JP5662151B2 - ガラス大コア光ファイバ - Google Patents
ガラス大コア光ファイバ Download PDFInfo
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- JP5662151B2 JP5662151B2 JP2010526997A JP2010526997A JP5662151B2 JP 5662151 B2 JP5662151 B2 JP 5662151B2 JP 2010526997 A JP2010526997 A JP 2010526997A JP 2010526997 A JP2010526997 A JP 2010526997A JP 5662151 B2 JP5662151 B2 JP 5662151B2
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- 239000013307 optical fiber Substances 0.000 title claims description 32
- 239000000835 fiber Substances 0.000 claims description 528
- 238000005253 cladding Methods 0.000 claims description 270
- 239000000463 material Substances 0.000 claims description 110
- VYPSYNLAJGMNEJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N Silicium dioxide Chemical compound O=[Si]=O VYPSYNLAJGMNEJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 102
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- YCKRFDGAMUMZLT-UHFFFAOYSA-N Fluorine atom Chemical compound [F] YCKRFDGAMUMZLT-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 7
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- RTAQQCXQSZGOHL-UHFFFAOYSA-N Titanium Chemical compound [Ti] RTAQQCXQSZGOHL-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 238000010521 absorption reaction Methods 0.000 description 1
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- 229910052797 bismuth Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- JCXGWMGPZLAOME-UHFFFAOYSA-N bismuth atom Chemical compound [Bi] JCXGWMGPZLAOME-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 239000005387 chalcogenide glass Substances 0.000 description 1
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- 238000010438 heat treatment Methods 0.000 description 1
- 229920002100 high-refractive-index polymer Polymers 0.000 description 1
- BHEPBYXIRTUNPN-UHFFFAOYSA-N hydridophosphorus(.) (triplet) Chemical compound [PH] BHEPBYXIRTUNPN-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
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- SITVSCPRJNYAGV-UHFFFAOYSA-L tellurite Chemical compound [O-][Te]([O-])=O SITVSCPRJNYAGV-UHFFFAOYSA-L 0.000 description 1
- 229910052718 tin Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000011135 tin Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000010936 titanium Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910052719 titanium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 238000012546 transfer Methods 0.000 description 1
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- 230000037303 wrinkles Effects 0.000 description 1
- NAWDYIZEMPQZHO-UHFFFAOYSA-N ytterbium Chemical compound [Yb] NAWDYIZEMPQZHO-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
Images
Classifications
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- G—PHYSICS
- G02—OPTICS
- G02B—OPTICAL ELEMENTS, SYSTEMS OR APPARATUS
- G02B6/00—Light guides; Structural details of arrangements comprising light guides and other optical elements, e.g. couplings
- G02B6/02—Optical fibres with cladding with or without a coating
- G02B6/02004—Optical fibres with cladding with or without a coating characterised by the core effective area or mode field radius
- G02B6/02009—Large effective area or mode field radius, e.g. to reduce nonlinear effects in single mode fibres
-
- G—PHYSICS
- G02—OPTICS
- G02B—OPTICAL ELEMENTS, SYSTEMS OR APPARATUS
- G02B6/00—Light guides; Structural details of arrangements comprising light guides and other optical elements, e.g. couplings
- G02B6/02—Optical fibres with cladding with or without a coating
- G02B6/02295—Microstructured optical fibre
- G02B6/02314—Plurality of longitudinal structures extending along optical fibre axis, e.g. holes
- G02B6/02319—Plurality of longitudinal structures extending along optical fibre axis, e.g. holes characterised by core or core-cladding interface features
- G02B6/02333—Core having higher refractive index than cladding, e.g. solid core, effective index guiding
-
- G—PHYSICS
- G02—OPTICS
- G02B—OPTICAL ELEMENTS, SYSTEMS OR APPARATUS
- G02B6/00—Light guides; Structural details of arrangements comprising light guides and other optical elements, e.g. couplings
- G02B6/02—Optical fibres with cladding with or without a coating
- G02B6/02295—Microstructured optical fibre
- G02B6/02314—Plurality of longitudinal structures extending along optical fibre axis, e.g. holes
- G02B6/02342—Plurality of longitudinal structures extending along optical fibre axis, e.g. holes characterised by cladding features, i.e. light confining region
- G02B6/02357—Property of longitudinal structures or background material varies radially and/or azimuthally in the cladding, e.g. size, spacing, periodicity, shape, refractive index, graded index, quasiperiodic, quasicrystals
-
- G—PHYSICS
- G02—OPTICS
- G02B—OPTICAL ELEMENTS, SYSTEMS OR APPARATUS
- G02B6/00—Light guides; Structural details of arrangements comprising light guides and other optical elements, e.g. couplings
- G02B6/02—Optical fibres with cladding with or without a coating
- G02B6/02295—Microstructured optical fibre
- G02B6/02314—Plurality of longitudinal structures extending along optical fibre axis, e.g. holes
- G02B6/02342—Plurality of longitudinal structures extending along optical fibre axis, e.g. holes characterised by cladding features, i.e. light confining region
- G02B6/02361—Longitudinal structures forming multiple layers around the core, e.g. arranged in multiple rings with each ring having longitudinal elements at substantially the same radial distance from the core, having rotational symmetry about the fibre axis
-
- G—PHYSICS
- G02—OPTICS
- G02B—OPTICAL ELEMENTS, SYSTEMS OR APPARATUS
- G02B6/00—Light guides; Structural details of arrangements comprising light guides and other optical elements, e.g. couplings
- G02B6/02—Optical fibres with cladding with or without a coating
- G02B6/02295—Microstructured optical fibre
- G02B6/02314—Plurality of longitudinal structures extending along optical fibre axis, e.g. holes
- G02B6/02342—Plurality of longitudinal structures extending along optical fibre axis, e.g. holes characterised by cladding features, i.e. light confining region
- G02B6/02366—Single ring of structures, e.g. "air clad"
-
- G—PHYSICS
- G02—OPTICS
- G02B—OPTICAL ELEMENTS, SYSTEMS OR APPARATUS
- G02B6/00—Light guides; Structural details of arrangements comprising light guides and other optical elements, e.g. couplings
- G02B6/02—Optical fibres with cladding with or without a coating
- G02B6/02295—Microstructured optical fibre
- G02B6/02314—Plurality of longitudinal structures extending along optical fibre axis, e.g. holes
- G02B6/02342—Plurality of longitudinal structures extending along optical fibre axis, e.g. holes characterised by cladding features, i.e. light confining region
- G02B6/02371—Cross section of longitudinal structures is non-circular
-
- G—PHYSICS
- G02—OPTICS
- G02B—OPTICAL ELEMENTS, SYSTEMS OR APPARATUS
- G02B6/00—Light guides; Structural details of arrangements comprising light guides and other optical elements, e.g. couplings
- G02B6/02—Optical fibres with cladding with or without a coating
- G02B6/028—Optical fibres with cladding with or without a coating with core or cladding having graded refractive index
- G02B6/0283—Graded index region external to the central core segment, e.g. sloping layer or triangular or trapezoidal layer
-
- G—PHYSICS
- G02—OPTICS
- G02B—OPTICAL ELEMENTS, SYSTEMS OR APPARATUS
- G02B6/00—Light guides; Structural details of arrangements comprising light guides and other optical elements, e.g. couplings
- G02B6/02—Optical fibres with cladding with or without a coating
- G02B6/028—Optical fibres with cladding with or without a coating with core or cladding having graded refractive index
- G02B6/0288—Multimode fibre, e.g. graded index core for compensating modal dispersion
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01S—DEVICES USING THE PROCESS OF LIGHT AMPLIFICATION BY STIMULATED EMISSION OF RADIATION [LASER] TO AMPLIFY OR GENERATE LIGHT; DEVICES USING STIMULATED EMISSION OF ELECTROMAGNETIC RADIATION IN WAVE RANGES OTHER THAN OPTICAL
- H01S3/00—Lasers, i.e. devices using stimulated emission of electromagnetic radiation in the infrared, visible or ultraviolet wave range
- H01S3/05—Construction or shape of optical resonators; Accommodation of active medium therein; Shape of active medium
- H01S3/06—Construction or shape of active medium
- H01S3/063—Waveguide lasers, i.e. whereby the dimensions of the waveguide are of the order of the light wavelength
- H01S3/067—Fibre lasers
- H01S3/06754—Fibre amplifiers
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01S—DEVICES USING THE PROCESS OF LIGHT AMPLIFICATION BY STIMULATED EMISSION OF RADIATION [LASER] TO AMPLIFY OR GENERATE LIGHT; DEVICES USING STIMULATED EMISSION OF ELECTROMAGNETIC RADIATION IN WAVE RANGES OTHER THAN OPTICAL
- H01S3/00—Lasers, i.e. devices using stimulated emission of electromagnetic radiation in the infrared, visible or ultraviolet wave range
- H01S3/09—Processes or apparatus for excitation, e.g. pumping
- H01S3/091—Processes or apparatus for excitation, e.g. pumping using optical pumping
-
- G—PHYSICS
- G02—OPTICS
- G02B—OPTICAL ELEMENTS, SYSTEMS OR APPARATUS
- G02B6/00—Light guides; Structural details of arrangements comprising light guides and other optical elements, e.g. couplings
- G02B6/10—Light guides; Structural details of arrangements comprising light guides and other optical elements, e.g. couplings of the optical waveguide type
- G02B6/14—Mode converters
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01S—DEVICES USING THE PROCESS OF LIGHT AMPLIFICATION BY STIMULATED EMISSION OF RADIATION [LASER] TO AMPLIFY OR GENERATE LIGHT; DEVICES USING STIMULATED EMISSION OF ELECTROMAGNETIC RADIATION IN WAVE RANGES OTHER THAN OPTICAL
- H01S3/00—Lasers, i.e. devices using stimulated emission of electromagnetic radiation in the infrared, visible or ultraviolet wave range
- H01S3/05—Construction or shape of optical resonators; Accommodation of active medium therein; Shape of active medium
- H01S3/06—Construction or shape of active medium
- H01S3/063—Waveguide lasers, i.e. whereby the dimensions of the waveguide are of the order of the light wavelength
- H01S3/067—Fibre lasers
- H01S3/06708—Constructional details of the fibre, e.g. compositions, cross-section, shape or tapering
- H01S3/06729—Peculiar transverse fibre profile
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- General Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
- Electromagnetism (AREA)
- Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
- Plasma & Fusion (AREA)
- Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
- Dispersion Chemistry (AREA)
- Lasers (AREA)
- Optical Couplings Of Light Guides (AREA)
- Optical Fibers, Optical Fiber Cores, And Optical Fiber Bundles (AREA)
- Laser Beam Processing (AREA)
Description
図15〜18は、閉込め損失対ファイバ直径、被覆屈折率、および波長を示す例を図示している。直径の選択が損失に影響を及ぼす可能性があること、および、第2次モードに対するより高い損失と基本モードに対するより低い損失の両方を生じるように(または、ほぼそのように)直径が最適化されている状態での動作が有益である可能性があること、が開示された。有限なファイバ直径、ファイバ直径の相対的変化、光ファイバの被覆、および波長が、また、様々なやり方でモード・プロファイルに影響を及ぼす可能性がある。
以下のパラグラフは、受動PCFとLCFパワー増幅器の両方の性能の例を示す。興味深いいくつかのパラメータには、曲げによるビーム品質および損失の変化、伝播の波長依存性、および応力光学効果による屈折率変化がある。
図1bおよび1cのようにクラッド特徴が単一の層(例えば、リング)で配置されている様々な実施形態では、d/∧の一般的な値は、約0.65〜0.9、0.7〜0.9、または0.75〜0.85の範囲にあることがある。いくつかの実施形態で、特徴の少なくとも第2の層(N≧2)は、クラッド特徴102の向こうに配置されることがあり、いくつかの場合にd/∧の一般的な値は、約0.3〜0.9、0.4〜0.8、0.5〜0.7、または0.5〜0.8の範囲にあることがある。d/∧の他の範囲が、クラッド特徴の層のどれかに使用されることがある。2以上の層のクラッド特徴が使用される場合、比d/∧は、クラッド特徴の層ごとに異なることがある(しかし、異なる必要はない)。
図19に戻って、この図は、従来のフォトニック結晶ファイバと数層のホールで区別されるN=3のLCFの実施形態を示す。
T0=(2*ω1*ω2)2/(ω1 2+ω2 2)2、dB損失=−10log10(T0)
ここで、ω1およびω2は、それぞれのモード直径である。上述の2つのファイバ3300、3320が直接結合(突合せ結合)される場合には、約11dBの損失が予想されるだろう。したがって、そのような損失を防ぐために、モード・フィールドを広げるか、そうでなければモード・フィールドを整合させるためのある機構が必要とされる。
Claims (48)
- 第1の屈折率n1を持つ第1のクラッド材料を含む第1のクラッド領域と、
前記第1のクラッド領域中に配置され、第2の屈折率n2を持つ第2のクラッド材料を含む複数のクラッド特徴であって、n2はn1よりも小さく、(n1−n2)/n1によって特徴付けられる相対屈折率差は約4.5×10−3未満である、複数のクラッド特徴と、
前記複数のクラッド特徴によって少なくとも部分的に囲まれたコア領域と、
励起用クラッド及び励起ガイドとを備えるファイバであって、
前記第1のクラッド領域および前記複数のクラッド特徴は、前記コア領域が、ある波長を持つ少なくとも1つのより低次のモードを伝播させ、一方、前記波長で、前記波長を持つ少なくとも1つのより高次のモードに、前記少なくとも1つのより低次のモードよりも高い損失を生じることによって、前記少なくとも1つのより高次のモードの伝播を制限するように構成されており、
前記励起用クラッド又は前記励起ガイドの少なくとも一部は、非円形部を含む、ファイバ。 - 前記少なくとも1つの低次モードの損失が、約0.1dB/m以下である、請求項1に記載のファイバ。
- 損失を持つ前記少なくとも1つのより高次のモードが、第2次モードを含む、請求項2に記載のファイバ。
- 0.1dB/m以下の損失を持つ前記少なくとも1つの低次モードが、基本モードを含む、請求項2に記載のファイバ。
- 前記少なくとも1つのより高次のモードの損失と前記少なくとも1つのより低次のモードの損失の比が、約10を超える、請求項1に記載のファイバ。
- 前記比が約100を超える、請求項5に記載のファイバ。
- 前記第1のクラッド領域の寸法が、前記比を実質的に最大にするように選ばれる、請求項5に記載のファイバ。
- 前記少なくとも1つのより高次のモードの損失が、約5メートル未満のファイバの長さで、前記少なくとも1つのより低次のモードの損失よりも約10dB(10:1)から約30dB(1000:1)の範囲で高い、請求項1に記載のファイバ。
- 前記第1のクラッド材料が、第1のガラスを含み、前記第2のクラッド材料が、第2のガラスを含む、請求項1に記載のファイバ。
- 前記第1のガラスが、溶融石英を含み、
前記第2のガラスが、フッ素添加石英ガラスまたはホウ素添加石英ガラスを含む、請求項9に記載のファイバ。 - 前記第1のクラッド領域が、約125μmから約300μmの範囲の寸法を持つ、請求項1に記載のファイバ。
- 前記コア領域が、約30μmから約200μmの範囲の寸法を持つ、請求項1に記載のファイバ。
- ファイバ出力のモード・プロファイルが、前記モード・プロファイルのパワー半値領域の実質的な部分で、ほぼ回折で制限されている、請求項1に記載のファイバ。
- 前記複数のクラッド特徴の少なくとも1つが、非回転対称である、請求項1に記載のファイバ。
- 前記相対屈折率差が、約1.0×10−3未満である、請求項1に記載のファイバ。
- 前記第1のクラッド領域の上に配置された励起用クラッドをさらに含む、請求項1に記載のファイバ。
- 前記励起用クラッドが、低屈折率ガラスを含む、請求項16に記載のファイバ。
- 前記低屈折率ガラスが、フッ素を含む、請求項17に記載のファイバ。
- 前記励起用クラッドが、エア・ホールの層を含む、請求項16に記載のファイバ。
- 前記励起用クラッドの上に配置された高屈折率被覆か低屈折率被覆かのどちらかをさらに含む、請求項16に記載のファイバ。
- ファイバ光増幅器システムであって、
ほぼ回折で制限された入力空間プロファイルを持つ光パルスを供給する光パルス源と、
光励起源と、
請求項1乃至15のいずれか1項に記載のファイバと、を含み、
前記コア領域の少なくとも一部が希土類を添加され、
前記ファイバが、さらに、前記光励起源から励起エネルギーを受け取るように構成された励起用クラッドと、前記受け取られた励起エネルギーの一部を前記コア領域に伝えるための励起ガイドとを含み、
前記ファイバが、ほぼ回折で制限された出力空間プロファイルを持つ出力パルスと、約10μJから約10mJの範囲のエネルギーを持つ少なくとも1つの出力パルスとを生成するために、前記パルスを受け取りさらに前記パルスを増幅するように構成されている、ファイバ光増幅器システム。 - 前記出力パルス・エネルギーが、100μJから約1mJの範囲にある、請求項21に記載のファイバ光増幅器システム。
- 少なくとも1つの前記出力パルスの強度が、前記少なくとも1つの出力パルスには非線形効果に関連した歪みが実質的にないように、前記ファイバの非線形閾値よりも下である、請求項21に記載のファイバ光増幅器システム。
- 前記出力パルスの繰返し率が、約1kHzを超える、請求項21に記載のファイバ光増幅器システム。
- 前記少なくとも1つの出力パルスのパルス幅が、約1ns未満である、請求項21に記載のファイバ光増幅器システム。
- 前記光パルス源が、微小チップ・レーザ、モード同期光源、ファイバ・レーザ、半導体レーザ・ダイオードの増幅された出力、Qスイッチ・レーザ、およびディスク・レーザの1つまたは組合せを含む、請求項21に記載のファイバ光増幅器システム。
- 第1の屈折率n1を持つ第1のクラッド材料を含む第1のクラッド領域と、
第2の屈折率n2を持つ第2のクラッド材料を含む複数のクラッド特徴を備え、前記第2の屈折率と異なる屈折率を持つ応力要素をさらに備える第2のクラッド領域であって、n2はn1よりも小さく、(n1−n2)/n1によって特徴付けられる相対屈折率差は約4.5×10−3未満である、第2のクラッド領域と、
前記第2のクラッド領域によって少なくなくとも部分的に囲まれたコア領域と、
励起用クラッド及び励起ガイドとを具備する偏光保持ファイバであって、
前記第1および第2のクラッド領域は、前記コア領域が基本モードを伝播しかつビーム偏光を保持するように構成され、
前記第1のクラッド領域の寸法と、前記複数のクラッド特徴および応力要素の寸法、配列および数の1つまたは組合せとが、前記ビーム偏光を保持しながら、基本モード損失よりも大きなより高次のモードの損失を生じ、
前記励起用クラッド又は前記励起ガイドの少なくとも一部は、非円形部を含む、偏光保持ファイバ。 - 前記非円形部が、前記励起用クラッドに入射する励起ビームのモード混合を高めるように構成されている、請求項1および27のいずれか1項に記載のファイバ。
- 前記特徴が、寸法dおよび間隔∧を持ち、比d/∧が、約0.3から約0.9の範囲にある、請求項1および27のいずれか1項に記載のファイバ。
- 前記比d/∧が、約0.4から約0.8の範囲にある、請求項29に記載のファイバ。
- 前記比d/∧が、約0.5から約0.8の範囲にある、請求項29に記載のファイバ。
- 前記比d/∧は、約5×10−4未満であるがコア領域の少なくとも一部の中で基本モードの屈折率導波を生じさせるだけ十分に大きな相対屈折率差を、前記コア領域の少なくとも前記一部の中に少なくとも部分的に生じさせるように、選択される、請求項29に記載のファイバ。
- 前記クラッドが、第1の熱膨張係数を持つ第1の材料を含み、
前記複数のクラッド特徴が、第2の熱膨張係数を持つ第2の材料を含み、
前記第1の熱膨張係数および前記第2の熱膨張係数が、前記相対屈折率差を少なくとも部分的に生じさせるように選択される、請求項32に記載のファイバ。 - 前記第1のクラッド領域の寸法の変化に即して、モード閉込め損失およびモード屈折率のうちの少なくとも1つの変化を決定するステップと、
前記少なくとも1つのより高次のモードの損失と前記少なくとも1つのより低次のモードの損失との約10を超える比を生じさせるように、前記第1のクラッド領域の寸法を選択するステップを具備する、請求項1に記載の光ファイバを作る方法。 - 前記選択するステップが、前記比を実質的に最大にするように前記寸法を選択することを含む、請求項34に記載の方法。
- 請求項1及び27のいずれか1項に記載の前記ファイバまたは請求項21に記載の前記ファイバ光増幅器システムを含むファイバ・レーザと、
材料上または材料内にスポットを生成するためのビーム伝達光学部品を含む光学システムとを備えるレーザに基づいた材料処理システムであって、
前記スポットは、約1μmから約250μmの範囲のスポット径を有する、レーザに基づいた材料処理システム。 - 請求項1及び27のいずれか1項に記載の光ファイバを含む光励起レーザ増幅器。
- 請求項1及び27のいずれか1項に記載の光ファイバを含むパルス・レーザ。
- 請求項1及び27のいずれか1項に記載の光ファイバを含むCWレーザ。
- 請求項37に記載の光励起レーザ増幅器、請求項38に記載のパルス・レーザ、又は、請求項39に記載のCWレーザを含む材料処理システム。
- 請求項1及び27のいずれか1項に記載のファイバを含む電気通信システム。
- 前記ファイバは、前記第1のクラッド領域を少なくとも部分的に取り囲む低屈折率ガラスを備え、前記低屈折率ガラスは、フッ素添加石英ガラスを含む、請求項1又は27に記載のファイバ。
- 前記ファイバは、前記第1のクラッド領域を少なくとも部分的に取り囲む1以上の層のエアホールを備える、請求項1又は27に記載のファイバ。
- 前記ファイバは、(a)前記フッ素添加石英ガラスを含む低屈折率ガラスの向こうに配置されたシリカ、又は(b)前記1以上の層のエアホールの向こうに配置されたシリカをさらに備える、請求項42又は43に記載のファイバ。
- 前記少なくとも1つのより高次のモードの損失は、少なくとも約1dB/mである、請求項1又は27に記載のファイバ。
- 前記ファイバは、前記第1のクラッド領域を少なくとも部分的に取り囲む低屈折率ガラスを備え、前記低屈折率ガラスは、フッ素添加石英ガラスを含む、請求項21に記載のファイバ光増幅器システム。
- 前記ファイバは、前記第1のクラッド領域を少なくとも部分的に取り囲む1以上の層のエアホールを備える、請求項21に記載のファイバ光増幅器システム。
- 前記ファイバは、(a)前記フッ素添加石英ガラスを含む低屈折率ガラスの向こうに配置されたシリカ、又は(b)前記1以上の層のエアホールの向こうに配置されたシリカをさらに備える、請求項46又は47に記載のファイバ光増幅器システム。
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CN103246014A (zh) | 2013-08-14 |
US20100157418A1 (en) | 2010-06-24 |
JP2010541006A (ja) | 2010-12-24 |
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