CN107466430A - 具有非基本模式传播的导波传送设备及其使用方法 - Google Patents
具有非基本模式传播的导波传送设备及其使用方法 Download PDFInfo
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01Q—ANTENNAS, i.e. RADIO AERIALS
- H01Q13/00—Waveguide horns or mouths; Slot antennas; Leaky-waveguide antennas; Equivalent structures causing radiation along the transmission path of a guided wave
- H01Q13/20—Non-resonant leaky-waveguide or transmission-line antennas; Equivalent structures causing radiation along the transmission path of a guided wave
- H01Q13/26—Surface waveguide constituted by a single conductor, e.g. strip conductor
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H04—ELECTRIC COMMUNICATION TECHNIQUE
- H04B—TRANSMISSION
- H04B10/00—Transmission systems employing electromagnetic waves other than radio-waves, e.g. infrared, visible or ultraviolet light, or employing corpuscular radiation, e.g. quantum communication
- H04B10/25—Arrangements specific to fibre transmission
- H04B10/2575—Radio-over-fibre, e.g. radio frequency signal modulated onto an optical carrier
- H04B10/25752—Optical arrangements for wireless networks
- H04B10/25758—Optical arrangements for wireless networks between a central unit and a single remote unit by means of an optical fibre
- H04B10/25759—Details of the reception of RF signal or the optical conversion before the optical fibre
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H04—ELECTRIC COMMUNICATION TECHNIQUE
- H04B—TRANSMISSION
- H04B10/00—Transmission systems employing electromagnetic waves other than radio-waves, e.g. infrared, visible or ultraviolet light, or employing corpuscular radiation, e.g. quantum communication
- H04B10/40—Transceivers
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H04—ELECTRIC COMMUNICATION TECHNIQUE
- H04B—TRANSMISSION
- H04B3/00—Line transmission systems
- H04B3/02—Details
- H04B3/36—Repeater circuits
Abstract
本发明的主题公开内容的各个方面例如可以包括一种耦合器,所述耦合器包括围绕传输线的锥形环。围绕传输线的至少一部分的同轴耦合器将电磁波导向锥形环。该锥形环耦合电磁波以沿着传输线的外表面传播。还公开了其它实施例。
Description
相关申请的交叉引用
本申请要求2015年2月20日提交的美国专利申请序列号14/627,322的优先权。通过引用的方式将前述申请的内容合并到本申请中,就如同在这里全文阐述一样。
技术领域
本发明的主题公开内容涉及通信网络中的经由微波传输的通信。
背景技术
随着智能电话和其他便携式设备日益变得普遍并且随着数据使用增加,宏蜂窝基站设备和现有的无线基础设施也随之需要更高的带宽以便解决增加的需求。为了提供附加的移动带宽,正在实行小型蜂窝部署,其中微蜂窝和微微蜂窝为比传统宏蜂窝小得多的区域提供覆盖。
附图说明
图1是示出根据这里所描述的各个方面的导波通信系统的一个示例性、非限制性实施例的方块图。
图2是示出根据这里所描述的各个方面的电介质波导耦合器的一个示例性、非限制性实施例的方块图。
图3是示出根据这里所描述的各个方面的电介质波导耦合器的一个示例性、非限制性实施例的方块图。
图4是示出根据这里所描述的各个方面的电介质波导耦合器的一个示例性、非限制性实施例的方块图。
图5A和5B是示出根据这里所描述的各个方面的电介质波导耦合器和收发器的示例性、非限制性实施例的方块图。
图6是示出根据这里所描述的各个方面的双电介质波导耦合器的一个示例性、非限制性实施例的方块图。
图7是示出根据这里所描述的各个方面的双向电介质波导耦合器的一个示例性、非限制性实施例的方块图。
图8是示出根据这里所描述的各个方面的双向电介质波导耦合器的一个示例性、非限制性实施例的方块图。
图9是示出根据这里所描述的各个方面的双向转发器系统的一个示例性、非限制性实施例的方块图。
图10示出了一种利用这里所描述的电介质波导耦合器对传输进行传送的方法的一个示例性、非限制性实施例的流程图。
图11是根据这里所描述的各个方面的计算环境的一个示例性、非限制性实施例的方块图。
图12是根据这里所描述的各个方面的移动网络平台的一个示例性、非限制性实施例的方块图。
图13是示出根据这里所描述的各个方面的耦合器的一个示例性、非限制性实施例的图示。
图14是示出根据这里所描述的各个方面的耦合器的一个示例性、非限制性实施例的图示。
图15是示出根据这里所描述的各个方面的导波通信系统的一个示例性、非限制性实施例的方块图。
图16是示出根据这里所描述的各个方面的传送设备的一个示例性、非限制性实施例的方块图。
图17是示出根据这里所描述的各个方面的电磁分布的一个示例性、非限制性实施例的图示。
图18是示出根据这里所描述的各个方面的电磁分布的示例性、非限制性实施例的图示。
图19是示出根据这里所描述的各个方面的电磁分布的示例性、非限制性实施例的图示。
图20a和20b是示出根据这里所描述的各个方面的传输介质的示例性、非限制性实施例的图示。
图21是示出根据这里所描述的各个方面的传送设备的一个示例性、非限制性实施例的方块图。
图22示出了这里所描述的选择载波频率的方法的一个示例性、非限制性实施例的流程图。
具体实施方式
现在将参照附图描述一个或多个实施例,其中相同的附图标记始终被用来指代相同的单元。在后面的描述中,出于解释的目的阐述了许多细节,以便提供对于各个实施例的透彻理解。但是显而易见的是,可以在没有这些细节的情况下实践各个实施例(并且不应用于任何特定的联网环境或标准)。
为了向附加的基站设备提供网络连接,把通信蜂窝(例如微蜂窝和宏蜂窝)链路到核心网络的网络设备的回传网络也相应地扩展。类似地,为了向分布式天线系统提供网络连接,希望有把基站设备与其分布式天线相链路的扩展通信系统。可以提供导波通信系统以便允许替换的、增加的或附加的网络连接,并且可以提供波导耦合系统以便在电线(比如作为单线传输线(例如,公用事业线路)操作,作为波导操作,以及/或者通过其他方式操作来引导电磁波的传输的电线)上传送和/或接收导波(例如表面波)通信。
在一个实施例中,被利用在波导耦合系统中的波导耦合器可以由电介质材料或其他低损耗绝缘体(例如聚四氟乙烯、聚乙烯等等)制成,或者甚至由导电(例如金属、非金属等等)材料制成,或者由前述材料的任意组合制成。在具体实施方式部分中提到“电介质波导”时都是出于说明的目的,而不是把实施例限制到仅由电介质材料构成。在其他实施例中,其他电介质或绝缘材料也是可行的。应当认识到,在不背离示例性实施例的情况下,对于导波通信可以利用多种传输介质。这种传输介质的示例可以单独地或以一种或多种组合包括以下的一种或多种:不管是绝缘还是非绝缘并且不管是单股还是多股的电线;具有其他形状或配置的导体,其中包括线束、电缆、连杆、轨道、管道;比如电介质管道、连杆、轨道或其他电介质构件之类的非导体;导体与电介质材料的组合;或者其他导波传输介质。
本发明公开的一个实施例包括耦合器,其包括围绕传输线的锥形环。围绕传输线的同轴发射器将电磁波引导到锥形环。锥形环耦合电磁波以沿着传输线的外表面传播
本发明公开的一个实施例包括一种传送设备,该传送设备包括通信接口,所述通信接口接收包括数据的通信信号。收发器生成基于通信信号的电磁波,以根据至少一种所选电磁(EM)模式传递所述数据。耦合器被配置成接收并将所述电磁波耦合到具有外表面的传输介质。所述耦合器包括导电环和围绕传输介质的锥形环。所述导电环将所述电磁波引导到所述锥形环。所述锥形环耦合电磁波以经由所述至少一种所选EM模式沿着所述传输介质的外表面传播。
本发明公开的一个实施例涉及一种方法,包括生成电磁波,以根据具有方位角取向取向的局部最小值的电磁(EM)场图案的非基本模式传递数据。该方法还包括耦合所述电磁波以关于所述传输介质的所需取向沿着传输介质的外表面传播,诸如对准传输介质的水滴形成的预期取向的所需取向。
这里所描述的各个实施例涉及一种用于从电线发动和提取导波(例如作为电磁波的表面波通信)传输的波导耦合系统。在其中与装备的尺寸相比波长可能较小的毫米波频率(例如,30-300GHz)或者更低的微波频率(例如,3-30GHz)处,传输可以作为由波导引导的波而传播,所述波导比如是电介质材料的条带或长度或者其他耦合器。导波的电磁场结构可以处于波导的内部和/或外部。当该波导被带到紧邻电线(例如公用事业线路或其他传输线路)时,所述导波的至少一部分从波导解耦并且耦合到所述电线,并且继续作为导波(比如围绕所述电线的表面的表面波)而传播。
根据一个示例性实施例,表面波是由电线的表面引导的一种导波,所述表面可以包括电线的外侧或外部表面,或者邻近或暴露于具有不同属性(例如介电属性)的另一种类型的介质的电线的另一个表面。实际上,在一个示例性实施例中,引导表面波的电线的表面可以代表两种不同类型的介质之间的过渡表面。举例来说,在裸电线或非绝缘电线的情况下,电线的表面可以是暴露于空气或自由空间的所述裸电线或非绝缘电线的外部或外侧导电表面。作为另一个实例,在绝缘电线的情况下,电线的表面可以是与电线的绝缘体部分交会的电线的导电部分,或者可以是暴露于空气或自由空间的电线的绝缘体表面,或者可以是电线的绝缘体表面与电线的导电部分(其与电线的绝缘体部分交会)之间的任何材料区段,这取决于绝缘体、空气和/或导体的属性(例如介电属性)中的相对差异,并且还取决于导波的频率以及一种或多种传播模式。
根据一个示例性实施例,可以把例如表面波之类的导波与通过自由空间/空气的无线电传送或者电功率或信号通过电线的导体的传统传播进行对照。实际上,根据一个示例性实施例,利用这里描述的表面波或导波系统,传统的电功率或信号仍然可以通过电线的导体传播或者被传送,导波(包括表面波和其他电磁波)则可以绕电线的表面传播或者被发射。在一个示例性实施例中,表面波可以具有主要或基本上处于用来引导表面波的线路、电线或者传输介质外部的场结构(例如电磁场结构)。
根据一个示例性实施例,沿着电线并围绕电线的外表面行进的电磁波由沿着邻近所述电线的波导行进的其他电磁波感生。电磁波的感生可以独立于通过作为电路的一部分的电线被注入或者通过其他方式被传送的任何电位、电荷或电流。应当认识到,虽然响应于沿电线的电磁波的传播可以形成电线中的小电流,但是这可能是由于电磁波沿着电线表面的传播,而不是响应于被注入到作为电路的一部分的电线中的电位、电荷或电流形成。因此,在电线上行进的电磁波不需要电路就可以沿着电线表面传播。因此,所述电线是不是电路的一部分的单线传输线。此外,在一些实施例中,电线不是必要的,并且电磁波可以沿着不是电线的单线传输介质传播。
根据一个示例性实施例,结合导波(例如表面波)使用的术语“围绕”电线可以包括基波传播模式和具有至少部分地环绕电线或其他传输介质的圆形或基本上圆形的场分布(例如电场、磁场、电磁场等等)的其他导波。此外,当导波“围绕”电线或其他传输介质传播时,可以根据不仅可以包括基波传播模式(例如零阶模式),而且还附加地或替换地包括其他非基波传播模式,比如更高阶导波模式(例如1阶模式、2阶模式等等)、非对称模式以及/或者具有环绕电线或其他传输介质的非圆形场分布的其他导波(例如表面波)的波传播模式实现。
举例来说,这样的非圆形场分布可以是单边的(unilateral)或多边的(multilateral),其具有由相对更高的场强度表征的一个或多个轴向波瓣,以及/或者由相对较低的场强度、零场强度或基本上零场强度表征的一个或多个空值(null)或具有本地最小值的空值区段。此外,根据一个示例性实施例,所述场分布可以作为环绕电线的方位角指向的函数而变化,从而使得环绕电线的一个或多个方位角指向区段具有高于一个或多个其他方位角指向区段的电场或磁场强度(或其组合)。应当认识到,随着导波沿着电线行进,波更高阶模式或非对称模式的相对位置可能会发生变化。
现在参照图1,其中所示出的方块图示出了导波通信系统100的一个示例性、非限制性实施例。导波通信系统100描绘出可以在其中使用传送设备、耦合器或耦合模块的示例性环境。
导波通信系统100可以是分布式天线系统,其包括可通信地耦合到宏蜂窝站点102或其他网络连接的一个或多个基站设备(例如基站设备104)。基站设备104可以通过有线(例如光纤和/或电缆)或者通过无线(例如微波无线)连接而连接到宏蜂窝站点102。宏蜂窝(比如宏蜂窝站点102)可以具有到移动网络的专用连接,并且基站设备104可以共享和/或通过其他方式使用宏蜂窝站点102的连接。基站设备104可以被安装或附着到电线杆116上。在其他实施例中,基站设备104可以处在变压器附近以及/或者位于输电线附近的其他位置。
基站设备104可以促进移动设备122和124到移动网络的连接。分别被安装在电线杆118和120上或者处在其附近的天线112和114可以从基站设备104接收信号,并且在比天线112和114位于基站设备104处或其附近的情况宽广得多的区域内将这些信号传送到移动设备122和124。
应当提到的是,为了简单起见,图1显示出三根电线杆和一个基站设备。在其他实施例中,电线杆116可以具有更多基站设备,并且具有分布式天线的一根或多根电线杆是可能的。
比如电介质波导耦合设备106之类的传送设备可以把来自基站设备104的信号经由连接电线杆116、118和120的(多条)公用事业线路或输电线传送到天线112和114。为了传送信号,无线电源和/或耦合器106对来自基站设备104的信号进行上变频(例如通过混频),或者通过其他方式把来自基站设备104的信号转换到具有处于微波或毫米波频带内的至少一个载波频率的微波或毫米波段信号。电介质波导耦合设备106发动作为沿着公用事业线路或其他电线行进的导波(例如表面波或其他电磁波)传播的毫米波段波。在电线杆118处,另一个传送设备(比如电介质波导耦合设备108)接收导波(并且可选地可以按照需要或希望对其进行放大,或者作为数字转发器操作以便接收导波并且重新生成导波),并且将其作为导波(例如表面波或其他电磁波)在公用事业线路或其他电线上继续发送。电介质波导耦合设备108还可以从毫米波段导波中提取出信号,并且将其向下频移或者通过其他方式转换到其原始蜂窝频带频率(例如1.9GHz或其他已定义的蜂窝频率)或者另一蜂窝(或非蜂窝)频带频率。天线112可以把经过向下频移的信号传送(例如无线传送)到移动设备122。在必要时或希望时,可以由另一个传送设备重复所述处理,比如电介质波导耦合设备110、天线114和移动设备124。
来自移动设备122和124的传送还可以分别由天线112和114接收。电介质波导耦合设备108和110上的转发器可以把蜂窝频带信号向上频移或者通过其他方式转换到微波或毫米波段,并且把所述信号作为导波(例如表面波或其他电磁波)传输通过(多条)输电线传送到基站设备104。
在一个示例性实施例中,系统100可以采用分集路径,其中两条或更多条公用事业线路或其他电线被维系在电线杆116、118和120之间(例如电线杆116和120之间的两条或更多条电线),并且来自基站104的冗余传送被作为导波沿着公用事业线路或其他电线的表面向下传送。所述公用事业线路或其他电线可以是绝缘或非绝缘的,并且取决于导致传输损耗的环境条件,耦合设备可以选择性地接收来自所述绝缘或非绝缘公用事业线路或其他电线的信号。所述选择可以是基于对于电线的信噪比的测量,或者是基于所确定的天气/环境条件(例如水汽检测器、天气预报等等)。对于系统100使用分集路径可以允许备用路由能力、负载平衡、增加的负载应对、并发双向或同步通信、扩谱通信等等(关于更多说明性细节参见图8)。
应当提到的是,在图1中对于电介质波导耦合设备106、108和110的使用仅仅是作为举例,并且在其他实施例中可能有其他使用。举例来说,电介质波导耦合设备可以被使用在回传通信系统中,从而为基站设备提供网络连接。电介质波导耦合设备可以被使用在其中希望通过电线传送导波通信的许多情况中,不管所述电线是否绝缘。由于与可能载送高电压的电线没有接触或者只有有限的物理和/或电接触,因此电介质波导耦合设备对于其他耦合设备存在改进。通过电介质波导耦合设备,所述装置可以被定位成离开电线(例如与电线间隔开),并且/或者在不与电线发生电接触的情况下被定位在电线上,这是因为所述电介质充当绝缘体,从而允许便宜、便利并且/或者较不复杂的安装。但是正如先前所提到的那样,特别在其中电线对应于电话网络、有线电视网络、宽带数据服务、光纤通信系统或者采用低电压或具有绝缘传输线的其他网络的配置中,可以采用导电或非电介质耦合器。
还应当提到的是,虽然在一个示例性实施例中示出了基站设备104和宏蜂窝站点102,但是其他网络配置同样是可行的。举例来说,可以按照类似的方式采用例如接入点或其他无线网关之类的设备,以便扩展例如无线局域网、无线个人区域网或者根据通信协议操作的其他无线网络之类的其他网络的范围,所述通信协议比如有802.11协议、WIMAX协议、超宽带协议、Bluetooth协议、Zigbee协议或者其他无线协议。
现在参照图2,其中示出了根据这里所描述的各个方面的电介质波导耦合系统200的一个示例性、非限制性实施例的方块图。系统200包括电介质波导204,其具有作为导波围绕电介质波导204的波导表面传播的波206。在一个示例性实施例中,电介质波导204是弯曲的,并且电介质波导204的至少一部分可以被放置在电线202的附近,以便促进电介质波导204与电线202之间的耦合,正如这里所描述的那样。电介质波导204可以被放置成使得弯曲电介质波导204的一部分与电线202平行或者基本上平行。与电线平行的电介质波导204的一部分可以是曲线的顶点,或者是曲线的切线在该处与电线202平行的任一点。当电介质波导204被如此定位或放置时,沿着电介质波导204行进的波206至少部分地耦合到电线202,并且作为导波208环绕或围绕电线202的电线表面并且沿着电线202纵向地传播。导波208可以被表征为表面波或其他电磁波,但是在不背离示例性实施例的情况下还可以支持其他类型的导波208。未耦合到电线202的波206的一部分作为波210沿着电介质波导204传播。应当认识到,电介质波导204可以关于电线202被配置和安排在多种位置处,以便实现波206到电线202的所期望的水平的耦合或非耦合。举例来说,在不背离示例性实施例的情况下,可以改变与电线202平行或基本上平行的电介质波导204的曲率和/或长度以及其分隔距离(在一个示例性实施例中可以包括零分隔距离)。同样地,可以基于对于电线202和电介质波导204的对应的固有特性(例如厚度、构成、电磁属性等等)以及波206和208的特性(例如频率、能量水平等等)的考虑改变电介质波导204关于电线202的安排。
即使当电线202弯曲和屈曲时,导波208仍然在与电线202平行或基本上平行的方向上传播。电线202中的弯曲可能会增加传输损耗,这还取决于电线直径、频率和材料。如果电介质波导204的规格是针对高效的电力输送选择的,则波206中的大多数电力被输送到电线202,只有很少的电力保留在波210中。应当认识到,导波208可以仍然是多模式性质(将在这里进行讨论),其中包括具有非基本或非对称的模式,而在沿着平行于或基本上平行于电线202的路径行进时具有或不具有基本传输模式。在一个示例性实施例中,非基本或非对称模式可以被利用来最小化传输损耗以及/或者获得增加的传播距离。
应当提到的是,术语“平行”通常是在真实系统中常常无法确切地实现的几何构造。因此,当被用来描述在本发明的主题公开内容中所公开的实施例时,本发明的主题公开内容中所利用的术语“平行”表示近似而不是确切的配置。在一个示例性实施例中,基本上平行可以包括所有维度中处于30度的真实平行以内的近似。
在一个示例性实施例中,波206可以表现出一种或多种波传播模式。电介质波导模式可以取决于电介质波导204的形状和/或设计。波206的一种或多种电介质波导模式可以生成、影响或者冲击沿着电线202传播的导波208的一种或多种波传播模式。在一个示例性实施例中,电线202上的波传播模式可以类似于电介质波导模式,这是因为波206和208分别都围绕电介质波导204和电线202的外部传播。在一些实施例中,由于电介质波导204与电线202之间的耦合,随着波206耦合到电线202,所述模式可能会改变形式。举例来说,电介质波导204和电线202的尺寸、材料和/或阻抗中的差异可能会产生不存在于电介质波导模式中的附加模式并且/或者抑制其中一些电介质波导模式。所述波传播模式可以包括基本横电磁模式(准TEM00),其中仅有很小的电场和/或磁场在传播方向上延伸,并且当导波沿着电线传播时,电场和磁场径向地向外延伸。该导波模式可以具有圆环(donut)形状,其中在电介质波导204或电线202内存在很少的电磁场。波206和208可以包括基本TEM模式,其中的场径向地向外延伸,并且还可以包括其他非基本(例如非对称、更高层级等等)模式。虽然前面讨论了特定波传播模式,但是基于所采用的频率、电介质波导204的设计、电线202的规格和构成、以及其表面特性、其可选绝缘、周围环境的电磁属性等等,其他波传播模式同样是可行的,比如横电(TE)模式和横磁(TM)模式。应当提到的是,取决于频率、电线202的电和物理特性以及所生成的特定波传播模式,导波208可以沿着氧化非绝缘电线、非氧化非绝缘电线、绝缘电线的导电表面以及/或者沿着绝缘电线的绝缘表面行进。
在一个示例性实施例中,电介质波导204的直径小于电线202的直径。对于所使用的微波或毫米带波长,电介质波导204支持构成波206的单波导模式。该单波导模式可以随着作为表面波208耦合到电线202而发生改变。如果电介质波导204更大,则可以支持多于一种波导模式,但是这些附加的波导模式可能不会同样高效地耦合到电线202,并且可能会导致更高的耦合损耗。但是在一些替换实施例中,例如在希望有更高的耦合损耗时或者当与其他技术相结合来使用以便通过其他方式减少耦合损耗时(例如通过锥化的阻抗匹配等等),电介质波导204的直径可以等于或大于电线202的直径。
在一个示例性实施例中,波206和208的波长在尺寸上与电介质波导204和电线202的周长是可比较的或者小于其周长。在一个实例中,如果电线202的直径是0.5cm并且相应的周长是大约1.5cm,则传输的波长是大约1.5cm或更小,从而对应于20GHz或更高的频率。在另一个实施例中,传输和载波信号的适当频率处于30-100GHz的范围内,可能是大约30-60GHz,并且在一个实例中是大约38GHz。在一个示例性实施例中,当电介质波导204和电线202的周长在尺寸上与传输的波长是可比较的或者大于其波长时,波206和208可以表现出多种波传播模式,其中包括传播经过足够的距离以便支持这里所描述的各种通信系统的基本和/或非基本(对称和/或非对称)模式。波206和208因此可以包括多于一种类型的电和磁场配置。在一个示例性实施例中,随着导波208沿着电线202向下传播,电和磁场配置从电线202的一个末端到另一个末端将保持相同。在其他实施例中,当导波208遇到干扰或者由于传输损耗而损失能量时,电和磁场配置可能随着导波208沿着电线202向下传播而发生改变。
在一个示例性实施例中,电介质波导204可以由尼龙、聚四氟乙烯、聚乙烯、聚酰胺或者其他塑料构成。在其他实施例中,其他电介质材料也是可行的。电线202的电线表面可以是金属的,其或者具有裸金属表面,或者可以利用塑料、电介质、绝缘体或其他护鞘被绝缘。在一个示例性实施例中,电介质或其他不导电/绝缘波导可以与裸/金属电线或绝缘电线配对。在其他实施例中,金属和/或导电波导可以与裸/金属电线或绝缘电线配对。在一个示例性实施例中,电线202的裸金属表面上的氧化层(例如通过把裸金属表面暴露于氧气/空气而得到)还可以提供类似于由一些绝缘体或护鞘所提供的那些绝缘或电介质属性。
应当提到的是,给出波206、208和210的图形表示仅仅是为了说明波206在例如作为单线传输线操作的电线202上感生出或者通过其他方式发动导波208的原理。波210代表在生成导波208之后保留在电介质波导204上的波206的部分。作为这样的波传播的结果生成的实际电场和磁场可以根据以下因素而有所不同:所采用的频率,一种或多种特定波传播模式,电介质波导204的设计,电线202的规格和构成以及其表面特性、其可选绝缘,周围环境的电磁属性等等。
应当提到的是,电介质波导204可以在电介质波导204的末端处包括端接电路或阻尼器214,其可以吸收来自波210的剩余辐射或能量。端接电路或阻尼器214可以防止和/或最小化朝向传送器电路212反射回去的来自波210的剩余辐射。在一个示例性实施例中,端接电路或阻尼器214可以包括端接电阻器以及/或者实施阻抗匹配以衰减反射的其他组件。在一些实施例中,如果耦合效率足够高并且/或者波210足够小,则可能没有必要使用端接电路或阻尼器214。为了简单起见,在其他附图中没有描绘出这些传送器和端接电路或阻尼器212和214,但是在这些实施例中,也可能使用传送器和端接电路或阻尼器。
此外,虽然给出了生成单个导波208的单个电介质波导204,但是也可以采用放置在沿着电线202的不同点处和/或围绕电线的不同轴向指向处的多个电介质波导204,以便在相同或不同的频率处、在相同或不同的相位处以及/或者在相同或不同的波传播模式下生成和接收多个导波208。可以对一个或多个导波208进行调制,以便通过例如相移键控、频移键控、正交幅度调制、幅度调制、多载波调制之类的调制技术以及通过例如频分多路复用、时分多路复用、码分多路复用、经由不同波传播模式的多路复用之类的多址技术以及通过其他调制和接入策略来传递数据。
现在参照图3,其中示出了根据这里所描述的各个方面的电介质波导耦合系统300的一个示例性、非限制性实施例的方块图。系统300实施包括电介质波导304和电线302的耦合器,其具有作为导波围绕电线302的电线表面传播的波306。在一个示例性实施例中,波306可以被表征为表面波或其他电磁波。
在一个示例性实施例中,电介质波导304是弯曲的或者具有曲率,并且可以被放置在电线302的附近,从而使得弯曲的电介质波导304的一部分与电线302平行或基本上平行。与电线平行的电介质波导304的部分可以是曲线的顶点,或者是曲线的切线在该处与电线302平行的任一点。当电介质波导304处于电线附近时,沿着电线302行进的导波306可以耦合到电介质波导304并且作为导波308围绕电介质波导304传播。未耦合到电介质波导304的导波306的一部分作为导波310(例如表面波或其他电磁波)沿着电线302传播。
即使当电线302和电介质波导304发生弯曲和屈曲时,导波306和308仍然分别与电线302和电介质波导304保持平行。弯曲可能会增加传输损耗,这还取决于电线直径、频率和材料。如果电介质波导304的规格是针对高效的电力输送选择的,则导波306中的大多数能量都被耦合到电介质波导304,并且只有很少能量保留在导波310中。
在一个示例性实施例中,接收器电路可以被放置在波导304的末端以便接收波308。端接电路可以被放置在电介质波导304的相对末端,以便接收在与耦合到电介质波导304的导波306相反的方向上行进的导波。因此,端接电路将防止和/或最小化由接收器电路接收到的反射。如果反射很少,则端接电路可能并不必要。
应当提到的是,电介质波导304可以被配置成使得表面波306的所选择的偏振作为导波308被耦合到电介质波导304。举例来说,如果导波306由具有对应的偏振的导波或波传播模式构成,则电介质波导304可以被配置成接收具有所选择的(多种)偏振的一个或多个导波。因此,耦合到电介质波导304的导波308是对应于所选择的(多种)偏振当中的一种或多种的导波的集合,并且另外的导波310可以包括与所选择的(多种)偏振不匹配的导波。
电介质波导304可以被配置成基于电介质波导304被围绕电线302放置的角度/旋转(耦合器的轴向指向)以及导波的场结构的轴向模式来接收具有特定偏振的导波。举例来说,如果耦合器被指向成沿着水平接入馈送导波并且如果导波306被水平偏振(也就是说导波的场结构集中在水平轴上),则大多数导波306作为波308传递到电介质波导。在另一个实例中,如果电介质波导304被围绕电线302旋转90度,则来自导波306的大多数能量将作为导波310保持耦合到电线,并且仅有一小部分将作为波308耦合到电线302。
应当提到的是,波306、308和310在本说明书中的图3和其他附图中利用三个圆形符号示出。这些符号被用来表示一般的导波,而不意味着波306、308和310必须是圆形偏振或圆形指向的。实际上,波306、308和310可以包括基本TEM模式,其中的场径向地向外延伸,并且还包括其他非基本(例如更高层级等等)模式。这些模式的性质也可以是非对称的(例如径向、双边、三边、四边等等)。
还应当提到的是,通过电线的导波通信可以是全双工,从而允许两个方向上的同时通信。在一个方向上行进的波可以经过在相反方向上行进的波。由于适用于波的叠加原理,电磁场可以在特定点处短时间抵消。在相反方向上行进的波在传播时仿佛另一个波并不存在,但是对于观测者的复合效果可能是稳定驻波样式。随着导波经过彼此并且不再处于叠加状态,干涉消退。随着导波(例如表面波或其他电磁波)耦合到波导并且移动离开电线,由于其他导波(例如表面波或其他电磁波)所导致的任何干涉减小。在一个示例性实施例中,随着导波306(例如表面波或其他电磁波)逼近电介质波导304,在电线302上从左向右行进的另一个导波(例如表面波或其他电磁波)(未示出)经过,从而导致局部干涉。随着导波306作为波308耦合到电介质波导304并且移动离开电线302,由于经过的导波所导致的任何干涉都消退。
应当提到的是,给出电磁波306、308和310的图形表示仅仅是为了说明导波306在电介质波导304上感生出或者通过其他方式发动导波308的原理。导波310代表在生成波308之后保留在电线302上的导波306的部分。作为这样的导波传播的结果所生成的实际电场和磁场可以根据以下因素当中的一项或多项而有所不同:电介质波导的形状和/或设计,电介质波导与电线的相对位置,所采用的频率,电介质波导304的设计,电线302的规格和构成以及其表面特性、其可选绝缘,周围环境的电磁属性等等。
现在参照图4,其中示出了根据这里所描述的各个方面的电介质波导耦合系统400的一个示例性、非限制性实施例的方块图。系统400实施包括电介质波导404的耦合器,其具有作为导波围绕电介质波导404的波导表面传播的波406。在一个示例性实施例中,电介质波导404是弯曲的,并且电介质波导404的一个末端可以被系结、紧固或者通过其他方式机械耦合到电线402。当电介质波导404的末端被紧固到电线402时,电介质波导404的所述末端与电线402平行或基本上平行。或者,电介质波导的超出一个末端的另一个部分可以被紧固或耦合到电线402,从而使得所述紧固或耦合部分与电线402平行或基本上平行。耦合设备410可以是尼龙扎带(cable tie)或其他类型的不导电/电介质材料,其或者与电介质波导404分开或者被构造成电介质波导404的集成组件。在其他实施例中,电介质波导404可以与电线402机械解耦,从而在耦合器与电线402之间留出气隙。电介质波导404可以邻近电线402而不围绕电线402。
当电介质波导404被放置成使其末端平行于电线402时,沿着电介质波导404行进的导波406耦合到电线402,并且作为导波408围绕电线402的电线表面传播。在一个示例性实施例中,导波408可以被表征为表面波或其他电磁波。
应当提到的是,给出波406和408的图形表示仅仅是为了说明波406在例如作为单线传输线操作的电线402上感生出或者通过其他方式发动导波408的原理。作为这样的波传播的结果所生成的实际电场和磁场可以根据以下因素当中的一项或多项而有所不同:电介质波导的形状和/或设计,电介质波导与电线的相对位置,所采用的频率,电介质波导404的设计,电线402的规格和构成以及其表面特性、其可选绝缘,周围环境的电磁属性等等。
在一个示例性实施例中,电介质波导404的一个末端可以朝向电线402锥化,以便提高耦合效率。实际上,根据本发明的主题公开内容的一个示例性实施例,电介质波导404的末端的锥化可以提供与电线402的阻抗匹配。举例来说,电介质波导404的一个末端可以被逐渐锥化,以便获得如图4中所示的波406与408之间的所期望的水平的耦合。
在一个示例性实施例中,耦合设备410可以被放置成使得在耦合设备410与电介质波导404的一个末端之间存在较短长度的电介质波导404。当超出耦合设备410的电介质波导404的末端的长度至少是针对正被传送的任何频率的几个波长的长度时,可以实现最大耦合效率,但是更短的长度也是可能的。
现在参照图5A,其中示出了根据这里所描述的各个方面的电介质波导耦合器和收发器系统500(在这里统称作系统500)的一个示例性、非限制性实施例的方块图。系统500包括发动并且接收波(例如到电介质波导502上的导波504)的传送器/接收器设备506。导波504可以被用来通过通信接口501传输接收自和发送到基站520、移动设备522或建筑物524的信号。通信接口501可以是系统500的一个集成部分。或者,通信接口501可以系连到系统500。通信接口501可以包括用于利用多种无线信令协议(例如LTE、WiFi、WiMAX、IEEE802.xx等等)当中的任一种接口到基站520、移动设备522或建筑物524的无线接口。通信接口501还可以包括有线接口,比如光纤线路、同轴电缆、双绞线或者用于向基站520或建筑物524传送信号的其他适当的有线介质。对于其中系统500充当转发器的实施例,通信接口501可以不是必要的。
通信接口501的输出信号(例如Tx)可以在混频器510处与由本地振荡器512生成的毫米波载波相组合。混频器510可以使用外差技术或其他频移技术以便对来自通信接口501的输出信号进行频移。举例来说,发送到和来自通信接口501的信号可以是经过调制的信号,比如正交频分多路复用(OFDM)信号,其根据长期演进(LTE)无线协议或者其他无线3G、4G、5G或更高语音和数据协议、Zigbee、WIMAX、超宽带或IEEE 802.11无线协议或者其他无线协议而被格式化。在一个示例性实施例中,这一变频可以在模拟域中进行,其结果是可以在不考虑基站520、移动设备522或建筑物内设备524所使用的通信协议类型的情况下实施该变频。随着新的通信技术被开发,通信接口501可以被升级或替换,并且频移和传送装置可以被保留,从而简化了升级。随后可以把载波发送到功率放大器(“PA”)514,并且可以通过双工器516经由传送器/接收器设备506来传送。
通过双工器516可以把接收自传送器/接收器设备506的被导向通信接口501的信号与其他信号分开。所述传输随后可以被发送到低噪声放大器(“LNA”)518以进行放大。混频器521在本地振荡器512的帮助下可以把所述传输(其在某些实施例中处于毫米波段中或者是大约38GHz)向下频移到固有频率。通信接口501随后可以在输入端口(Rx)处接收所述传输。
在一个实施例中,传送器/接收器设备506可以包括圆柱形或非圆柱形金属(其例如在一个实施例中可以是中空的,但并不是按比例绘制的)或者其他导电或不导电波导,并且电介质波导502的一个末端可以被放置在所述波导或传送器/接收器设备506中或其附近,从而使得当传送器/接收器设备506生成传输时,所述导波耦合到电介质波导502并且作为导波504围绕电介质波导502的波导表面传播。在一些实施例中,导波504可以部分地在电介质波导502的外部表面上传播,并且部分地在电介质波导502的内部传播。在其他实施例中,导波504可以基本上或完全地在电介质波导502的外部表面上传播。在其他实施例中,导波504可以基本上或完全地在电介质波导502的内部传播。在该后一个实施例中,导波504可以在电介质波导502的一个末端(比如图4中示出的锥化末端)处辐射,以便耦合到例如图4的电线402之类的传输介质。类似地,如果导波504正在传入(从电线耦合到电介质波导502),则导波504随后进入传送器/接收器设备506并且耦合到所述圆柱形波导或导电波导。虽然传送器/接收器设备506被示出为包括单独的波导,但是可以采用天线、空腔谐振器、速调管(klystron)、磁控管(magnetron)、行波管(travelling wave tube)或其他辐射元件在波导502上感生出导波,而无需单独的波导。
在一个实施例中,电介质波导502可以完全由电介质材料(或者其他适当的绝缘材料)构造,并且其中没有任何金属或其他导电材料。电介质波导502可以由尼龙、聚四氟乙烯、聚乙烯、聚酰胺、其他塑料或者不导电并且适合于促进电磁波至少部分地在此类材料的外部表面上传输的其他材料构成。在另一个实施例中,电介质波导502可以包括导电/金属核心,并且具有外侧电介质表面。类似地,耦合到电介质波导502以用于传播由电介质波导502感生出的电磁波或者用于向电介质波导502提供电磁波的传输介质可以完全由电介质材料(或者其他适当的绝缘材料)构造,并且其中没有任何金属或其他导电材料。
应当提到的是,虽然图5A示出了传送器/接收器设备506的开口比电介质波导502宽得多,但是这不是按比例绘制的,并且在其他实施例中,电介质波导502的宽度与中空波导的开口是可比较的或者比之略小。此外虽然没有示出,但是在一个实施例中,被插入到传送器/接收器设备506中的波导502的末端逐渐变细,以便减少反射并且提高耦合效率。
传送器/接收器设备506可以可通信地耦合到通信接口501,并且替换地传送器/接收器设备506还可以可通信地耦合到图1中示出的一个或多个分布式天线112和114。在其他实施例中,传送器/接收器设备506可以构成用于回传网络的转发器系统的一部分。
在耦合到电介质波导502之前,由传送器/接收器设备506生成的导波的一种或多种波导模式可以耦合到电介质波导502以便感生出导波504的一种或多种波传播模式。由于中空金属波导和电介质波导的不同特性,导波504的波传播模式可以不同于中空金属波导模式。举例来说,导波504的波传播模式可以包括基本横电磁模式(准TEM00),其中仅有很小的电场和/或磁场在传播方向上延伸,并且当导波沿着电介质波导502传播时,电场和磁场从电介质波导502径向地向外延伸。基本横电磁模式波传播模式不可存在于中空波导的内部。因此,由传送器/接收器设备506使用的中空金属波导模式是可以有效地并且高效地耦合到电介质波导502的波传播模式的波导模式。
应当理解,传送器/接收器设备506和电介质波导502的其他构造或组合是可能的。例如,电介质波导502'可以相对于传送器/接收器设备506'的中空金属波导的外表面切向地或平行地(具有或不具有间隙)放置(相应的电路未示出),如图5B的图标500'所示。在另一实施例中,未用图标500'示出,电介质波导502'可以放置在传送器/接收器设备506'的中空金属波导内,而电介质波导502'的轴线与传送器/接收器设备506'的中空金属波导的轴线同轴对准。在这些实施例中的任一个中,由传送器/接收器设备506'生成的导波可以耦合到介质波导502'的表面,以在电介质波导502'上感生出导波504'的一个或多个波传播模式,包括基本模式(例如,对称模式)和/或非基本模式(例如,非对称模式)。
在一个实施例中,导波504'可以部分地在电介质波导502'的外表面上传播并且部分地在电介质波导502'内传播。在另一个实施例中,导波504'可以基本上或完全地在电介质波导502'的外表面上传播。在其他实施例中,导波504'可以基本上或完全地在电介质波导502'内部传播。在该后一个实施例中,导波504'可以在电介质波导502'(例如图4所示的锥形端)的末端处辐射,以耦合到诸如图4的电线402的传输介质。
还应该理解的是,传送器/接收器设备506的其他构造是可能的。例如,图5B中图标500”所示的传送器/接收器设备506”的中空金属波导(相应的电路未示出)可以相对于诸如图4的电线402的传输介质的外表面切向或平行(有或没有间隙)放置。在该实施例中,由传送器/接收器设备506”生成的导波可以耦合到电线402的表面,以在电线402上感生出导波408的一种或多种波传播模式,包括基本模式(例如,对称模式)和/或非基本模式(例如,非对称模式)。在另一个实施例中,电线402可以位于发射器/接收器装置506”'的中空金属波导内(相应的电路未示出),在不使用电介质波导502的情况下使得电线402的轴线与中空金属波导的轴线同轴(或不同轴)对准-参见图5B的图标500”'。在该实施例中,由传送器/接收器设备506”'生成的导波可以耦合到电线402的表面以在电线402上感生出导波408的一种或多种波传播模式,包括基本模式(例如,对称模式)和/或非基本模式(例如,非对称模式)。
在500”和500”'的实施例中,导波408可以部分地在电线402的外表面上传播并且部分地在电线402内传播。在另一个实施例中,导波408可以基本上或完全地在电线402的外表面上传播。电线402可以是裸导体或具有绝缘外表面的导体。
现在参照图6,其中示出了根据这里所描述的各个方面的双电介质波导耦合系统600的一个示例性、非限制性实施例的方块图。在一个示例性实施例中示出了具有环绕电线602放置的两个或更多电介质波导(例如604和606)以便接收导波608的耦合模块。在一个示例性实施例中,导波608可以被表征为表面波或其他电磁波。在一个示例性实施例中,一个电介质波导就足以接收导波608。在这种情况下,导波608耦合到电介质波导604并且作为导波610传播。如果导波608的场结构由于各种外部因素环绕电线602振荡或波动,则可以放置电介质波导606从而使得导波608耦合到电介质波导606。在一些实施例中,可以环绕电线602的一部分放置四个或更多电介质波导(例如关于彼此成90度或其他间距),以便接收可能环绕电线602振荡或旋转的导波,其中所述导波是在不同的轴向指向处被感生的,或者具有非基本或更高阶模式,所述非基本或更高阶模式例如具有波瓣和/或空值或者与指向相关的其他非对称性。但是应当认识到,在不背离示例性实施例的情况下,可以环绕电线602的一部分放置少于或多于四个电介质波导。还应当认识到,虽然一些示例性实施例给出了环绕电线602的至少一部分的多个电介质波导,但是这多个电介质波导也可以被视为具有多个电介质波导子组件的单个电介质波导系统的一部分。举例来说,两个或更多电介质波导可以被制造成单个系统,其可以在单个安装中被环绕电线安装,从而使得可以根据所述单个系统预先定位各个电介质波导或者可以将其相对于彼此进行调节(人工或自动调节)。耦合到电介质波导606和604的接收器可以使用分集组合以便组合接收自全部两个电介质波导606和604的信号,从而最大化信号质量。在其他实施例中,如果电介质波导606和604当中的一个或另一个接收到高于预定阈值的传输,则接收器在决定将使用哪一个信号时可以使用选择分集。
应当提到的是,给出波608和610的图形表示仅仅是为了说明导波608在电介质波导604上感生出或者通过其他方式发动波610的原理。作为这样的波传播的结果所生成的实际电场和磁场可以根据以下因素而有所不同:所采用的频率,电介质波导604的设计,电线602的规格和构成以及其表面特性、其可选绝缘,周围环境的电磁属性等等。
现在参照图7,其中示出了根据这里所描述的各个方面的双向电介质波导耦合系统700的一个示例性、非限制性实施例的方块图。这样的系统700实施具有耦合模块的传送设备,所述耦合模块包括可以被放置在电线702附近的两个电介质波导704和714,从而使得沿着电线702传播的导波(例如表面波或其他电磁波)作为波706被耦合到电介质波导704,并且随后由转发器设备710增强或转发,并且作为导波716被发动到电介质波导714上。导波716随后可以耦合到电线702,并且继续沿着电线702传播。在一个示例性实施例中,转发器设备710可以通过与电线702(其可以是输电线)的磁性耦合接收被用于增强或转发的至少一部分电力。
在一些实施例中,转发器设备710可以转发与波706相关联的传输,并且在其他实施例中,转发器设备710可以与位于转发器设备710附近的分布式天线系统和/或基站设备相关联。接收器波导708可以接收来自电介质波导704的波706,并且传送器波导712可以把导波716发动到电介质波导714上。在接收器波导708与传送器波导712之间,信号可以被放大以便校正与导波通信相关联的信号损耗和其他低效率,或者信号可以被接收和处理以便提取包含在其中的数据并且将其重新生成以供传送。在一个示例性实施例中,可以从所述传输中提取信号并且对其进行处理,并且另行通过可通信地耦合到转发器设备710的分布式天线将其发射到附近的移动设备。类似地,通过分布式天线接收到的信号和/或通信可以被插入到所生成的传输中,并且通过传送器波导712被发动到电介质波导714上。相应地,图7中描绘出的转发器系统700可以在功能上与图1中的电介质波导耦合设备108和100是可比较的。
应当提到的是,虽然图7示出了分别从左侧进入并且从右侧离开的导波传输706和716,但是这仅仅是简化而不意图作出限制。在其他实施例中,接收器波导708和传送器波导712还可以分别充当传送器和接收器,从而允许转发器设备710是双向的。
在一个示例性实施例中,转发器设备710可以被放置在电线702上的存在中断或障碍物的位置处。这些障碍物可以包括变压器、连接、电线杆以及其他此类输电线设备。转发器设备710可以帮助导波(例如表面波)跳过线路上的这些障碍物,并且同时增强传输功率。在其他实施例中,电介质波导可以被用来跳过障碍物而无需使用转发器设备。在该实施例中,电介质波导的两个末端都可以被系连或紧固到电线,从而为导波提供行进路径而不会被障碍物阻断。
现在参照图8,其中示出了根据这里所描述的各个方面的双向电介质波导耦合器800的一个示例性、非限制性实施例的方块图。在电线杆之间维系有两条或更多条电线的情况下,双向电介质波导耦合器800实施具有耦合模块的传送设备,所述耦合模块可以采用分集路径。由于导波传输基于天气、降水和大气条件对于绝缘电线和非绝缘电线具有不同的传输效率和耦合效率,因此可能有利的是在特定时间在绝缘电线或非绝缘电线上选择性地进行传送。
在图8所示出的实施例中,转发器设备使用接收器波导808接收沿着非绝缘电线802行进的导波,并且使用传送器波导810作为沿着绝缘电线804的导波转发传输。在其他实施例中,转发器设备可以从绝缘电线804切换到非绝缘电线802,或者可以沿着相同的路径转发传输。转发器设备806可以包括传感器,或者可以与表明可能影响传输的状况的传感器进行通信。基于接收自传感器的反馈,转发器设备806可以作出关于是要沿着相同的电线保持传输还是要把传输转移到另一条电线的决定。
现在参照图9,其中示出了双向转发器系统900的一个示例性、非限制性实施例的方块图。双向转发器系统900实施具有耦合模块的传送设备,所述耦合模块包括波导耦合设备902和904,其接收并且传送来自位于分布式天线系统或回传系统中的其他耦合设备的传输。
在各个实施例中,波导耦合设备902可以接收来自另一个波导耦合设备的传输,其中所述传输具有多个子载波。双工器906例如可以通过滤波把所述传输与其他传输分开,并且把所述传输导向低噪声放大器(“LNA”)908。混频器928借助于本地振荡器912可以把传输(其在一些实施例中处于毫米波频带中或者是大约38GHz)向下频移到较低频率,不管是用于分布式天线系统的蜂窝频带(-1.9GHz)、固有频率还是用于回传系统的其他频率。提取器932可以提取出对应于天线或其他输出组件922的子载波上的信号,并且把所述信号导向输出组件922。对于在该天线位置处没有被提取的信号,提取器932可以将其重定向到另一个混频器936,所述信号在该处被用来对由本地振荡器914生成的载波进行调制。所述载波与其各个子载波被导向功率放大器(“PA”)916,并且由波导耦合设备904通过双工器920重传到另一个转发器系统。
在输出设备922处,PA 924可以增强信号以供传送到移动设备。LNA 926可以被用来放大接收自移动设备的微弱信号并且随后把所述信号发送到多路复用器934,所述多路复用器934把所述信号与已经接收自波导耦合设备904的信号合并。输出设备922例如可以通过双工器、双向器或者未被具体示出的传送/接收开关耦合到分布式天线系统中的天线或其他天线。接收自耦合设备904的信号已通过双工器920被分离,并且随后传递经过LNA918,并且通过混频器938被向下频移。当各个信号通过多路复用器934被组合时,其通过混频器930被向上频移,并且随后由PA 910增强,并且通过波导耦合设备902被传送回到发动器(launcher)或者被传送到另一个转发器上。在一个示例性实施例中,双向转发器系统900可以仅仅是不具有天线/输出设备922的转发器。应当认识到,在一些实施例中,双向转发器系统900还可以利用两个不同并且分开的单向转发器来实施。在一个替换实施例中,双向转发器系统900还可以是增强器(booster)或者在没有向下频移和向上频移的情况下实施重传。实际上在示例性实施例中,所述重传可以基于接收到信号或导波,并且在所述信号或导波的重传之前实施某种信号或导波处理或重整形、滤波和/或放大。
图10结合前面提到的系统示出了一个处理。图10中的处理例如可以通过分别在图1-9中示出的系统100、200、300、400、500、600、700、800和900来实施。虽然为了解释简单起见将所述方法示出并且描述成一系列方块,但是应当理解并且认识到的是,所要求保护的主题内容不限于所述方块的顺序,这是因为一些方块可以按照与这里所描绘和描述的顺序不同的顺序发生并且/或者与其他方块并发地发生。此外,并不需要所有所示出的方块来实施后文中所描述的方法。
图10示出了一种利用这里所描述的电介质波导耦合器对传输进行传送的方法的一个示例性、非限制性实施例的流程图。方法1000可以在1002处开始,其中由传送设备发射至少部分地在波导的波导表面上传播的第一电磁波,其中所述波导的波导表面不整个或大部分环绕电线的电线表面。由传送器生成的传输可以基于接收自基站设备、接入点、网络或移动设备的信号。
在1004处,基于邻近电线配置波导,导波随后把第一电磁波的至少一部分耦合到电线表面,从而形成至少部分地环绕电线表面传播的第二电磁波(例如表面波),其中电线与波导邻近。这可以响应于把电介质波导的一部分(例如电介质波导的曲线的切线)定位在电线附近并且与之平行而实现,其中电磁波的波长小于电线和电介质波导的周长。即使当电线弯曲和屈曲时,导波(或表面波)仍然与电线保持平行。弯曲可能会增加传输损耗,这还取决于电线直径、频率和材料。电线与波导之间的耦合接口还可以被配置成实现这里所描述的所期望的耦合水平,这可以包括锥化波导的末端以改进波导与电线之间的阻抗匹配。
由传送器发射的传输可能表现出一种或多种波导模式。波导模式可以取决于波导的形状和/或设计。由于波导和电线的不同特性,电线上的传播模式可以不同于波导模式。当电线的周长在尺寸上与传输的波长是可比较的或者大于其波长时,导波表现出多种波传播模式。因此,导波可以包括多于一种类型的电和磁场配置。随着导波(例如表面波)沿着电线向下传播,电和磁场配置从电线的一个末端到另一个末端可以保持基本上相同,或者随着传输由于旋转、分散、衰减或其他效应经过所述波,电和磁场配置从电线的一个末端到另一个末端可以发生变化。
现在参照图11,其中示出了根据这里所描述的各个方面的计算环境的方块图。为了提供针对这里所描述的各个实施例的附加情境,图11和后面的讨论意图提供关于可以在其中实施这里所描述的实施例的各个实施例的适当计算环境1100的简要一般性描述。虽然前面在可以被运行在一台或多台计算机上的计算机可执行指令的一般情境中描述了所述实施例,但是本领域技术人员将认识到,所述实施例还可以与其他程序模块相组合以及/或者作为硬件与软件的组合来实施。
通常来说,程序模块包括实施特定任务或者实施特定抽象数据类型的例程、程序、组件、数据结构等等。此外,本领域技术人员将认识到,可以通过其他计算机系统配置来实践本发明的方法,其中包括单处理器或多处理器计算机系统、小型计算机、大型计算机以及个人计算机、手持式计算设备、基于微处理器或可编程的消费电子装置等等,其中的任一项可以可操作地耦合到一个或多个相关联的设备。
除非上下文明确地另有所指,否则在权利要求中使用的术语“第一”、“第二”、“第三”等等仅仅是为了进行阐明,而不表明或暗示任何时间顺序。举例来说,“第一确定”、“第二确定”和“第三确定”并不表明或暗示第一确定将在第二确定之前做出或者反之亦然。
这里所示出的实施例还可以被实践在分布式计算环境中,其中特定任务由通过通信网络链路在一起的远程处理设备实施。在分布式计算环境中,程序模块可以位于本地存储器存储设备和远程存储器存储设备两者中。
计算设备通常包括多种介质,其中可以包括计算机可读存储介质和/或通信介质,这两个术语在这里被彼此不同地如下使用。计算机可读存储介质可以是能够由计算机访问的任何可用的存储介质,并且包括易失性和非易失性介质、可移除和不可移除介质。作为举例而非限制,计算机可读存储介质可以结合任何用于存储信息的方法或技术来实施,所述信息比如有计算机可读指令、程序模块、结构化数据或无结构数据。
计算机可读存储介质可以包括而不限于:随机存取存储器(RAM)、只读存储器(ROM)、电可擦写可编程只读存储器(EEPROM)、闪存或其他存储器技术,紧致盘只读存储器(CD-ROM)、数字通用盘(DVD)或其他光盘存储装置,磁盒、磁带、磁盘存储装置或其他磁性存储设备,或者可以被用来存储所期望的信息的其他有形和/或非瞬时性介质。在这方面,这里被应用于存储装置、存储器或计算机可读介质的术语“有形”或“非瞬时性”应当被理解成作为修饰语仅排除传播瞬时性信号本身,而不放弃对于不仅传播瞬时性信号本身的所有标准存储装置、存储器或计算机可读介质的权利。
计算机可读存储介质可以由一个或多个本地或远程计算设备例如通过访问请求、查询或者其他数据取回协议来访问,以用于关于由所述介质存储的信息的多种操作。
通信介质通常把计算机可读指令、数据结构、程序模块或者其他结构化或无结构数据具体实现在例如已调数据信号之类的数据信号中,例如载波或其他传输机制,并且包括任何信息递送或传输介质。术语“已调数据信号”或信号指的是其一项或多项特性被设定或改变以便将信息编码在一个或多个信号中的信号。作为举例而非限制,通信介质包括例如有线网络或直接电线连接之类的有线介质,以及例如声学、RF、红外之类的无线介质以及其他无线介质。
再次参照图11,用于通过基站(例如基站设备104和508)和转发器设备(例如转发器设备710、806和900)传送和接收信号的示例性环境1100包括计算机1102,计算机1102包括处理单元1104、系统存储器1106和系统总线1108。系统总线1108把各个系统组件(其中包括而不限于系统存储器1106)耦合到处理单元1104。处理单元1104可以是多种可以买到的处理器当中的任一种。双微处理器和其他多处理器架构也可以被采用作为处理单元1104。
系统总线1108可以是几种类型的总线结构当中的任一种,其还可以互连到使用多种可以买到的总线架构当中的任一种的存储器总线(具有或不具有存储器控制器)、外围总线以及本地总线。系统存储器1106包括ROM 1110和RAM 1112。基本输入/输出系统(BIOS)可以被存储在例如ROM、可擦写可编程只读存储器(EPROM)、EEPROM之类的非易失性存储器中,其中所述BIOS包含有助于例如在启动期间在计算机1102内的各个单元之间传输信息的基本例程。RAM 1112还可以包括例如静态RAM之类的高速RAM以用于高速缓存数据。
计算机1102还包括内部硬盘驱动器(HDD)1114(例如EIDE、SATA),所述内部硬盘驱动器1114还可以被配置成用于适当机架(未示出)中的外部使用,并且还包括磁性软盘驱动器(FDD)1116(其例如用以对可移除盘片1118进行读取或写入)和光盘驱动器1120(其例如读取CD-ROM盘1122,或者对例如DVD之类的其他高容量光学介质进行读取或写入)。硬盘驱动器1114、磁盘驱动器1116和光盘驱动器1120可以分别通过硬盘驱动器接口1124、磁盘驱动器接口1126和光学驱动器接口1128连接到系统总线1108。用于外部驱动实现方式的接口1124包括通用串行总线(USB)以及电气和电子工程师协会(IEEE)1394接口技术的至少其中之一或全部二者。这里所描述的实施例还设想到其他外部驱动器连接技术。
所述驱动器及其相关联的计算机可读存储介质提供对于数据、数据结构、计算机可执行指令等等的非易失性存储。对于计算机1102,所述驱动器和存储介质容许按照适当的数字格式存储任何数据。虽然前面关于计算机可读存储介质的描述提到了硬盘驱动器(HDD)、可移除磁盘以及例如CD或DVD之类的可移除光学介质,但是本领域技术人员应当认识到,在所述示例性操作环境中还可以使用可由计算机读取的其他类型的存储介质,比如压缩驱动器、磁盒、闪存卡、卡盒等等,并且任何此类存储介质可以包含用于实施这里所描述的方法的计算机可执行指令。
一定数目的程序模块可以被存储在驱动器和RAM 1112中,其中包括操作系统1130、一个或多个应用程序1132、其他程序模块1134以及程序数据1136。所述操作系统、应用、模块和/或数据的全部或某些部分还可以被高速缓存在RAM 1112中。这里所描述的系统和方法可以利用各种可以买到的操作系统或者操作系统的组合来实施。可以由处理单元1104实施以及通过其他方式执行的应用程序1132的实例包括由转发器设备806实施的分集选择确定。图5中示出的基站设备508同样在存储器上存储了可以由该示例性计算环境1100中的处理单元1104执行的许多应用和程序。
用户可以通过一个或多个有线/无线输入设备(例如键盘1138以及鼠标1140之类的定点设备)把命令和信息输入到计算机1102中。其他输入设备(未示出)可以包括麦克风、红外(IR)遥控器、操纵杆、游戏手柄、触笔、触摸屏等等。这些和其他输入设备常常通过可以耦合到系统总线1108的输入设备接口1142连接到处理单元1104,但是也可以通过其他接口连接,比如并行端口、IEEE 1394串行端口、游戏端口、通用串行总线(USB)端口、IR接口等等。
监视器1144或其他类型的显示设备也可以通过例如视频适配器1146之类的接口连接到系统总线1108。还应当认识到,在替换实施例中,监视器1144还可以是用于通过任何通信装置(包括通过因特网和基于云端的网络)接收与计算机1102相关联的显示信息的任何显示设备(例如具有显示器的另一台计算机、智能电话、平板计算机等等)。除了监视器1144之外,计算机通常还包括其他外围输出设备(未示出),比如扬声器、打印机等等。
计算机1102可以通过到一台或多台远程计算机(比如(多台)远程计算机1148)的有线和/或无线通信使用逻辑连接在联网环境中操作。(多台)远程计算机1148可以是工作站、服务器计算机、路由器、个人计算机、便携式计算机、基于微处理器的娱乐电器、对等设备或其他常见网络节点,并且通常包括关于计算机1102所描述的许多或所有单元,但是为了简明起见仅仅示出了存储器/存储设备1150。所描绘出的逻辑连接包括到局域网(LAN)1152和/或例如广域网(WAN)1154之类的更大网络的有线/无线连接。这样的LAN和WAN联网环境在办公室和公司中是常见的,并且促进例如内联网之类的企业范围计算机网络,所有这些网络都可以连接到全球通信网络(例如因特网)。
当被使用在LAN联网环境中时,计算机1102可以通过有线和/或无线通信网络接口或适配器1156连接到局域网1152。适配器1156可以促进到LAN 1152的有线或无线通信,LAN1152还可以包括布置在其上的无线AP以用于与无线适配器1156进行通信。
当被使用在WAN联网环境中时,计算机1102可以包括调制解调器1158,或者可以连接到WAN 1154上的通信服务器,或者具有用于通过WAN 1154(比如通过因特网)建立通信的其他装置。调制解调器1158可以处于内部或外部并且可以是有线或无线设备,其可以通过输入设备接口1142连接到系统总线1108。在联网环境中,关于计算机1102描绘出的程序模块或者其某些部分可以被存储在远程存储器/存储设备1150中。应当认识到,所示出的网络连接仅仅是实例,并且可以使用在计算机之间建立通信链路的其他手段。
计算机1102可以适于与可操作地布置在无线通信中的任何无线设备或实体进行通信,例如打印机、扫描仪、台式和/或便携式计算机、便携式数据助理、通信卫星、与无线可检测标签相关联的任何装备或位置(信息亭、报刊亭、休息室)以及电话。这可以包括无线保真(Wi-Fi)和无线技术。因此,所述通信可以是与传统网络一样的预定义结构,或者简单地是至少两个设备之间的自组织通信。
Wi-Fi可以允许在没有电线的情况下从房间内的躺椅、酒店房间内的床或者上班处的会议室连接到因特网。Wi-Fi是类似于使用在蜂窝电话中的无线技术,其允许例如计算机之类的设备在基站的范围内的任何位置在室内和室外发送和接收数据。Wi-Fi网络使用被称作IEEE 802.11(a、b、g、n、ac等等)的无线电技术来提供安全、可靠、快速的无线连接。Wi-Fi网络可以被用来把计算机彼此连接、连接到因特网以及连接到有线网络(其可以使用IEEE 802.3或以太网)。Wi-Fi网络例如操作在无执照的2.4和5GHz无线电频带内或者利用包含全部两个频带(双频带)的产品进行操作,从而使得所述网络可以提供类似于使用在许多办公室中的基本10BaseT有线以太网网络的真实世界性能。
图12给出了可以实施并且利用这里所描述的所公开的主题内容的一个或多个方面的移动网络平台1210的一个示例性实施例1200。在一个或多个实施例中,移动网络平台1210可以生成和接收由基站(例如基站设备104和508)以及与所公开的主题内容相关联的转发器设备(例如转发器设备710、806和900)传送和接收的信号。通常来说,无线网络平台1210可以包括例如节点、网关、接口、服务器或不同平台之类的组件,其促进分组交换(PS)(例如互联网协议(IP)、帧中继、异步传输模式(ATM))和电路交换(CS)通信量(例如语音和数据)以及用于联网无线电信的控制生成。作为一个非限制性实例,无线网络平台1210可以被包括在电信运营商网络中,并且可以被视为运营商侧组件,正如在本文中的别处所讨论的那样。移动网络平台1210包括可以接口接收自传统网络的CS通信量的(多个)CS网关节点1212,所述传统网络比如有(多个)电话网络1240(例如公共交换电话网(PSTN)或公共陆地移动网络(PLMN))或者信令系统#7(SS7)网络1260。(多个)电路交换网关节点1212可以对源于这样的网络的通信量(例如语音)进行授权和认证。此外,(多个)CS网关节点1212可以访问通过SS7网络1260生成的移动性(或漫游)数据;例如存储在可以驻留在存储器1230中的访问位置寄存器(VLR)中的移动性数据。此外,(多个)CS网关节点1212与基于CS的通信量和信令以及(多个)PS网关节点1218进行接口。作为一个实例,在3GPP UMTS网络中,(多个)CS网关节点1212可以至少部分地被实现在(多个)网关GPRS支持节点(GGSN)中。应当认识到,(多个)CS网关节点1212、(多个)PS网关节点1218以及(多个)服务节点1216的功能和具体操作由移动网络平台1210对于电信所利用的(多种)无线电技术提供和决定。
除了接收和处理CS交换通信量和信令之外,(多个)PS网关节点1218可以对与所服务的移动设备的基于PS的数据会话进行授权和认证。数据会话可以包括与处于无线网络平台1210外部的网络交换的通信量或(多项)内容,比如(多个)广域网(WAN)1250、(多个)企业网络1270以及(多个)服务网络1280,所述(多个)服务网络1280可以被具体实现在(多个)局域网(LAN)中,并且可以通过(多个)PS网关节点1218与移动网络平台1210接口。应当提到的是,WAN1250和(多个)企业网络1270可以至少部分地实现例如IP多媒体子系统(IMS)之类的(多个)服务网络。基于在(多项)技术资源1217中可用的(多个)无线电技术层,(多个)分组交换网关节点1218可以在建立数据会话时生成分组数据协议情境;还可以生成促进分组化数据的路由的其他数据结构。为此目的,在一个方面中,(多个)PS网关节点1218可以包括隧道接口(例如(多个)3GPP UMTS网络中的隧道端接网关(TTG)(未示出)),其可以促进与例如Wi-Fi网络之类的(多个)不同无线网络的分组化通信。
在实施例1200中,无线网络平台1210还包括(多个)服务节点1216,其基于(多项)技术资源内的(多个)可用无线电技术层来传递通过(多个)PS网关节点1218接收到的数据流的各种分组化流动。应当提到的是,对于主要依赖于CS通信的(多项)技术资源,(多个)服务器节点可以在不依赖于(多个)PS网关节点1218的情况下递送通信量;举例来说,(多个)服务器节点可以至少部分地具体实现移动交换中心。作为一个实例,在3GPP UMTS网络中,(多个)服务节点1216可以被具体实现在(多个)服务GPRS支持节点(SGSN)中。
对于利用分组化通信的无线电技术,无线网络平台1210中的(多个)服务器1214可以执行许多应用,所述应用可以生成多个不同的分组化数据流或流动,并且管理(例如调度、排入队列、格式化等等)这样的流动。这样的(多个)应用可以包括针对由无线网络平台1210提供的标准服务(例如供应、记账、顾客支持等等)的附加特征。数据流(例如作为语音呼叫或数据会话的一部分的(多项)内容)可以被传递到(多个)PS网关节点1218以用于数据会话的授权/认证和发起,并且随后被传递到(多个)服务节点1216以用于通信。除了应用服务器之外,(多个)服务器1214还可以包括(多个)公用事业服务器,公用事业服务器可以包括供应服务器、操作和维护服务器、可以至少部分地实施证书权威机构和防火墙以及其他安全机制的安全服务器等等。在一个方面中,(多个)安全服务器保护通过无线网络平台1210服务的通信,从而除了(多个)CS网关节点1212和(多个)PS网关节点1218可以担当的授权和认证规程之外还确保网络的操作和数据完整性。此外,(多个)供应服务器可以从(多个)外部网络供应服务,比如由不同服务提供商操作的网络;例如WAN 1250或(多个)全球定位系统(GPS)网络(未示出)。(多个)供应服务器还可以通过(例如由相同的服务提供商部署和操作的)关联到无线网络平台1210的网络来供应覆盖,比如通过提供更多网络覆盖而增强无线服务覆盖的图1中示出的(多个)分布式天线网络。如图7、8和9中示出的转发器设备也改进网络覆盖,以便通过UE 1275增强订户服务体验。
应当提到的是,(多个)服务器1214可以包括被配置成至少部分地授予宏网络平台1210的功能的一个或多个处理器。为此目的,所述一个或多个处理器例如可以执行存储在存储器1230中的代码指令。应当认识到,(多个)服务器1214可以包括按照前文中描述的基本上相同的方式操作的内容管理器。
在示例性实施例1200中,存储器1230可以存储与无线网络平台1210的操作有关的信息。其他操作信息可以包括:通过无线网络平台1210服务的移动设备的供应信息;订户数据库;应用智能;定价方案,例如促销费率、固定费率计划、优惠活动;与对应于不同的无线电或无线技术层的操作的电信协议相一致的(多种)技术规范;等等。存储器1230还可以存储来自(多个)电话网络1240、WAN 1250、(多个)企业网络1270或者SS7网络1260的至少其中之一的信息。在一个方面中,存储器1230例如可以作为数据存储库组件的一部分或者作为远程连接的存储器存储库而被访问。
为了提供针对所公开的主题内容的各个方面的情境,图12和后面的讨论意图提供关于可以在其中实施所公开的主题内容的各个方面的适当环境的简要的一般性描述。虽然前面是在运行在一台和/或多台计算机上的计算机程序的计算机可执行指令的一般情境中描述了本发明的主题内容,但是本领域技术人员将认识到,所公开的主题内容还可以与其他程序模块相组合来实施。一般来说,程序模块包括实施特定任务和/或实施特定抽象数据类型的例程、程序、组件、数据结构等等。
现在参照图13,示出了根据本文描述的各个方面的耦合器的示例性、非限制性实施例的图示。具体地,示出了作为用于在传输介质的外表面上发射电磁波的传送设备的一部分的耦合器1310的图示1300,传输介质如所示的绝缘中压线1302。耦合器1310包括围绕绝缘中压线1302的锥形环1304(然而,还可以使用其它导电线)。锥形环1304可以由电介质或其它非导电材料构成。导电环1306还整体地、基本上或部分地围绕绝缘中压线1302,在导电环1306和绝缘中压线1302之间产生间隙1308,例如气隙或其它间隙(不管是否填充有锥形环1304的一部分或其他电介质材料),以形成同轴发射器131。例如,导电环1306可以填充或基本上填充有电介质材料,其与由相同介电材料构成的锥形环1304的较大直径的端部融合。以这种方式,导电环1306内部的电介质材料和形成锥形环1304的电介质材料可由单个电介质元件构成。导电环1306可以由金属环、金属涂覆的环或其它导电材料构成。
在操作中,耦合器1310在导电环1306或同轴发射器1312的其他结构的开放端处接收在操作中,耦合器1310在导电环1306或同轴发射器1312的其他结构的开放端处接收耦合到发射器或收发器以从发射器或收发器发射电磁波作为传送设备的一部分并将电磁波引导到锥形环1304。锥形环1304耦合电磁波以沿绝缘中压线1302的外表面传播。虽然导电环1306被示出为非锥形并且具有特定的形状,在其他示例中,导电环可以是锥形的。此外,当导电环1306和锥形环1304被示出为具有圆形的外周边时,同样可以采用诸如椭球形,多边形或其他形状的形状。耦合器1310可以经由构造为具有上述锥形端的拼接设备安装在MV线1302上。或者,耦合器1310可以构造成蛤壳式结构,其中两个或多个连接在一起以围绕MV线1302的部件可以由柔性材料构成,并且具有可以围绕MV线1302打开和包裹的开槽底部,以便于安装或可以以其他方式进行安装。
现在转到图14,示出了根据本文所述的各个方面的耦合器的示例性、非限制性实施例的图示。具体地,在图示1400中,图13的耦合器1310再次被更详细地示出。如图所示,耦合器1310与绝缘中压线1302同轴对准。导线1306(在金属环和MV线1302之间的间隙中具有可选的电介电材料)用作同轴发射器1312以接收和/或引导具有所选EM模式结构的电磁波(例如TEM模式,TE模式或TM模式)。该所选EM模式结构可以仅是基本模式,可以仅包括一个或多个非基本模式,或者基本模式和一个或多个非基本模式的组合。锥形环1304保持同轴发射器1312和绝缘中压线1302之间的模式结构,以便以所选模式结构在绝缘中压线1302的外表面上发射电磁波。
通过选择性地启动期望的EM波模式,耦合器1310可以用于以增强沿着绝缘传输介质的电磁波传播的模态“甜点”来发射EM波并且减少端到端传输损耗。在该特定模式中,EM波部分地嵌入绝缘体中并且部分地在绝缘体的外表面上行进。以这种方式,EM波被“轻轻地”耦合到绝缘体,以便能够以较低的传播损耗在远距离传播EM波。将结合图17-19讨论关于该传播模式的进一步细节,包括几个可选功能和特征。
在另一示例中,通过选择性地启动期望的EM波模式,耦合器1310可用于发射减轻或规避水滴效应的EM波。特别地,可以选择EM波模式以在预期的雨滴形成的取向处具有局部最小值(或空值),而大部分电磁能量定向在绝缘线路上的干燥(或干燥器)点中。将结合图20a和20b讨论关于该示例的进一步细节,包括若干可选功能和特征。
虽然耦合器1310被示出与绝缘中压线1302一起使用,但是这种耦合器也可以与包括其它传输线、其它单线传输系统以及其它没有电线的传输介质的其它传输介质结合使用。特别地,图13和图14示出了具有圆形形状的绝缘中压线1302和具有相应圆形形状的耦合器1310,但这并不意味着限制。在其他实施例中,电线和耦合器可以具有各种形状、尺寸和构造。形状可以包括但不限于椭圆形或其他椭球形状、八边形、四边形或具有尖锐或圆形边缘或其他形状的其他多边形。此外,在一些实施例中,传输介质可以包括绞合线,其包括较小的规格线,例如螺旋线、编织物,束或将单个线分成单个线或线束的其它耦合。
现在参照图15,图中所示的方块图示出了导波通信系统1550的一个示例性、非限制性实施例。在操作中,传送设备1500从通信网络或其他通信设备接收包括数据的一个或多个通信信号1510,并且生成用以通过传输介质1525向传送设备1502传递所述数据的导波1520。传送设备1502接收导波1520并且将其转换到包括数据的通信信号1512,以供传送到通信网络或其他通信设备。所述一个或多个通信网络可以包括无线通信网络,比如移动数据网络、蜂窝语音和数据网络、无线局域网(例如WiFi或802.xx网络)、卫星通信网络、个人区域网或者其他无线网络。所述一个或多个通信网络可以包括有线通信网络,比如电话网络、以太网网络、局域网、广域网(比如因特网)、宽带接入网络、有线电视网络、光纤网络或者其他有线网络。所述通信设备可以包括网络边缘设备、桥接设备或家庭网关、机顶盒、宽带调制解调器、电话适配器、接入点、基站或者其他固定通信设备,并且可以包括移动通信设备,比如汽车网关、膝上型计算机、平板设备、智能电话、蜂窝电话或者其他通信设备。
在一个示例性实施例中,导波通信系统1550可以按照双向方式操作,其中传送设备1502从通信网络或设备接收包括其他数据的一个或多个通信信号1512,并且生成用以通过传输介质1525向传送设备1502传递所述其他数据的导波1522。在这种操作模式中,传送设备1502接收导波1522并且将其转换到包括所述其他数据的通信信号1510,以供传送到通信网络或设备。
传输介质1525可以包括具有被电介质材料(比如绝缘体或其他电介质覆盖物、涂层或者其他电介质材料)环绕的至少一个内部部分的电线或其他导体或内部部分,其中所述电介质材料具有外部表面和相应的周长。在一个示例性实施例中,传输介质1525作为用以引导电磁波的传输的单线传输线操作。当传输介质1525被实施成单线传输系统时,其可以包括电线。所述电线可以是绝缘或非绝缘,并且可以是单股或多股(例如编股)。在其他实施例中,传输介质1525可以包含具有形状或配置的导体,其中包括线束、电缆、连杆、轨道、管道。此外,传输介质1525可以包括例如电介质管道、连杆、轨道或其他电介质构件之类的非导体;导体与电介质材料的组合,没有电介质材料的导体或者其他导波传输介质。应当提到的是,传输介质1525可以包括先前结合图1-14所讨论的任何传输介质。
根据一个示例性实施例,导波1520和1522可以与通过自由空间/空气的无线电传输或者电功率或信号经过电线的导体的传统传播相对照。具体来说,导波1520和1522是环绕传输介质的表面的全部或一部分并且以低损耗沿着传输介质从传送设备1500传播到传送设备1502(或者反之亦然)的表面波和其他电磁波。导波1520和1522可以具有主要或基本上处于传输介质1525的外部的场结构(例如电磁场结构)。除了导波1520和1522的传播之外,传输介质1525可以可选地包含作为一个或多个电路的一部分按照传统方式传播电功率或其他通信信号的一条或多条电线。
现在参照图16,该图所示的方块图示出了传送设备1500或1502的一个示例性、非限制性实施例。传送设备1500或1502包括通信接口(I/F)1600、收发器1610和耦合器1620。
在一个操作实例中,通信接口1600接收包括数据的通信信号1510或1512。在各个实施例中,通信接口1600可以包括用于根据无线标准协议接收无线通信信号的无线接口,比如LTE或其他蜂窝语音和数据协议、WiFi或802.11协议、WIMAX协议、超宽带协议、Bluetooth协议、Zigbee协议、直接广播卫星(DBS)或其他卫星通信协议或者其他无线协议。作为补充或替换,通信接口1600包括根据以下协议操作的有线接口:以太网协议、通用串行总线(USB)协议、有线电视数据服务接口规范(DOCSIS)协议、数字订户线(DSL)协议、Firewire(IEEE 1394)协议或者其他有线协议。除了基于标准的协议之外,通信接口1600还可以与其他有线或无线协议相结合来操作。此外,通信接口1600可以可选地与包括多个协议层的协议栈相结合来操作。
在一个操作实例中,收发器1610基于通信信号1510或1512生成用以传递数据的电磁波。电磁波具有至少一个载波频率和至少一个相应的波长。所述载波频率可以处于30GHz-300GHz的毫米波频带内或者处于微波频带中的3GHz-30GHz的较低频带内,但是应当认识到,在其他实施例中其他载波频率也是可能的。在一种操作模式中,收发器1610仅仅对一个或多个通信信号1510或1512进行上变频,以便在微波或毫米波段内传送电磁信号。在另一种操作模式中,通信接口1600或者把通信信号1510或1512转换到基带或近基带信号,或者从通信信号1510或1512中提取出数据,并且收发器1610对具有第一数据、基带或近基带信号的高频载波进行调制以供传送。
在一个操作实例中,耦合器1620把第一电磁波耦合到传输介质1525。耦合器1620可以通过电介质波导耦合器、耦合器1310或者结合图1-14描述的任何其它耦合器和耦合设备来实施。在一个示例性实施例中,传输介质1525包括被具有外部表面的电介质环绕的电线或其他内部元件。所述电介质材料可以包括绝缘外套、电介质涂层或者传输介质1525的外部表面上的其他电介质。所述内部部分可以包括电介质或其他绝缘体、导体、空气或其他气体或空隙、或者一个或多个导体。
虽然前面的描述集中在收发器1610作为传送器的操作上,但是收发器1610也可以操作来通过耦合器1620从单线传输介质接收传递其它数据的电磁波,并且通过通信接口1600生成包括其它数据的通信信号1510或1512。考虑其中传递其它数据的附加电磁波同样沿着传输介质1525的电介质材料的外部表面传播的实施例。耦合器1620同样可以将该附加电池板从传输介质1525耦合到收发器1610以进行接收。
现在参照图17,该图示出了电磁场分布的一个示例性、非限制性实施例。在该实施例中,空气中的传输介质1525包括内部导体1700和电介质材料的绝缘外套1702,并且其剖面被示出。该图包括不同的灰度,所述不同的灰度表示通过具有非对称模式的导波的传播而生成的不同电磁场强度。
特别地,电磁场分布对应于增强沿着绝缘传输介质的电磁波传播并减少端到端传输损耗的模态“甜点”。在这种特定模式中,EM波由传输介质1525引导,以沿着传输介质的外表面-在这种情况下,绝缘外套1702的外表面传播。EM波部分地嵌入绝缘体并部分地辐射在绝缘体的外表面上。以这种方式,EM波被“轻轻地”耦合到绝缘体,以便能够以较低的传播损耗在远距离传播EM波。
如图所示,所述导波具有主要或基本上处于用来引导波的传输介质1525外部的场结构。导体1700内部的区段只有很少或者不具有场。同样地,绝缘外套1702内部的区段具有低场强度。大多数电磁场强度分布在绝缘外套1702的外部表面处的波瓣1704中并且紧邻绝缘外套1702。通过绝缘外套1702的外部表面的顶部和底部处的高电磁场强度(相对于绝缘外套1702的其他侧面的非常小的场强度)示出了非对称导波模式的存在。
所示出的实例对应于通过具有1.1cm的直径和0.36cm厚度的电介质绝缘的电线所引导的38GHz波。由于电磁波通过传输介质1525引导并且大部分场强度集中在外部表面的有限距离内的绝缘外套1702外部的空气中,因此导波能够以非常低的损耗沿着传输介质1525纵向地向下传播。在所示出的实例中,该“有限距离”对应于相距外部表面的小于传输介质1525的最大剖面规格的一半的距离。在本例中,所述电线的最大剖面规格对应于1.82cm的总体直径,但是这一数值可以随着传输介质1525的尺寸和形状而改变。举例来说,如果传输介质具有矩形形状并且具有0.3cm的高度和0.4cm的宽度,则最大剖面规格将是0.5cm的对角线,并且相应的有限距离将是0.25cm。
在一个示例性实施例中,该特定非对称传播模式通过具有一定频率的电磁波在传输介质1525上被感生出来,所述频率落在所述非对称模式的下限截止频率Fc的有限范围内(比如Fc到Fc+25%),所述下限截止频率Fc也就是可以支持特定非对称或基本模式的最低频率。对于所示出的包括被绝缘外套1702环绕的内部导体1700的实施例,该截止频率可以基于绝缘外套1702的规格和属性并且潜在地基于内部导体1700的规格和属性而改变,并且可以通过经验确定以具有所期望的模式样式。但是应当提到的是,对于不具有内部导体的中空电介质或绝缘体可以发现类似的效应。在这种情况下,截止频率可以基于中空电介质或绝缘体的规格和属性而改变。
在低于下限截止频率的频率处,所述非对称模式难以在传输介质1525中感生出来,并且只能传播微不足道的距离。随着频率提高到截止频率附近的所述有限频率范围以上,所述非对称模式越来越多地朝向绝缘外套1702的内部偏移。在远高于截止频率的频率处,场强度不再集中于绝缘外套的外部,而是主要集中于绝缘外套1702的内部。虽然传输介质1525对于电磁波提供很强的引导并且传播仍然是可能的,但是由于是在绝缘外套1702之内而不是在周围空气中传播,因此传播距离由于损耗的增加而更加受到限制。
现在参照图18,该图示出了各种电磁场分布的示例性、非限制性实施例。具体来说,其中示出了类似于图17的剖面图1800,并且共同的附图标记被用来指代类似的单元。在剖面1800中示出的实例对应于通过具有1.1cm的直径和0.36cm厚度的电介质绝缘的电线所引导的60GHz波。由于波的频率高于截止频率的所述有限范围,因此非对称模式已朝向绝缘外套1702的内部偏移。具体来说,场强度主要集中于绝缘外套1702的内部。虽然传输介质1525对于电磁波提供很强的引导并且传播仍然是可能的,但是由于是在绝缘外套1702之内传播,因此传播距离由于损耗的增加与图17的实施例相比更加受到限制。
图示1802、1804、1806和1808还给出了空气中的传输介质1525的实施例,其包括类似于图示1800的内部导体和电介质材料的绝缘外套,但是以更小的尺度在纵向剖面中示出。这些图示包括不同的灰度,所述不同的灰度表示通过具有不同频率处的非对称模式的导波的传播而生成的不同电磁场强度。
正如通过图示1808所表示的那样,在低于下限截止频率的频率处,电场并未严密地耦合到传输介质1525的表面。所述非对称模式难以在传输介质1525中感生出来,并且只能沿着传输介质传播微不足道的距离。正如通过图示1806所表示的那样,在处于截止频率的所述有限范围内的频率处,虽然其中一些电场强度处于绝缘外套内,但是导波具有主要或基本上处于绝缘外套外部并且处于用来引导波的传输介质1525外部的场结构。正如结合图17所讨论的那样,导体1700内部的区段只有很少或者不具有场,并且与其他频率范围相比在合理的距离上以较低的传播的损耗支持传播。正如通过图示1804所表示的那样,随着频率提高到截止频率附近的所述有限频率范围以上,所述非对称模式越来越多地朝向传输介质1525的绝缘外套的内部偏移,从而增加传播损耗并且减小有效行进距离。正如通过图示1802所表示的那样,在远高于截止频率的频率处,场强度不再集中于绝缘外套的外部,而是主要集中于绝缘外套1702的内部。虽然传输介质1525对于电磁波提供很强的引导并且传播仍然是可能的,但是由于是在绝缘外套1702之内而不是在周围空气中传播,因此传播距离由于损耗的增加而更加受到限制。
图19是示出根据本文所描述的各个方面的各种电磁分布的示例性、非限制性实施例的图示。特别地,图示1900呈现了覆盖有用于200cm绝缘中压线的三个点的电磁场分布1910,1920和1930的作为频率的函数的端对端损耗(以dB为单位)的图。其中在每个电磁场分布中,绝缘体和周围空气之间的边界由附图标记1925表示。
特别地,6GHz处的电磁场分布1920落在先前讨论的增强了沿着绝缘传输介质的电磁波传播并且减小了端到端传输损耗的模式“甜点”中。在该特定模式中,EM波部分地嵌入绝缘体中,并部分地辐射在绝缘体的外表面上。以这种方式,EM波被“轻轻地”耦合到绝缘体,以便能够以较低的传播损耗在远距离进行EM波传播。
在由3GHz处的电磁场分布1910表示的较低频率下,非对称模式辐射更多地产生较高的传播损耗。在由9GHz处的电磁场分布1930表示的较高频率处,不对称模式越来越多地向绝缘外套内侧移动,提供太多的吸收,同时产生较高的传播损耗。
图20a和20b是示出根据本文所描述的各个方面的传输介质的示例性、非限制性实施例的图。图20A给出了示出在传输介质1525上的水滴2002的累积的图示2000。水滴2002可以从诸如露水、潮湿、湿度或雨水的天气条件或诸如灌溉系统过喷的人为条件积累。如图所示,可以预期水滴2002由于重力而在对应于传输线1525的底侧的方向上积聚。这种水滴2002的存在可能会干扰所引导的电磁波在电力线1525的表面上的传播。
如前所述,传送设备可以包括耦合器,例如耦合器1310,其选择性地发射减轻或规避水滴的影响的EM波。特别地,可以选择EM波模式以在预期的雨滴形成的方向处具有局部最小值(或空值),而大部分电磁能量定向在绝缘线路上的干燥(或干燥器)点中。
图20b给出了这样的EM波的电磁分布2010,其操作在前述的增强了沿着绝缘传输介质的电磁波传播,并减少了端到端传输损耗的模态甜点中。如图所示,电磁场分布2010包括与传输介质1525的底部(诸如裸线或绝缘线)的水滴形成2012的预期取向对齐的局部最小值。以这种方式,水滴2002的存在对EM波传播几乎没有影响,因为大多数EM场能量在传输介质周围的其他方向。还应该注意的是,电磁场分布2010是双向对称的,并且还包括在传输介质1525的顶部的局部最小值。该第二局部最小值的存在可以减轻水、冰或其它物质在传输介质1525的顶部的任何积聚的影响。
现在参照图21,其中示出了传送设备的一个示例性、非限制性实施例的方块图。具体来说,其中给出了类似于图16的图示,并且共同的附图标记被用来指代类似的单元。传送设备1500或1502包括接收包括数据的通信信号1510或1512的通信接口1600。收发器1610基于通信信号1510或1512生成用以传递第一数据的第一电磁波,所述第一电磁波具有至少一个载波频率。耦合器1620把第一电磁波耦合到具有被电介质材料环绕的至少一个内部部分的传输介质1525,所述电介质材料具有外部表面和相应的周长。第一电磁波被耦合到传输介质以形成第二电磁波,所述第二电磁波被引导通过至少一种导波模式沿着电介质材料的外部表面传播。
传送设备1500或1502包括可选的训练控制器2100。在一个示例性实施例中,训练控制器2100通过独立的处理器或者与传送设备1500或1502的一个或多个其他组件共享的处理器来实施。训练控制器2100基于由收发器1610接收自被耦合以接收第二电磁波的至少一个远程传送设备的反馈数据选择至少一个载波频率。
在一个示例性实施例中,由远程传送设备1500或1502传送的第三电磁波传递第二数据,所述第三电磁波同样沿着传输介质1525的电介质材料的外部表面传播。可以生成包括反馈数据的第二数据。在操作中,耦合器1620同样从传输介质1525耦合第三电磁波以形成第四电磁波,收发器接收第四电磁波并且处理第四电磁波以便提取第二数据。
在一个示例性实施例中,训练控制器2100基于反馈数据操作来评估多个候选频率,和/或基于传输模式操作来选择载波频率,和/或基于传输模式操作以提高诸如吞吐量、信号强度的性能,降低传播损耗等等。
考虑下面的实例:传送设备1500在训练控制器2100的控制下开始操作,这是通过在相应的多个候选频率和/或候选模式处发送被导向耦合到传输介质1525的远程传送设备1502的多个导波以作为测试信号(比如1)或导频波实现的。所述导波可以附加地或替换地包括测试数据。所述测试数据可以表明信号的特定候选频率和/或EM模式。在一个实施例中,远程传送设备1502处的训练控制器2100接收来自被正确接收到的任何导波的测试信号和/或测试数据,并且确定最佳候选频率和/或EM模式、可接受候选频率和/或EM模式的集合或者候选频率和/或EM模式的排序。所述(多个)候选频率和/或EM模式的选择由训练控制器2100基于一条或多条优化标准生成,所述优化标准比如有接收信号强度、误比特率、分组错误率、信噪比、传播损耗等。训练控制器2100生成表明(多个)候选频率和/或EM模式的选择的反馈数据,并且把反馈数据发送到收发器1610以供传送到传送设备1500。传送设备1500或1502随后可以基于(多个)候选频率和/或EM模式的选择彼此传送数据。
在其他实施例中,包含测试信号和/或测试数据的电磁波被远程传送设备1502反射回到、转发回到或者通过其他方式回传到传送设备1502,以便由发起这些波的传送设备1502的训练控制器2100进行接收和分析。举例来说,传送设备1502可以向远程传送设备1502发送信号以发起测试模式,其中切换线路上的物理反射器,改变端接阻抗以引起反射,接通回传电路以把电磁波耦合回到来源传送设备1502,并且/或者启用转发器模式以便放大电磁波并且将其重传回到来源传送设备1502。来源传送设备1502处的训练控制器2100接收来自被正确接收到的任何导波的测试信号和/或测试数据,并且确定(多个)候选频率和/或EM模式的选择。
虽然前面的规程是在启动或初始化操作模式中描述的,但是每一个传送设备1500或1502也可以在其他时间或持续地发送测试信号、经由诸如正常传送的非测试评估多个候选频率和/或EM模式或者通过其他方式评估候选频率或EM模式。在一个示例性实施例中,传送设备1500与1502之间的通信协议可以包括周期性测试模式,其中对于候选频率或EM模式的一个子集的完全测试或者更加有限的测试进行测试和评估。在其他操作模式中,通过由于干扰、天气状况等等所导致的性能降低可以触发重新进入这样的测试模式。在一个示例性实施例中,收发器1610的接收器带宽或者宽到足以包括所有候选频率,或者可以由训练控制器2100选择性地调节到训练模式,其中收发器1610的接收器带宽具有足以包括所有候选频率的宽度。
现在转向图22,示出了流程图2200,其示出了方法的示例性、非限制性实施例。该方法可以结合图1-21描述的一个或多个功能和特征结合使用。步骤2202包括生成电磁波以根据方位角取向上具有局部最小值的EM场图案的非基本模式传递数据。步骤2204包括耦合电磁波以在传播介质的外表面上传播,而不改变局部最小值的方位角取向,或以其它方式在所需取向相对于传输介质对准局部最小值。例如,可以生成和/或对准局部最小值,使得方位角取向与传输介质的水滴形成的预期取向一致。在一个实施例中,非基本模式具有截止频率,并且其中基于截止频率选择电磁波的载波频率。载波频率可以在微波频带内。电磁波可以被耦合以在传输介质的外表面上传播,而不改变电磁波的非基本模式,并且不引入电磁波的附加传播电磁模式(基本或非基本)。如上所述,传播模式是沿着传输介质在纵向方向上传播超过平常距离的模式。
传输介质可以包括绝缘外套,并且传输介质的外表面可以对应于绝缘外套的外表面。传输介质可以是单线传输介质。
本发明描述的电磁波可以受物理对象(例如,裸线或其他导体,电介质,绝缘电线,导管或其它中空元件,被电介质或绝缘体或其它线束涂覆、覆盖或围绕的绝缘电线束,或另一种形式的固体、液体或其它非气体传输介质)的存在的影响,以便至少部分地被物理物体结合或引导,并且因此沿着物理对象的传输路径传播。这样的物理物体可以作为传输介质来操作,该传输介质通过传输介质的接口(例如,外表面,内表面,外表面和内表面之间的内部部分或传输介质的元件之间的其它边界)引导电磁波(“被引导电磁波”)的传播,其又可以沿着从发送设备到接收设备的传输路径携带能量和/或数据。
不同于其强度反向减小由非导向电磁波行进的距离的平方的诸如非导向(或无界)电磁波的无线信号的自由空间传播,导向电磁波可以沿着传输介质传播,具有与非导向电磁波相比在每单位距离的幅度中较少的损耗。
与电信号不同,导向电磁波可以从发送设备传播到接收设备,而不需要发送设备和接收设备之间的单独的电气返回路径。因此,导向电磁波可以沿着不具有导电部件(例如,电介质条)的传输介质,或者通过不超过单个导体的传输介质(例如,单裸线或绝缘线)从发送设备到接收设备传播。即使传输介质包括一个或多个导电部件,并且沿传输介质传播的导向电磁波沿着导向电磁波的方向生成在一个或多个导电部件中流动的电流,这种导向电磁波可以沿着传输介质从发送设备到接收设备传播,而不需要在发送设备和接收设备之间的电气返回路径上的相反电流的流动。
在非限制性说明中,考虑通过导电介质在发送和接收设备之间发送和接收电信号的电气系统。这样的系统通常依赖于电气分离的往返路径。例如,考虑具有由绝缘体隔开的中心导体和接地屏蔽的同轴电缆。通常,在电气系统中,发送(或接收)设备的第一终端可以连接到中心导体,并且发送(或接收)设备的第二终端可以连接到接地屏蔽。如果发送设备经由第一端子在中心导体中注入电信号,则电信号将沿中心导体传播,导致中心导体中的正向电流,和接地屏蔽中的返回电流。相同的条件适用于两端接收设备。
相反,考虑在本主题公开中描述的波导系统,其可以利用传输介质(包括其中包括同轴电缆)的不同实施例,用于传输没有电气返回路径的导向电磁波。在一个实施例中,例如,本发明的波导系统可以被配置为感生出沿着同轴电缆的外表面传播的导向电磁波。虽然导向电磁波将在接地屏蔽上产生正向电流,但是导向电磁波不需要返回电流来使导向电磁波沿着同轴电缆的外表面传播。可以说由波导系统用于导向电磁波的传输的其它传输介质也是如此。例如,由裸线或绝缘线的外表面上的波导系统感生出的导向电磁波可以沿着裸线或绝缘裸线传播而没有电气返回路径。
因此,需要用于在单独的导体上承载正向和反向电流以使能由发送设备注入的电信号的传播的两个或更多导体的电气系统不同于在传输介质的接口上感生出导向电磁波而不需要电气返回路径来使得能够沿着传输介质的接口传播导向电磁波的波导系统。
进一步注意到,如本发明的公开中所述的导向电磁波可以具有主要或基本上在传输介质外部的电磁场结构,以便被传输介质界定或引导,并且在传输介质的外表面上或沿着传送介质的外表面传播不平常距离。在其他实施例中,导向电磁波可以具有主要或基本上在传输介质内部的电磁场结构,以便被传输介质界定或由传输介质引导,并且在传输介质内传播不平常的距离。在其他实施例中,导向电磁波可以具有部分地位于传输介质内部且部分地位于传输介质外部的电磁场结构,从而由传输介质界定或由传输介质引导,并且沿着传输介质传播不平常的距离。
在本发明的主题说明书中,例如“存储库”、“存储装置”、“数据存储库”、“数据存储装置”、“数据库”之类的术语以及基本上与组件的操作和功能有关的任何其他信息存储组件都指的是“存储器组件”,或者具体实现在“存储器”中的实体或者包括存储器的组件。应当认识到,这里所描述的存储器组件可以是易失性存储器或非易失性存储器,或者可以包括易失性和非易失性存储器全部二者,作为说明而非限制有易失性存储器、非易失性存储器、盘存储装置和存储器存储装置。此外,非易失性存储器可以被包括在只读存储器(ROM)、可编程ROM(PROM)、电可编程ROM(EPROM)、电可擦写ROM(EEPROM)或闪存中。易失性存储器可以包括充当外部高速缓冲存储器的随机存取存储器(RAM)。作为说明而非限制,RAM可以通过许多形式获得,比如同步RAM(SRAM)、动态RAM(DRAM)、同步DRAM(SDRAM)、双倍速率SDRAM(DDR SDRAM)、增强型SDRAM(ESDRAM)、同步链路DRAM(SLDRAM)以及直接Rambus RAM(DRRAM)。此外,这里的系统或方法的所公开的存储器组件意图包括而不限于包括前述和任何其他适当类型的存储器。
此外还应当提到的是,所公开的主题内容可以通过其他计算机系统配置来实践,其中包括单处理器或多处理器计算机系统、小型计算设备、大型计算机以及个人计算机、手持式计算设备(例如PDA、电话、手表、平板计算机、上网本计算机等等)、基于微处理器的或者可编程的消费或工业电子装置等等。所说明的各个方面还可以被实践在分布式计算环境中,其中各项任务由通过通信网络链路在一起的远程处理设备实施;但是本发明的主题公开内容的一些(如果不是所有)方面可以在独立的计算机上被实践。在分布式计算环境中,程序模块既可以位于本地存储器存储设备中也可以位于远程存储器存储设备中。
这里所描述的其中一些实施例还可以采用人工智能(AI)以促进这里所描述的一项或多项特征的自动化。举例来说,人工智能可以被用来确定应当环绕连线放置电介质波导604和606的位置,以便最大化传输效率。所述实施例(例如结合自动识别在添加到现有通信网络之后提供最大价值/益处的所获取的蜂窝站点)可以采用多种基于AI的方案以用于实施其各个实施例。此外,可以采用分类器来确定所获取的网络的每一个蜂窝站点的排序或优先级。分类器是把输入属性矢量x=(x1,x2,x3,x4,…,xn)映射到所述输入属于某一类别的置信度的函数,也就是说f(x)=confidence(class)。这样的分类可以采用概率和/或基于统计的分析(例如考虑到分析实用工具和成本)以便预测或推断出用户希望自动实施的动作。支持矢量机(SVM)是可以采用的分类器的一个实例。SVM通过在可能输入的空间中找到超曲面(hypersurface)来操作,所述超曲面尝试把触发标准与非触发事件分离。在直观上,这使得分类对于与训练数据接近但是并非完全相同的测试数据是正确的。其他定向(directed)和无定向(undirected)模型分类方法例如包括朴素贝叶斯、贝叶斯网络、决策树、神经网络、模糊逻辑模型,并且可以采用提供不同的独立性模式的概率分类模型。这里所使用的分类还包含被利用来开发优先级模型的统计回归。
很容易认识到的是,其中一个或多个实施例可以采用明确地训练(例如通过通用训练数据)以及隐含地训练(例如通过观测UE行为、运营商优选项、历史信息、接收外来信息)的分类器。举例来说,SVM可以通过学习或训练阶段被配置在分类器构造器和特征选择模块内。因此,(多个)分类器可以被用来自动学习和实施若干功能,其中包括而不限于根据预定标准确定哪些所获取的蜂窝站点将使得最大数目的订户受益,以及/或者哪些所获取的蜂窝站点将对于现有的通信网络覆盖添加最小的价值等等。
在一些实施例中,在本申请中的一些情境中所使用的术语“组件”、“系统”等等意图指代或包括与计算机有关的实体或者与具有一项或多项特定功能的操作装置有关的实体,其中所述实体可以是硬件、硬件与软件的组合、软件或者执行中的软件。作为一个实例,组件可以是而不限于运行在处理器上的进程、处理器、对象、可执行程序、执行线程、计算机可执行指令、程序以及/或者计算机。作为说明而非限制,运行在服务器上的应用和服务器都可以是组件。一个或多个组件可以驻留在进程和/或执行线程内,并且一个组件可以局部化在一台计算机上并且/或者分布在两台或更多台计算机之间。此外,这些组件可以从具有存储在其上的多种数据结构的多种计算机可读介质执行。所述组件可以例如根据具有一个或多个数据分组(例如来自与本地系统、分布式系统中的另一个组件进行交互以及/或者跨越例如因特网之类的网络通过信号与其他系统进行交互的一个组件的数据)的信号通过本地和/或远程进程进行通信。作为另一个实例,组件可以是具有由通过电气或电子电路操作的机械部件提供的特定功能的装置,其由通过处理器执行的软件或固件应用操作,其中所述处理器可以处于所述装置的内部或外部并且执行所述软件或固件应用的至少一部分。作为另一个实例,组件可以是通过不具有机械部件的电子组件提供特定功能的装置,所述电子组件可以在其中包括处理器,以便执行至少部分地授予所述电子组件的功能的软件或固件。虽然各个组件被图示成单独的组件,但是应当认识到,在不背离示例性实施例的情况下,多个组件可以被实施成单个组件,或者单个组件可以被实施成多个组件。
此外,各个实施例可以被实施成一种方法、装置或制造品,其使用标准编程和/或工程技术以产生软件、固件、硬件或者其任意组合,以便控制计算机实施所公开的主题内容。这里所使用的术语“制造产品”意图涵盖可以从任何计算机可读设备或者计算机可读存储/通信介质访问的计算机程序。举例来说,计算机可读存储介质可以包括而不限于磁性存储设备(例如硬盘、软盘、磁条)、光盘(例如紧致盘(CD)、数字通用盘(DVD))、智能卡以及闪存设备(例如卡、棒、闪存盘)。当然,本领域技术人员将认识到,在不背离各个实施例的范围或精神的情况下可以对这种配置作出许多修改。
此外,这里所使用的单词“实例”和“示例性”用以表明充当实例或说明。在这里被描述成“实例”或“示例性”的任何实施例或设计不一定应当被解释成比起其他实施例或设计是优选的或有利的。相反,使用“实例”或“示例性”一词意图以具体的方式给出概念。在本申请中使用的术语“或者”意图表明包含性的“或者”而不是排他性的“或者”。也就是说,除非另行表明或者从上下文可以清楚看出,否则“X采用A或B”意图表明任何自然包含性排列。也就是说,如果X采用A;X采用B;或者X采用A和B全部二者,则在任何前述实例下都满足“X采用A或B”。此外,除非另行表明或者从上下文清楚看出是针对单数形式,否则在本申请和所附权利要求书中使用的冠词“一个”和“某一”通常应当被解释成意味着“一个或多个”。
此外,例如“用户装备”、“移动站”、“移动”、“订户站”、“接入终端”、“终端”、“手机”、“移动设备”之类的术语(以及/或者表示类似专有名词的术语)可以指代由无线通信服务的订户或用户利用来接收或传递数据、控制、语音、视频、声音、游戏或者基本上任何数据流或信令流的无线设备。前面的术语在这里并且参照有关的附图可以被互换利用。
此外,除非上下文使得有理由在“用户”、“订户”、“顾客”、“消费者”等术语之间作出具体区分,否则所述术语始终被可互换地采用。应当认识到,这样的术语可以指代人类实体或者通过人工智能(例如至少基于复杂的数学形式体系作出推断的能力)所支持的自动化组件,其可以提供模拟视觉、声音辨识等等。
这里所采用的术语“处理器”可以指代基本上任何计算处理单元或设备,其中包括而不限于包括:单核处理器;具有软件多线程执行能力的单处理器;多核处理器;具有软件多线程执行能力的多核处理器;具有硬件多线程技术的多核处理器;并行平台;以及具有分布式共享存储器的并行平台。此外,处理器可以指代被设计成实施这里所描述的功能的集成电路、专用集成电路(ASIC)、数字信号处理器(DSP)、现场可编程门阵列(FPGA)、可编程逻辑控制器(PLC)、复杂可编程逻辑设备(CPLD)、分立的门或晶体管逻辑、分立的硬件组件或者其任意组合。处理器可以利用纳米尺度架构,比如(而不限于)基于分子和量子点的晶体管、开关和门,以便优化用户装备的空间使用或者增强用户装备的性能。处理器还可以被实施成各个计算处理单元的组合。
这里所使用的术语“毫米波”可以指落在30GHz到300GHz的“毫米波频带”内的电磁波。术语“微波”可以指落在300MHz到300GHz的“微波频带”内的电磁波。应理解的是,如本发明的公开中所描述的无线信号、电信号和导向电磁波可以被配置为在任何期望的频率范围内操作,例如在毫米波和/或微波频带内的频率处、高于或低于毫米波和/或微波频带的频率处。
如本文所使用的,术语“天线”可以指作为辐射或接收无线信号的发射或接收系统的一部分的设备。
此外,流程图可以包括“开始”和/或“继续”指示。“开始”和“继续”指示反映出所给出的步骤可以可选地被合并在其他例程中或者通过其他方式与其他例程相结合来使用。在本上下文中,“开始”表明所给出的第一个步骤的开头,并且前面可以存在未明确示出的其他活动。此外,“继续”指示反映出所给出的步骤可以被实施多次,并且/或者后面可以存在未明确示出的其他活动。此外,虽然流程图表明了特定的步骤排序,但是在因果原理得以保持的前提下,其他排序同样是可能的。
同样是可能在这里使用的(多个)术语“可操作地耦合到…”、“耦合到…”和/或“耦合”包括项目之间的直接耦合以及/或者经由一个或多个中间项目的项目之间的间接耦合。这样的项目和中间项目包括而不限于联结、通信路径、组件、电路元件、电路、功能块和/或设备。作为间接耦合的一个实例,从第一项目传递到第二项目的信号可以由一个或多个中间项目进行修改,这是通过修改信号中的信息的形式、性质或格式,同时仍然按照可以由第二项目进行辨识的方式传递信号中的信息的一个或多个单元。在间接耦合的另一个实例中,作为一个或多个中间项目中的动作和/或反应的结果,第一项目中的动作可以导致第二项目上的反应。
前面所描述的内容仅仅包括各个实施例的实例。当然不可能出于描述这些实例的目的而描述每一种可设想到的组件或方法组合,但是本领域技术人员可以认识到,本发明的实施例可能有许多另外的组合和排列。相应地,这里所公开并且/或者要求保护的实施例意图涵盖落在所附权利要求书的精神和范围内的所有这样的改动、修改和变型。此外,就在具体实施方式部分或权利要求书中使用的术语“包含”而言,这样的术语意图是包含性的,其方式类似于在作为连接词被采用在权利要求中的术语“包括”的解释方式。
Claims (15)
1.一种传送设备,包括:
接收包括数据的通信信号的通信接口;
耦合到通信接口的收发器,其生成基于通信信号的电磁波,以根据至少一种所选电磁(EM)模式传递所述数据;以及
耦合到收发器的耦合器,配置成接收并将所述电磁波耦合到具有表面的传输介质,其中所述耦合器包括导电环和围绕传输介质的锥形环,其中所述导电环将所述电磁波引导到所述锥形环,并且其中所述锥形环耦合电磁波以被所述传输介质引导以经由所述至少一种所选EM模式沿着所述传输介质传播。
2.根据权利要求1所述的传送设备,其中,所述耦合器在所述导电环和包括电介质的传输介质之间形成间隙。
3.根据权利要求1所述的传送设备,其中所述锥形环包括电介质。
4.根据权利要求1所述的传送设备,其中所述至少一种所选EM模式包括由所述传输介质的外表面引导的非基本EM模式。
5.根据权利要求4所述的传送设备,其中所述非基本EM模式生成具有围绕所述传输介质的方位角取向上的局部最小值的EM场图案,所述方位角取向对应于水滴形成的预期取向。
6.根据权利要求4所述的传送设备,其中所述非基本EM模式具有截止频率,并且其中基于所述截止频率选择所述电磁波的载波频率。
7.根据权利要求6所述的传送设备,其中所述载波频率在微波频带内。
8.根据权利要求1所述的传送设备,其中,所述至少一种所选EM模式选自多个EM模式,所述多个EM模式包括:非基本EM模式、基本EM模式以及包括至少一个非基本EM模式和所述基本EM模式的组合模式。
9.根据权利要求1所述的传送设备,其中所述传输介质包括绝缘外套,并且其中所述电磁波由所述传输介质引导,以沿绝缘外套的外表面传播。
10.一种方法,包括:
经由通信接口接收包括数据的通信信号;
通过收发器生成基于所述通信信号的电磁波,以根据至少一个所选电磁(EM)模式传递所述数据;和
通过耦合到所述收发器的耦合器接收所述电磁波或将其耦合到具有表面的传输介质,其中所述耦合器包括导电环和围绕所述传输介质的锥形环,其中所述导电环将所述电磁波引导到锥形环,并且其中所述锥形环耦合将要由所述传输介质引导的电磁波,以经由所述至少一个所选EM模式沿着所述传输介质传播。
11.根据权利要求1所述的方法,其中所述耦合器在所述导电环和包括电介质的所述传输介质之间形成间隙。
12.根据权利要求1所述的方法,其中所述锥形环包括电介质。
13.根据权利要求1所述的方法,其中所述至少一个所选EM模式包括由所述传输介质的外表面引导的非基本EM模式。
14.根据权利要求13所述的方法,其中所述非基本EM模式生成具有围绕所述传输介质的方位角取向的局部最小值的EM场图案,所述方位角取向对应于水滴形成的预期取向。
15.根据权利要求13所述的方法,其中所述非基本EM模式具有截止频率,并且其中基于所述截止频率选择所述电磁波的载波频率。
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KR102008137B1 (ko) | 2019-08-08 |
US20160248165A1 (en) | 2016-08-25 |
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MX2017010658A (es) | 2017-11-16 |
KR20170120643A (ko) | 2017-10-31 |
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