JP2012058162A - 気象レーダ装置及び気象観測方法 - Google Patents

気象レーダ装置及び気象観測方法 Download PDF

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JP2012058162A
JP2012058162A JP2010203724A JP2010203724A JP2012058162A JP 2012058162 A JP2012058162 A JP 2012058162A JP 2010203724 A JP2010203724 A JP 2010203724A JP 2010203724 A JP2010203724 A JP 2010203724A JP 2012058162 A JP2012058162 A JP 2012058162A
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Hironori Handa
浩規 半田
Fumihiko Mizutani
文彦 水谷
Masakazu Wada
将一 和田
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Toshiba Corp
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Abstract

【課題】風観測における風速速度範囲を維持しつつ、気象情報の精度を高めることができる気象レーダ装置を提供すること。
【解決手段】本実施形態に係る気象レーダ装置は、複数のアンテナ素子を鉛直方向に配列したフェーズドアレイ方式のアンテナ11と、各方位方向に対する観測仰角毎に所定のヒット数のパルスを送信し、その反射波を受信する送受信部13と、前記所定のヒット数の中の特定のヒット数を放射する毎に前記観測仰角を変更させる送信タイミング信号を生成する信号処理部14と、前記送信タイミング信号に従って送信信号を作成する送信制御部15とを具備する。
【選択図】 図1

Description

本発明の実施形態は、雨や雲などの気象現象を三次元で観測する気象レーダ装置及び気象観測方法に関する。
従来のパラボナアンテナ型の気象レーダは、ペンシルビームと呼ばれる細いビームを形成して、水平方向に360°回転して1平面の観測データを取得した後に、アンテナ仰角を上げて次の1平面を取得することを続けて、三次元の降水データを収集している(例えば、非特許文献1を参照。)。この観測シーケンスを実施するには5分〜10分程度要し、時々刻々と変化する積乱雲等の観測には十分な時間・空間分解能がとれていなかった。
また、従来のパラボラアンテナを用いた気象レーダの場合、アンテナ開口面に対して正面方向空間のみ探知可能であるため、アンテナ仰角を変化させることなく観測仰角を変化させることができなかった。つまり、探知距離に応じた時間間隔で設定したヒット数のビームを放射していた。
吉田 孝 監修、「改訂 レーダ技術」、社団法人電子情報通信学会、平成8年10月1日、初版、"第9章 気象レーダ"、P238−253
一方、気象レーダ装置としてフェーズドアレイアンテナを用いた場合、電子走査によりアンテナ仰角を変化させることなく探知空間を仰角方向に変化させることができる。しかし、従来技術を踏襲する場合、観測仰角ごとに設定したヒット数のビームを放射し、その後、観測仰角を変化させ、同様に設定したヒット数のビームを放射するという動作を繰り返す観測方法となる。この場合、風観測を目的としてパルス間の間隔を短くすると気象情報の精度が悪くなり、気象情報の精度向上を目的としてパルス間の間隔を長くすると風観測の風速範囲を狭めることになる。
本実施形態の目的は、風観測における風速速度範囲を維持しつつ、気象情報の精度を高めることができる気象レーダ装置及び気象観測方法を提供することにある。
本実施形態に係る気象レーダ装置は、複数のアンテナ素子を鉛直方向に配列したフェーズドアレイ方式のアンテナ部と、各方位方向に対する観測仰角毎に所定のヒット数のパルスを送信し、その反射波を受信する送受信部と、前記所定のヒット数の中の特定のヒット数を放射する毎に前記観測仰角を変更させる送信タイミング信号を生成する信号処理部と、前記送信タイミング信号に従って送信信号を作成する送信制御部とを具備する。
また、本実施形態に係る気象観測方法は、複数のアンテナ素子を鉛直方向に配列したフェーズドアレイ方式のアンテナを具備する気象レーダに用いられる気象観測方法であって、各方位方向に対する観測仰角毎に所定のヒット数のパルスを送信し、その反射波を受信し、前記所定のヒット数の中の特定のヒット数を放射する毎に前記観測仰角を変更させる送信タイミング信号を生成し、前記送信タイミング信号に従って送信信号を作成するものである。
本実施形態に係る気象レーダ装置を示す機能ブロック図。 観測仰角の割り当て例を示す図。 送信ビームの一例を示す模式図。 パルス送信時の観測シーケンスを示す図。 パルス送信動作を示すフローチャート。 一般的な観測シーケンスを示す図。
以下、図面を参照しながら本実施形態に係る気象レーダ装置及び気象観測方法を説明する。
図1は、本実施形態に係る気象レーダ装置の構成を示す機能ブロック図である。図1において、この気象レーダ装置は、アンテナ11と、送受切換器12と、送受信部13と、信号処理部14と、送信制御部15とを備える。
アンテナ11は、複数のアンテナ素子を鉛直方向に配列した1次元フェーズドアレイアンテナで構成される。アンテナ素子は、例えば、スロットアンテナで形成される。このスロット導波管を複数配列することで、仰角方向でのビーム方向を位相走査により電気的に制御できる。また、スロットアンテナを用いて機械的にビームを絞ることで、方位角方向に鋭い指向性が得られる。
送信制御部15は、後述する信号処理部14からの送信タイミング信号に従って、パルスの仰角方向の送出角度を決める位相制御情報を含む送信信号を作成する。送受信部13は、この送信信号を増幅し、パルスとして送受切換器12を介してアンテナ11から空中に送出する。
アンテナ11に降水などの気象目標からの反射波が到来すると、送受切換器12を介して送受信部13で受信され、A/D変換された後にI/Q検波される。信号処理部14は、送受信部13で検波されたI/Q信号をもとに、受信電力やドップラ速度を算出する。
次に、このように構成された気象レーダ装置が実行する観測方法について説明する。図2は、仰角方向の観測範囲(0〜90°)を4つの観測仰角θに区分した例を示す。信号処理部14から送信タイミング信号が送られると、送受信部12は、送信制御部15からの送信信号に従って、アンテナ11を水平方向に360°回転させるとともに、各方位方向について観測仰角毎に所定のヒット数のパルスを送信し、その反射波を受信する。アンテナ11が形成する送信ビームの一例を図3に示す。本実施形態では、観測仰角毎に6ヒットのパルスを送出するものとする。
図4に、パルス送信時の観測シーケンスを示す。本実施形態では、信号処理部14は、観測仰角を特定のタイミング(図4では3ヒット)で変更するように送信タイミング信号を生成する。また、再度同一の観測仰角に送信するため、探知時間に対する探知空間あたりのヒット数は変化することはない。
図5を参照して、具体的なビームの放射手順を説明する。図5は、パルス送信動作を示すフローチャートである。ここでは、上記図4の場合を例にして説明を行う。
先ず、ステップ11において、信号処理部14は、観測仰角をROM等の記憶媒体(図示せず)から読み込み、観測仰角の変更指示を送信制御部15に与える。なお、観測仰角の種類は、例えば図2の観測仰角1〜4のように定められ、予めROM等に記録される。
また、ステップ12において、信号処理部14は、送信信号の制御を行う。ここでは、送信パルスの長さや送信タイミング、受信間隔や受信タイミングなどの情報を上記記憶媒体から読み込み、送信制御部15に与える。
ステップ13において、ステップ11及びステップ12により得られる観測仰角及び送信タイミングに基づいて送信制御部15において送信信号が作成され、この送信信号をもとに送受信部13によりアンテナ11からパルスが放射される。
次に、ステップ14において、信号処理部14は、予め決められた特定のヒット数(図4では3ヒット)を満たしているか否かの判定を行い、特定のヒット数を満たしている場合は、ステップ15に移行する。一方、ステップ14において、特定のヒット数が満たされていない場合は、上記ステップ12の処理から繰り返される。
ステップ15において、信号処理部14は、全ての観測仰角(図4では観測仰角1〜4)について放射されたか否かの判定を行う。全ての観測仰角について放射が行われた場合は、ステップ16に移行する。まだ、全ての観測仰角における放射が済んでいない場合は、上記ステップ11からの処理を繰り返し行う。
ステップ16において、上述した処理を繰り返す回数を満たしているかどうかの判定を行い、満たしている場合は、ENDに移行し処理を終了する。満たされていない場合は、上記ステップ11からの処理を繰り返す。
ここで、方位方向を機械走査、仰角方向を電子走査で行う場合の気象レーダ装置における一般的に想定される観測シーケンスを図6に示す。上記図4を例にした場合、各方位方向に対する観測仰角を変更するタイミングは、観測仰角毎に設定されたヒット数(6ヒット)を満たす場合であった。つまり、観測仰角ごとに設定したヒット数のビームを放射し、その後、観測仰角を変化させ、同様に設定したヒット数のビームを放射するという動作を繰り返す観測方法となる。この場合、風観測を目的としてパルス間の間隔を短くすると、サンプル間の相関が高まり気象情報の精度が悪くなる。反対に、気象情報の精度向上を目的としてパルス間の間隔を長くすると、風観測の風速範囲を狭めることになる。
これに対し、本実施形態では、例えば、上記図4に示したように、観測仰角毎に設定されたヒット数(6ヒット)の中の特定のヒット数(3ヒット)毎に観測仰角を変更させてパルスを放射するようにしている。このようにすることで、風観測を目的としてパルス間の間隔を短くしても、精度良く気象情報を得ることができる。したがって、本実施形態によれば、フェーズドアレイアンテナを用いた気象レーダ装置において、風観測における風速速度範囲を維持することができ、かつ同一方向に送信する期間を複数にすることによってサンプル間の相関が下がり気象情報の精度を高めることが可能となる。
なお、本発明のいくつかの実施形態を説明したが、これらの実施形態は、例として提示したものであり、発明の範囲を限定することは意図していない。これら新規な実施形態は、その他の様々な形態で実施されることが可能であり、発明の要旨を逸脱しない範囲で、種々の省略、置き換え、変更を行うことができる。これら実施形態やその変形は、発明の範囲や要旨に含まれるとともに、特許請求の範囲に記載された発明とその均等の範囲に含まれる。
11…アンテナ、12…送受切換器、13…送受信部、14…信号処理部、15…送信制御部。

Claims (2)

  1. 複数のアンテナ素子を鉛直方向に配列したフェーズドアレイ方式のアンテナ部と、
    各方位方向に対する観測仰角毎に所定のヒット数のパルスを送信し、その反射波を受信する送受信部と、
    前記所定のヒット数の中の特定のヒット数を放射する毎に前記観測仰角を変更させる送信タイミング信号を生成する信号処理部と、
    前記送信タイミング信号に従って送信信号を作成する送信制御部と
    を具備することを特徴とする気象レーダ装置。
  2. 複数のアンテナ素子を鉛直方向に配列したフェーズドアレイ方式のアンテナを具備する気象レーダに用いられる気象観測方法であって、
    各方位方向に対する観測仰角毎に所定のヒット数のパルスを送信し、その反射波を受信し、
    前記所定のヒット数の中の特定のヒット数を放射する毎に前記観測仰角を変更させる送信タイミング信号を生成し、
    前記送信タイミング信号に従って送信信号を作成することを特徴とする気象観測方法。
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