CN102780058A - 矩形波导定向耦合器 - Google Patents
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本发明公开了矩形波导定向耦合器，包括作为微波主通道的主矩形波导和作为取样信号通道的副矩形波导、以及作为耦合通道的耦合孔；主矩形波导的主模H面与副矩形波导的主模H面相互平行，主矩形波导和副矩形波导相互隔离；主矩形波导通过1个或2个耦合孔与副矩形波导连通，至少1个耦合孔包括贴附在主矩形波导侧壁或\和副矩形波导侧壁的中空耦合管，中空耦合管靠近矩形波导的侧壁连接有三端开口的耦合腔，耦合腔与中空耦合管导通，耦合腔位于主矩形波导和副矩形波导之间并与主矩形波导和副矩形波导导通。本发明的优点在于：结构紧凑、加工简单、插入损耗低，特别是在毫米波和太赫兹波段，与普通单孔定向耦合器相比，在低插损方面具有突出优势。
Description
技术领域
本发明涉及矩形波导定向耦合器，具体地说，是涉及一种利用单孔或双孔进行耦合的矩形波导定向耦合器。
背景技术
定向耦合器是微波系统中应用广泛的一种微波器件，它的主要作用是将微波信号按一定的比例进行功率分配；定向耦合器由两根传输线构成，同轴线、矩形波导、圆波导、带状线和微带线等都可构成定向耦合器；所以从结构来看定向耦合器种类繁多，差异很大，但从它们的耦合机理来看主要分为四种，即小孔耦合、平行耦合、分支耦合以及匹配双T。
在20世纪50年代初以前，几乎所有的微波设备都采用金属波导和波导电路，那个时候的定向耦合器也多为波导小孔耦合定向耦合器；其理论依据是Bethe小孔耦合理论，Cohn和Levy等人也做了很多贡献。
随着航空和航天技术的发展，要求微波电路和系统做到小型化、轻量化和性能可靠，于是出现了带状线和微带线，随后由于微波电路与系统的需要又相继出现了鳍线、槽线、共面波导和共面带状线等微波集成传输线，这样就出现了各种传输线定向耦合器。
传统单孔定向耦合器有一些的优点：如结构简单、参数少，设计起来比较方便；但是它还存在着一些缺点：如带宽窄、方向性差，只有在设计频率处工作合适，偏离开这个频率，方向性将降低。
传统多孔定向耦合器虽然可以做到很宽的带宽，但也存在着一些缺点，如体积大、加工精度要求高、插入损耗高，特别是在毫米波太赫兹波段，过高的插损使该器件失去使用价值；这就激励我们去设计一种能克服这些缺点的新型定向耦合器。
发明内容
本发明的目的在于克服传统定向耦合器的一些缺点，提供了一种紧凑型、插入损耗低的矩形波导定向耦合器。
为了实现上述目的，本发明采用的技术方案如下：矩形波导定向耦合器，包括作为微波主通道的主矩形波导和作为取样信号通道的副矩形波导、以及作为耦合通道的耦合孔；所述主矩形波导和副矩形波导均为截面呈矩形的规则金属波导制成；主矩形波导的主模H面与副矩形波导的主模H面相互平行，主矩形波导和副矩形波导相互隔离；主矩形波导通过1个或2个耦合孔与副矩形波导连通，至少1个耦合孔包括贴附在主矩形波导侧壁或\和副矩形波导侧壁的中空耦合管，中空耦合管靠近矩形波导的侧壁连接有三端开口的耦合腔，耦合腔与中空耦合管导通，耦合腔位于主矩形波导和副矩形波导之间并与主矩形波导和副矩形波导导通。
耦合孔在其俯视方向的投影形状为圆形或多边形。
所述耦合孔内设置有轴线与主矩形波导的主模H面垂直的柱状金属体。
该柱状金属体的横截面的形状为多边形，优先选择三角形。
所述主矩形波导的轴线和副矩形波导的轴线之间的角度为5°至175°之间。
所述耦合孔的数目为2时，两耦合孔的中心分别位于主矩形波导和副矩形波导在俯视方向投影后相交构成的平行四边形的两个相对的顶点附近。
所述主矩形波导的一端或两端还连接有弯曲波导。
所述主矩形波导或\和副矩形波导在其一端或两端连接有与外界器件匹配的匹配结构。
基于上述结构，本发明相较于以往的单孔定向耦合器而言其改进点为：将传统的耦合孔改进为由耦合腔和中空耦合管组成的耦合通道，其中耦合腔设置在主矩形波导和副矩形波导之间，中空耦合管贴附在主矩形波导侧壁或\和副矩形波导侧壁。这样可增加其方向性。
一般的主矩形波导的轴线和副矩形波导的轴线之间的角度为5°至175°之间。为了使其整个耦合器的体积减少，我们优先考虑主矩形波导的轴线和副矩形波导的轴线平行设置，同时，其主矩形波导的轴线和副矩形波导的轴线之间的角度大小根据该定向耦合器的耦合度、方向性和工作带宽等指标经过改进而定。
当耦合孔的数目为1个时，相比以往的单孔定向耦合器，性能有明显的进步，当耦合孔的数目增加为2个时，可进一步的提高其方向性，此时我们需要使中空耦合管贴附在主矩形波导侧壁或\和副矩形波导侧壁才能提高其方向性。
耦合孔在其俯视方向的投影形状不受限制，当考虑制作成本时，我们优先考虑能简易批量生产的圆形或三角形或四边形。
增加柱状金属体时，所述耦合孔在俯视方向的投影形状为一字形或Y字形或十字型和其它多于4个分支的星状。
其中上述H面为磁场面。
单孔定向耦合器的工作原理可以叙述如下：
由于波导内壁可以近似看成理想导电平面，根据交变电磁场的边界条件，理想导电平面E只有与表面相垂直的分量，没有切向分量；磁场H只有与表面相切的分量，没有法向分量。主波导内电场垂直主副波导公共宽边，通过小孔达到副波导的那一部分电场仍垂直与主副波导公共宽边，其电力线形成一个弯头。磁场（磁力线）为平行于主波导宽壁的闭合曲线，故主波导的磁场（磁力线）在小孔处形成一组穿进穿出副波导的连续曲线。
通过小孔进入副波导的那一部分电场在副波导耦合孔两侧耦合出垂直向下的电场E’，交变的电场E’激发出感生磁场H’(方向由S=E*H决定)，电、磁场交替激发，形成分别向耦合端和隔离端输出的电磁波。
通过小孔进入副波导的那一部分磁场在副波导耦合孔两侧耦合出水平向右的磁场H’，交变的磁场H’激发出感生的电场E’， 电、磁场交替激发，形成分别向耦合端和隔离端输出的电磁波。
小孔耦合是上述电耦合和磁耦合的叠加，即把两种耦合形成的电磁波合并，我们可以看出往耦合端方向传输的电磁波同向叠加，形成耦合输出；往隔离端方向传输的电磁波反向叠加，相互抵消构成隔离，所以原则上是无耦合输出的；但是由于小孔电、磁耦合的不对称性，两者叠加产生了方向性。
本发明的优点在于：结构紧凑、加工简单、功率容量大、插入损耗低，特别是在毫米波和太赫兹波段，与普通单孔定向耦合器相比，在低插损方面具有突出优势。本发明的紧凑型矩形波导定向耦合器可望广泛用于各微波波段及太赫兹波段的电子系统中，特别是雷达、导弹制导、通信等军事及民用领域。
附图说明
图1为本发明中主矩形波导的轴线和副矩形波导的轴线平行时的立体图。
图2为耦合孔的结构立体图。
图3为改进后中空耦合管贴附在主矩形波导侧壁或\和副矩形波导侧壁时耦合端和隔离端的传输曲线。
图4为本发明实施例一的俯视图。
图5为本发明实施例一中A—A剖面图。
图6为本发明实施例二的俯视图。
图7为本发明实施例三的俯视图。
图8为本发明实施例四的俯视图。
图中的标号分别表示为：1、主矩形波导；2、副矩形波导；3、耦合孔；31、耦合腔；32、中空耦合管；7、柱状金属体；4、弯曲波导；5、矩形波导。
具体实施方式
下面结合实施例对本发明作进一步地详细说明，但本发明实施方式不限于此。
如图1、2所示，矩形波导定向耦合器，包括作为微波主通道的主矩形波导1和作为取样信号通道的副矩形波导2、以及作为耦合通道的耦合孔3；主矩形波导1的主模H面与副矩形波导2的主模H面相互平行，主矩形波导1和副矩形波导2相互隔离；主矩形波导1通过1个或2个耦合孔3与副矩形波导2连通，至少1个耦合孔3包括贴附在主矩形波导1侧壁或\和副矩形波导2侧壁的中空耦合管32，中空耦合管32靠近矩形波导1的侧壁连接有三端开口的耦合腔31，耦合腔31与中空耦合管32导通，耦合腔31位于主矩形波导1和副矩形波导2之间并与主矩形波导1和副矩形波导2导通。其中耦合孔3在其俯视方向的投影形状为圆形，且主矩形波导1的轴线和副矩形波导2的轴线互相平行。
具体实验数据如图3所示，所得图3的实验数据为本发明中按照图1的设计而生成的实验数据，与现有的单孔定向耦合器相比较，除耦合孔的位置不同以外，其余条件均一致；图3为改进后中空耦合管贴附在主矩形波导侧壁或\和副矩形波导侧壁时耦合端和隔离端的传输曲线，图3中的端口S3.1为耦合端，端口S4.1为隔离端。根据公式 
，其中I为隔离度，C为耦合度，D为方向性指标，我们可以计算出在频率为6.5GHz~10 GHz范围内该矩形波导单孔定向耦合器的方向性好于-19dB。而改进没有中空耦合管时，我们计算出在频率为6.5GHz~10 GHz范围内该矩形波导单孔定向耦合器的方向性差于-14dB。
改进前和改进后相比较，从实验条件的区别在于：改进后本发明中的中空耦合管贴附在主矩形波导侧壁和副矩形波导侧壁，而改进前只存在耦合孔，其耦合孔位于主矩形波导或\和副矩形波导之间，主矩形波导和副矩形波导之间是没有间隙的；其余条件均一致。
从上可以看出，本发明设计耦合器在方向性能上明显优于改进前的设计。
相较于以往的单孔定向耦合器而言其改进点为：将传统的耦合孔改进为由耦合腔31和中空耦合管32组成的耦合通道，其中耦合腔31使其设置在主矩形波导1和副矩形波导2之间，中空耦合管32贴附在主矩形波导1侧壁或\和副矩形波导2侧壁；这样可增加其方向性。
实施例一
如图4、5所示，本实施例包括设置有主矩形波导1和副矩形波导2，主矩形波导1为微波主通道，副矩形波导2为取样信号通道；主矩形波导1和副矩形波导2的主模H面相互平行，主矩形波导1和副矩形波导2相互隔离，有1个耦合孔3包括贴附在主矩形波导1侧壁或\和副矩形波导2侧壁的中空耦合管32，中空耦合管32靠近矩形波导1的侧壁连接有三端开口的耦合腔31，耦合腔31与中空耦合管32导通，耦合腔31位于主矩形波导1和副矩形波导2之间并与主矩形波导1和副矩形波导2导通。耦合孔3中加入另一个轴线与主矩形波导1的H面垂直的柱状金属体7，该柱状金属体7的横截面的形状为矩形，可以得到方向性更好的定向耦合器。
实施例二
如图6所示，与实施例一不同的地方是主矩形波导1和副矩形波导2之间是平行的，没有夹角。耦合孔3都只有部分在主矩形波导1和副矩形波导2里面，还有一部分在外面。耦合孔3内没有设置柱状金属体7。
实施例三
如图7所示，与实施例一不同的地方是主矩形波导1和副矩形波导2之间通过两个耦合孔3连通，两耦合孔3的中心分别位于主矩形波导1和副矩形波导2相交构成的平行四边形的两个相对的顶点附近。
实施例四
如图8所示，与实施例三不同的地方是主矩形波导1和副矩形波导2只通过一个耦合孔3连通，在主矩形波导1的两端有弯曲波导4的过渡，这样可以得到方向性更好、带宽更宽的波导定向耦合器，在弯曲波导4的另一端连接着矩形波导5。
如上所述便可较好的实现本发明。
Claims (8)
1.矩形波导定向耦合器，其特征在于：包括作为微波主通道的主矩形波导（1）和作为取样信号通道的副矩形波导（2）、以及作为耦合通道的耦合孔（3）；所述主矩形波导（1）和副矩形波导（2）均为截面呈矩形的规则金属波导制成；主矩形波导（1）的主模H面与副矩形波导（2）的主模H面相互平行，主矩形波导（1）和副矩形波导（2）相互隔离；主矩形波导（1）通过1个或2个耦合孔（3）与副矩形波导（2）连通，至少1个耦合孔（3）包括贴附在主矩形波导（1）侧壁或\和副矩形波导（2）侧壁的中空耦合管（32），中空耦合管（32）靠近矩形波导（1）的侧壁连接有三端开口的耦合腔（31），耦合腔（31）与中空耦合管（32）导通，耦合腔（31）位于主矩形波导（1）和副矩形波导（2）之间并与主矩形波导（1）和副矩形波导（2）导通。
2.根据权利要求1所述的矩形波导定向耦合器，其特征在于：耦合孔（3）在其俯视方向的投影形状为圆形或多边形。
3.根据权利要求1所述的矩形波导定向耦合器，其特征在于：所述耦合孔（3）内设置有轴线与主矩形波导（1）的H面垂直的柱状金属体（7）。
4.根据权利要求3所述的矩形波导定向耦合器，其特征在于：该柱状金属体（7）的横截面的形状为多边形。
5.根据权利要求1所述的矩形波导定向耦合器，其特征在于：所述主矩形波导（1）的轴线和副矩形波导（2）的轴线之间的角度为5°至175°之间。
6.根据权利要求1所述的矩形波导定向耦合器，其特征在于：所述耦合孔（3）的数目为2时，两耦合孔（3）的中心分别位于主矩形波导（1）和副矩形波导（2）在俯视方向投影后相交构成的平行四边形的两个相对的顶点附近。
7.根据权利要求1-6中任意一项所述的矩形波导定向耦合器，其特征在于：所述主矩形波导（1）的一端或两端还连接有弯曲波导（4）。
8.根据权利要求1-6中任意一项所述的矩形波导定向耦合器，其特征在于：所述主矩形波导（1）或\和副矩形波导（2）在其一端或两端连接有与外界器件匹配的匹配结构。
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