CN101662076B - 毫米波准光集成介质透镜天线及其阵列 - Google Patents
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Abstract
本发明涉及雷达技术领域，具体是一种毫米波准光集成介质透镜天线及其阵列。它由微带集成天线、介质透镜、物镜、阵列基座、反射镜、防护罩、波束转换开关构成，介质透镜一端面是半球或椭球，另一端面是圆柱体截面，微带集成天线由介质基片生成，正面紧密粘置在介质透镜的圆柱截面为馈源，背面接地，介质透镜半球或椭球端面为天线辐射面，介质透镜的圆柱体部分长度可改变，天线阵列设成线阵或面阵，阵列基座、反射镜呈圆锥形准光反射镜面，线阵或面阵物镜焦点对准介质透镜中心线，外置防护罩，天线阵由波束转换开关控制。该天线结构抗振、防尘强，适于毫米波飞机、汽车、船只雷达及通信设备收/发传感。
Description
技术领域
本发明涉及通信和雷达天线技术领域，具体是一种毫米波准光集成介质透镜天线及其阵列。
背景技术
毫米波通信和雷达天线常用喇叭辐射天线、抛物面反射型卡塞格伦天线、微带天线等类型，毫米波高端频率波段的喇叭天线结构尺寸相对很小的，加工制造困难，价格昂贵。而且，配馈抛物面反射型卡格天线跟踪机动目标，机械传动扫描速度慢，精度较差，在恶劣环境中使用故障率高，如装备在汽车的防撞雷达环境尘土飞扬，振动强烈，温差大，要求天线传感具备极高的环境适应性，犹如“眼睛”每时每刻须在复杂环境中看清楚路面发生的各种情况，实时避免碰撞。此外，毫米波微带天线由于工作波长短，馈元尺寸小、基片介质损耗大，要得到高增益天线窄波束的方向性，简单地搬用微波微带天线技术结构是难以实现的。
发明内容
本发明的目的是提供具有准光高斯束辐射特性的一种毫米波准光集成介质透镜天线及其阵列。
本发明技术方案，由微带集成天线、介质透镜、物镜、阵列基座、反射镜、防护罩、波束转换开关构成，介质透镜一端面是半球或椭球，另一端面是圆柱体截面，微带集成天线是由双面金属层介质基片生成，其正面至少由单个微带贴片馈元或双偶极振子或对数振子或螺旋振子为馈元，紧密粘置在介质透镜的圆柱截面为馈源，背面金属层接地，介质透镜半球或椭球端面为天线辐射面，介质透镜的圆柱体部分长度可改变，天线阵列设成线阵或面阵，阵列基座、反射镜呈圆锥形准光反射镜面，介质透镜固定在阵列基座上，线阵或面阵物镜焦点对准介质透镜中心线，外置防护罩，天线阵列由波束转换开关控制；
其中，介质透镜的半球或椭球及圆柱体由芯体和外表匹配层合成，芯体材料是由硅或石英、聚四氟乙烯介质制成，外表面由聚苯乙烯塑料紧密包封为共形匹配层；
波束转换开关它是在天馈鳍线波导设置两个以上的PIN管或场效应晶体管芯片串、并联组合成单刀单掷开关，PIN管或场效应晶体管偏置控制电压通过低通滤波网络接入。
本发明技术方案的天线具有准光高斯束辐射特性，高效传输，频率响应极宽，可在毫米波至亚毫米波范围具有很高的天线增益和尖锐的波束方向性，通过改变圆柱体长度可控制天线增益和波束方向性的大小，能适应不同场合要求使用，其结构机械性能坚固，对温度变化不敏感，防尘抗污染性能强，使用寿命长，复制性好，批量生产成本低。
附图说明
图1本发明集成介质透镜天线结构示意图
图2集成介质透镜天线阵列结构示意图
图3集成介质透镜天线辐射方向图
图4天线波束转换开关电路
具体实施方法
参照图1、图2，本发明具体实施方法和实施例，由微带集成天线5、介质透镜1、物镜7、阵列基座9、反射镜8、防护罩10、波束转换开关11构成，介质透镜1一端面是半球或椭球2，另一端面是圆柱体3截面，微带集成天线5是由双面金属层介质基片4生成，其正面至少由单个微带贴片馈元或双偶极振子或对数振子或螺旋振子为馈元，紧密粘置在介质透镜1的圆柱体3截面为馈源，背面金属层6接地，介质透镜1的半球或椭球2端面为天线辐射面，介质透镜1的圆柱体3部分长度可改变，天线阵列设成线阵或面阵，阵列基座9、反射镜8呈圆锥形准光反射面，介质透镜1固定在阵列基座9上，线阵或面阵物镜7焦点对准介质透镜1中心线，外置防护罩10，天线阵列由波束转换开关11控制。
图3，本发明毫米波准光集成介质透镜天线辐射方向图，纵坐标表示为天线相对功率增益(dB)，横坐标表示为其介质透镜天线波束方向性大小θ(°)，改变圆柱体长度可得到不同的增益和波束，如图所示的天线增益、波束是一例典型值。由于椭球焦点较半球为远，点源射线受其折射后平行辐射，容易获得窄波束辐射的方向性。
图4，本发明天线波束转换开关电路，它是控制汽车防撞雷达收/发两用准光集成介质透镜天线阵列，按车辆行驶路面车道量在车体前、后方向设置左、中、右6个波束循环扫描，警戒主车道危险目标，预警左、右车道潜在危险目标，天线介质基片微带集成天线双偶极振子粘置在介质透镜的圆柱体截面为馈源，用来作辐射源，模拟集成天线的无穷厚介质基片，消除表面波，改变圆柱体长度获得准光辐射方向性，物镜焦点对准介质透镜半球面体中心轴线，高斯束辐射进一步得到窄波束高辨力的方向性。介质透镜芯体表面所设置共形聚苯乙烯匹配层为1/4工作波长λ相匹配，以消除与空气接触界面产生的反射。
波束转换开关是在天馈波导设置由两个以上的PIN管或场效应晶体管芯片串、并、串联的单刀单掷开关SPST，天线阵列单元之间有较高的隔离度，它由数字信号处理器DSP输出按车道编码脉冲分配序列循环扫描转换波束开关，达到切换各车道波束的控制，循环扫描多个车道探测路障目标，当汽车行驶在高速公路时通过路况摄像传感器信号在雷达信号处理器DSP控制为“多选一”开关工作模式，即按一个车道发射一个波束照射路面。汽车行驶在单个车道路面时据路况摄像传感器DSP控制变为单一波束检测。本发明天线回波接收在道路直线行驶有良好的方位角度分辨力，在道路弯曲或坡较大行驶时也能控制天线波束较低旁辨，水平方向空域视野开阔，方位角分辨精度高，透镜天线抗振和防尘能力强。控制信号经过低通滤波网络接入PIN管或场效应晶体管芯片，能防止毫米波射频RF进入控制电路DSP。
基于毫米波所对应载频波长准光集成介质透镜天线口径尺寸小，增益高，介质透镜性能稳定，机械结构牢固。天线准光高斯束辐射传输效率高，收/发互易性强，造价低，广泛适用于飞机、汽车、船只及地面固定场合毫米波雷达和通信设备。
Claims (3)
1.一种毫米波准光集成介质透镜天线阵列，其特征在于：由微带集成天线、介质透镜、物镜、阵列基座、反射镜、防护罩、波束转换开关构成，介质透镜一端面是半球或椭球，另一端面是圆柱体截面，微带集成天线是由双面金属层介质基片生成，其正面至少由单个微带贴片馈元或双偶极振子或对数振子或螺旋振子为馈元，紧密粘置在介质透镜的圆柱截面为馈源，背面金属层接地，介质透镜半球或椭球端面为天线辐射面，介质透镜的圆柱体部分长度可改变，天线阵列设成线阵或面阵，阵列基座、反射镜呈圆锥形准光反射镜面，介质透镜固定在阵列基座上，线阵或面阵物镜焦点对准介质透镜中心线，外置防护罩，天线阵列由波束转换开关控制。
2.根据权利要求1所述的毫米波准光集成介质透镜天线阵列，其特征在于：介质透镜的半球或椭球及圆柱体由芯体和外表匹配层合成，芯体材料是由硅或石英或聚四氟乙烯介质制成，外表面由聚苯乙烯塑料紧密包封为共形匹配层。
3.根据权利要求1所述的毫米波准光集成介质透镜天线阵列，其特征在于：波束转换开关是在天馈鳍线波导设有两个以上的PIN管或场效应晶体管芯片串、并、串联组合成单刀单掷开关，PIN管或场效应晶体管芯片控制偏置电压经低通滤波网络接入。
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