WO2013013465A1 - 后馈式雷达天线 - Google Patents

后馈式雷达天线 Download PDF

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Publication number
WO2013013465A1
WO2013013465A1 PCT/CN2011/082841 CN2011082841W WO2013013465A1 WO 2013013465 A1 WO2013013465 A1 WO 2013013465A1 CN 2011082841 W CN2011082841 W CN 2011082841W WO 2013013465 A1 WO2013013465 A1 WO 2013013465A1
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WIPO (PCT)
Prior art keywords
metamaterial
refractive index
layer
radius
unit
Prior art date
Application number
PCT/CN2011/082841
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English (en)
French (fr)
Inventor
刘若鹏
季春霖
岳玉涛
殷俊
李双双
Original Assignee
深圳光启高等理工研究院
深圳光启创新技术有限公司
Priority date (The priority date is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the date listed.)
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Publication date
Priority claimed from CN 201110210337 external-priority patent/CN102480024B/zh
Priority claimed from CN201110210320.6A external-priority patent/CN103036038B/zh
Application filed by 深圳光启高等理工研究院, 深圳光启创新技术有限公司 filed Critical 深圳光启高等理工研究院
Publication of WO2013013465A1 publication Critical patent/WO2013013465A1/zh

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Classifications

    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01Q—ANTENNAS, i.e. RADIO AERIALS
    • H01Q15/00—Devices for reflection, refraction, diffraction or polarisation of waves radiated from an antenna, e.g. quasi-optical devices
    • H01Q15/0006—Devices acting selectively as reflecting surface, as diffracting or as refracting device, e.g. frequency filtering or angular spatial filtering devices
    • H01Q15/0086—Devices acting selectively as reflecting surface, as diffracting or as refracting device, e.g. frequency filtering or angular spatial filtering devices said selective devices having materials with a synthesized negative refractive index, e.g. metamaterials or left-handed materials
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01Q—ANTENNAS, i.e. RADIO AERIALS
    • H01Q15/00—Devices for reflection, refraction, diffraction or polarisation of waves radiated from an antenna, e.g. quasi-optical devices
    • H01Q15/02—Refracting or diffracting devices, e.g. lens, prism
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01Q—ANTENNAS, i.e. RADIO AERIALS
    • H01Q19/00—Combinations of primary active antenna elements and units with secondary devices, e.g. with quasi-optical devices, for giving the antenna a desired directional characteristic
    • H01Q19/06—Combinations of primary active antenna elements and units with secondary devices, e.g. with quasi-optical devices, for giving the antenna a desired directional characteristic using refracting or diffracting devices, e.g. lens
    • H01Q19/062—Combinations of primary active antenna elements and units with secondary devices, e.g. with quasi-optical devices, for giving the antenna a desired directional characteristic using refracting or diffracting devices, e.g. lens for focusing

Definitions

  • the present invention relates to the field of radar antennas, and more particularly to a feedforward radar antenna using a metamaterial. ⁇ Background technique ⁇
  • the feedforward antenna also known as the Cassegrain antenna, consists of a parabolic primary reflecting surface 2, a hyperbolic secondary reflecting surface 1, a feed horn 3, and a bracket 4, as shown in FIG. Since the real focus of the parabolic main reflection surface 2 coincides with the virtual focus of the hyperbolic sub-reflection surface 1, and the phase center of the feed horn 3 coincides with the real focus of the hyperbolic sub-reflection surface 1, the electromagnetic wave emitted from the satellite passes through the parabolic main The reflecting surface 2 is reflected twice, and after being double-reflected by the hyperboloid secondary reflecting surface 1, it is focused on the phase center of the feed horn 3, and is superimposed in phase. This allows the radar antenna to receive or emit electromagnetic waves.
  • a method of casting by a mold or machining using a numerically controlled machine tool is usually used.
  • the process of the first method includes: making a parabolic mold, casting a paraboloid, and installing a parabolic reflector.
  • the process is complicated, the cost is high, and the shape of the parabola is relatively accurate to achieve the directional propagation of the radar antenna, so the processing accuracy is also relatively high.
  • the second method uses a large-scale CNC machine to perform parabolic machining. By editing the program, the path of the tool in the CNC machine is controlled to cut the desired paraboloid shape. This method is very precise, but it is difficult and costly to manufacture such a large CNC machine.
  • the object of the present invention is to overcome the difficulties in manufacturing a parabolic reflecting surface and a hyperbolic sub-reflecting surface in the prior art, and to provide a radar antenna, which is no longer limited to a parabolic setting, and is replaced by a flat metamaterial, which saves space; Improve the deflection problem of large-angle electromagnetic wave incident and improve the efficiency of antenna energy radiation.
  • a feedforward radar antenna comprising: a feed source for radiating electromagnetic waves; a super material panel for radiating electricity from the feed source Magnetic waves are converted from spherical electromagnetic waves into planar electromagnetic waves.
  • the metamaterial panel includes a plurality of core layers having the same refractive index distribution, the core layers including a plurality of metamaterial units including a unit substrate having an artificial metal microstructure or an artificial pore structure, the super
  • Each core layer of the material panel includes a circular area centered on its center and a plurality of annular areas concentric with the circular area, in which the refractive index gradually decreases as the radius increases; In each annular region, the refractive index gradually decreases as the radius increases, and a refractive index change occurs at the junction of the two connected regions, that is, the refractive index at the junction is located in a region with a larger radius than in a region with a small radius. It must be big.
  • the radar antenna further includes a casing for fixing the feed; and a layer of absorbing material adhered to the inner wall of the casing for absorbing a portion of the electromagnetic wave radiated from the feed; the absorbing material layer and the super The material panels together form a closed cavity; the feed is located within the cavity.
  • the metamaterial panel further includes a plurality of graded layers symmetrically distributed on both sides of the core layer, each of the graded layers including a sheet-like substrate layer, a sheet-like filling layer, and a layer layer and a filling layer disposed thereon An air layer between the layers, the medium filled in the filling layer comprising air and a medium of the same material as the substrate layer.
  • the refractive index at the center of the circle is the maximum value " max , and as the radius increases, the refractive index gradually decreases from the maximum value " max " to the minimum value " mn ; in each annular region Within the range, as the radius increases, the refractive index also decreases from the maximum value to the minimum value of mn .
  • each core layer of the metamaterial panel is centered on its center, and the radius of the radius r is as follows:
  • max represents the maximum refractive index value in each core layer
  • d represents the total thickness of all core layers
  • ss represents the distance from the feed to the core layer closest to the feed position, indicating that within each core layer a refractive index value at a radius r, a wavelength represented by 1, wherein
  • mn indicates the minimum refractive index value in multiple core layers in the metamaterial panel, and floor indicates rounding down. Further, the refractive index in each graded layer of the metamaterial panel is evenly distributed, and a plurality of The variation of the refractive index distribution between the layers is as follows:
  • the man-made metal microstructure is a planar structure or a three-dimensional structure composed of at least one wire responsive to an electromagnetic field, the wire being a copper wire or a silver wire, the wire being etched, plated, drilled, and lighted.
  • a method of engraving, electron engraving or ion engraving is attached to the unit substrate.
  • the metamaterial unit further includes a first filling layer, the man-made metal microstructure is located between the unit substrate and the first filling layer, and the material filled in the first filling layer comprises air, an artificial metal microstructure, and A medium of the same material as the unit substrate.
  • the man-made metal microstructure is any one of a derivative shape, a snowflake shape or a snowflake shape derived from a "work" shape or a "work” shape.
  • first substrate layer and the second substrate layer are each made of a ceramic material, an epoxy resin, a polytetrafluoroethylene, an FR-4 composite material or an F4B composite material.
  • each of the metamaterial units is formed with a small hole filled with a medium having a refractive index smaller than a refractive index of the unit substrate, and all the pores in the metamaterial unit are filled with a medium of the same material.
  • the arrangement of the pore volume in the metamaterial unit in each core layer is: each core layer of the metamaterial panel comprises a circular area centered on its center and a plurality of circular areas a concentric annular region in which the volume of small pores formed on the metamaterial unit increases with increasing radius; in each annular region, the radius of the element is increased in the metamaterial unit
  • the volume of the pores formed on the surface is also gradually increased, and the pore volume mutation occurs at the junction of the two connected regions, that is, the pore volume formed on the metamaterial unit at the junction is smaller than the radius in the region with a large radius.
  • the area should be small.
  • each of the metamaterial units is formed with a small hole filled with a refractive index a medium larger than the refractive index of the unit substrate, and all the pores in the metamaterial unit are filled with the medium of the same material, and the arrangement of the pore volume in the super material unit in each core layer is:
  • Each core layer of the material panel includes a circular area centered on its center and a plurality of annular areas concentric with the circular area, in which the radius material is formed on the metamaterial unit as the radius increases The pore volume is reduced; in each of the annular regions, the pore volume formed on the metamaterial unit is gradually decreased as the radius increases, and a small pore volume mutation occurs at the junction of the two connected regions. That is, the small pore volume formed on the metamaterial unit at the junction is larger when it is located in a region having a larger radius than in a region having a smaller radius.
  • the metamaterial unit is formed with a plurality of small holes having the same volume and the same volume, the small holes are filled with a medium having a refractive index smaller than the refractive index of the unit substrate, and the small holes in all the super material units are filled with the same material.
  • each core layer of the metamaterial panel includes a circular area centered on its center and a plurality of a concentric annular region of a circular region in which the number of small holes formed on the metamaterial unit increases with increasing radius; in each annular region, the radius increases in the super
  • the number of small holes formed in the material unit is also gradually increased, and the number of small holes is changed at the junction of the two connected regions, that is, the number of small holes formed on the metamaterial unit at the junction is located in a region with a large radius. There are fewer areas with a small radius.
  • the metamaterial unit is formed with a plurality of small holes having the same volume and the same volume, the small holes are filled with a medium having a refractive index greater than a refractive index of the unit substrate, and the small holes in all the super material units are filled with the same material.
  • each core layer of the metamaterial panel includes a circular area centered on its center and a plurality of a concentric annular region of a circular region in which the number of small holes formed on the metamaterial unit gradually decreases as the radius increases; in each annular region, as the radius increases The number of small holes formed on the metamaterial unit is gradually reduced, and the number of small holes is changed at the junction of the two connected regions, that is, the number of small holes formed on the metamaterial unit at the junction is larger in a region with a larger radius. More when it is in a small radius area.
  • the feedforward radar antenna of the present invention greatly increases the far field power of the antenna by changing the refractive index distribution inside the super material panel, thereby improving the antenna propagation.
  • Distance at the same time by adding a layer of absorbing material inside the antenna cavity, increasing the front-to-back ratio of the antenna, making the antenna more directional.
  • FIG. 1 is a schematic structural view of a feedforward parabolic antenna in the prior art
  • FIG. 2 is a schematic structural view of a feedforward radar antenna according to a first embodiment of the present invention
  • FIG. 3 is a schematic structural view of the metamaterial panel according to the first embodiment of the present invention.
  • FIG. 4 is a schematic structural view of a plurality of core layers of the metamaterial according to the first embodiment of the present invention
  • FIG. 5 is a schematic structural view of the metamaterial unit according to the first embodiment of the present invention
  • FIG. 6 is a schematic structural view of the metamaterial graded layer of the first embodiment of the present invention.
  • Fig. 7 is a schematic view showing the arrangement of artificial metal microstructures in the core layer according to the first embodiment of the present invention.
  • Figure 8 is a schematic view showing a change in refractive index of a core layer according to a first embodiment of the present invention.
  • FIG. 9 is a schematic view showing a change in refractive index of a core layer according to a first embodiment of the present invention.
  • FIG. 10 is a schematic structural view of a feedforward radar antenna according to a second embodiment of the present invention.
  • FIG. 11 is a schematic structural view of the metamaterial panel according to a second embodiment of the present invention.
  • FIG. 12 is a schematic structural view of a plurality of core layers of the metamaterial according to a second embodiment of the present invention
  • FIG. 13 is a schematic structural view of the metamaterial unit according to a second embodiment of the present invention
  • the antenna includes a feed 10, a metamaterial panel 20, a casing 30, and a absorbing material layer 40.
  • the feed 10 is fixed to the casing. 30, the absorbing material layer 40 is in close contact with the inner wall of the outer casing 30, the absorbing material layer 40 is connected to the metamaterial panel 20, and the absorbing material layer 40 and the metamaterial panel 20 together form a closed cavity. Feed 10 is located within the cavity.
  • the electromagnetic wave radiated from the feed 10 is a spherical electromagnetic wave, but the far-field direction performance of the spherical electromagnetic wave is not good, and the signal transmission with the spherical electromagnetic wave as a carrier at a long distance has a great limitation, and the attenuation is fast, and the present invention passes the feed.
  • a metamaterial panel 20 having an electromagnetic wave convergence function is designed in the transmission direction of the source 10, and the metamaterial panel 20 converts most of the electromagnetic waves radiated from the feed 10 into spherical electromagnetic waves, so that the directionality of the radar antenna is better, the antenna The main lobe has a higher energy density and a larger energy, and the signal transmission distance of the plane electromagnetic wave is further.
  • a layer of absorbing material 40 is adhered to the inner wall of the outer casing 30 for absorbing the direction of the main lobe.
  • the outer casing 30 is used to fix the feed source 10, and is generally made of a metal material or an ABS material.
  • the metamaterial panel 20 includes a plurality of core layers 210 and a plurality of graded layers 220 symmetrically distributed on both sides of the core layer 210. Each core layer 210 is composed of multiple layers.
  • the metamaterial unit comprises a unit substrate 211, a sheet-shaped first filling layer 213, and a plurality of man-made metal microstructures 212 disposed between the unit substrate 211 and the first filling layer 213. , as shown in Figure 4 and Figure 5.
  • the material filled in the first filling layer 213 may be air, an artificial metal microstructure 212, and a medium of the same material as the unit substrate 211, for example, when the equivalent refractive index in the metamaterial unit is required to be large.
  • the first filling layer 213 may be filled with a metal microstructure or filled with a medium having a large refractive index; when the equivalent refractive index in the metamaterial unit is required to be small, the first filling layer 213 may be filled.
  • the air medium is either not filled with any medium.
  • the plurality of metamaterial core layers 210 in the metamaterial panel 20 are stacked together, and the core layers 210 are assembled at equal intervals, or the front and back surfaces are integrally bonded together integrally between the two sheets.
  • the number of core layers of the metamaterial panel 20 and the distance between the core layers can be designed according to requirements.
  • Each metamaterial core layer 210 is formed by an array of a plurality of metamaterial units, the entire super material
  • the material core layer 210 can be regarded as being formed by arraying a plurality of metamaterial units in three directions of X, Y, and ⁇ .
  • the plurality of core layers 210 of the metamaterial panel 20 realize phase radiation of electromagnetic waves or the like after passing through the metamaterial panel 20 by changing the refractive index distribution inside thereof, that is, realizing spherical electromagnetic wave conversion radiated from the feed source 10 It is a plane electromagnetic wave.
  • the refractive index distribution of each of the metamaterial core layers 210 is the same, and only the refractive index distribution of one of the supermaterial core layers 210 is described in detail.
  • each metamaterial core The layer 210 includes a circular area centered on the center point of the metamaterial core layer 210 and a plurality of annular areas having a radius larger than the circular area and concentric with the circular area, the largest refractive index at the center of the circle, and a circular area having the same radius or
  • the refractive index is the same at the annular region, in which the refractive index gradually decreases as the radius increases; in each of the annular regions, the refractive index gradually decreases as the radius increases, and is connected
  • a refractive index change occurs at the junction of the two regions, that is, the refractive index at the junction is larger when it is located in a region having a larger radius than in a region having a smaller radius.
  • the boundary between the circular area and the annular area adjacent to the circular area if the boundary is located in the circular area, its refractive index is smaller than that when it is located in the annular area;
  • the two annular regions As shown in Fig. 9, a refractive index change diagram of n max ⁇ n mm is given, that is, in the circular region, the refractive index decreases from the maximum value n max at the center of the circle to the minimum value n mm as the radius increases. This is also true in the annular region, but it should be understood that the refractive index change of the present invention is not limited thereto.
  • the design of the present invention is: When electromagnetic waves pass through the core layers 210 of each metamaterial, the deflection angle of the electromagnetic waves is gradually changed and finally radiated in parallel.
  • Figure 8 is a 0-0' view of the refractive index profile of the core layer of the metamaterial shown in Figure 9.
  • the refractive index of electromagnetic waves is proportional to proportional relationship, where ⁇ is magnetic permeability and ⁇ is dielectric constant.
  • ⁇ magnetic permeability
  • ⁇ dielectric constant.
  • the electromagnetic wave When one electromagnetic wave propagates from one medium to another, electromagnetic waves will refract.
  • the refractive index distribution inside the substance is not uniform, the electromagnetic wave is deflected toward a position where the refractive index is relatively large.
  • the refractive index of each point of the core layer 210 in the super-material panel 20 is designed to satisfy the above refractive index change rule. It should be noted that since the meta-material unit is actually a cube rather than a point, the circular area is only approximate.
  • the actual metamaterial units of the same or substantially the same refractive index are distributed over a zigzag circumference.
  • the specific design is similar to the programming mode (such as OpenGL) when the computer draws a smooth curve such as a circle or an ellipse with a square pixel. When the pixel is small relative to the curve, the curve is smooth, and when the pixel is relative to the curve. When larger, the curve shows jagged.
  • the semiconductor substrate 211 is made of a dielectric insulating material, and may be a ceramic material, a polymer material, a ferroelectric material, a ferrite material, a ferromagnetic material, or the like.
  • the polymer material may be, for example, Epoxy or polytetrafluoroethylene.
  • the artificial metal microstructure 212 is a metal wire which is attached to the unit substrate 211 in a certain geometric shape and is responsive to electromagnetic waves.
  • the metal wire may be a copper wire or a silver wire having a cylindrical or flat shape, and is generally made of copper. Because the copper wire is relatively cheap, the cross section of the metal wire may also be other shapes, and the metal wire is attached to the unit substrate 211 by etching, plating, drilling, photolithography, electron etching or ion etching, etc., the first
  • the filling layer 213 may be filled with a medium of different materials, may be the same material as the unit substrate 211, may also be an artificial metal microstructure, or may be air, and each core layer 210 is composed of a plurality of metamaterial units, each super The material units all have an artificial metal microstructure, and each metamaterial unit responds to electromagnetic waves passing through it, thereby affecting the transmission of electromagnetic waves therein.
  • each metamaterial unit depends on the electromagnetic waves that need to be responded to, usually required One tenth of the wavelength of the electromagnetic wave that responds, otherwise the space contains artificial metal microjunctions Arrangement consisting of metamaterial unit 212 in the space can not be regarded as continuous.
  • adjustment can be made by adjusting the pattern, size and spatial distribution of the artificial metal microstructure 212 on the unit substrate 211 and filling the first filling layer 213 with a medium having a different refractive index.
  • the equivalent dielectric constant and equivalent permeability throughout the metamaterial in turn alter the equivalent refractive index throughout the metamaterial.
  • the man-made metal microstructures 212 have the same geometry, the larger the size of the man-made metal microstructures, the larger the equivalent dielectric constant and the greater the refractive index.
  • the pattern of the artificial metal microstructure 212 used in this embodiment is an I-shaped derivative pattern. As can be seen from FIG.
  • the size of the snow-like artificial metal microstructure 212 gradually decreases from the maximum to the periphery to the minimum value, and then The maximum value gradually becomes smaller and periodically changes.
  • the snow-like artificial metal microstructure 212 has the largest size, and the snowflake artificial metal microstructure 212 at the same radius from the center has the same size. Therefore, the equivalent dielectric constant of each core layer 210 is periodically changed from the middle to the periphery, and the equivalent dielectric constant is the largest in the middle, so that the refractive index of each core layer 210 gradually decreases from the middle to the periphery. Periodically, the refractive index of the middle portion is the largest.
  • the pattern of the artificial metal microstructures 212 may be two-dimensional or three-dimensional, and is not limited to the embodiment.
  • the "work" shape used can be a derivative structure of the "work” shape, which can be a snowflake-like and snowflake-like derivative structure in which each side of the three-dimensional space is perpendicular to each other, or other geometric shapes, in which different artificial
  • the metal microstructure may have the same pattern, but the design dimensions are different; the pattern and the design size may be different, as long as the electromagnetic waves emitted by the antenna unit are propagated through the metamaterial panel 20 and can be emitted in parallel.
  • the refractive index of each core layer 210 of the metamaterial panel 20 is centered on the center thereof, and the variation law with the radius r is as follows:
  • max represents the maximum refractive index value in each core layer 210
  • d represents the total thickness of all core layers
  • ss represents the distance of the feed 10 to the core layer 210 closest to the position of the feed 10, ! !
  • the refractive index value at the radius r in each core layer is small, indicating the wavelength at which the feed 10 radiates electromagnetic waves
  • « mm indicates the minimum refractive index value in each core layer of the metamaterial panel 20, and floor indicates that the downward drawing is usually taken when electromagnetic waves are transmitted from one medium to another due to impedance mismatch.
  • floor indicates that the downward drawing is usually taken when electromagnetic waves are transmitted from one medium to another due to impedance mismatch.
  • a part of the electromagnetic wave reflection occurs, which affects the transmission performance of the electromagnetic wave.
  • reflection is also generated.
  • a plurality of metamaterial graded layers 220 are stacked on both sides of the core layer 210 of the metamaterial panel 20, as shown in FIG.
  • each of the metamaterial grading layers 220 includes a sheet substrate layer 221, a sheet-shaped second filling layer 223, and an air layer 222 disposed between the substrate layer 221 and the second filling layer 223.
  • the substrate layer 221 may be a polymer, a ceramic material, a ferroelectric material, a ferrite material or the like.
  • the high molecular polymer is preferably a FR-4 or F4B material.
  • the refractive indices between the plurality of metamaterial graded layers 220 are different, in order to match the impedance of the air to the core layer 210, typically by adjusting the width of the air layer 222 and by filling the second fill layer 223 with different refractions.
  • the medium of the rate is used to achieve impedance matching.
  • the medium may also be the same material as the substrate layer 221 or air.
  • the refractive index of the metamaterial layer 220 close to the air is closest to the air and the refractive index of the super core layer 210 is gradually increased. .
  • the refractive index of each of the gradient layers 220 of the metamaterial panel 20 is uniformly distributed, and the variation of the refractive index distribution between the plurality of graded layers 220 is as follows:
  • the core layer 210, the first layer of the gradient layer is the outermost layer.
  • a feedforward radar antenna of the present invention greatly increases the far field power of the antenna by changing the refractive index distribution inside the super material panel 20, thereby increasing the distance traveled by the antenna while passing through the antenna.
  • a layer of absorbing material 40 is disposed inside the cavity, which increases the front-to-back ratio of the antenna, making the antenna more directional.
  • the antenna includes a feed 10, a metamaterial panel 20', a casing 30, and a absorbing material layer 40.
  • the feed 10 is fixed to the casing 30.
  • the absorbing material layer 40 is in close contact with the inner wall of the outer casing 30, and the absorbing material layer 40 and the metamaterial panel 20' is connected, and the absorbing material layer 40 and the metamaterial panel 20' together form a closed cavity in which the feed 10 is located.
  • the electromagnetic wave radiated from the feed 10 is a spherical electromagnetic wave, but the far-field direction performance of the spherical electromagnetic wave is not good, and the signal transmission with the spherical electromagnetic wave as a carrier at a long distance has a great limitation, and the attenuation is fast, and the present invention passes the feed.
  • a metamaterial panel 20' having an electromagnetic wave convergence function is designed. The metamaterial panel 20' converts most of the electromagnetic waves radiated from the feed 10 from spherical electromagnetic waves into planar electromagnetic waves, so that the directionality of the radar antenna is better.
  • the main lobe of the antenna has higher energy density and greater energy, and the signal transmission distance of the plane electromagnetic wave is further.
  • a layer of absorbing material 40 is adhered to the inner wall of the outer casing 30 for absorbing the direction of the main lobe.
  • the outer casing 30 is used to fix the feed source 10, and is generally made of a metal material or an ABS material.
  • the metamaterial panel 20' includes a plurality of core layers 210' having the same refractive index distribution and a plurality of graded layers 220' symmetrically distributed on both sides of the plurality of core layers, the core layer 210 '
  • the functional layer of the metamaterial panel 20' is composed of a plurality of metamaterial units. Since the metamaterial panel 20' needs to continuously respond to electromagnetic waves, the metamaterial unit size should be less than one fifth of the wavelength of the required electromagnetic wave. This embodiment is preferably one tenth of the wavelength of the electromagnetic wave.
  • the metamaterial unit includes a unit substrate 21A provided with one or more small holes 212', that is, the metamaterial unit includes a unit substrate 211' having an artificial hole structure 212'. Each of the core layers 210' thus provided with the small holes 212' is superposed to constitute a functional layer of the metamaterial panel 20' as shown in FIG.
  • the plurality of core layers 210' of the metamaterial panel 20' realize phase radiation of electromagnetic waves or the like after passing through the metamaterial panel 20' by changing the refractive index distribution inside thereof, that is, to be radiated from the feed source 10 Spherical electromagnetic waves are converted into planar electromagnetic waves.
  • the distribution of the refractive index is the same as in the previous embodiment.
  • the refractive index distribution of each of the metamaterial core layers 210' is the same, and only the refractive index distribution of one supermaterial core layer 210' will be described in detail herein.
  • Each metamaterial core layer is designed by the volume of the small hole 212', the medium filled in the small hole 212', and the density of the small hole 212'.
  • Each core layer 210' of the metamaterial panel 20' includes a circular area centered on its center and a plurality of annular areas concentric with the circular area, in which the radius increases
  • the refractive index gradually decreases; in each of the annular regions, the refractive index gradually decreases as the radius increases, and a refractive index change occurs at the junction of the two connected regions, that is, the refractive index at the junction is at the radius Large areas are larger than when they are located in areas with small radii.
  • the design of the present invention is: When electromagnetic waves pass through the core layers 210' of each metamaterial, the deflection angle of the electromagnetic waves is gradually changed and finally radiated in parallel.
  • Sm q* A «, where is the angle of the desired deflection electromagnetic wave, ⁇ « is the difference between the front and back refractive index changes, q is the thickness of the metamaterial functional layer and can be determined by computer simulation to achieve the required parameter values and reach The design object of the present invention.
  • the volume of the small hole 212', the medium filled in the small hole 212', and the density of the small hole 212' can be designed. Two preferred embodiments are discussed in detail below.
  • each core layer 210' of the metamaterial panel 20' is composed of a plurality of metamaterial units, each of which includes a unit substrate 211' provided with an aperture 212'.
  • the unit substrate 211 ' can be selected from high molecular polymers, ceramic materials, ferroelectric materials, ferrite materials, and the like. Among them, the high molecular polymer is preferably a FR-4 or F4B material.
  • Different holes can be formed on the unit substrate 21 ⁇ by different processes for different unit substrates 211 ′, for example, when the unit substrate 211 ′ is selected from a polymer, it can be drilled, stamped or injection molded by a drill press.
  • the small hole 212' is formed by molding or the like. When the unit base material 211' is made of ceramic, the small hole 212' can be formed by drilling, punching, or high-temperature sintering.
  • the small hole 212' can be filled with a medium.
  • the medium filled in the small hole 212' is air, and the refractive index of the air is inevitably smaller than the refractive index of the unit substrate 211'. Big time, The refractive index of the metamaterial unit in which the aperture 212' is located is smaller.
  • each core layer 210' of the metamaterial panel includes one The center is a circular area of the center and a plurality of annular areas concentric with the circular area, in which the volume of the small holes 212' formed on the metamaterial unit increases with increasing radius
  • the volume of the small holes 212' formed on the metamaterial unit increases with increasing radius
  • the volume of the small holes 212' occurs at the junction of the two connected regions.
  • the mutation that is, the volume of the small hole 212' formed at the interface on the metamaterial unit is smaller when it is located in a region having a larger radius than in a region having a small radius.
  • the circular regions having the same radius or the small holes 212' formed on the metamaterial units at the respective annular regions have the same volume.
  • the small hole 212' is filled with the same medium having a refractive index larger than that of the unit substrate 21, the larger the small hole 212' is, the refractive index of the metamaterial unit occupied by the small hole 212' is also Therefore, the arrangement of the small holes 212' disposed in the metamaterial unit at this time in each core layer 210' will be completely opposite to the arrangement of the air filling in the small holes 212'.
  • Another embodiment of the present invention differs from the first preferred embodiment in that a plurality of small holes 212' having the same volume are present in each metamaterial unit, which simplifies the provision of the small holes 212 in the unit substrate 21A. 'The difficulty of the craft.
  • the distribution of the volume of all the small holes in the metamaterial unit in the super material unit is the same as that of the first preferred embodiment, that is, it is divided into two cases: (1) When the refractive index of the medium filled in all the small holes is smaller than the refractive index of the unit substrate, and the small holes 212' in all the metamaterial units are filled with the medium of the same material, each core layer of the metamaterial panel 20'210' includes a circular area centered on its center and a plurality of annular areas concentric with the circular area, in which apertures 212 formed in the metamaterial unit as the radius increases The number of ' gradually increases; in each of the annular regions, the number of small holes 212' formed on the metamaterial unit increases with
  • the number of holes 212' is abrupt, i.e., the number of small holes 212' formed at the junction on the metamaterial unit is less when it is located in a region having a larger radius than in a region having a smaller radius.
  • the number of small holes 212' formed in the circular regions having the same radius or on the metamaterial units at the respective annular regions is the same.
  • the filling medium is air in all the small holes 212'; (2) the refractive index of the medium filled in all the small holes 212' is larger than the refractive index of the substrate, and the small holes 212 in all the metamaterial units
  • Each of the media of the same material is filled with a circular area having a center of its center and a plurality of annular areas concentric with the circular area, in the circular area
  • the number of small holes 212' formed on the metamaterial unit gradually decreases as the radius increases; in each of the annular regions, a small amount formed on the metamaterial unit as the radius increases
  • the number of holes 212' gradually decreases, and the number of small holes 212' at the junction of the two connected regions is abrupt, that is, the number of small holes 212' formed at the interface on the metamaterial unit is at a large radius.
  • the refractive index of each core layer 210' of the metamaterial panel 20' is centered on the center thereof, and the variation law along the radius r is as follows:
  • max represents the maximum refractive index value in each core layer 210'
  • d represents the total thickness of all core layers
  • ss represents the distance from the feed 10 to the core layer 210' closest to the position of the feed 10.
  • mn denotes the minimum refractive index value in each core layer 210' of the metamaterial panel 20', and floor denotes rounding down.
  • each of the metamaterial grading layers 220' includes a sheet-shaped second substrate layer 22, a sheet-like filling layer 223, and a second substrate layer 221 ' and a filling layer 223'. Air layer 222'.
  • the second substrate layer 22 can be selected from a polymer, a ceramic material, a ferroelectric material, a ferrite material, or the like.
  • the high molecular polymer is preferably a FR-4 or F4B material.
  • the refractive index distribution within each graded layer 220' is uniform, and the refractive indices between the plurality of metamaterial graded layers are different.
  • Impedance matching is achieved by filling the filling layer 223' with a medium containing a different refractive index.
  • the medium may also be the same material as the second substrate layer 22 or air, wherein the metamaterial layer is close to the air.
  • the refractive index of 220' is closest to air and the refractive index gradually increases toward the core layer 210'.
  • the refractive index in each of the gradation layers 220' of the metamaterial panel 20' is uniformly distributed, and the plurality of gradation layers 220' (the core layer 210' - the plurality of grading layers on the side 220 as an example)
  • the variation of the refractive index distribution is as follows:
  • the gradient layer is the outermost gradient layer.
  • the feedforward radar antenna of the present invention greatly increases the far field power of the antenna by changing the refractive index distribution inside the super-material panel 20', thereby increasing the distance of the antenna propagation, and at the same time A layer of absorbing material 40 is disposed inside the antenna cavity, which increases the front-to-back ratio of the antenna, making the antenna more directional.

Abstract

本发明涉及一种后馈式雷达天线，所述天线包括馈源和超材料面板，所述超材料面板包括多个具有相同折射率分布的核心层，所述超材料面板的每一核心层由多个超材料单元组成，所述超材料单元包括具有人造金属微结构或是人造孔结构的单元基材。本发明一种后馈式雷达天线通过改变超材料面板内部的折射率分布情况，使得天线远场功率大大地增强了，进而提升了天线传播的距离，同时通过在天线腔体内部设置一层吸波材料层，增加了天线的前后比，使得天线更具方向性。

Description

后馈式雷达天线
【技术领域】
本发明涉及雷达天线领域， 特别是涉及一种使用超材料的后馈式雷达天线。 【背景技术】
后馈天线又被称为卡塞格伦天线， 由抛物面主反射面 2、双曲面副反射面 1、 馈源喇叭 3以及支架 4构成， 如图 1所示。 由于抛物面主反射面 2的实焦点与 双曲面副反射面 1的虚焦点重合，而馈源喇叭 3的相位中心与双曲面副反射面 1 的实焦点重合， 从卫星射来的电磁波经过抛物面主反射面 2 —次反射， 再被双 曲面副反射面 1二次反射后， 被聚焦于馈源喇叭 3的相位中心， 同相叠加。 从 而实现雷达天线定向接收或者发射电磁波。
为了制造抛物面反射面和双曲面副反射面通常利用模具铸造成型或者采用 数控机床进行加工的方法。 第一种方法的工艺流程包括： 制作抛物面模具、 铸 造成型抛物面和进行抛物面反射器地安装。 工艺比较复杂， 成本高， 而且抛物 面的形状要比较准确才能实现雷达天线的定向传播， 所以对加工精度的要求也 比较高。 第二种方法采用大型数控机床进行抛物面的加工， 通过编辑程序， 控 制数控机床中刀具所走路径， 从而切割出所需的抛物面形状。 这种方法切割很 精确， 但是制造这种大型数控机床比较困难， 而且成本比较高。
【发明内容】
本发明的目的在于克服现有技术中制造抛物面反射面和双曲面副反射面的 困难， 提供一种雷达天线， 该天线不再拘泥于抛物面的定式， 改以平板超材料， 节约了空间； 且改进大角度电磁波入射的偏折问题， 提高了天线能量辐射的效 率。
本发明解决其技术问题所采用的技术方案是： 提出一种后馈式雷达天线， 该天线包括： 馈源， 用于辐射电磁波； 超材料面板， 用于将该馈源辐射出的电 磁波从球面电磁波转化为平面电磁波。 该超材料面板包括多个具有相同折射率 分布的核心层， 该每一核心层包括多个超材料单元， 该超材料单元包括具有人 造金属微结构或是人造孔结构的单元基材， 该超材料面板的每一核心层包括一 个以其中心为圆心的圆形区域和多个与圆形区域同心的环形区域， 在该圆形区 域内， 随着半径的增加折射率逐渐减小； 在该每一环形区域内， 随着半径的增 加折射率也逐渐减小， 且相连的两个区域的交界处发生折射率突变， 即交界处 的折射率位于半径大的区域时比位于半径小的区域时要大。
进一歩地， 该雷达天线还包括外壳， 用于固定该馈源； 以及紧贴于该外壳 内壁的吸波材料层， 用于吸收从馈源辐射出来的部分电磁波； 该吸波材料层和 超材料面板共同构成封闭的腔体； 该馈源位于该腔体内。
进一歩地， 该超材料面板还包括对称分布于该核心层两侧的多个渐变层， 该每一渐变层均包括片状的基板层、 片状的填充层以及设置在该基板层和填充 层之间的空气层， 该填充层内填充的介质包括空气以及与该基板层相同材料的 介质。
进一歩地， 在该圆形区域内， 圆心处的折射率为最大值《max， 且随着半径的 增加折射率从最大值《max逐渐减小到最小值《mn； 在该每一环形区域内， 随着半 径的增加折射率也是从最大值《皿逐渐减小到最小值《mn。
进一歩地， 该超材料面板的每一核心层的折射率以其中心为圆心， 随着半 径 r的变化规律如以下表达式：
. 、
Figure imgf000004_0001
- ss - k
n( Vr)― n max / ： '
a
式中《max表示该每一核心层中的最大折射率值， d表示所有核心层的总厚度， ss表示该馈源到最靠近馈源位置的核心层的距离， 表示该每一核心层内半径 r处折射率值， 1表示 的波长， 其中，
Figure imgf000004_0002
«mn表示超材料面板中多个核心层内的最小折射率值， floor表示向下取整。 进一歩地， 该超材料面板的每一渐变层内的折射率均匀分布的， 且多个渐 变层间折射率分布的变化规律如以下表达式：
ητ = ( max ^ mm )m , 1=1、 2、 3、 …、 m， 其中 表示第 i层渐变层的折射率值， m表示渐变层的层数， 《mn表示该每 一核心层内的最小折射率值， 《max表示该每一核心层中的最大折射率值， 其中第 m层渐变层与核心层靠近， 随着 m值的变小逐渐远离核心层， 第一层渐变层为 最外层渐变层。
进一歩地， 该人造金属微结构为由至少一根金属丝组成对电磁场有响应的 平面结构或立体结构， 该金属丝为铜丝或银丝， 该金属丝通过蚀刻、 电镀、 钻 刻、 光刻、 电子刻或离子刻的方法附着在该单元基材上。
进一歩地， 该超材料单元还包括第一填充层， 该人造金属微结构位于该单 元基材和第一填充层之间， 该第一填充层内填充的材料包括空气、 人造金属微 结构以及与该单元基材相同材料的介质。
进一歩地， 该人造金属微结构为在 "工"字形、 "工"字形的衍生形、 雪花 状或雪花状的衍生形任意一种。
进一歩地， 该第一基板层和第二基板层均由陶瓷材料、 环氧树脂、 聚四氟 乙烯、 FR-4复合材料或 F4B复合材料制得。
进一歩地， 该每一超材料单元上形成有一个小孔， 该小孔内填充有折射率 小于单元基材折射率的介质， 且所有超材料单元内的小孔都填充相同材料的介 质， 该设置在超材料单元内的小孔体积在每一核心层内的排布规律为： 该超材 料面板的每一核心层包括一个以其中心为圆心的圆形区域和多个与圆形区域同 心的环形区域， 在该圆形区域内， 随着半径的增加在该超材料单元上形成的小 孔体积也逐渐增加； 在该每一环形区域内， 随着半径的增加在该超材料单元上 形成的小孔体积也逐渐增加， 且相连的两个区域的交界处发生小孔体积突变， 即交界处在该超材料单元上形成的小孔体积在位于半径大的区域时比位于半径 小的区域时要小。
进一歩地， 该每一超材料单元上形成有一个小孔， 该小孔内填充有折射率 大于单元基材折射率的介质， 且所有超材料单元内的小孔都填充相同材料的介 质， 该设置在超材料单元内的小孔体积在每一核心层内的排布规律为： 该超材 料面板的每一核心层包括一个以其中心为圆心的圆形区域和多个与圆形区域同 心的环形区域， 在该圆形区域内， 随着半径的增加在该超材料单元上形成的小 孔体积减小； 在该每一环形区域内， 随着半径的增加在该超材料单元上形成的 小孔体积也逐渐减小， 且相连的两个区域的交界处发生小孔体积突变， 即交界 处在该超材料单元上形成的小孔体积在位于半径大的区域时比位于半径小的区 域时要大。
进一歩地， 该超材料单元上形成有数量不同、 体积相同的小孔， 该小孔内 填充有折射率小于单元基材折射率的介质， 且所有超材料单元内的小孔都填充 相同材料的介质， 该设置在超材料单元内的小孔数量在每一核心层内的排布规 律为： 该超材料面板的每一核心层包括一个以其中心为圆心的圆形区域和多个 与圆形区域同心的环形区域， 在该圆形区域内， 随着半径的增加在该超材料单 元上形成的小孔数量逐渐增加； 在该每一环形区域内， 随着半径的增加在该超 材料单元上形成的小孔数量也逐渐增加， 且相连的两个区域的交界处发生小孔 数量突变， 即交界处在该超材料单元上形成的小孔数量在位于半径大的区域时 比位于半径小的区域时要少。
进一歩地， 该超材料单元上形成有数量不同、 体积相同的小孔， 该小孔内 填充有折射率大于单元基材折射率的介质， 且所有超材料单元内的小孔都填充 相同材料的介质， 该设置在超材料单元内的小孔数量在每一核心层内的排布规 律为： 该超材料面板的每一核心层包括一个以其中心为圆心的圆形区域和多个 与圆形区域同心的环形区域， 在该圆形区域内， 随着半径的增加在该超材料单 元上形成的小孔数量逐渐减小； 在该每一环形区域内， 随着半径的增加在该超 材料单元上形成的小孔数量逐渐减小， 且相连的两个区域的交界处发生小孔数 量突变， 即交界处在该超材料单元上形成的小孔数量在位于半径大的区域时比 位于半径小的区域时要多。 本发明相对于现有技术， 具有以下有益效果： 本发明一种后馈式雷达天线 通过改变超材料面板内部的折射率分布情况， 使得天线远场功率大大地增强了， 进而提升了天线传播的距离， 同时通过在天线腔体内部设置一层吸波材料层， 增加了天线的前后比， 使得天线更具方向性。
【附图说明】
图 1是现有技术中后馈抛物面天线结构示意图；
图 2是本发明第一实施例的后馈式雷达天线的结构示意图；
图 3是本发明第一实施例的所述超材料面板的结构示意图；
图 4是本发明第一实施例的所述超材料多个核心层的结构示意图； 图 5是本发明第一实施例的所述超材料单元的结构示意图；
图 6是本发明第一实施例的所述超材料渐变层的结构示意图；
图 7是本发明第一实施例的所述核心层内人造金属微结构排布示意图。 图 8是本发明第一实施例的核心层折射率变化示意图；
图 9是本发明第一实施例的核心层折射率变化示意图；
图 10是本发明第二实施例的后馈式雷达天线的结构示意图；
图 11是本发明第二实施例的所述超材料面板的结构示意图；
图 12是本发明第二实施例的所述超材料多个核心层的结构示意图； 图 13是本发明第二实施例的所述超材料单元的结构示意图；
图 14是本发明第二实施例的所述超材料渐变层的结构示意图；
【具体实施方式】
下面结合实施例及附图， 对本发明作进一歩地详细说明， 但本发明的实施 方式不限于此。
图 2 是本发明第一实施例的后馈式雷达天线的结构示意图， 该天线包括馈 源 10、 超材料面板 20、 外壳 30以及吸波材料层 40， 所述馈源 10固定于外壳 30上， 吸波材料层 40紧贴于外壳 30内壁， 所述吸波材料层 40与超材料面板 20相连， 且吸波材料层 40和超材料面板 20共同组成一个封闭的腔体， 所述馈 源 10位于所述腔体内。
通常从馈源 10辐射的电磁波是球面电磁波， 但是球面电磁波的远场方向性 能不好， 对于远距离以球面电磁波为载体的信号传输有很大的局限性， 而且衰 减快， 本发明通过在馈源 10传输方向上设计一具有电磁波汇聚功能的超材料面 板 20 ，该超材料面板 20将馈源 10辐射出来的大部分电磁波从球面电磁波转换 为平面电磁波， 使得雷达天线的方向性更好， 天线主瓣能量密度更高， 能量更 大， 进而以该平面电磁波为载体的信号传输距离更远。
为了增强雷达天线的前后比， 我们通常是降低天线副瓣和后瓣的电磁波能 量， 本发明中采用在所述外壳 30的内壁紧贴一层吸波材料层 40， 用于吸收除主 瓣方向以外的电磁波能量， 所述外壳 30用于固定所述馈源 10， 一般采用金属材 料或者 ABS材料。
图 3是图 2所示的超材料面板 20的结构示意图， 超材料面板 20包括多个 核心层 210以及对称分布在核心层 210两侧的多个渐变层 220， 每一核心层 210 均由多个超材料单元组成， 所述超材料单元包括单元基材 211、 片状的第一填充 层 213以及设置在所述单元基材 211和第一填充层 213之间的多个人造金属微 结构 212， 如图 4以及如图 5所示。所述第一填充层 213内填充的材料可以是空 气、 人造金属微结构 212以及与所述单元基材 211相同材料的介质， 比如， 当 需要所述超材料单元内的等效折射率变大时， 可以在第一填充层 213 内填充金 属微结构或者是填充具有较大折射率的介质； 当需要所述超材料单元内的等效 折射率变小时， 可以在第一填充层 213内填充空气介质或者是不填充任何介质。 超材料面板 20内的多个超材料核心层 210堆叠在一起， 且各个核心层 210之间 等间距排列地组装， 或两两片层之间直接前、 后表面相粘合地连接成一体。 具 体实施时， 超材料面板 20的核心层的数目以及各个核心层之间的距离可依据需 求来进行设计。 每个超材料核心层 210 由多个超材料单元阵列形成， 整个超材 料核心层 210可看作是由多个超材料单元沿 X、 Y、 Ζ三个方向阵列排布而成。 所述超材料面板 20的多个核心层 210通过改变其内部的折射率分布以实现 通过所述超材料面板 20后的电磁波等相位辐射， 即实现从所述馈源 10辐射出 的球面电磁波转换为平面电磁波。 本发明中每个超材料核心层 210 的折射率分 布均相同， 这里仅对一个超材料核心层 210 的折射率分布规律进行详细描述。 通过对人造金属微结构 212的拓扑图案、 几何尺寸以及其在单元基材 211和第 一填充层 213上分布的设计， 使中间的核心层 210的折射率分布满足如下规律： 每一超材料核心层 210包括一个以超材料核心层 210中心点为圆心的圆形区域 和多个半径大于圆形区域且与圆形区域同心的环形区域， 圆心处折射率最大， 具有相同半径的圆形区域或者环形区域处折射率相同， 在所述圆形区域内， 随 着半径的增加折射率逐渐减小； 在所述每一环形区域内， 随着半径的增加折射 率也逐渐减小， 且相连的两个区域的交界处发生折射率突变， 即交界处的折射 率在位于半径大的区域时比位于半径小的区域时要大。 例如： 所述圆形区域和 与圆形区域相邻的环形区域的交界处， 如果该交界处位于圆形区域时， 它的折 射率比其位于环形区域时的折射率小； 同理相邻的两个环形区域也如此。如图 9 所示， 给出 nmax~ nmm的折射率变化图， 即在圆形区域内， 折射率随着半径的增 加从圆心处的最大值 nmax逐进减小到最小值 nmm， 在环形区域也如此， 但是应知 本发明的折射率变化并不以此为限。 本发明设计目的为： 使电磁波经过各超材 料核心层 210 时， 电磁波偏折角度被逐渐改变并最终平行辐射。 通过公式 Sm^=q. ^ , 其中 为所需偏折电磁波的角度、 Δ«为前后折射率变化差值， q 为超材料功能层的厚度并通过计算机仿真即可确定所需参数值并达到本发明设 计目的。
图 8为图 9所示超材料核心层折射率分布图的 0-0 ' 视图。 作为公知常识 我们可知， 电磁波的折射率与 成正比关系，其中 μ为磁导率， ε为介电常数， 当一束电磁波由一种介质传播到另外一种介质时， 电磁波会发生折射， 当物质 内部的折射率分布非均匀时， 电磁波就会向折射率比较大的位置偏折， 因此， 设计超材料面板 20内核心层 210各点的折射率使其满足上述折射率变化规律， 需要说明的是， 由于实际上超材料单元是一个立方体而非一个点， 因此上述圆 形面域只是近似描述， 实际上的折射率相同或基本相同的超材料单元是在一个 锯齿形圆周上分布的。 其具体设计类似于计算机用方形像素点绘制圆形、 椭圆 形等平滑曲线时进行描点的编程模式 （例如 OpenGL) , 当像素点相对于曲线很 小时曲线显示为光滑， 而当像素点相对于曲线较大时曲线显示有锯齿。
为使超材料核心层 210实现图 8以及图 9所示折射率的变化， 经过理论和 实际证明， 可对所述人造金属微结构 212 的拓扑图案、 几何尺寸以及其在单元 基材 211和第一填充层 213上分布的设计， 单元基材 211采用介电绝缘材料制 成， 可以为陶瓷材料、 高分子材料、 铁电材料、 铁氧材料、 铁磁材料等， 高分 子材料例如可以是、 环氧树脂或聚四氟乙烯。 人造金属微结构 212 为以一定的 几何形状附着在单元基材 211 上能够对电磁波有响应的金属线， 金属线可以是 剖面为圆柱状或者扁平状的铜线、 银线等， 一般采用铜， 因为铜丝相对比较便 宜， 当然金属线的剖面也可以为其他形状， 金属线通过蚀刻、 电镀、 钻刻、 光 刻、 电子刻或离子刻等工艺附着在单元基材 211上， 所述第一填充层 213可以 填充不同材料的介质， 可以与单元基材 211 相同的材料， 也可以是人造金属微 结构， 还可以是空气， 所述每一核心层 210 由多个超材料单元组成， 每超材料 单元都具有一个人造金属微结构， 每一个超材料单元都会对通过其中的电磁波 产生响应， 从而影响电磁波在其中的传输， 每个超材料单元的尺寸取决于需要 响应的电磁波， 通常为所需响应的电磁波波长的十分之一， 否则空间中包含人 造金属微结构 212的超材料单元所组成的排列在空间中不能被视为连续。
在单元基材 211 的选定的情况下， 通过调整人造金属微结构 212的图案、 尺寸及其在单元基材 211上的空间分布和在第一填充层 213填充不同折射率的 介质， 可以调整超材料上各处的等效介电常数及等效磁导率进而改变超材料各 处的等效折射率。 当人造金属微结构 212采用相同的几何形状时， 某处人造金 属微结构的尺寸越大， 则该处的等效介电常数越大， 折射率也越大。 本实施例采用的人造金属微结构 212 的图案为工字形的衍生图案， 由图 7 可知， 雪花状人造金属微结构 212 的尺寸从中心由最大值向周围逐渐变小为最 小值， 然后又从最大值逐渐变小这样周期性变化， 在每一核心层 210 中心处， 雪花状的人造金属微结构 212 的尺寸最大， 并且在距离中心相同半径处的雪花 状人造金属微结构 212的尺寸相同， 因此每一核心层 210的等效介电常数由中 间向四周逐渐变小的周期性变化， 中间的等效介电常数最大， 因而每一核心层 210的折射率从中间向四周逐渐变小地周期性变化， 中间部分的折射率最大。
上面结合附图对本发明的实施例进行了描述， 但是本发明并不局限于上述 的具体实施方式， 人造金属微结构 212的图案可以是二维、 也可以是三维结构， 不限于该实施例中使用的 "工"字形， 可以为 "工"字形的衍生结构， 可以是 在三维空间中各条边相互垂直的雪花状及雪花状的衍生结构， 也可以是其他的 几何形状， 其中不同的人造金属微结构可以是图案相同， 但是其设计尺寸不同； 也可以是图案和设计尺寸均不相同， 只要满足由天线单元发出的电磁波经过超 材料面板 20传播后可以平行射出即可。
本发明实施例中， 所述超材料面板 20的每一核心层 210的折射率以其中心 为圆心， 随着半径 r的变化规律如以下表达式：
+ r2 - s - k
w0
d
式中《max表示所述每一核心层 210中的最大折射率值， d表示所有核心层的 总厚度， ss表示所述馈源 10到最靠近馈源 10位置的核心层 210的距离， ！！ 表 小所述每一核心层内半径 r处折射率值， 表示馈源 10辐射出电磁波的波长， 其中，
Figure imgf000011_0001
«mm表示超材料面板 20中每一核心层内的最小折射率值， floor表示向下取 通常当电磁波从一种介质传输到另一种介质的时候， 由于阻抗不匹配的问 题， 会出现一部分电磁波反射， 这样影响电磁波的传输性能， 本发明中， 当从 馈源 10辐射出来的电磁波入射到超材料面板 20时同样会产生反射， 为了减少 反射对雷达天线的影响， 我们在超材料面板 20的核心层 210两侧堆成设置多个 超材料渐变层 220， 如图 3所示。
如图 5所示， 每一超材料渐变层 220均包括片状的基板层 221、片状的第二 填充层 223以及设置在所述基板层 221和第二填充层 223之间的空气层 222。所 述基板层 221 可选用高分子聚合物、 陶瓷材料、 铁电材料、 铁氧材料等。 其中 高分子聚合物优选 FR-4或 F4B材料。多个超材料渐变层 220之间的折射率是不 同的， 为了匹配空气与核心层 210的阻抗， 通常是通过调整所述空气层 222的 宽度和通过在第二填充层 223 内填充含有不同折射率的介质来实现阻抗匹配， 该介质也可以是与基板层 221 相同的材料也可以是空气， 其中靠近空气的超材 料渐变层 220的折射率最接近空气且超核心层 210方向折射率逐渐增加。
本发明中实施例中， 所述超材料面板 20的每一渐变层内 220的折射率均匀 分布的， 且多个渐变层 220间折射率分布的变化规律如以下表达式：
ητ = ( max ^ mm )m , 1=1、 2、 3、 …、 m， 其中 表示第 i层渐变层 220的折射率值， m表示渐变层 220的层数，《mn表 示所述每一核心层 210内的最小折射率值， 《max表示所述每一核心层 210中的最 大折射率值， 其中第 m层渐变层 220与核心层 210靠近， 随着 m值的变小逐渐 远离核心层 210， 第 1层渐变层为最外层渐变层。
综上所述， 本发明的一种后馈式雷达天线通过改变超材料面板 20内部的折 射率分布情况， 使得天线远场功率大大地增强了， 进而提升了天线传播的距离， 同时通过在天线腔体内部设置一层吸波材料层 40， 增加了天线的前后比， 使得 天线更具方向性。
图 10是本发明第二实施例的后馈式雷达天线的结构示意图， 该天线包括馈 源 10、 超材料面板 20'、 外壳 30以及吸波材料层 40， 所述馈源 10固定于外壳 30上， 吸波材料层 40紧贴于外壳 30内壁， 所述吸波材料层 40与超材料面板 20'相连， 且吸波材料层 40和超材料面板 20'共同组成一个封闭的腔体， 所述馈 源 10位于所述腔体内。
通常从馈源 10辐射的电磁波是球面电磁波， 但是球面电磁波的远场方向性 能不好， 对于远距离以球面电磁波为载体的信号传输有很大的局限性， 而且衰 减快， 本发明通过在馈源 10传输方向上设计一具有电磁波汇聚功能的超材料面 板 20 '，该超材料面板 20'将馈源 10辐射出来的大部分电磁波从球面电磁波转换 为平面电磁波， 使得雷达天线的方向性更好， 天线主瓣能量密度更高， 能量更 大， 进而以该平面电磁波为载体的信号传输距离更远。
为了增强雷达天线的前后比， 我们通常是降低天线副瓣和后瓣的电磁波能 量， 本发明中采用在所述外壳 30的内壁紧贴一层吸波材料层 40， 用于吸收除主 瓣方向以外的电磁波能量， 所述外壳 30用于固定所述馈源 10， 一般采用金属材 料或者 ABS材料。
图 11所示，所述超材料面板 20'包括多个具有相同折射率分布的核心层 210' 以及对称分布在所述多个核心层两侧的多个渐变层 220'， 所述核心层 210'也就 是超材料面板 20'的功能层， 由多个超材料单元组成， 由于超材料面板 20' 需对 电磁波产生连续响应， 因此超材料单元尺寸应小于所需响应电磁波波长的五分 之一， 本实施例优选为电磁波波长的十分之一。 如图 13所示， 所述超材料单元 包括设置有一个或多个小孔 212'的单元基材 21Γ , 即所述超材料单元包括具有 人造孔结构 212'的单元基材 211 '。 这样设置有小孔 212'的每一核心层 210'叠加 在一起就构成超材料面板 20'的功能层， 如图 12所示。
所述超材料面板 20'的多个核心层 210'通过改变其内部的折射率分布以实现 通过所述超材料面板 20'后的电磁波等相位辐射， 即实现从所述馈源 10辐射出 的球面电磁波转换为平面电磁波。 在本实施例中， 折射率的分布与上一实施例 相同。本发明中每个超材料核心层 210 ' 的折射率分布均相同， 这里仅对一个超 材料核心层 210' 的折射率分布规律进行详细描述。 通过对小孔 212' 的体积、 小孔 212' 内填充的介质以及小孔 212 ' 的密度的设计使得每个超材料核心层 210' 的折射率分布如图 9所示。 所述超材料面板 20'的每一核心层 210'包括一 个以其中心为圆心的圆形区域和多个与圆形区域同心的环形区域， 在所述圆形 区域内， 随着半径的增加折射率逐渐减小； 在所述每一环形区域内， 随着半径 的增加折射率也逐渐减小， 且相连的两个区域的交界处发生折射率突变， 即交 界处的折射率在位于半径大的区域时比位于半径小的区域时要大。 例如： 所述 圆形区域和与圆形区域相邻的环形区域的交界处， 如果该交界处位于圆形区域 时， 它的折射率比其位于环形区域时的折射率小； 同理相邻的两个环形区域也 如此。 图 9中给出 nmax~ nmm的折射率变化图， 即在圆形区域内， 折射率随着半 径的增加从圆心处的最大值 nmax逐进减小到最小值 nmm， 在环形区域也如此， 但 是应知本发明的折射率变化并不以此为限。 本发明设计目的为： 使电磁波经过 各超材料核心层 210'时， 电磁波偏折角度被逐渐改变并最终平行辐射。 通过公 式 Sm =q* A«， 其中 为所需偏折电磁波的角度、 Δ«为前后折射率变化差值， q 为超材料功能层的厚度并通过计算机仿真即可确定所需参数值并达到本发明 设计目的。
为使功能层实现图 8以及图 9所示折射率的变化， 可对小孔 212'的体积、 小孔 212'内填充的介质以及小孔 212'的密度进行设计。 下面详细论述两种较佳 实施方式。
如图 12所示， 超材料面板 20'的每一核心层 210'由多个超材料单元组成， 每一超材料单元包括设置有一个小孔 212'的单元基材 211 '。 单元基材 211 '可选 用高分子聚合物、 陶瓷材料、 铁电材料、 铁氧材料等。 其中高分子聚合物优选 FR-4或 F4B材料。对应不同的单元基材 211 '可采用不同的工艺在单元基材 21 Γ 上形成小孔 212'， 例如当单元基材 211 '选用高分子聚合物时， 可通过钻床钻孔、 冲压成型或者注塑成型等方式形成小孔 212'， 当单元基材 211 '选用陶瓷时则可 通过钻床钻孔、 冲压成型或者高温烧结等方式形成小孔 212'。
小孔 212'内可填充介质， 本较佳实施方式中， 小孔 212'内填充的介质均为 空气， 而空气折射率必然小于单元基材 211 '的折射率， 当小孔 212'体积越大时， 小孔 212'所在的超材料单元的折射率则越小。 本较佳实施方式中， 设置在超材 料单元内的小孔 212 ' 的体积在每一核心层 210' 内的排布规律为： 所述超材料 面板的每一核心层 210'包括一个以其中心为圆心的圆形区域和多个与圆形区域 同心的环形区域， 在所述圆形区域内， 随着半径的增加在所述超材料单元上形 成的小孔 212'的体积也逐渐增加； 在所述每一环形区域内， 随着半径的增加在 所述超材料单元上形成的小孔 212'的体积也逐渐增加， 且相连的两个区域的交 界处发生小孔 212'的体积突变， 即交界处在所述超材料单元上形成的小孔 212' 的体积在位于半径大的区域时比位于半径小的区域时要小。 具有相同半径的圆 形区域或者各个环形区域处的超材料单元上形成的小孔 212 ' 的体积相同。可以 想象地， 当小孔 212' 内填充有折射率大于单元基材 21Γ 的同种介质时， 则此 时小孔 212' 体积越大， 小孔 212 ' 所占据的超材料单元的折射率亦越大， 因此 此时设置在超材料单元内的小孔 212'在每一核心层 210'内的排布规律将与小孔 212' 内填充空气的排布规律完全相反。
本发明的另一实施例， 与第一较佳实施方式的不同点在于， 每一超材料单 元中存在多个体积相同的小孔 212 ' ， 这样能简化在单元基材 21Γ 上设置小孔 212' 的工艺难度。 与第一较佳实施方式相同的地方在于， 本较佳实施方式中每 一超材料单元中所有小孔占超材料单元的体积的分布规律与第一较佳实施方式 相同， 即分为两种情况： （1 ) 所有小孔内填充的介质折射率小于单元基材折射 率时， 且所有超材料单元内的小孔 212 ' 都填充相同材料的介质， 所述超材料面 板 20'的每一核心层 210'包括一个以其中心为圆心的圆形区域和多个与圆形区域 同心的环形区域， 在所述圆形区域内， 随着半径的增加在所述超材料单元上形 成的小孔 212 ' 的数量逐渐增加； 在所述每一环形区域内， 随着半径的增加在所 述超材料单元上形成的小孔 212 ' 的数量也逐渐增加，且相连的两个区域的交界 处发生小孔 212'的数量突变，即交界处在所述超材料单元上形成的小孔 212 ' 的 数量在位于半径大的区域时比位于半径小的区域时要少。 具有相同半径的圆形 区域或者各个环形区域处的超材料单元上形成的小孔 212' 的数量相同。本较佳 实施方式即为此种情况且所有小孔 212 ' 内填充介质为空气；（2 )所有小孔 212 ' 内填充的介质折射率大于基板折射率时，且所有超材料单元内的小孔 212 ' 都填 充相同材料的介质，所述超材料面板 20'的每一核心层 210'包括一个以其中心为 圆心的圆形区域和多个与圆形区域同心的环形区域， 在所述圆形区域内， 随着 半径的增加在所述超材料单元上形成的小孔 212 ' 的数量逐渐减小；在所述每一 环形区域内，随着半径的增加在所述超材料单元上形成的小孔 212 ' 的数量逐渐 减小， 且相连的两个区域的交界处发生小孔 212'的数量突变， 即交界处在所述 超材料单元上形成的小孔 212 ' 的数量在位于半径大的区域时比位于半径小的 区域时要多。 具有相同半径的圆形区域或者各个环形区域处的超材料单元上形 成的小孔 212 ' 的数量相同。
本发明实施例中，所述超材料面板 20'的每一核心层 210'的折射率以其中心 为圆心， 随着半径 r的变化规律如以下表达式：
Figure imgf000016_0001
式中《max表示所述每一核心层 210'中的最大折射率值， d表示所有核心层的 总厚度， ss表示所述馈源 10到最靠近馈源 10位置的核心层 210'的距离， ！！ 表示所述每一核心层 210'内半径 r处折射率值， 1表示馈源 10辐射出电磁波的 波长， 其中，
Figure imgf000016_0002
«mn表示超材料面板 20'中每一核心层 210'内的最小折射率值， floor表示向 下取整。
通常当电磁波从一种介质传输到另一种介质的时候， 由于阻抗不匹配的问 题， 会出现一部分电磁波反射， 这样影响电磁波的传输性能， 本发明中， 当从 馈源 10辐射出来的电磁波入射到超材料面板 20'时同样会产生反射， 为了减少 反射对雷达天线的影响，我们在超材料面板 20'的核心层 210'两侧堆成设置多个 超材料渐变层 220'， 如图 11所示。 如图 14所示， 每一超材料渐变层 220'均包括片状的第二基板层 22Γ、 片状 的填充层 223以及设置在所述第二基板层 221 '和填充层 223'之间的空气层 222'。 第二基板层 22Γ 可选用高分子聚合物、 陶瓷材料、 铁电材料、 铁氧材料等。 其 中高分子聚合物优选 FR-4或 F4B材料。每一渐变层 220'内的折射率分布是均匀 的， 多个超材料渐变层之间的折射率是不同的， 为了匹配空气与核心层 210'的 阻抗， 通常是通过调整所述空气层 222'的距离和通过在填充层 223'内填充含有 不同折射率的介质来实现阻抗匹配， 该介质也可以是与第二基板层 22Γ相同的 材料也可以是空气， 其中靠近空气的超材料渐变层 220'的折射率最接近空气且 朝核心层 210'方向折射率逐渐增加。
本发明中实施例中，所述超材料面板 20'的每一渐变层 220'内的折射率均匀 分布的， 且多个渐变层 220'间 （以核心层 210'—侧的多个渐变层 220为例） 折 射率分布的变化规律如以下表达式：
ητ = ( max ^ mm )m , 1=1、 2、 3、 …、 m， 其中 表示第 i层渐变层的折射率值， m表示渐变层的层数， 《mn表示所述 每一核心层内的最小折射率值， 《max表示所述每一核心层中的最大折射率值， 其 中第 m层渐变层与核心层靠近， 随着 m值的变小逐渐远离核心层， 第一层渐变 层为最外层渐变层。
综上所述， 本发明的一种后馈式雷达天线通过改变超材料面板 20'内部的折 射率分布情况， 使得天线远场功率大大地增强了， 进而提升了天线传播的距离， 同时通过在天线腔体内部设置一层吸波材料层 40， 增加了天线的前后比， 使得 天线更具方向性。
以上所述仅为本发明的实施例， 并非因此限制本发明的专利范围， 凡是利 用本发明说明书及附图内容所作的等效结构或等效流程变换， 或直接或间接运 用在其他相关的技术领域， 均同理包括在本发明的专利保护范围内。

Claims

权 利 要求
1、 一种后馈式雷达天线， 所述天线包括： 馈源， 用于辐射电磁波； 超材料 面板， 用于将所述馈源辐射出的电磁波从球面电磁波转化为平面电磁波， 其特 征在于， 所述超材料面板包括多个具有相同折射率分布的核心层， 所述每一核 心层包括多个超材料单元， 所述超材料单元包括具有人造金属微结构或是人造 孔结构的单元基材， 所述超材料面板的每一核心层包括一个以其中心为圆心的 圆形区域和多个与圆形区域同心的环形区域， 在所述圆形区域内， 随着半径的 增加折射率逐渐减小； 在所述每一环形区域内， 随着半径的增加折射率也逐渐 减小， 且相连的两个区域的交界处发生折射率突变， 即交界处的折射率位于半 径大的区域时比位于半径小的区域时要大。
2、 根据权利要求 1所述的雷达天线， 其特征在于， 所述雷达天线还包括外 壳， 用于固定所述馈源； 以及紧贴于所述外壳内壁的吸波材料层， 用于吸收从 馈源辐射出来的部分电磁波； 所述吸波材料层和超材料面板共同构成封闭的腔 体； 所述馈源位于所述腔体内。
3、 根据权利要求 1所述的雷达天线， 其特征在于， 所述超材料面板还包括 对称分布于所述核心层两侧的多个渐变层， 所述每一渐变层均包括片状的基板 层、 片状的填充层以及设置在所述基板层和填充层之间的空气层， 所述填充层 内填充的介质包括空气以及与所述基板层相同材料的介质。
4、 根据权利要求 1所述的雷达天线， 其特征在于， 在所述圆形区域内， 圆 心处的折射率为最大值《皿， 且随着半径的增加折射率从最大值《max逐渐减小到 最小值《mn；在所述每一环形区域内，随着半径的增加折射率也是从最大值《皿逐 渐减小到最小值
5、 根据权利要求 1所述的雷达天线， 其特征在于， 所述超材料面板的每一 核心层的折射率以其中心为圆心， 随着半径 r的变化规律如以下表达式： 式中《max表示所述每一核心层中的最大折射率值， d表示所有核心层的总厚 度， ss表示所述馈源到最靠近馈源位置的核心层的距离， 表示所述每一核心 层内半径 r处折射率值， 表示馈源辐射出电磁波的波长， 其中，
Figure imgf000019_0001
«mn表示超材料面板中多个核心层内的最小折射率值， floor表示向下取整。
6、 根据权利要求 1所述的雷达天线， 其特征在于， 所述超材料面板的每一 渐变层内的折射率均匀分布的， 且多个渐变层间折射率分布的变化规律如以下 表达式：
ητ = (-^—— , i=l、 2、 3、 、 m， 其中 表示第 i层渐变层的折射率值， m表示渐变层的层数， 《mn表示所述 每一核心层内的最小折射率值， 《max表示所述每一核心层中的最大折射率值， 其 中第 m层渐变层与核心层靠近， 随着 m值的变小逐渐远离核心层， 第一层渐变 层为最外层渐变层。
7、 根据权利要求 1所述的雷达天线， 其特征在于， 所述人造金属微结构为 由至少一根金属丝组成对电磁场有响应的平面结构或立体结构， 所述金属丝为 铜丝或银丝， 所述金属丝通过蚀刻、 电镀、 钻刻、 光刻、 电子刻或离子刻的方 法附着在所述单元基材上。
8、 根据权利要求 7所述的雷达天线， 其特征在于， 所述超材料单元还包括 第一填充层， 所述人造金属微结构位于所述单元基材和第一填充层之间， 所述 第一填充层内填充的材料包括空气、 人造金属微结构以及与所述单元基材相同 材料的介质。
9、 根据权利要求 7所述的雷达天线， 其特征在于， 所述人造金属微结构为 在 "工"字形、 "工"字形的衍生形、 雪花状或雪花状的衍生形任意一种。
10、 根据权利要求 1 所述的雷达天线， 其特征在于， 所述第一基板层和第 二基板层均由陶瓷材料、 环氧树脂、 聚四氟乙烯、 FR-4复合材料或 F4B复合材 料制得。
11、 根据权利要求 1 所述的雷达天线， 其特征在于， 所述每一超材料单元 上形成有一个小孔， 所述小孔内填充有折射率小于单元基材折射率的介质， 且 所有超材料单元内的小孔都填充相同材料的介质， 所述设置在超材料单元内的 小孔体积在每一核心层内的排布规律为： 所述超材料面板的每一核心层包括一 个以其中心为圆心的圆形区域和多个与圆形区域同心的环形区域， 在所述圆形 区域内， 随着半径的增加在所述超材料单元上形成的小孔体积也逐渐增加； 在 所述每一环形区域内， 随着半径的增加在所述超材料单元上形成的小孔体积也 逐渐增加， 且相连的两个区域的交界处发生小孔体积突变， 即交界处在所述超 材料单元上形成的小孔体积在位于半径大的区域时比位于半径小的区域时要 小。
12、 根据权利要求 1 所述的雷达天线， 其特征在于， 所述每一超材料单元 上形成有一个小孔， 所述小孔内填充有折射率大于单元基材折射率的介质， 且 所有超材料单元内的小孔都填充相同材料的介质， 所述设置在超材料单元内的 小孔体积在每一核心层内的排布规律为： 所述超材料面板的每一核心层包括一 个以其中心为圆心的圆形区域和多个与圆形区域同心的环形区域， 在所述圆形 区域内， 随着半径的增加在所述超材料单元上形成的小孔体积减小； 在所述每 一环形区域内， 随着半径的增加在所述超材料单元上形成的小孔体积也逐渐减 小， 且相连的两个区域的交界处发生小孔体积突变， 即交界处在所述超材料单 元上形成的小孔体积在位于半径大的区域时比位于半径小的区域时要大。
13、 根据权利要求 1 所述的雷达天线， 其特征在于， 所述超材料单元上形 成有数量不同、 体积相同的小孔， 所述小孔内填充有折射率小于单元基材折射 率的介质， 且所有超材料单元内的小孔都填充相同材料的介质， 所述设置在超 材料单元内的小孔数量在每一核心层内的排布规律为： 所述超材料面板的每一 核心层包括一个以其中心为圆心的圆形区域和多个与圆形区域同心的环形区 域， 在所述圆形区域内， 随着半径的增加在所述超材料单元上形成的小孔数量 逐渐增加； 在所述每一环形区域内， 随着半径的增加在所述超材料单元上形成 的小孔数量也逐渐增加， 且相连的两个区域的交界处发生小孔数量突变， 即交 界处在所述超材料单元上形成的小孔数量在位于半径大的区域时比位于半径小 的区域时要少。
14、 根据权利要求 1 所述的雷达天线， 其特征在于， 所述超材料单元上形 成有数量不同、 体积相同的小孔， 所述小孔内填充有折射率大于单元基材折射 率的介质， 且所有超材料单元内的小孔都填充相同材料的介质， 所述设置在超 材料单元内的小孔数量在每一核心层内的排布规律为： 所述超材料面板的每一 核心层包括一个以其中心为圆心的圆形区域和多个与圆形区域同心的环形区 域， 在所述圆形区域内， 随着半径的增加在所述超材料单元上形成的小孔数量 逐渐减小； 在所述每一环形区域内， 随着半径的增加在所述超材料单元上形成 的小孔数量逐渐减小， 且相连的两个区域的交界处发生小孔数量突变， 即交界 处在所述超材料单元上形成的小孔数量在位于半径大的区域时比位于半径小的 区域时要多。
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