所描述的介电波导耦合器发送传输的方法的示例、非限制性实施例的流程图。方法1000可以在1002处开始,其中第一电磁波由传输设备发出,第一电磁波至少部分地在波导的波导表面上传播,其中波导的波导表面不全部或大部分围绕导线的导线表面。由发送器生成的传输可以基于从基站设备、接入点、网络或移动设备接收到的信号。
在1004处,基于接近导线配置波导,导波接着将第一电磁波的至少一部分耦合到导线表面,从而形成至少部分地在导线表面周围传播的第二电磁波(例如,表面波),其中导线与波导接近。这可以响应于靠近和平行于导线定位介电波导的一部分(例如,介电波导的曲线的切线)而完成,其中电磁波的波长小于导线和介电波导的周长。即使当导线弯曲和屈曲时,导波或表面波也保持与导线平行。弯曲会增加传输损耗,传输损耗还取决于导线直径、频率和材料。如本文所描述的,导线和波导之间的耦合接口还可以被配置成实现期望水平的耦合,这可以包括使波导的端部逐渐变细,以改善波导和导线之间的阻抗匹配。
由发送器发出的传输可以表现出一个或多个波导模式。波导模式可以取决于波导的形状和/或设计。由于波导和导线的不同特性,导线上的传播模式可以不同于波导模式。当导线的周长在尺寸上相当于或大于传输的波长时,导波表现出多波传播模式。因此,导波可以包括多于一种类型的电场和磁场配置。当导波(例如,表面波)沿导线传播时,电场和磁场配置可以从导线的一端到另一端保持基本相同,或者随着传输通过旋转、色散、衰减或其它效应穿过波而变化。
现在参考图11,其中图示了根据本文所描述各个方面的计算环境的框图。为了提供用于本文所描述实施例的各种实施例的附加上下文,图11和以下讨论意在提供对其中可以实现本文所描述实施例的各种实施例的合适的计算环境1100的简要一般描述。虽然上面已经在可以在一个或多个计算机上运行的计算机可执行指令的一般上下文中描述了实施例,但是本领域技术人员将认识到,实施例还可以与其它程序模块组合和/或作为硬件和软件的组合来实现。
一般而言,程序模块包括执行特定任务或实现特定抽象数据类型的例程、程序、部件、数据结构等。而且,本领域技术人员将认识到,该发明性方法可以用其它计算机系统配置来实践,包括单处理器或多处理器计算机系统、小型计算机、大型计算机、以及个人计算机、手持式计算设备、基于微处理器的或可编程的消费电子产品等,其中每个可操作地耦合到一个或多个相关联的设备。
除非上下文另有清楚,否则如权利要求中所使用的术语“第一”、“第二”、“第三”等仅仅是为了清晰,而不是另外指示或暗示任何时间次序。例如,“第一确定”、“第二确定”和“第三确定”不指示或暗示第一确定是在第二确定之前进行的,或者反之亦然,等等。
本文实施例的所示实施例还可以在分布式计算环境中实践,其中某些任务由通过通信网络链接的远程处理设备执行。在分布式计算环境中,程序模块可以位于本地和远程存储器存储设备两者中。
计算设备通常包括各种各样的介质,其可以包括计算机可读存储介质和/或通信介质,这两个术语在本文如下彼此不同地使用。计算机可读存储介质可以是可由计算机访问的任何可用存储介质,并且包括易失性和非易失性介质、可移动和不可移动介质。作为示例而非限制,计算机可读存储介质可以结合用于存储诸如计算机可读指令、程序模块、结构化数据或非结构化数据的信息的任何方法或技术来实现。
计算机可读存储介质可以包括但不限于随机存取存储器(RAM)、只读存储器(ROM)、电可擦除可编程只读存储器(EEPROM)、闪存或其它存储器技术、光盘只读存储器(CD-ROM)、数字通用盘(DVD)或其它光盘存储器、磁带盒、磁带、磁盘存储器或其它磁性存储设备或者其它可以被用来存储期望信息的有形的和/或非临时性介质。在这方面,当在本文被应用到存储装置、存储器或计算机可读介质时,术语“有形”或“非临时性”应当被应理解为作为修饰语(modifier)排除本身仅仅传播临时性信号并且不放弃对所有本身不仅传播临时性信号的标准存储装置、存储器或计算机可读介质的权利。
计算机可读存储介质可以由一个或多个本地或远程计算设备访问,例如经由访问请求、查询或其它数据检索协议,用于关于由该介质存储的信息的各种各样的操作。
通信介质通常以诸如调制的数据信号(例如,载波或其它传输机制)的数据信号体现计算机可读指令、数据结构、程序模块或其它结构化或非结构化数据,并且包括任何信息传递或传输介质。术语“调制的数据信号”或信号是指其一个或多个特性以在一个或多个信号中编码信息的方式被设置或改变的信号。作为示例而非限制,通信介质包括有线介质(诸如有线网络或直接连线连接),以及无线介质(诸如声学、RF、红外和其它无线介质)。
再次参考图11,用于经由基站(例如,基站设备104和508)和中继器设备(例如,中继器设备710、806和900)发送和接收信号的示例环境1100包括计算机1102,计算机1102包括处理单元1104、系统存储器1106和系统总线1108。系统总线1108将包括但不限于系统存储器1106的系统部件耦合到处理单元1104。处理单元1104可以是各种市售处理器中的任何一种。双微处理器和其它多处理器体系架构也可以被采用作为处理单元1104。
系统总线1108可以是几种类型的总线结构中的任意一种,其可以进一步利用各种各样的市售总线体系架构中的任意一种互连到存储器总线(具有或不具有存储器控制器)、外围总线和局部总线。系统存储器1106包括ROM 1110和RAM 1112。基本输入/输出系统(BIOS)可以存储在诸如ROM、可擦除可编程只读存储器(EPROM)、EEPROM的非易失性存储器中,其中BIOS包含帮助诸如在启动期间在计算机1102内的元件之间传送信息的基本例程。RAM 1112还可以包括高速RAM,诸如用于高速缓存数据的静态RAM。
计算机1102还包括内部硬盘驱动器(HDD)1114(例如,EIDE、SATA),该内部硬盘驱动器1114还可以被配置成用于在合适的机箱(未示出)中外部使用,计算机1102还包括磁性软盘驱动器(FDD)1116(例如,为了从可移动磁盘1118读取或对其写入)和光盘驱动器1120(例如,读取CD-ROM盘1122,或者从诸如DVD的其它高容量光学介质读取或对其写入)。硬盘驱动器1114、磁盘驱动器1116和光盘驱动器1120可以分别通过硬盘驱动器接口1124、磁盘驱动器接口1126和光盘驱动器接口1128连接到系统总线1108。用于外部驱动器实现的接口1124包括通用串行总线(USB)以及电气和电子工程师协会(IEEE)1394接口技术中的至少一个或两者。其它外部驱动器连接技术在本文所述实施例的预期内。
驱动器及其相关联的计算机可读存储介质提供数据、数据结构、计算机可执行指令等的非易失性存储。对于计算机1102,驱动器和存储介质以合适的数字格式容纳任何数据的存储。虽然上面的计算机可读存储介质的描述涉及硬盘驱动器(HDD)、可移动磁盘和诸如CD或DVD的可移动光学介质,但是本领域技术人员应当认识到的是,其它类型的计算机可读的存储介质(诸如zip驱动器、磁带盒、闪存卡、盒式磁带等)也可以在示例操作环境中使用,另外,任何此类存储介质都可以包含用于执行本文所描述的方法的计算机可执行指令。
多个程序模块可以存储在驱动器和RAM 1112中,包括操作系统1130、一个或多个应用程序1132、其它程序模块1134和程序数据1136。操作系统、应用、模块和/或数据的全部或部分也可以被高速缓存在RAM 1112中。本文所描述的系统和方法可以利用各种市售的操作系统或操作系统的组合来实现。可以由处理单元1104实现和以其它方式执行的应用程序1132的示例包括由中继器设备806执行的分集选择确定。图5中所示的基站设备508也在存储器上存储可以由这个示例性计算环境1100中的处理单元1104执行的许多应用和程序。
用户可以通过一个或多个有线/无线输入设备(例如,键盘1138和诸如鼠标1140的指点设备)将命令和信息输入到计算机1102中。其它输入设备(未示出)可以包括麦克风、红外(IR)遥控器、操纵杆、游戏板、触控笔、触摸屏等。这些和其它输入设备常常通过可以耦合到系统总线1108的输入设备接口1142连接到处理单元1104,但是可以通过其它接口连接,这些其它接口诸如并行端口、IEEE1394串行端口、游戏端口、通用串行总线(USB)端口、IR接口等。
监视器1144或其它类型的显示设备也可以经由诸如视频适配器1146的接口连接到系统总线1108。还将认识到,在替代实施例中,监视器1144还可以是任何显示设备(例如,具有显示器的另一计算机、智能电话、平板计算机等),用于经由任何通信手段(包括经由互联网和基于云的网络)接收与计算机1102相关联的显示信息。除了监视器1144之外,计算机通常还包括其它外围输出设备(未示出),诸如扬声器、打印机等。
计算机1102可以利用经由到一个或多个远程计算机(诸如(一个或多个)远程计算机1148)的有线和/或无线通信的逻辑连接在联网环境中操作。(一个或多个)远程计算机1148可以是工作站、服务器计算机、路由器、个人计算机、便携式计算机、基于微处理器的娱乐设备、对等设备或其它公共网络节点,并且通常包括相对于计算机1102描述的许多或全部元件,但是为了简洁,仅示出了存储器/存储设备1150。所绘出的逻辑连接包括到局域网(LAN)1152和/或更大的网络(例如,广域网(WAN)1154)的有线/无线连接。这种LAN和WAN联网环境在办公室和公司中是常见的,并且便于企业范围的计算机网络(诸如内联网),所有这些都可以连接到全球通信网络(例如,互联网)。
当在LAN联网环境中使用时,计算机1102可以通过有线和/或无线通信网络接口或适配器1156连接到本地网络1152。适配器1156可以便于到LAN 1152的有线或无线通信,其还可以包括部署在其上的用于与无线适配器1156通信的无线AP。
当在WAN联网环境中使用时,计算机1102可以包括调制解调器1158或者可以连接到WAN 1154上的通信服务器,或者具有用于经WAN 1154建立通信的其它手段(诸如通过互联网)。可以是内部或外部设备以及有线或无线设备的调制解调器1158可以经由输入设备接口1142连接到系统总线1108。在联网环境中,相对于计算机1102或其部分绘出的程序模块可以存储在远程存储器/存储设备1150中。应当认识到的是,所示出的网络连接是示例并且可以使用在计算机之间建立通信链路的其它手段。
计算机1102可操作成与可操作地部署在无线通信中的任何无线设备或实体通信,这些无线设备或实体例如打印机、扫描仪、桌面和/或便携式计算机、便携式数据助理、通信卫星、任何与无线可检测标签相关联的装备或位置(例如,信息站、报摊、洗手间)以及电话。这可以包括无线保真(Wi-Fi)和无线技术。因此,通信可以是与常规网络一样的预定义结构或者简单地是至少两个设备之间的自组织(ad hoc)通信。
Wi-Fi可以允许在从家里的沙发、酒店房间的床上或者工作会议室连接到互联网,而无需电线。Wi-Fi是类似于在手机中使用的无线技术,它使这种设备(例如计算机)在室内和室外;在基站范围内的任何地方,发送和接收数据。Wi-Fi网络使用被称为IEEE 802.11(a,b,g,n,ac等)的无线电技术来提供安全、可靠、快速的无线连接性。Wi-Fi网络可以被用来将计算机连接到彼此、连接到互联网并且连接到(可以使用IEEE 802.3或以太网的)有线网络。Wi-Fi网络在例如无许可的2.4和5GHz无线电频带内操作,或具有包含这两个频带(双频带)的产品,使得网络可以提供类似于在许多办公室使用的基本10BaseT有线以太网网络的真实世界性能。
图12给出了可以实现和利用本文所描述的所公开主题的一个或多个方面的移动网络平台1210的示例实施例1200。在一种或多种实施例中,移动网络平台1210可以生成和接收由与所公开主题相关联的基站(例如,基站设备104和508)和中继器设备(例如,中继器设备710、806和900)发送和接收的信号。一般而言,无线网络平台1210可以包括便于分组交换(PS)(例如,互联网协议(IP)、帧中继、异步传送模式(ATM))和电路交换(CS)流量(例如,语音和数据)这两者、以及控制用于联网无线电信的生成的部件,例如节点、网关、接口、服务器或完全不同的平台。作为非限制性示例,无线网络平台1210可以包括在电信运营商网络中,并且如本文其它地方所讨论的那样可以被认为是运营商侧的部件。移动网络平台1210包括(一个或多个)CS网关节点1212,其中CS网关节点1212可以对接从像(一个或多个)电话网络1240(例如,公共交换电话网(PSTN)或公共陆地移动网(PLMN))的传统网络或信令系统#7(SS7)网络1260接收到的CS流量。(一个或多个)电路交换网关节点1212可以授权并认证从这种网络产生的流量(例如,语音)。此外,(一个或多个)CS网关节点1212可以访问通过SS7网络1260生成的数据、漫游或移动性;例如,存储在被访问位置寄存器(VLR)中的移动性数据,其可以驻留在存储器1230中。而且,(一个或多个)CS网关节点1212对接基于CS的流量和信令以及(一个或多个)PS网关节点1218。作为示例,在3GPP UMTS网络中,(一个或多个)CS网关节点1212可以至少部分地在(一个或多个)网关GPRS支持节点(GGSN)中实现。应当认识到的是,(一个或多个)CS网关节点1212、(一个或多个)PS网关节点1218和(一个或多个)服务节点1216的功能和具体操作由用于电信的移动网络平台1210所使用的(一种或多种)无线电技术提供和规定。
除了接收和处理CS交换流量和信令之外,(一个或多个)PS网关节点1218还可以授权并认证与被服务的移动设备的基于PS的数据会话。数据会话可包括与无线网络平台1210外部的网络交换的流量或(一个或多个)内容,其中网络比如(一个或多个)广域网(WAN)1250、(一个或多个)企业网1270以及(一个或多个)服务网络1280,其中服务网络可以在(一个或多个)局域网(LAN)中体现,也可以通过(一个或多个)PS网关节点1218与移动网络平台1210相接口。应当注意的是,WAN 1250和(一个或多个)企业网1270可以至少部分地体现像IP多媒体子系统(IMS)的(一个或多个)服务网络。基于在(一个或多个)技术资源中可用的(一个或多个)无线电技术层,(一个或多个)分组交换网关节点1218可以在数据会话被建立时生成分组数据协议上下文;便于分组化数据的路由的其它数据结构也可以被生成。为此,在一方面,(一个或多个)PS网关节点1218可以包括隧道接口(例如,3GPP UMTS网络中的隧道终止网关(TTG)(未示出)),该隧道接口可以便于与(一个或多个)不同的无线网络(诸如Wi-Fi网络)的分组化通信。
在实施例1200中,无线网络平台1210还包括(一个或多个)服务节点1216,基于(一个或多个)技术资源1217中可用的(一个或多个)无线电技术层,所述服务节点传送通过(一个或多个)PS网关节点1218接收的数据流的各个分组流。应当注意的是,对于主要取决于CS通信的(一个或多个)技术资源1217,(一个或多个)服务器节点可以不依赖(一个或多个)PS网关节点1218就输送流量;例如,(一个或多个)服务器节点可以至少部分地体现移动交换中心。作为示例,在3GPP UMTS网络中,(一个或多个)服务节点1216可以在(一个或多个)服务GPRS支持节点(SGSN)中体现。
对于采用分组化通信的无线电技术,无线网络平台1210中的(一个或多个)服务器1214可以执行多种应用,这些应用可以生成多个不同的分组化数据流(streams或者flows),并且管理(例如,调度、排队,格式化...)这种流。(一个或多个)这种应用可以包括对由无线网络平台1210提供的标准服务(例如,供应、计费、客户支持...)的附加特征。数据流(例如,作为语音呼叫或数据会话的一部分的(一个或多个)内容)可以被传送到(一个或多个)PS网关节点1218,用于数据会话的授权/认证和启动,并且被传送到(一个或多个)服务节点1216,用于其后的通信。除了应用服务器之外,(一个或多个)服务器1214还可以包括(一个或多个)实用服务器(utility server),实用服务器可以包括供应服务器、操作和维护服务器、可以至少部分地实现证书颁发和防火墙以及其它安全机制的安全服务器,等等。在一方面,(一个或多个)安全服务器保护通过无线网络平台1210被服务的通信,以便作为(一个或多个)CS网关节点1212和(一个或多个)PS网关节点1218可以制定的授权和认证程序的附加,还确保网络的操作和数据完整性。而且,(一个或多个)供应服务器可以供应来自(一个或多个)外部网络(如由不同的服务提供者运营的网络)的服务;例如,WAN 1250或(一个或多个)全球定位系统(GPS)网络(未示出)。(一个或多个)供应服务器还可以通过关联到无线网络平台1210的网络(例如,由同一服务提供者部署和运营)来供应覆盖,网络诸如图1中所示的通过提供更多网络覆盖来增强无线服务覆盖的分布式天线网络。诸如图7、8和9中所示那些的中继器设备也改善网络覆盖,以便增强通过UE 1275的订户服务体验。
应当注意的是,(一个或多个)服务器1214可以包括被配置成至少部分地给予(confer)宏网络平台1210的功能的一个或多个处理器。为此,例如,这一个或多个处理器可以执行存储在存储器1230中的代码指令。应当认识到的是,(一个或多个)服务器1214可以包括内容管理器,其中内容管理器以基本上与前文所描述相同的方式操作。
在示例实施例1200中,存储器1230可以存储关于无线网络平台1210的操作的信息。其它操作信息可以包括通过无线网络平台1210被服务的移动设备的供应信息、订户数据库;应用智能、定价方案,例如促销价格、统一费率方案、优惠券活动;与用于不同的无线电或无线技术层的操作的电信协议一致的(一个或多个)技术规范;等等。存储器1230还可以存储来自(一个或多个)电话网络1240、WAN1250、(一个或多个)企业网1270或者SS7网络1260当中至少一个的信息。在一方面,存储器1230可以例如作为数据存储部件或作为远程连接的存储器存储的一部分被访问。
为了提供用于所公开主题的各方面的上下文,图12和以下讨论意在提供对其中可以实现所公开主题的合适环境的简要的一般描述。虽然以上已经在可以在一个和/或多个计算机上运行的计算机程序的计算机可执行指令的一般上下文中描述了本主题,但是本领域技术人员将认识到,所公开的主题也可以结合其它程序模块来实现。一般而言,程序模块包括执行特定任务和/或实现特定抽象数据类型的例程、程序、部件、数据结构,等等。
现在转到图13a、13b和13c,图示了根据本文所描述各个方面的开槽波导耦合器系统1300的示例、非限制性实施例的框图。特别地,各个波导的横截面存在于波导沿导线发起导波的接头的附近。在图13a中,波导耦合器系统包括相对于波导1302定位的导线1306,使得导线1306装配在波导1302中形成的槽内或附近,该槽相对于导线1306纵向延伸。波导1302的相对端1304a和1304b,以及波导1302本身,包围导线1306的导线表面的小于180度。
在图13b中,波导耦合器系统包括相对于波导1308定位的导线1314,使得导线1314装配在波导1308中形成的槽内或附近,该槽相对于导线1314纵向延伸。波导1308的槽表面可以是不平行的,并且在图13b中示出了两个不同的示例性实施例。在第一个实施例中,槽表面1310a和1310b可以是不平行的并向外瞄准,比导线1314的宽度略宽。在另一个实施例中,槽表面1312a和1312b仍然可以是不平行的,但是窄,以形成比导线1314的宽度小的槽开口。不平行的槽表面的任何角度范围都是可能的,这些是其中两个示例性实施例。
在图13c中,波导耦合器系统示出了装配在波导1316中形成的槽内的导线1320。这个示例性实施例中的槽表面1318a和1318b可以是平行的,但是导线1320的轴1326不与波导1316的轴1324对准。因此波导1316和导线1320不是同轴对准的。在示出的另一个实施例中,导线在1322处的可能位置也具有不与波导1316的轴1324对准的轴1328。
应当认识到的是,虽然在13a、13b和13c中分别示出了三个不同实施例,示出a)包围导线的小于180度的波导表面,b)不平行的槽表面,以及c)同轴不对准的导线和波导,但是在各种实施例中,列出的特征的不同组合是可能的。
现在转到图14,图示了根据本文所描述各个方面的波导耦合系统1400的示例、非限制性实施例。图14绘出了图2、3、4等中所示的波导和导线实施例的横截面图。如在1400中可以看到的,导线1404可以直接定位在波导1402旁边并且接触波导1402。在其它实施例中,如在图14b中的波导耦合系统1410中所示出的,导线1414仍然可以被放置在波导条1412附近,但不实际接触波导条1412。在这两种情况下,沿着波导行进的电磁波都可以将其它电磁波感生到电线上,反之亦然。而且,在这两个实施例中,导线1404和1414都被放置在由波导1402和1412的外表面限定的横截区域的外侧。
为了本公开内容的目的,当在横截面上观察的时候波导不包围大于180度的表面的轴向区域时,波导不包围导线的导线表面的大部分。为了避免疑问,当在横截面上观察的时候导波导包围180度或更小的表面的轴向区域时,波导不包围导线的表面的大部分。
应当认识到的是,虽然图14a和14b示出了具有圆形形状的导线1404和1414以及具有矩形形状的波导1402和1412,但这并不意味着限制。在其它实施例中,导线和波导可以具有各种各样的形状、尺寸和构造。形状可以包括但不限于:卵形或其它椭圆形状、八边形、四边形,或具有尖锐或圆形边缘的其它多边形,或者其它形状。此外,在一些实施例中,导线1404和1414可以是包括较小规格导线的绞合线,诸如螺旋线、编织线,或者将单股线以其它方式耦合成单根导线。图中所示并贯穿本公开内容描述的导线和波导中的任何一个可以包括这些实施例中的一个或多个。
在本说明书,诸如“存储库”、“存储装置”、“数据存储”、“数据存储装置”、“数据库”的术语以及基本上任何其它与部件的操作和功能相关的信息存储部件都是指“存储器部件”,或者体现在“存储器”或包含存储器的部件中的实体。应当认识到的是,本文所描述的存储器部件可以是易失性存储器或非易失性存储器,或者可以既包括易失性又包括非易失性存储器,作为说明而非限制,易失性存储器、非易失性存储器、盘存储装置和存储器存储装置。另外,非易失性存储器可以包括在只读存储器(ROM)、可编程ROM(PROM)、电可编程ROM(EPROM)、电可擦除ROM(EEPROM)或闪存存储器中。易失性存储器可以包括随机存取存储器(RAM),它充当外部高速缓存存储器。作为说明而非限制,RAM以许多形式可用,诸如同步RAM(SRAM)、动态RAM(DRAM)、同步DRAM(SDRAM)、双数据速率SDRAM(DDR SDRAM)、增强型SDRAM(ESDRAM)、同步链路DRAM(SLDRAM)和直接Rambus RAM(DRRAM)。此外,本文所公开的系统或方法的存储器部件意在包括但不限于包括这些和任何其它合适类型的存储器。
而且,应当注意的是,所公开的主题可以利用其它计算机系统配置来实践,包括单处理器或多处理器计算机系统、微型计算设备、大型计算机,以及个人计算机、手持式计算设备(例如,PDA、电话、手表、平板电脑、上网本电脑、等等),基于微处理器的或可编程的消费者或工业电子产品,等等。所说明的各方面也可以在分布式计算环境中实践,其中任务由通过通信网络链接的远程处理设备执行;但是,本公开的各方面就算不是全部也至少有一些可以在独立的计算机上实践。在分布式计算环境中,程序模块可以位于本地和远程存储器存储设备这两者中。
本文描述的一些实施例还可以采用人工智能(AI)来便于使本文所描述的一个或多个特征自动化。例如,可以使用人工智能来确定导线周围应当放置介电波导604和606的位置,以便最大化转移效率。实施例(例如,与在添加到现有通信网络之后自动识别所获取的提供最大化价值/利益的小区站点有关的)可以采用各种基于AI的方案来执行其各种实施例。而且,分类器可以被用来确定所获取的网络的每个小区站点的排名或优先级。分类器是将输入属性向量x=(x1,x2,x3,x4,...,xn)映射到该输入属于一类(class)的置信度(confidence)的函数,即f(x)=confidence(class)。这种分类可以采用基于概率和/或基于统计的分析(例如,分解成分析效用和成本)来预测或推断用户期望被自动执行的动作。支持向量机(SVM)是可以被采用的分类器的示例。SVM通过找出可能输入的空间中的超曲面来操作,其中超曲面试图分离触发标准与非触发事件。直观地,这使得分类对于接近训练数据但与训练数据不完全相同的测试数据是正确的。其它有向和无向模型分类方法包括例如朴素贝叶斯、贝叶斯网络、决策树、神经网络、模糊逻辑模型和提供可被采用的不同独立性模式的概率分类模型。如本文使用的分类还包括被用来开发优先级模型的统计回归。
如将容易认识到的,一种或多种实施例可以采用经过显式训练(例如,经由一般训练数据)以及隐式训练(例如,经由观察UE行为、运营者偏好、历史信息、接收外来信息)的分类器。例如,SVM可以经由分类器构造器和特征选择模块中的学习或训练阶段来配置。因此,(一个或多个)分类器可以被用来自动学习和执行多个功能,包括但不限于根据预定标准确定所获取的小区站点中哪个将有利于最大数量的订户和/或所获取的小区站点中哪个将向现有的通信网络覆盖添加最小价值,等等。
如在本申请中在一些上下文中所使用的,在一些实施例中,术语“部件”,“系统”等意在指或者包括与计算机相关的实体或者与具有一个或多个具体功能的操作装置相关的实体,其中实体可以是硬件、硬件和软件的组合、软件或者执行中的软件。作为示例,部件可以是但不限于是在处理器上运行的过程、处理器、对象、可执行程序、执行线程、计算机可执行的指令、程序和/或计算机。作为说明而非限制,在服务器上运行的应用和服务器都可以是部件。一个或多个部件可以驻留在执行的过程和/或线程内,并且部件可以在一个计算机上本地化和/或在两个或更多个计算机之间分布。此外,这些部件可以从其上存储有各种数据结构的各种计算机可读介质执行。这些部件可以经由本地和/或远程过程来通信,诸如根据具有一个或多个数据分组(例如,来自经由信号与在本地系统、分布式系统中和/或跨诸如互联网的网络和其它系统中的另一个部件交互的一个部件的数据)的信号。作为另一个示例,部件可以是具有由电路系统或电子电路系统操作的机械零件提供的具体功能的装置,电路系统或电子电路系统由处理器所执行的软件或固件应用操作,其中处理器可以在装置的内部或外部并且执行软件或固件应用的至少一部分。作为还有另一个示例,部件可以是通过没有机械零件的电子部件提供具体功能的装置,该电子部件可以在其中包括处理器,以执行至少部分地给予电子部件功能的软件或固件。虽然各种部件被示为单独的部件,但是应当认识到的是,在不背离示例实施例的情况下,多个部件可以被实现为单个部件,或者单个部件可以被实现为多个部件。
另外,各种实施例可以利用标准的编程和/或工程技术被实现为方法、装置或制品,以产生软件、固件、硬件或其任何组合来控制计算机实现所公开的主题。如本文所使用的,术语“制品”是要涵盖可从任何计算机可读设备或计算机可读存储/通信介质访问的计算机程序。例如,计算机可读存储介质可以包括但不限于磁存储设备(例如,硬盘、软盘、磁条)、光盘(例如,压缩光盘(CD)、数字多功能盘(DVD))、智能卡和闪速存储器设备(例如,卡、棒、键驱动器)。当然,本领域技术人员将认识到,在不背离各种实施例的范围或精神的情况下,可以对这种配置做出许多修改。
此外,词语“示例”和“示例性”在本文中被用来指充当实例或说明。本文被描述为“示例”或“示例性”的任何实施例或设计并不一定要被解释为优于或胜过其它实施例或设计。相反,词语示例或示例性的使用意在以具体的方式呈现概念。如在本申请中所使用的,术语“或”意在指包含性的“或”而不是排他性的“或”。即,除非另有指定或从上下文可以清楚,否则“X采用A或B”意在指任何自然的包含性排列。即,如果X采用A;X采用B;或者X采用A和B二者,那么“X采用A或B”在任何以上情况下都满足。此外,如在本申请和所附权利要求书中所使用的,除非另有指定或从上下文清楚看出是针对单数形式,否则“一”和“一个”应当一般性地被解释为指“一个或多个”。
而且,诸如“用户装备”、“移动站”、“移动电话”、“订户站”、“接入终端”、“终端”、“手持机”、“移动设备”(和/或表示类似术语的术语)可以指被无线通信服务的订户或用户用来接收或传送数据、控制、语音、视频、声音、游戏或基本上任何数据流或信令流的无线设备。前述术语在本文并且参照相关的附图可互换使用。
此外,术语“用户”、“订户”、“客户”、“消费者”等贯穿全文可被互换采用,除非上下文保证这些术语之间的特定区分。应当认识到的是,这种术语可以指人类实体或者通过人工智能(例如,至少基于复杂的数学形式体系做出推论的能力)支持的自动化部件,该自动化部件可以提供模拟视觉、声音识别等。
如在本文所采用的,术语“处理器”可以指基本上任何计算处理单元或设备,包括但不限于包括单核处理器;具有软件多线程执行能力的单处理器;多核处理器;具有软件多线程执行能力的多核处理器;具有硬件多线程技术的多核处理器;并行平台;以及具有分布式共享存储器的并行平台。此外,处理器可以指被设计为执行本文所描述功能的集成电路、专用集成电路(ASIC)、数字信号处理器(DSP)、现场可编程门阵列(FPGA)、可编程逻辑控制器(PLC)、复杂可编程逻辑器件(CPLD)、离散门或晶体管逻辑、离散硬件部件或者其任意组合。处理器可以利用纳米级体系架构,诸如但不限于基于分子和量子点的晶体管、开关和门,以便优化空间的使用或增强用户设备的性能。处理器还可以被实现为计算处理单元的组合。
现在转到图15,示出了图示导波通信系统1550的示例、非限制性实施例的框图。在操作中,传输设备1500从通信网络或其它通信设备接收包括数据的一个或多个通信信号1510,并生成导波1520,以经由传输介质1525向传输设备1502传送这些数据。传输设备1502接收导波1520并将它们转换成通信信号1512,通信信号1512包括用于传输到通信网络或其它通信设备的数据。一个或多个通信网络可以包括无线通信网络,诸如蜂窝语音和数据网络、无线局域网、卫星通信网络、个人区域网络或其它无线网络。一个或多个通信网络可以包括有线通信网络,诸如电话网络、以太网、局域网、诸如互联网的广域网、宽带接入网络、有线网络、光纤网络或其它有线网络。通信设备可以包括网络边缘设备、桥接设备或家庭网关、机顶盒、宽带调制解调器、电话适配器、接入点、基站、或其它固定通信设备,诸如汽车网关的移动通信设备、笔记本电脑、平板电脑、智能电话、蜂窝电话,或其它通信设备。
在示例实施例中,导波通信系统1550可以以双向方式操作,其中传输设备1500从通信网络或设备接收包括其它数据的一个或多个通信信号1512,并且生成导波1522,以经由传输介质1525向传输设备1500传送这些其它数据。在这种操作模式下,传输设备1502接收导波1522并将它们转换成包括其它数据的通信信号1510,用于向通信网络或设备传输。
传输介质1525可以包括导线或其它导体或内部部分,其具有被介电材料包围的至少一个内部部分,介电材料具有外表面和对应的周长。在示例实施例中,传输介质1525作为单导线传输线路操作,以引导电磁波的传输。当传输介质1525被实现为单导线传输系统时,它可以包括导线。导线可以绝缘或不绝缘、单股或多股。在其它实施例中,传输介质1525可以包含其它形状或构造的导体,包括线束、电缆、杆、轨道、管道。此外,传输介质1525可以包括非导体,诸如介电管、杆、轨道或其它介电构件;导体和介电材料或其它导波传播介质的组合。应当注意的是,传输介质1525可以以其它方式包括结合图1-14先前讨论的任何传输介质。
根据示例实施例,导波1520和1522可以与经自由空间/空气的无线电传输或通过导线的导体的电力或信号的常规传播形成对比。特别地,导波1520和1522是包围传输介质的全部或部分表面的表面波和其它电磁波,并且沿着传输介质以低损耗从传输设备1500向传输设备1502传播,反之亦然。导波1520和1522可以具有主要或基本上位于传输介质1525的外部的场结构(例如,电磁场结构)。除了导波1520和1522的传播之外,传输介质1525还可以可选地包含作为一个或多个电路的一部分以常规方式传播电力或其它通信信号的一根或多根导线。
现在转到图16,示出了图示传输设备1500或1502的示例、非限制性实施例的框图。传输设备1500或1502包括通信接口(I/F)1600、收发器1610和耦合器1620。
在操作的示例中,通信接口接收包括第一数据的通信信号1510或1512。在各种实施例中,通信接口1600可以包括用于根据无线标准协议(诸如LTE或其它蜂窝语音和数据协议、802.11协议、WIMAX协议、超宽带协议,蓝牙协议、Zigbee协议、直播广播卫星(DBS)或其它卫星通信协议,或者其它无线协议)接收无线通信信号的无线接口。另外或替代地,通信接口1600包括根据以太网协议、通用串行总线(USB)协议、数据有线服务接口规范(DOCSIS)协议、数字用户线(DSL)协议、Firewire(IEEE 1394)协议或其它有线协议操作的有线接口。除了基于标准的协议之外,通信接口1600还可以结合其它有线或无线协议一起操作。此外,通信接口1600可以可选地结合包括多个协议层的协议栈一起操作。
在操作的示例中,收发器1610基于通信信号1510或1512生成第一电磁波,以传送第一数据。第一电磁波具有至少一个载波频率和至少一个对应的波长。在各种实施例中,收发器1610是以载波频率操作的微波收发器,该载波频率对应的波长小于传输介质1525的周长。载波频率可以在30GHz-300GHz的毫米波频带内。在一种操作模式下,收发器1610仅上变频一个或多个通信信号1510或1512,用于传输毫米波频带中的第一电磁信号。在另一种操作模式下,通信接口1600或者将通信信号1510或1512转换成基带信号或接近(near)基带信号,或者从通信信号1510或1512提取第一数据并且收发器1610调制第一数据、基带或接近基带信号进行传输。
在操作的示例中,耦合器1620将第一电磁波耦合到传输介质1525。耦合器1620可以经由介质波导耦合器或者结合图1-14中描述的任何耦合器和耦合设备来实现。在示例实施例中,传输介质1525包括被具有外表面的介电材料包围的导线或其它内部元件。介电材料可以包括在传输介质1525的外表面上的绝缘护套、介电涂层或其它电介质。内部部分可以包括电介质或其它绝缘体、导体、空气或其它气体或空穴,或者一个或多个导体。
在操作的示例中,第一电磁波与传输介质1525的耦合形成第二电磁波,第二电磁波被引导以经由至少一种导波模式沿着传输介质的介电材料的外表面传播,其中该至少一种导波模式包括非对称模式以及可选地一个或多个其它模式,包括基波(对称)模式或其它非对称(非基波)模式。介电材料的外表面可以是绝缘护套、介电涂层或其它电介质的外表面。在示例实施例中,由收发器1610生成的第一电磁波被引导,以经由包括对称模式在内的至少一种导波模式沿着耦合器传播,并且其中耦合器和传输介质之间的接头感生第二电磁波的非对称模式以及可选地第二电磁波的对称模式。
在示例实施例中,传输介质1525是具有外表面和对应周长的单导线传输介质,并且耦合器1620将第一电磁波耦合到该单导线传输介质。特别地,第一电磁波与单导线传输介质的耦合形成第二电磁波,该第二电磁波被引导以经由至少一种导波模式沿着单导线传输介质的外表面传播,其中该至少一种导波模式包括至少一种非对称模式以及可选地对称模式和其它非对称模式,其中至少一个载波频率在毫米波频带内,并且其中至少一个对应波长小于单导线传输介质的周长。在一种操作模式下,第一电磁波被引导以经由包括对称模式在内的至少一种导波模式沿着耦合器传播,并且耦合器和传输介质之间的接头感生第二电磁波的非对称模式以及第二电磁波的对称模式(当该对称模式存在时)。
虽然先前的描述集中在收发器1610作为发送器的操作,但是收发器1610还可以操作以接收经由耦合器1620从单导线传输介质传送第二数据的电磁波,并经由通信接口1600生成包括该第二数据的通信信号1510或1512。考虑其中第三电磁波传送也沿着传输介质1525的介电材料的外表面传播的第二数据的实施例。耦合器1620还耦合来自传输介质1525的第三电磁波以形成第四电磁波。收发器1610接收第四电磁波并生成包括第二数据的第二通信信号。通信接口1600将第二通信信号发送到通信网络或通信设备。
现在转到图17,示出了图示电磁场分布的示例、非限制性实施例的图。在本实施例中,空气中的传输介质1525包括内部导体1700和介电材料的绝缘护套1702以横截面示出。该图包括表示由具有非对称模式的导波的传播生成的不同电磁场强度的不同灰度级。导波具有主要或基本上位于用于引导波的传输介质1525外部的场结构。导体1700内部的区域具有很少场或没有场。同样,绝缘护套1702内部的区域具有低场强。电磁场强度的大部分分布在绝缘护套1702的外表面处并且与其接近的波瓣1704中。非对称导波模式的存在由绝缘护套1702的外表面的顶部和底部处的高电磁场强度示出——与绝缘护套1702的其他侧的非常小的场强相反。
所示的示例对应于由直径为1.1cm的导线和厚度为0.36cm的介电绝缘体引导的38GHz的波。因为电磁波由传输介质1525引导,并且大部分场强集中在绝缘护套1702的外部的空气中,所以导波可以以非常低的损耗沿着传输介质1525纵向传播。
在示例实施例中,通过电磁波在传输介质1525上感生出这种特定的非对称传播模式,其中电磁波的频率落在非对称模式的下限截止频率的有限范围(例如+25%)内。这个截止频率可以基于绝缘护套1702和内部导体1700的维度和特性而变化,并且可以通过实验被确定为具有期望的模式图案。在低于下限截止频率的频率处,非对称模式难以在传输介质1525中感生,并且只能传播微不足道的距离。随着频率增加到关于截止频率的有限频率范围之上,非对称模式越来越多地偏移到绝缘护套1702的内侧。在远大于截止频率的频率处,场强不再集中在绝缘护套外部,而是主要在绝缘护套1702的内部。虽然传输介质1525为电磁波提供了强的引导并且传播仍然是可能的,但是范围更受限于由于绝缘护套1702内的传播而增加的损耗——与周围的空气相反。
现在转到图18,示出了图示电磁场分布的示例、非限制性实施例的图。特别地,以用来指代相似元件的共同标号示出与图17相似的图。
示出的示例对应于由直径为1.1cm的导线和厚度为0.36cm的介电绝缘体引导的60GHz的波。因为波的频率高于截止频率的有限范围,所以非对称模式已经向绝缘护套1702内部偏移。特别地,场强主要集中在绝缘护套1702的内部。虽然传输介质1525对电磁波提供了强的引导并且传播仍然是可能的,但是当与图17的实施例相比时,范围由于绝缘护套1702内的传播而增加的损失而更受限制。
现在转到图19,示出了图示传输设备的示例、非限制性实施例的框图。特别地,以用来指代相似元件的共同标号示出与图16相似的图。传输设备1500或1502包括通信接口1600,其接收包括数据的通信信号1510或1512。收发器1610基于通信信号1510或1512生成第一电磁波,以传送第一数据,第一电磁波具有至少一个载波频率。耦合器1620将第一电磁波耦合到具有由介电材料包围的至少一个内部部分的传输介质1525,介电材料具有外表面和对应的周长。第一电磁波耦合到传输介质以形成第二电磁波,该第二电磁波被引导以经由至少一种导波模式沿着介电材料的外表面传播。这至少一种导波模式包括具有下限截止频率的非对称模式,并且该至少一个载波频率被选择为在该下限截止频率的有限范围内。
传输设备1500或1502包括可选的训练控制器1900。在示例实施例中,训练控制器1900由独立处理器或者与传输设备1500或1502的一个或多个其它部件共享的处理器来实现。基于由收发器1610从耦合成接收第二电磁波的至少一个远程传输设备接收的反馈数据,训练控制器1900将至少一个载波频率选择成在下限截止频率的有限范围内。
在示例实施例中,由远程传输设备1500或1502发送的第三电磁波传送也沿着传输介质1525的介电材料的外表面传播的第二数据。可以生成第二数据以包括反馈数据。在操作中,耦合器1620还耦合来自传输介质1525的第三电磁波以形成第四电磁波,并且收发器接收第四电磁波并处理第四电磁波,以提取第二数据。
在示例实施例中,训练控制器1900基于反馈数据操作,以评估多个候选频率并将至少一个载波频率选择为在下限截止频率的有限范围内,作为多个候选频率之一。例如,候选频率可以基于诸如以下准则来选择:在毫米波频带内,具有大于传输介质1525的外周长的波长,小于组成传输介质1525的一部分的导体中电子的平均碰撞频率,基于指示关于特定传输介质1525的截止频率的有限频率范围和选择的非对称模式的实验结果,和/或基于实验结果或模拟。
考虑以下示例:通过将包含处于对应多个候选频率的测试数据的多个导波发送到耦合到传输介质1525的远程传输设备1502,传输设备1500在训练控制器1900的控制下开始操作。测试数据指示信号的特定候选频率。在远程传输设备1502处的训练控制器1900从适当接收的任何导波中接收测试数据,并确定最佳候选频率、可接受的候选频率的集合或候选频率的排名排序。这一个或多个候选频率由训练控制器1900基于一个或多个优化标准(诸如接收信号强度、误比特率、分组错误率、信噪比或可以由远程传输设备1502的收发器1610生成的其它优化标准)生成。训练控制器1900生成指示一个或多个候选频率的反馈数据,并将反馈数据发送到收发器1610,用于传输到传输设备1500。传输设备1500和1502可以接着利用所指示的一个或多个载波频率彼此传送数据。
虽然上面已经描述了在启动或初始化操作模式下的过程,但是每个传输设备1500或1502还可以在其它时间发送测试信号或以其它方式评估候选频率。在示例实施例中,传输设备1500和1502之间的通信协议可以包括周期性测试模式,其中对候选频率子集的或者全部测试或者更有限测试被测试和评估。在其它操作模式下,重新进入这种测试模式可以通过由于受损、天气条件等导致的性能下降而触发。在示例实施例中,收发器1610的接收器带宽或者宽到足以包括所有候选频率或者可以由训练控制器1900选择性地调节到训练模式,其中收发器1610的接收器带宽宽到足以包括所有候选频率。
虽然上面导波已经被描述为在传输介质1525的外部介电表面的外表面上传播,但是同样也可以采用包括裸导线的外表面在内的传输介质1525的其它外表面。另外,虽然上面已经将训练控制器1900描述为将候选频率选择为在非对称模式的下限截止频率的有限范围内,但是训练控制器1900可以被用来建立候选频率,其基于一个或多个性能标准优化、基本上优化或者Pareto优化沿着传输介质1525的传播,这些标准诸如吞吐量、分组错误率、信号强度、信噪比、信号与噪声和干扰比、多信道系统中的信道分离、和/或其它性能标准——具有或不具有非对称模式,以及关于或不关于候选频率是否落在任何特定模式的下限截止频率的有限范围内。
图20是根据本文所描述各个方面的传输设备的示例、非限制性实施例的框图。特别地,示出了包括多个收发器2020、2020’(可以包括例如收发器1610或其它收发器)的传输设备2000(可以包括例如传输设备1500或1502或其它传输设备),其中每个收发器具有耦合到对应波导2022、2022,和耦合器2004、2004’的发送设备(或发送器)和/或接收设备(或接收器)。多个耦合器2004、2004’(可以包括例如耦合器1620或其它耦合器)可以被统称为“耦合模块”。诸如耦合模块的每个耦合器2004或2004’包括接收部分2010或2010’,其接收经由波导2022或2022’从收发器2020或2020’的发送设备传送第一数据的电磁波2006或2006’。耦合器2004或2004’的引导部分2012或2012’将电磁波2006或2006’引导到接头2014,用于将电磁波2006或2006’耦合到传输介质2002。在所示的实施例中,接头2014包括空气间隙,但是其它构造是可能的,有或没有空气间隙。引导部分2012或2012’可以包括在接头2014处终止的逐渐缩小的端部2015或2015’。
每个电磁波2006或2006’经由至少一种第一导波模式或者在耦合器的外表面上或者在耦合器内部、或者是它们的组合而传播。电磁波2006和2006’经由接头2014与传输介质2002的耦合形成、生成、耦合或感生多个电磁波2008和2008’,这些电磁波被引导以经由与该至少一种第一导波模式不同的至少一种第二导波模式沿着传输介质2002的外表面传播。传输介质2002可以是支持沿着传输介质2002的外表面传播电磁波2008和2008’以传送第一数据的单导线传输介质或其它传输介质。如结合图17所讨论的,电磁波2008和2008’可以具有主要或基本上位于用来引导波的传输介质2002的外部的场结构。
在各种实施例中,电磁波2006和2006’经由一个或多个第一导波模式沿着耦合器2004和2004’传播,其中导波模式可以或者排他或者基本上排他地包括对称(基波)模式,但是另外或替代地,可以可选地包括其它模式。根据这些实施例,电磁波2008和2008’的至少一个第二导波模式包括未包括在沿着每个耦合器2004或2004’传播的电磁波2006和2006’的导波模式中的至少一个非对称模式。在操作中,接头2014在传输介质2002上感生电磁波2008和2008’,以可选地包括对称(或基波)模式,而且也包括未包括在沿着耦合器2004或2004’传播的电磁波2006或2006’的导波模式中的一个或多个非对称(或非基波)模式。
更一般而言,考虑要由模式集合S1定义的电磁波2006或2006’的至少一个第一导波模式,其中:
S1=(m11,m12,m13,...)
并且其中各个模式m11、m12、m13、......可以各自是传播多于微不足道的距离的对称(或基波)模式或不对称(或非基波)模式,即该模式沿着耦合器2004或2004’的引导部分2012或2012’的长度从接收端2010或2010’到另一端2015或2015’传播。
还考虑要由模式集合S2定义的电磁波2008或2008’的至少一个第二导波模式,其中:
S2=(M21,M22,M23,...)
并且各个模式M21、M22、M23、......可以各自是沿着传输介质2002的长度传播多于微不足道的距离的对称模式或者非对称模式,即,该模式充分传播以到达在传输介质2002上的不同位置耦合的远程传输设备。
在各种实施例中,至少一个第一导波模式与至少一个第二导波模式不同的条件意味着S1≠S2。特别地,S1可以是S2的真子集,S2可以是S1的真子集,或者S1和S2之间的交集可以是空集,例如,如果耦合器2004和2004’使用的介质与传输介质2002不同,否则如果在集合S1和S2之间没有公共的模式,那么可以为空。
除了作为发送器操作,传输设备2000还可以作为接收器操作。在这种操作模式下,多个电磁波2018和2018’传送也沿着传输介质2002的外表面但是在与电磁波2008和2008’相反方向传播的第二数据。每个接头2014耦合来自传输介质2002的电磁波2018或2018’之一,以形成通过引导部分2012或2012’被引导到对应的收发器2020或2020’的接收器的电磁波2016或2016’。
在各种实施例中,由多个第二电磁波2008和2008’传送的第一数据包括彼此不同的多个数据流,并且其中多个第一电磁波2006或2006’中的每一个传送多个数据流之一。更一般而言,收发器2020或2020’操作以经由时分复用、频分复用或模分复用(modedivision)来传送相同的数据流或不同的数据流。以这种方式,收发器2020或2020’可以结合MIMO传输系统一起使用,以经由一个或多个MIMO模式发送和接收全双工数据,这些MIMO模式诸如方位分集、循环延迟分集、空间编码、空间时间块编码、空间频率块编码、混合空间时间/频率块编码、单流多耦合器空间映射或其它MIMO发送/接收方案。
虽然传输设备2000被示出为具有布置在传输介质2002的顶部和底部的两个收发器2020和2020’以及两个耦合器2004和2004’,但是其它配置可以包括耦合器2004和2004’的不同朝向,诸如在0和π/2的朝向,或相对于彼此以其它角度或空间偏差。其它配置可以包括三个或更多个收发器和对应的耦合器。例如,具有四个收发器2020、2020’......和四个耦合器2004、2004’......的传输设备2000可以以0、π/2、π和3π/4的等距离朝向按方位布置在圆柱形传输介质的外表面周围。考虑另一个例子,具有n个收发器2020、2020’......的传输设备2000可以包括以2π/n的角度隔开按方位布置在圆柱形传输介质的外表面周围的n个耦合器2004、2004’。
在实施例中,收发器2020和2020’被配置成调制数据,以在其对应的耦合器2004和2004’上生成电磁波2006和2006’。耦合器2004和2004’各自被配置成将其对应的电磁波2006和2006’的至少一部分耦合到传输介质2002。特别地,每个耦合器生成经由多种导波模式中的不同导波模式沿着传输介质2002的外表面传播的多个电磁波2008或2008’之一。
考虑要由模式集合S2定义的电磁波2008的导波模式,其中:
S2=(M21,M22,M23,...)
并且各个模式M21、M22、M23、......可以各自是沿着传输介质2002的长度传播多于微不足道的距离的对称(或基波)模式或者非对称(非基波)模式,即,该模式充分传播以到达在传输介质2002上的不同位置处耦合的远程传输设备。进一步考虑由模式集合S2’定义的电磁波2008’的导波模式,其中:
S2’=(M21’,M22’,M23’,...)
并且各个模式M21’、M22’、M23’、......可以各自是沿着传输介质2002的长度传播多于微不足道的距离的对称(或基波)模式或者非对称(非基波)模式,即,该模式充分传播以到达远程传输设备。
在各种实施例中,经由多个导波模式中的不同模式沿着传输介质2002的外表面传播的多个电磁波2008或2008’的条件暗示S2≠S2’的特定情况。在这种特定情况下,S2可以是S2’的真子集,S2’可以是S2的真子集,或者S2和S2’之间的交集可以是空集。作为进一步的示例,S2和S2’的各个模式可以由于具有不同阶或由于具有不同的朝向、旋转等特性而彼此不同。
考虑以下情况:
S2=M21
S2’=M21’
另外,其中M21和M21’都是由以0和π/2的方位朝向布置的对应耦合器2004和2004’生成的一阶偶极(非基波)模式。在这个示例中,模式M21和M21’虽然具有相同的物理模式,但是由于角度偏差而彼此不同。M21与M21’之间的角度偏差可以在模分复用方案中被利用。特别地,经由模式M21生成并发送的符号可以与经由模式M21’生成并发送的符号共享传输介质2002。这些模式之间的角度偏差可以被用来减少经由模式M21发送的符号与经由模式M21’发送的同时的符号之间的符号间干扰(ISI)。结合接下来的图21-23描述包括若干可选功能和特征的进一步的示例。
现在转到图21,示出了图示根据本文所描述各个方面的电磁分布的示例、非限制性实施例的图示。电磁分布2100和2102对应于用来经由电磁波(诸如结合图20呈现的2008和2008’)传送数据的模分复用方案的特定导波模式。在这个实施例中,传输介质2002在空气中并且包括介电材料的内导体和绝缘护套,如以横截面所示出的。这些图2100和2102包括不同的灰度级,其表示由具有不同的非对称(非基波)模式的导波的传播而生成的不同电磁场强度。如图所示,每个导波具有主要或基本上位于用来引导波的传输介质2002外部的场结构。
根据这些示例,电磁分布2100对应于导波模式M21,并且电磁分布2102对应于由以0和π/2的方位朝向布置的对应耦合器(诸如图20的耦合器2004和2004’)生成的导波模式M21’。在这种情况下,导波模式M21和M21’对应于具有不同方位朝向的一阶偶极。特别地,导波模式M21和M21’各自具有随着相对于传输介质2002的纵轴的方位朝向而变化的电磁场强度。
在所示的示例中,导波模式M21具有包括以方位朝向0和π弧度为中心的波瓣的电磁场图案。导波模式M21’具有包括以方位朝向π/2和3π/2弧度为中心的波瓣的电磁场图案。
如前面所讨论的,M21与M21’之间的角度偏差可以在模分复用方案中被利用。特别地,经由模式M21生成并发送的符号可以与经由模式M21’生成并发送的符号共享传输介质2002。这些模式之间的角度偏差可以被用来减少经由模式M21发送的符号与经由模式M21’发送的同时的符号之间的符号间干扰(ISI)。导波模式M21的波瓣的方位朝向(0和π弧度)对应于导波模式M21’的电磁场图案的局部最小值。另外,导波模式M21’的波瓣的方位朝向(π/2和3π/2弧度)对应于导波模式M21的电磁场图案的局部最小值。经由M21发送的一个符号中的高场强的朝向与经由M21’发送的相对低场强的朝向的并置允许这些符号在传输介质2002上同时发送,几乎没有符号间干扰。
现在转到图22,示出了图示根据本文所描述各个方面的传播模式的示例、非限制性实施例的图。根据这些示例,传播模式2200对应于左手(逆时针)旋转螺旋传播的导波模式M21。传播模式2202对应于右手(顺时针)旋转螺旋传播的导波模式M21’。在这种情况下,导波模式M21和M21’可以对应于随方位朝向变化的任何非对称电磁场图案。当每个导波(例如电磁波2008和2008’)沿着传输介质2002纵向传播时,电磁场图案根据所示螺旋图案中的纵向位移而均匀地旋转。照此,M21的电磁场强度经由第一旋转方向沿着传输介质2002的纵轴螺旋地变化,并且M21,的电磁场强度经由第二旋转方向沿着传输介质2002的纵轴螺旋地变化。
如前面所讨论的,M21与M21’之间螺旋传播的差异可以在模分复用方案中被利用。特别地,经由模式M21生成并发送的符号可以与经由模式M21’生成并发送的符号共享传输介质2002。远程接收设备中的耦合器可以被设计并定向为或者在衰减M21,的同时接收M21,或者在衰减M21的同时接收M21’——减少经由模式M21发送的符号与经由模式M21’发送的同时的符号之间的符号间干扰(ISI)。
现在转到图23,图示了根据本文所描述各个方面的电磁分布的示例、非限制性实施例的示意图。根据这些示例,电磁分布2304和2306对应于左手(逆时针)旋转螺旋传播的导波模式M21。电磁分布2300和2302对应于右手(顺时针)旋转螺旋传播的导波模式M21’。在所示的示例中,导波模式M21和M21’最初具有包括中心在方位朝向0和π弧度的波瓣的电磁场图案,但是其它非基波电磁场图案同样是可能的。虽然初始电磁场图案最初定向相同,但是在其它实施例中,范围(0-2π)中的任何角度偏移同样是可能的。
当每个导波(例如结合图20讨论的电磁波2008和2008’)沿着传输介质纵向传播时,电磁场图案根据螺旋图案中的纵向位移而均匀地旋转。在某个时间Δt之后,M21的电磁场图案顺时针旋转经过角位移ΔΦ1,并且M21’的电磁场图案逆时针旋转经过ΔΦ2。在一些实施例中,每个方向上的螺旋旋转是均匀的,因此,
ΔΦ1=ΔΦ2
但是在其它情况下,
ΔΦ1≠ΔΦ2
例如,当传输介质在一个方向上螺旋绞合时,螺旋模式可以具有不同的旋转速度,这取决于它们是在螺旋线股的相同方向产生的还是在逆着螺旋线股的方向产生的。对于恒定时间段Δt,旋转速度的差异将产生不等的角位移ΔΦ1和ΔΦ2。
现在转到图24,示出了根据本文所描述各个方面的导波通信系统的示例、非限制性实施例的图。就像结合图15描述的系统1550,传输设备1500从通信网络或其它通信设备接收包括数据的一个或多个通信信号1510,并且生成导波1520,以经由传输介质1525向传输设备1502传送这些数据。传输设备1502接收导波1520并将它们转换成通信信号1512,通信信号1512包括用于传输到通信网络或其它通信设备的数据。一个或多个通信网络可以包括无线通信网络,诸如蜂窝语音和数据网络、无线局域网、卫星通信网络、个人区域网络,或其它无线网络。一个或多个通信网络可以包括有线通信网络,诸如电话网络、以太网、局域网、诸如互联网的广域网、宽带接入网络、有线网络、光纤网络,或其它有线网络。通信设备可以包括网络边缘设备、桥接设备或家庭网关、机顶盒、宽带调制解调器、电话适配器、接入点、基站或其它固定通信设备、诸如汽车网关的移动通信设备、笔记本电脑、平板电脑、智能电话、蜂窝电话,或其它通信设备。
此外,导波通信系统1550可以以双向方式操作,其中传输设备1500从通信网络或设备接收包括其它数据的一个或多个通信信号1512,并且生成导波1522,以经由传输介质1525向传输设备1500传送这些其它数据。在这种操作模式下,传输设备1502接收导波1522并将它们转换成包括其它数据的通信信号1510,用于向通信网络或设备传输。
传输设备1500或1502包括接收包括数据的通信信号1510或1512的通信接口(ComI/F)1600。收发器(Xcvrs)1610各自基于通信信号1510或1512生成电磁波,以传送数据。耦合器1620将这些电磁波耦合到传输介质1525,作为导波1520用于在传输介质1525的外表面上传输。传输设备1500或1502包括训练控制器1900,其可选地包括先前结合图19描述的功能,并且还包括如本文所描述的附加功能和特征。训练控制器1900可以由独立的处理器或处理电路或者与传输设备1500或1502的一个或多个其它部件共享的处理器或处理电路来实现。
在操作的示例中,传输设备1500的收发器1610被配置成根据信道均衡参数和/或其它信道控制参数来调制来自通信信号1510的数据,以生成多个第一电磁波。传输设备1500的耦合器1620被配置成将多个这些第一电磁波的至少一部分耦合到传输介质,其中多个耦合器生成多个第二电磁波,作为沿着传输介质的外表面传播的导波1520。传输设备1500的训练控制器1900被配置成基于从至少一个远程传输设备(诸如经由导波1522)接收的信道状态信息2404来生成信道均衡和/或其它信道控制参数。但是,如果替代通信路径存在于传输设备1500和1502之间,那么这条替代通信路径可以可选地被用来将信道状态信息2404传送到传输设备1500。以这种方式,传输设备1500的训练控制器1900可以修改收发器1610的操作,以均衡由传输介质1525形成的传输设备1500和1502之间的通信信道,以补偿相位和频率变化、信道色散、散射、衰落及其它畸变。
在实施例中,导波1520包括训练信号2402。这些训练信号2402可以包括具有传输设备1500和1502都已知的特性的一个或多个训练场或序列或其它导频信号。这些训练信号2402可以包括在经由导波1520发送或以特殊训练通信方式发送的通用分组化通信的前导码中。在传输设备1502的收发器1610接收到训练信号2402之后,传输设备1502的训练控制器1900可以生成信道状态信息,以反馈信道状态信息,该信道状态信息包括或者与如由传输设备接收的训练信号2402的振幅和相位相关的原始观测值,或者基于由传输设备1502的训练控制器1900执行的对接收到的训练信号2402的分析的估计的信道矩阵或信道估计的其它指示。在其它示例中,传输设备1502的训练控制器1900可以进一步生成信道状态信息2404,其指示实际或推荐的信道控制参数(诸如调制类型、比特速率、MIMO模式、频带、频率信道、误差编码深度、OFDM信道或参数)和/或具体的信道均衡参数(诸如要由相位传输设备1500在生成导波1520时使用的相位偏移和/或振幅)。
虽然前面集中在基于从传输设备1502接收的信道状态信息2404的传输设备1500的信道均衡上,但是还应当注意的是,传输设备1500和1502可以以互逆(reciprocal)的方式工作,以在传输设备1502中提供用于导波1522的信道均衡。以这种方式,类似的训练信号可以被包括在导波1522中,并且由传输设备1500的训练控制器1900生成的信道状态信息可以由传输设备1502的训练控制器1900用来提供其收发器1610的控制和/或均衡。在其它实施例中,传输设备1500或传输设备1502可以执行反向信道估计。
现在转到图25,示出了图示根据本文所描述各个方面的信道参数的示例、非限制性实施例的图。特别地,示出了其中传输设备1500包括m个耦合器1620并且传输设备1502包括π个耦合器1620的示例。在实施例中,
m=n
但是,其中传输设备1500和1502包括不同数量的耦合器1620的其它配置是可能的。
考虑从传输设备1500到传输设备1502的信道的均衡和控制,传输设备1500的m个耦合器作为发送耦合器操作,并且传输设备1502的n个耦合器作为接收耦合器操作。信道的特点可以用下式表示:
y=Hx+r
其中y是经由传输设备1502的n个耦合器接收的n个输出信号的向量,x是经由传输设备1500的m个耦合器传输的m个输入信号的向量,r是噪声向量,并且H是复数信道参数hij的m x n矩阵,其中
当前信道状态可以基于对训练信号的分析来估计。考虑训练信号是已知输入信号p1 ... pa的序列。考虑第i个训练信号,pi
yi=Hpi+r
考虑对于所有接收到的训练信号yi的输出(对于i=1 ... a),总训练结果可以表示为
Y=HP+R
其中Y=[y1 ... ya],P=[p1 ... pa]和R=[r1 ... ra]。因为Y和P是已知的,所以,即使在存在噪声R的情况下,也可以基于最小二乘估计、贝叶斯估计或其它估计技术来估计信道矩阵H。一旦已经估计出信道矩阵H,传输设备1500就可以在收发器1610中应用预编码或滤波,以修改输入信号x的相位和/或振幅,以补偿实际信道条件。此外,估计信道矩阵H的分析可以被用来修改收发器1610的调制类型、比特速率、MIMO模式、纠错码深度、频率信道、OFDM参数,或其它编码或控制参数,以便针对当前信道条件进行补偿。
现在转到图26,示出了图示方法2600的示例、非限制性实施例的流程图。该方法可以结合结合图1-30描述的一个或多个功能和特征来一起使用。步骤2602包括由至少一个收发器调制数据,以生成多个第一电磁波。步骤2604包括由多个耦合器将多个电磁波中的每一个的至少一部分耦合或指引到传输介质的外表面上,以生成或感生沿着传输介质的外表面传播的多个第二电磁波,其中这多个第二电磁波经由多种导波模式中的不同模式传播。
在各种实施例中,多种导波模式包括第一非基波模式和第二非基波模式。例如,第一非基波模式可以具有随相对于传输介质的纵轴的方位朝向而变化的第一电磁场强度,并且第二非基波模式可以具有随相对于传输介质的纵轴的方位朝向而变化的第二电磁场强度。第一非基波模式可以具有包括处于相对于传输介质的纵轴的第一方位朝向的波瓣的第一电磁场图案,并且第二非基波模式可以具有包括处于相对于传输介质的纵轴的第二方位朝向的波瓣的第二电磁场图案,并且其中第一方位朝向不同于第二方位朝向。第一方位朝向可以对应于第二电磁场图案的局部最小值,而第二方位朝向可以对应于第一电磁场图案的局部最小值。
在各种实施例中,第一非基波模式具有沿着传输介质的纵轴螺旋地变化的第一电磁场强度,并且第二非基波模式具有沿着传输介质的纵轴螺旋地变化的第二电磁场强度。第一电磁场强度可以经由第一旋转方向沿着传输介质的纵轴螺旋地变化,并且第二电磁场强度可以经由第二旋转方向沿着传输介质的纵轴螺旋地变化。
现在转到图27,示出了图示方法2700的示例、非限制性实施例的流程图。该方法可以结合参照图1-26所描述的一个或多个功能和特点来使用。步骤2702包括基于从至少一个远程传输设备接收的信道状态信息生成信道均衡参数或其它信道控制参数。步骤2704包括通过至少一个收发器调制数据,以根据信道均衡或控制参数生成多个第一电磁波。步骤2706包括通过多个耦合器将多个电磁波中的每一个的至少一部分耦合到传输介质的外表面上,以生成沿着传输介质的外表面传播的多个第二电磁波。
在各种实施例中,第二电磁波包括至少一个训练场,并且其中至少一个远程传输设备基于对这至少一个训练场的分析来生成信道状态信息。信道状态信息可以包括信道估计,对调制类型和比特速率中的至少一个的选择。信道均衡或其它控制参数可以包括多个相位偏移,并且其中至少一个收发器基于这多个相位偏移生成多个第一电磁波。基于信道状态信息,至少一个收发器可以以多种多输入多输出(MIMO)模式中选择的一种工作。至少一个收发器根据基于信道状态信息而适应的正交频分复用来调制数据以生成多个第一电磁波。
如本主题公开内容所描述的电磁波可以受到物理对象(例如,裸导线或其它导体、电介质、绝缘导线、导管或其它中空元件、被电介质或绝缘体或其它导线束涂覆、覆盖或包围的绝缘导线束,或者另一种形式的固体、液体或其它非气体传输介质)的存在的影响,以便至少部分地限制到物理对象或由物理物体引导,并且以便沿着物理对象的传输路径传播。此类物理对象可以作为传输介质来操作,该传输介质通过传输介质的界面(例如,外表面、内表面、外表面和内表面之间的内部部分或传输介质的元件之间的其它边界)引导电磁波(“导向电磁波”)的传播,该电磁波进而又可以沿着从发送设备到接收设备的传输路径携带能量和/或数据。
不同于其强度与非导行电磁波行进的距离的平方成反比地减小的无线信号(诸如非导行(或无界)电磁波)的自由空间传播,导行电磁波可以沿着传输介质传播,具有比非导行电磁波所经历的少的每单位距离量值损耗。
与电信号不同,导行电磁波可以从发送设备传播到接收设备,而无需发送设备和接收设备之间的单独电气返回路径。因此,导行电磁波可以沿着不具有导电部件的传输介质(例如,电介质条)或者经由具有不多于单个导体的传输介质(例如,单根裸导线或绝缘导线)从发送设备向接收设备传播。即使传输介质包括一个或多个导电部件并且沿着传输介质传播的导行电磁波在导行电磁波的方向上生成在一个或多个导电部件中流动的电流,此类导行电磁波也可以沿传输介质从发送设备向接收设备传播,而无需在发送设备和接收设备之间的电气返回路径上的相反电流的流动。
在非限制性说明中,考虑通过导电介质在发送和接收设备之间发送和接收电信号的电气系统。此类系统通常依靠电气分离的前向和返回路径。例如,考虑具有由绝缘体隔开的中心导体和接地屏蔽的同轴电缆。通常,在电气系统中,发送(或接收)设备的第一端子可以连接到中心导体,并且发送(或接收)设备的第二端子可以连接到接地屏蔽。如果发送设备经由第一端子在中心导体中注入电信号,那么该电信号将沿着中心导体传播,从而导致中心导体中的前向电流,并导致接地屏蔽中的返回电流。相同的条件适用于两端子接收设备。
相比而言,考虑诸如在本主题公开内容中描述的波导系统,其可以利用传输介质的不同实施例(尤其是包括同轴电缆)来发送导行电磁波,而无需电气返回路径。在一个实施例中,例如,本主题公开内容的波导系统可以被配置成感生沿着同轴电缆的外表面传播的导行电磁波。虽然导行电磁波将在接地屏蔽上引起前向电流,但是导行电磁波不需要返回电流来使得导行电磁波沿着同轴电缆的外表面传播。可以说由波导系统用于传输导行电磁波的其它传输介质也是如此。例如,由波导系统在裸导线或绝缘导线的外表面上感生的导行电磁波可以沿着裸导线或绝缘裸导线传播,而没有电气返回路径。
因此,需要用于在单独的导体上携带前向和反向电流的两个或更多个导体以使得由发送设备注入的电气信号能够传播的电气系统不同于在传输介质的界面上感生导行电磁波而不需要电气返回路径来使得导行电磁波能够沿着传输介质的界面传播的波导系统。
还要注意的是,本主题公开内容中所描述的导行电磁波可以具有主要或基本上位于传输介质的外部的电磁场结构,以便被限制到传输介质或由传输介质引导,并且以便在传输介质的外表面上或沿着传输介质的外表面传播不是微不足道的距离。在其它实施例中,导行电磁波可以具有主要或基本上在传输介质内部的电磁场结构,以便被限制到传输介质或由传输介质引导,并且以便在传输介质内传播不是微不足道的距离。在其它实施例中,导行电磁波可以具有部分地位于传输介质内部且部分地位于传输介质外部的电磁场结构,以便被限制到传输介质或由传输介质引导,并且以便沿着传输介质传播不是微不足道的距离。
如本文所使用的,术语“毫米波”可以指落在30GHz至300GHz的“毫米波频带”内的电磁波。术语“微波”可以指落在300MHz至300GHz的“微波频带”内的电磁波。
如本文所使用的,术语“天线”可以指作为辐射或接收无线信号的发送或接收系统的一部分的设备。
如本文所使用的,诸如“数据存储装置”、“数据库”的术语以及基本上任何其它与部件的操作和功能相关的信息存储部件都是指“存储器部件”或者在“存储器”或包括存储器的部件中体现的实体。应当认识到的是,本文所描述的存储器部件或计算机可读存储介质可以是易失性存储器或非易失性存储器,或者可以包括易失性和非易失性存储器两者。
此外,流程图可以包括“开始”和/或“继续”指示。“开始”和“继续”指示反映出所给出的步骤可以可选地结合到其它例程中或以其它方式与其它例程一起使用。在这种语境下,“开始”指示所给出的第一步的开始并且前面可以有未具体示出的其它活动。另外,“继续”指示反映所给出的步骤可以多次执行和/或后面可以有未具体示出的其它活动。另外,虽然流程图指示步骤的特定排序,但其它排序也是可能的,只要因果关系的原理得以保持。
如本文也可以使用的,(一个或多个)术语“可操作地耦合到”、“耦合到”和/或“耦合”包括项之间的直接耦合和/或项之间经由一个或多个中间项的间接耦合。这些项和中间项包括但不限于接头、通信路径、部件、电路元件、电路、功能块和/或设备。作为间接耦合的示例,从第一项传送到第二项的信号可以通过由一个或多个中间项修改信号中信息的形式、性质或格式而被修改,而信号中信息的一个或多个元素仍然以可以被第二项识别的方式传送。在间接耦合的另一个示例中,由于一个或多个中间项中的动作和/或反应,第一项中的动作可以造成第二项上的反应。
以上所描述的仅仅包括各种实施例的示例。当然,不可能为了描述这些实施例而描述部件或方法的每个可想到的组合,但本领域普通技术人员可以认识到,给出的实施例的许多进一步的组合和排列都是可能的。因此,所公开和/或本文要求保护的实施例是要涵盖属于权利要求的精神和范围之内的所有此类更改、修改和变化。此外,就术语“包括(includes)”在具体描述或权利要求中被使用的范围而言,这种术语是要以类似于术语“包括(comprising)”的方式作为包含性的,就像当“包括”在权利要求中作为过渡词被采用时所解释的那样。
Claims (15)
1.一种传输设备,包括:
至少一个收发器,所述至少一个收发器便于数据的调制以生成多个第一电磁波;以及
多个耦合器,所述多个耦合器便于将所述多个第一电磁波的至少一部分耦合到传输介质,其中所述多个耦合器生成多个第二电磁波,所述多个第二电磁波经由多种导波模式中的不同导波模式沿着所述传输介质的外表面传播。
2.如权利要求1所述的传输设备,其中所述多种导波模式包括第一非基波模式和第二非基波模式。
3.如权利要求2所述的传输设备,其中所述多个耦合器布置在传输介质周围的对应多个方位朝向处。
4.如权利要求2所述的传输设备,其中第一非基波模式具有第一电磁场图案,所述第一电磁场图案包括处于相对于所述传输介质的纵轴的第一方位朝向的第一波瓣,并且第二非基波模式具有第二电磁场图案,所述第二电磁场图案包括处于相对于所述传输介质的纵轴的第二方位朝向的第二波瓣。
5.如权利要求4所述的传输设备,其中第一方位朝向与第二方位朝向不同。
6.如权利要求4所述的传输设备,其中第一方位朝向对应于第二电磁场图案的局部最小值,并且其中第二方位朝向对应于第一电磁场图案的局部最小值。
7.如权利要求2所述的传输设备,其中第一非基波模式具有沿着所述传输介质的纵轴螺旋地变化的第一电磁场强度,并且第二非基波模式具有沿着所述传输介质的纵轴螺旋地变化的第二电磁场强度。
8.如权利要求7所述的传输设备,其中第一电磁场强度经由第一旋转方向沿着所述传输介质的纵轴螺旋地变化,并且其中第二电磁场强度经由第二旋转方向沿着所述传输介质的纵轴螺旋地变化。
9.一种方法,包括:
由至少一个收发器调制数据以生成多个第一电磁波;以及
利用多个耦合器将所述多个第一电磁波的至少一部分耦合到传输介质,其中所述多个耦合器生成多个第二电磁波,所述多个第二电磁波经由多种导波模式中的不同导波模式沿着所述传输介质的外表面传播。
10.如权利要求9所述的方法,其中所述多种导波模式包括第一非基波模式和第二非基波模式。
11.如权利要求10所述的方法,其中所述多个耦合器布置在所述传输介质周围的对应多个方位朝向处。
12.如权利要求10所述的方法,其中第一非基波模式具有第一电磁场图案,所述第一电磁场图案包括处于相对于所述传输介质的纵轴的第一方位朝向的第一波瓣,并且第二非基波模式具有第二电磁场图案,所述第二电磁场图案包括处于相对于所述传输介质的纵轴的第二方位朝向的第二波瓣,并且其中第一方位朝向与第二方位朝向不同。
13.如权利要求12所述的方法,其中第一方位朝向对应于第二电磁场图案的局部最小值,并且其中第二方位朝向对应于第一电磁场图案的局部最小值。
14.如权利要求10所述的方法,其中第一非基波模式具有沿着所述传输介质的纵轴螺旋地变化的第一电磁场强度,并且第二非基波模式具有沿着所述传输介质的纵轴螺旋地变化的第二电磁场强度。
15.如权利要求14所述的方法,其中第一电磁场强度经由第一旋转方向沿着所述传输介质的纵轴螺旋地变化,并且其中第二电磁场强度经由第二旋转方向沿着所述传输介质的纵轴螺旋地变化。
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