CN101958461B - 微波天线及其外罩 - Google Patents
微波天线及其外罩 Download PDFInfo
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01Q—ANTENNAS, i.e. RADIO AERIALS
- H01Q19/00—Combinations of primary active antenna elements and units with secondary devices, e.g. with quasi-optical devices, for giving the antenna a desired directional characteristic
- H01Q19/10—Combinations of primary active antenna elements and units with secondary devices, e.g. with quasi-optical devices, for giving the antenna a desired directional characteristic using reflecting surfaces
- H01Q19/18—Combinations of primary active antenna elements and units with secondary devices, e.g. with quasi-optical devices, for giving the antenna a desired directional characteristic using reflecting surfaces having two or more spaced reflecting surfaces
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01Q—ANTENNAS, i.e. RADIO AERIALS
- H01Q1/00—Details of, or arrangements associated with, antennas
- H01Q1/42—Housings not intimately mechanically associated with radiating elements, e.g. radome
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01Q—ANTENNAS, i.e. RADIO AERIALS
- H01Q19/00—Combinations of primary active antenna elements and units with secondary devices, e.g. with quasi-optical devices, for giving the antenna a desired directional characteristic
- H01Q19/10—Combinations of primary active antenna elements and units with secondary devices, e.g. with quasi-optical devices, for giving the antenna a desired directional characteristic using reflecting surfaces
- H01Q19/12—Combinations of primary active antenna elements and units with secondary devices, e.g. with quasi-optical devices, for giving the antenna a desired directional characteristic using reflecting surfaces wherein the surfaces are concave
- H01Q19/13—Combinations of primary active antenna elements and units with secondary devices, e.g. with quasi-optical devices, for giving the antenna a desired directional characteristic using reflecting surfaces wherein the surfaces are concave the primary radiating source being a single radiating element, e.g. a dipole, a slot, a waveguide termination
- H01Q19/134—Rear-feeds; Splash plate feeds
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01Q—ANTENNAS, i.e. RADIO AERIALS
- H01Q19/00—Combinations of primary active antenna elements and units with secondary devices, e.g. with quasi-optical devices, for giving the antenna a desired directional characteristic
- H01Q19/10—Combinations of primary active antenna elements and units with secondary devices, e.g. with quasi-optical devices, for giving the antenna a desired directional characteristic using reflecting surfaces
- H01Q19/18—Combinations of primary active antenna elements and units with secondary devices, e.g. with quasi-optical devices, for giving the antenna a desired directional characteristic using reflecting surfaces having two or more spaced reflecting surfaces
- H01Q19/19—Combinations of primary active antenna elements and units with secondary devices, e.g. with quasi-optical devices, for giving the antenna a desired directional characteristic using reflecting surfaces having two or more spaced reflecting surfaces comprising one main concave reflecting surface associated with an auxiliary reflecting surface
Abstract
本发明公开一种微波天线及其外罩，其外罩为旋转对称件，包括如下同心设置的多个部分：补偿部分，位于外罩中部，用于补偿微波天线中由于馈源遮挡造成的天线口面中部电场分布的相位延迟；主反射部分，位于补偿部分的外围，用于将来自微波天线馈源的电磁波反射到偏离馈源的特定方向上；辅反射部分，位于主反射部分的外围，用于对微波天线的边缘绕射电磁波进行聚束反射。外罩的各个部分均经特殊赋形设计。由此形成的微波天线具有电气性能优良、结构稳定、成本低廉等特点。
Description
【技术领域】
本发明涉及通信天线领域，尤其涉及一种微波天线及其外罩。
【背景技术】
随着微波通信需求的增长，由微波天线组成的点对点或点对多点的通信网络越来越密集，微波系统之间产生互相干扰的潜在风险越来越大。为此，各行政当局和网络运营商制定了严格的标准以限定微波天线的辐射方向图包络(Radiation Patterns Envelope，RPE)，再根据不同的网络要求来选择满足不同标准等级的天线。在天线的电气性能指标中，辐射前后比(Front-to-BackRatio，F/B)尤为重要，是必须在天线的设计中着重考虑的。
天线罩是微波天线系统中的重要组成部件，主要起两重作用：第一，保护天线免受灰尘、雨雪、冰冻等自然环境的影响；第二，减小天线系统的风力负荷以减轻天线安装系统的机械性能要求。因此天线罩的工程设计目标通常包括：
1)在电气性能上，天线罩不能恶化天线的增益、回波损耗、RPE以及F/B等性能指标，最佳的设计目标是能改善天线的电气性能；
2)在机械性能上，天线罩需具有结构强度好、体积小、风荷小等特点；
3)在成本方面，天线罩本身的成本以及配合到天线上的附加成本要低。
天线罩对天线电气性能的影响主要体现在：
1)损失天线增益，这主要由天线罩引入的插入损耗导致，因此要求天线罩设计时不仅要选择低损耗的介质材料还要合理设计其厚度以达到最佳的透波性能；
2)增加天线的回波损耗，即恶化天线的输入电压驻波比(VSWR)，这主要是由天线罩导致的反射电磁波重新回到馈源所致；
3)影响天线的RPE性能，这主要是由于天线罩使得天线口面电场的相位分布不再均匀，从而抬高了天线的近副瓣或者远副瓣电平；
4)恶化天线的F/B性能，这主要是由于天线罩扰乱了天线口面边缘的绕射场分布所致，甚至天线罩对绕射场起后向“引导”作用，从而提高了天线的后向辐射。
传统的微波天线所用的天线罩方案主要有三种结构形式(参阅图1所包括的a、b、c)：平板形(a)、外凸形(b)以及内凹形(c)，天线罩的材质一般选用质地均匀、介电常数稳定和损耗低的介质材料。传统天线罩方案均不能完全满足上述电气性能设计目标，抑或机械性能和成本无优势。平板形天线罩通常采用厚度约半个介质波长以获得较好的透波性能，从而减小天线罩对增益和VSWR的影响。但是平板形天线罩存在以下不足：
1)频带宽度受限，因而不适用于宽频带天线系统；
2)由于天线罩边缘部分通常未经特殊赋形，因此对天线的RPE尤其是F/B有较大影响；
3)平板形天线罩的机械强度较差。
内凹形天线罩虽然可以通过一定的锥角设计以获得较宽的频带特性，但是往往未考虑到对RPE尤其是F/B性能的影响；另外，内凹形天线罩的机械强度和风荷性能不佳。
外凸形天线罩可经一定的赋形设计获得较好的频带特性和F/B性能，而且机械强度和风荷性能亦较好，但是在对RPE性能的影响上，外凸形天线罩至多是不产生恶化，难起改善作用；另外，外凸形天线罩会增加天线的整体尺寸，从而增加包装和运输成本。
【发明内容】
本发明的目的在于克服上述天线罩方案之不足，提供一种微波天线及其外罩，使外罩在微波天线中不仅具有较好的电气性能和机械性能，而且成本亦较低。
为实现该目的，本发明采用如下技术方案：
本发明的微波天线外罩，用于遮罩微波天线，为旋转对称件，该外罩包括如下同心设置的多个部分：
补偿部分，位于外罩中部，用于补偿微波天线中由于馈源遮挡造成的天线口面中部电场分布的相位延迟；
主反射部分，位于补偿部分的外围，用于将来自微波天线馈源的电磁波反射到偏离馈源的特定方向上；
辅反射部分，位于主反射部分的外围，用于对微波天线的边缘绕射电磁波进行聚束反射。
所述补偿部分朝外罩的遮罩侧方向内凹，呈高斯形、锥面形或球面形内凹状。
所述主反射部分朝外罩的遮罩侧方向内凹，呈斜锥面形内凹状。
所述辅反射部分朝外罩的外露侧方向外凸。
所述补偿部分的厚度小于主反射部分的厚度。
所述主反射部分将电磁波反射到的特定方向被定义为对应天线整体辐射方向图中属于主瓣之外的区域。所述特定方向为天线整体辐射方向图中的零点角度位置或远旁瓣角度位置。
该外罩补偿部分的直径与该馈源的副反射面的直径相等。
本发明的微波天线，包括馈源、反射面以及前述的外罩，该反射面开口面设有向外的翻边；该外罩于紧邻其辅反射部分设有与所述翻边相配合的裙边；所述翻边与所述裙边相螺锁。
所述翻边与所述裙边之间以装设在外罩遮罩侧的面上的限位卡箍件卡固并限位。
外罩于其外露侧紧贴所述裙边设有吸波材料，所述吸波材料为泡沫、海绵、橡胶中任意一种。
与现有技术相比，本发明具有如下优点：
(1)在电气性能上，能显著提高微波天线的辐射F/B性能，能改善天线的口面电场分布的相位特性进而提高天线增益和口径效率，能改善RPE性能如副瓣电平，而对其它电气性能如输入电压驻波比、交叉极化鉴别率等影响较小；
(2)在机械性能上，外罩部分的拱形结构同时起加强筋的作用，因此天线罩整体的结构强度好，同时天线罩还具有体积小、重量轻、风荷小、外形美观等特点；
(3)在成本方面，本发明所述的外罩部分可通过模具注塑一次成型从而加工成本低，同时天线罩整体的内凹形状也使与天线配合安装后的总体尺寸增加不多，因而附加的包装和运输成本较低。
【附图说明】
图1是几种传统的微波天线罩与反射面安装后的剖面示意图，其中(a)为平板形天线罩，(b)为外凸形天线罩，(c)为内凹形天线罩。
图2是本发明微波天线外罩应用于微波天线时的剖面示意图。
图3是图2中外罩的俯视图。
图4是图2中外罩的仰视图。
图5是图2中外罩的剖面图。
图6是图2的微波天线的工作原理示意图。
图7是本发明微波天线外罩应用时的典型口面电场相位分布曲线，其中实线表示加外罩的口面相位分布曲线，虚线表示不加外罩的口面相位分布曲线。
图8是本发明微波天线外罩应用时的典型输入电压驻波比曲线，其中实线表示加外罩的电压驻波比曲线，虚线表示不加外罩的电压驻波比曲线。
图9是本发明微波天线外罩的辅反射部分的几种实施例及原理示意。
图10是本发明微波天线外罩应用时的典型辐射方向图曲线。
图11是揭示本发明微波天线外罩与微波天线其它组件之间装配关系的装配结构示意图。
【具体实施方式】
下面结合附图和实施例对本发明作进一步的说明：
请参阅图2、图3及图4，应用了本发明的微波天线外罩的微波天线包括：一结构旋转对称的赋形介质天线外罩1、若干安装螺柱14及若干限位卡箍件15、以及吸波材料4。外罩1通过附加螺钉5(参阅图11)连接到微波天线反射面2的翻边上，并由限位卡箍件15定位。外罩1自其旋转对称轴向外依次分布有若干同心的构成部分：位于中心区域的补偿部分11、延续自该补偿部分构成该补偿部分的外围的主反射部分12、以及延续自该主反射部分构成该主反射部分的外围的辅反射部分13，每个构成部分均通过特殊赋形设计以改善电气性能。此外，外罩1在其辅反射部分13外围还设置有垂直于外罩各构成部分的用于装配的裙边18。外罩1的裙边18用于与反射面2的翻边28相抵触并螺锁实现装配，进而形成一种整体封闭的天线结构，将微波天线的馈源3封装其内。由此，设有反射面2和馈源3的一侧相对于外罩1而言为遮罩侧，外罩1面向自由空间的一侧为外露侧，定义外罩1的遮罩侧和外露侧将有利于后述的进一步说明。
天线外罩1需要选取质地均匀、介电常数稳定和损耗低的介质材料，通常采用的材料有ABS、ASA、聚苯乙烯、聚四氟乙烯、聚丙稀、氧化铝、高温陶瓷、玻璃钢以及一些复合材料等。这些材料都有固定的相对介电常数εr和损耗角正切tanδ，以表征材料的电气性能属性。
请参阅图5和图6，外罩1的补偿部分11的厚度小于主反射部分12的厚度，因此补偿部分11比主反射部分12略薄，用于补偿由于馈源3遮挡造成的天线口面中心部分电场分布的相位延迟，从而使得天线口面电场分布的相位更趋于一致，因而提高天线增益和效率；补偿部分11由于外罩1的旋转对称特性而呈现圆形，其直径与馈源直径相等或相当；补偿部分11的剖面形状可以设计成高斯形、锥形、球形等向外罩1的遮罩侧方向(馈源方向)内凹的形状，以使被补偿部分反射回来的自馈源3发出的电磁波22不回到或极少量地回到馈源3，从而减小对天线输入电压驻波比的影响。
补偿部分11，是电磁波正向入射的部分，所以要将形状经特殊赋形，将自馈源3发出的电磁波21在补偿部分11的遮罩侧表面上反射的电磁场22，经过反射面2二次反射，使反射的电磁波23不会回到或者极少量地回到馈源3内而被馈源3再次接收，影响天线的整体性能，尤其是输入电压驻波比性能。
由于馈源3的副反射面对微波天线本身的辐射产生了一定的遮挡效益，使天线口面电场分布的中心部分产生了一定的相位滞后，所以，就通过补偿部分11的厚度调节，对透射的电磁波进行相位补偿，即设计补偿部分11的厚度t1比环锥部分12的厚度t0要薄一些，使最后透过外罩1的口面电场分布的相位更趋于一致，因而提高天线增益和效率。这个补偿部分的直径φ与馈源3副反射面的直径大小相等或相当。
参考图7所揭示的一种实施例的口面电场相位分布曲线，由于补偿部分的口面相位分布滞后了约60度，所以，补偿部分11的厚度t1比环锥部分12的厚度t0要略薄一定厚度，使口面电场分布的相位更趋于一致。
请再结合图5和图6，外罩1的主反射部分12由厚度(t0)约为1/2介质波长、向遮罩侧馈源3方向内凹的斜锥面构成，其锥角经特殊设计而成，使被主反射部分12反射回来的自馈源3发出的电磁波25反射到特定的方向上，而不回到馈源3内；主反射部分12的锥角α设计的原则是使被主反射部分12反射回来的电磁波反射25到偏离馈源3的特定方向上，该方向对应在微波天线整体辐射方向图中不在辐射方向图的主瓣区域内，对应于辐射方向图中的零点角度位置或远旁瓣角度位置尤佳。
当电磁波通过介质材料时，会产生多次反射和折射，而反射的能量势必会影响微波天线本身的性能，所以要降低这部分能量，这就要选取合适的主反射部分12的厚度t0来实现：当厚度t0满足1/2介质波长或其整数倍时，电磁波在介质内多次反射和折射产生的路径相位差是2π的整数倍，使反射波相互抵消，而透射波实现了相互叠加，这样主反射部分12的反射系数最小。
主反射部分12的环锥面的锥角α经特殊设计，可以使天线口面正向辐射的电磁波24在锥环面反射的电磁波25固定的反射到180-2α角度方向上：一方面，使反射的电磁波25通过反射面2二次反射不会回到馈源3内，从而减小对天线整体性能影响，尤其是对较宽频带内的输入电压驻波比性能的影响；另一方面，可以将这个反射的电磁波25反射到的特定方向选择性地对应于天线整体辐射方向图中不在辐射方向图的主瓣区域内的位置(辐射方向图中属于主瓣之外的区域)，以对应于辐射方向图中的零点角度位置或远旁瓣角度位置尤佳，从而，降低天线罩对天线本身的辐射方向图，尤其是主瓣区域的影响。
参阅图8所揭示的一种实施例的输入电压驻波比曲线，将该锥角α的角度选取为3-10度左右，可以看到本发明的外罩1对微波天线整体的输入电压驻波比性能影响较小。
请继续结合图5和图6，外罩1的辅反射部分13整体呈拱形，故朝外罩1的外露侧外凸，其赋形原则是使其内表面16(参阅图9)对边缘绕射电磁波26具有聚束反射的特性，即反射电磁波27可相对集中地聚集到外罩1内某个区域。
参考图9所揭示的辅反射部分13的形状的几种实例，分别是其中(a)部分的折状拱形、(b)部分的弧状拱形及(c)部分的盖状拱形，此类拱形面16均有聚束反射的特性：外罩1的遮罩侧，天线口面边缘绕射的电磁波26在遮罩侧拱形面16上反射，而这个拱形面16将反射的电磁波27相对集中聚集到外罩1内的某个区域。
进一步，请再回顾图5和图6，在外罩1辅反射部分13对应的区域(于外罩遮罩侧)紧靠外罩1的裙边18装设吸波材料4，吸波材料4的形状一般为具有一定厚度的圆环状，其安装位置可以与辅反射部分13的内表面形状协同设计，保证尽可能地将吸波材料置于外罩1的裙边18和辅反射部分13所共同定义的范围的反射电磁波相对聚集的区域，从而有效吸收反射电磁波27，减少向天线后向绕射的电磁波，进而提高微波天线的F/B性能。
吸波材料4是可选部件，其在微波天线装配后，被夹持在外罩1的裙边18、辅反射部分13与反射面2的翻边28之间，用于吸收被外罩1辅反射部分13内表面16反射回来的电磁波27以及部分绕射电磁波26；吸波材料可选用泡沫型、海绵型、橡胶型等材质形式。
如图10所示，本发明的外罩显著的提高了辐射F/B性能约10dB。
参考图11，本发明的微波天线外罩1与反射面2和馈源3装配的示意图中，作为可选部件的吸波材料4可根据需要进行装配，需要安装时，先将吸波材料4固定在外罩1遮罩侧的表面的若干限位卡箍件15上；外罩1与反射面2的整体装配是采用数个螺钉5将反射面2的翻边28与螺柱14相联接，同时通过限位卡箍件15进行定位，保证外罩1与反射面2完全配合以形成紧凑结构。
本发明的外罩可以采用模具注塑工艺一次加工成型，包括天线罩上的螺柱14、限位卡箍15均一体成型，由此制备的产品一致性较好，加工成本低。
在机械性能上，本发明与传统的外凸或内凹形天线罩相比，整体的体积较小，同时拱形的辅反射部分13及裙边28又给外罩提供了较好的结构强度，外形也美观。
因此，本发明的微波天线外罩无论在电气性能还是机械性能上均取得优于传统技术的效果，由其装配而得的微波天线自然优于其它传统同类天线。
以上实施例仅用以说明本发明而并非限制本发明所描述的技术方案；因此，尽管本说明书参照上述的各个实施例对本发明已进行了详细的说明，但是，本领域的普通技术人员应当理解，仍然可以对本发明进行修改或者等同替换；而一切不脱离本发明的精神和范围的技术方案及其改进，其均应涵盖在本发明的权利要求范围当中。
Claims (14)
1.一种微波天线外罩，用于遮罩微波天线，为旋转对称件，其特征在于，该外罩包括如下同心设置的多个部分：
补偿部分，位于外罩中部，用于补偿微波天线中由于馈源遮挡造成的天线口面中部电场分布的相位延迟；
主反射部分，位于补偿部分的外围，用于将来自微波天线馈源的电磁波反射到偏离馈源的特定方向上；
辅反射部分，位于主反射部分的外围，用于对微波天线的边缘绕射电磁波进行聚束反射。
2.根据权利要求1所述的微波天线外罩，其特征在于，所述补偿部分朝外罩的遮罩侧方向内凹。
3.根据权利要求2所述的微波天线外罩，其特征在于，所述补偿部分呈高斯形、锥面形或球面形内凹状。
4.根据权利要求1所述的微波天线外罩，其特征在于，所述主反射部分朝外罩的遮罩侧方向内凹。
5.根据权利要求4所述的微波天线外罩，其特征在于，所述主反射部分呈斜锥面形内凹状。
6.根据权利要求1所述的微波天线外罩，其特征在于，所述辅反射部分朝外罩的外露侧方向外凸。
7.根据权利要求1至6中任意一项所述的微波天线外罩，其特征在于：所述补偿部分的厚度小于主反射部分的厚度。
8.根据权利要求1至6中任意一项所述的微波天线外罩，其特征在于：所述主反射部分将电磁波反射到的特定方向被定义为对应天线整体辐射方向图中属于主瓣之外的区域。
9.根据权利要求8所述的微波天线外罩，其特征在于：所述特定方向为天线整体辐射方向图中的零点角度位置或远旁瓣角度位置。
10.一种微波天线，包括馈源、反射面以及外罩，其特征在于：
该反射面开口面设有向外的翻边；
所述外罩为权利要求1至9中任意一项所述的外罩；
该外罩于紧邻其辅反射部分设有与所述翻边相配合的裙边；
所述翻边与所述裙边相螺锁。
11.根据权利要求10所述的微波天线，其特征在于，所述翻边与所述裙边之间以装设在外罩遮罩侧的面上的限位卡箍件卡固并限位。
12.根据权利要求10所述的微波天线，其特征在于，外罩于其外露侧紧贴所述裙边设有吸波材料。
13.根据权利要求12所述的微波天线，其特征在于，所述吸波材料为泡沫、海绵、橡胶中任意一种。
14.根据权利要求10至13中任意一项所述的微波天线，其特征在于：该外罩补偿部分的直径与该馈源的副反射面的直径相等。
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| BR112013005521A BR112013005521A2 (pt) | 2010-09-07 | 2010-11-11 | antena de micro-ondas e radome da mesma |
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Also Published As
| Publication number | Publication date |
|---|---|
| EP2615688A1 (en) | 2013-07-17 |
| BR112013005521A2 (pt) | 2016-05-03 |
| WO2012031427A1 (zh) | 2012-03-15 |
| EP2615688A4 (en) | 2014-07-16 |
| EP2615688B1 (en) | 2017-06-07 |
| CN101958461A (zh) | 2011-01-26 |
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