CN107210779A - 用于配置通信接口的方法和装置 - Google Patents
用于配置通信接口的方法和装置 Download PDFInfo
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H04—ELECTRIC COMMUNICATION TECHNIQUE
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- H04B3/00—Line transmission systems
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H04—ELECTRIC COMMUNICATION TECHNIQUE
- H04B—TRANSMISSION
- H04B3/00—Line transmission systems
- H04B3/54—Systems for transmission via power distribution lines
- H04B3/56—Circuits for coupling, blocking, or by-passing of signals
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01P—WAVEGUIDES; RESONATORS, LINES, OR OTHER DEVICES OF THE WAVEGUIDE TYPE
- H01P3/00—Waveguides; Transmission lines of the waveguide type
- H01P3/16—Dielectric waveguides, i.e. without a longitudinal conductor
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01P—WAVEGUIDES; RESONATORS, LINES, OR OTHER DEVICES OF THE WAVEGUIDE TYPE
- H01P5/00—Coupling devices of the waveguide type
- H01P5/08—Coupling devices of the waveguide type for linking dissimilar lines or devices
- H01P5/087—Transitions to a dielectric waveguide
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H02—GENERATION; CONVERSION OR DISTRIBUTION OF ELECTRIC POWER
- H02J—CIRCUIT ARRANGEMENTS OR SYSTEMS FOR SUPPLYING OR DISTRIBUTING ELECTRIC POWER; SYSTEMS FOR STORING ELECTRIC ENERGY
- H02J13/00—Circuit arrangements for providing remote indication of network conditions, e.g. an instantaneous record of the open or closed condition of each circuitbreaker in the network; Circuit arrangements for providing remote control of switching means in a power distribution network, e.g. switching in and out of current consumers by using a pulse code signal carried by the network
- H02J13/00006—Circuit arrangements for providing remote indication of network conditions, e.g. an instantaneous record of the open or closed condition of each circuitbreaker in the network; Circuit arrangements for providing remote control of switching means in a power distribution network, e.g. switching in and out of current consumers by using a pulse code signal carried by the network characterised by information or instructions transport means between the monitoring, controlling or managing units and monitored, controlled or operated power network element or electrical equipment
- H02J13/00007—Circuit arrangements for providing remote indication of network conditions, e.g. an instantaneous record of the open or closed condition of each circuitbreaker in the network; Circuit arrangements for providing remote control of switching means in a power distribution network, e.g. switching in and out of current consumers by using a pulse code signal carried by the network characterised by information or instructions transport means between the monitoring, controlling or managing units and monitored, controlled or operated power network element or electrical equipment using the power network as support for the transmission
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H02—GENERATION; CONVERSION OR DISTRIBUTION OF ELECTRIC POWER
- H02J—CIRCUIT ARRANGEMENTS OR SYSTEMS FOR SUPPLYING OR DISTRIBUTING ELECTRIC POWER; SYSTEMS FOR STORING ELECTRIC ENERGY
- H02J13/00—Circuit arrangements for providing remote indication of network conditions, e.g. an instantaneous record of the open or closed condition of each circuitbreaker in the network; Circuit arrangements for providing remote control of switching means in a power distribution network, e.g. switching in and out of current consumers by using a pulse code signal carried by the network
- H02J13/00006—Circuit arrangements for providing remote indication of network conditions, e.g. an instantaneous record of the open or closed condition of each circuitbreaker in the network; Circuit arrangements for providing remote control of switching means in a power distribution network, e.g. switching in and out of current consumers by using a pulse code signal carried by the network characterised by information or instructions transport means between the monitoring, controlling or managing units and monitored, controlled or operated power network element or electrical equipment
- H02J13/00016—Circuit arrangements for providing remote indication of network conditions, e.g. an instantaneous record of the open or closed condition of each circuitbreaker in the network; Circuit arrangements for providing remote control of switching means in a power distribution network, e.g. switching in and out of current consumers by using a pulse code signal carried by the network characterised by information or instructions transport means between the monitoring, controlling or managing units and monitored, controlled or operated power network element or electrical equipment using a wired telecommunication network or a data transmission bus
- H02J13/00017—Circuit arrangements for providing remote indication of network conditions, e.g. an instantaneous record of the open or closed condition of each circuitbreaker in the network; Circuit arrangements for providing remote control of switching means in a power distribution network, e.g. switching in and out of current consumers by using a pulse code signal carried by the network characterised by information or instructions transport means between the monitoring, controlling or managing units and monitored, controlled or operated power network element or electrical equipment using a wired telecommunication network or a data transmission bus using optical fiber
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H04—ELECTRIC COMMUNICATION TECHNIQUE
- H04B—TRANSMISSION
- H04B3/00—Line transmission systems
- H04B3/02—Details
- H04B3/03—Hybrid circuits
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- G—PHYSICS
- G01—MEASURING; TESTING
- G01R—MEASURING ELECTRIC VARIABLES; MEASURING MAGNETIC VARIABLES
- G01R31/00—Arrangements for testing electric properties; Arrangements for locating electric faults; Arrangements for electrical testing characterised by what is being tested not provided for elsewhere
- G01R31/08—Locating faults in cables, transmission lines, or networks
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- G—PHYSICS
- G01—MEASURING; TESTING
- G01R—MEASURING ELECTRIC VARIABLES; MEASURING MAGNETIC VARIABLES
- G01R31/00—Arrangements for testing electric properties; Arrangements for locating electric faults; Arrangements for electrical testing characterised by what is being tested not provided for elsewhere
- G01R31/08—Locating faults in cables, transmission lines, or networks
- G01R31/081—Locating faults in cables, transmission lines, or networks according to type of conductors
- G01R31/085—Locating faults in cables, transmission lines, or networks according to type of conductors in power transmission or distribution lines, e.g. overhead
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- G—PHYSICS
- G01—MEASURING; TESTING
- G01R—MEASURING ELECTRIC VARIABLES; MEASURING MAGNETIC VARIABLES
- G01R31/00—Arrangements for testing electric properties; Arrangements for locating electric faults; Arrangements for electrical testing characterised by what is being tested not provided for elsewhere
- G01R31/50—Testing of electric apparatus, lines, cables or components for short-circuits, continuity, leakage current or incorrect line connections
- G01R31/58—Testing of lines, cables or conductors
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- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
- Y02E—REDUCTION OF GREENHOUSE GAS [GHG] EMISSIONS, RELATED TO ENERGY GENERATION, TRANSMISSION OR DISTRIBUTION
- Y02E60/00—Enabling technologies; Technologies with a potential or indirect contribution to GHG emissions mitigation
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- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y04—INFORMATION OR COMMUNICATION TECHNOLOGIES HAVING AN IMPACT ON OTHER TECHNOLOGY AREAS
- Y04S—SYSTEMS INTEGRATING TECHNOLOGIES RELATED TO POWER NETWORK OPERATION, COMMUNICATION OR INFORMATION TECHNOLOGIES FOR IMPROVING THE ELECTRICAL POWER GENERATION, TRANSMISSION, DISTRIBUTION, MANAGEMENT OR USAGE, i.e. SMART GRIDS
- Y04S40/00—Systems for electrical power generation, transmission, distribution or end-user application management characterised by the use of communication or information technologies, or communication or information technology specific aspects supporting them
- Y04S40/12—Systems for electrical power generation, transmission, distribution or end-user application management characterised by the use of communication or information technologies, or communication or information technology specific aspects supporting them characterised by data transport means between the monitoring, controlling or managing units and monitored, controlled or operated electrical equipment
- Y04S40/121—Systems for electrical power generation, transmission, distribution or end-user application management characterised by the use of communication or information technologies, or communication or information technology specific aspects supporting them characterised by data transport means between the monitoring, controlling or managing units and monitored, controlled or operated electrical equipment using the power network as support for the transmission
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- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y04—INFORMATION OR COMMUNICATION TECHNOLOGIES HAVING AN IMPACT ON OTHER TECHNOLOGY AREAS
- Y04S—SYSTEMS INTEGRATING TECHNOLOGIES RELATED TO POWER NETWORK OPERATION, COMMUNICATION OR INFORMATION TECHNOLOGIES FOR IMPROVING THE ELECTRICAL POWER GENERATION, TRANSMISSION, DISTRIBUTION, MANAGEMENT OR USAGE, i.e. SMART GRIDS
- Y04S40/00—Systems for electrical power generation, transmission, distribution or end-user application management characterised by the use of communication or information technologies, or communication or information technology specific aspects supporting them
- Y04S40/12—Systems for electrical power generation, transmission, distribution or end-user application management characterised by the use of communication or information technologies, or communication or information technology specific aspects supporting them characterised by data transport means between the monitoring, controlling or managing units and monitored, controlled or operated electrical equipment
- Y04S40/124—Systems for electrical power generation, transmission, distribution or end-user application management characterised by the use of communication or information technologies, or communication or information technology specific aspects supporting them characterised by data transport means between the monitoring, controlling or managing units and monitored, controlled or operated electrical equipment using wired telecommunication networks or data transmission busses
Abstract
本主题公开的各方面可以包括例如用于在客户驻地装备和服务提供者装备之间交换电信号和导行电磁波以提供上行链路通信服务和/或下行链路通信服务的系统。公开了其它实施例。
Description
对相关申请的交叉引用
本申请要求于2014年12月4日提交的美国专利申请序列No.14/560,215的优先权。上述申请的内容通过引用被结合到本申请中,如同在本文中完全阐述一样。
技术领域
本主题公开涉及用于配置通信接口的方法和装置。
背景技术
随着智能电话和其它便携式设备日益变得普遍存在,并且数据使用增加,宏小区基站设备和现有的无线基础设施进而需要更高的带宽能力,以便解决增加的需求。为了提供额外的移动带宽,正在寻求小小区部署,其中微小区和微微小区提供比传统宏小区小得多的区域的覆盖。
此外,对向住宅和商业场所提供更高带宽互联网服务的需求持续增长。通常,这些服务对于上行链路通信和下行链路通信具有非对称的带宽,例如,下行链路通信比上行链路通信快。由于对数据下载(例如,流传输视频)的需求超过对数据上传的需求,因此这已经是被接受的做法。
附图说明
现在将参考附图,附图不一定按比例绘制,并且其中:
图1是图示根据本文所描述各个方面的导波通信系统的示例、非限制性实施例的框图。
图2是图示根据本文所描述各个方面的介电波导耦合器的示例、非限制性实施例的框图。
图3是图示根据本文所描述各个方面的介电波导耦合器的示例、非限制性实施例的框图。
图4是图示根据本文所描述各个方面的介电波导耦合器的示例、非限制性实施例的框图。
图5A和5B是图示根据本文所描述各个方面的介电波导耦合器和收发器的示例、非限制性实施例的框图。
图6是图示根据本文所描述各个方面的双介电波导耦合器的示例、非限制性实施例的框图。
图7是图示根据本文所描述各个方面的双向介电波导耦合器的示例、非限制性实施例的框图。
图8图示了图示根据本文所描述各个方面的双向介电波导耦合器的示例、非限制性实施例的框图。
图9图示了图示根据本文所描述各个方面的双向中继器系统的示例、非限制性实施例的框图。
图10A、10B和10C是图示根据本文所描述各个方面的开槽波导耦合器的示例、非限制性实施例的框图。
图11是图示根据本文所描述各个方面的波导耦合系统的示例、非限制性实施例的框图。
图12是图示根据本文所描述各个方面的波导耦合系统的示例、非限制性实施例的框图。
图13图示了如本文所描述的用于利用介电波导耦合器传送传输的方法的示例、非限制性实施例的流程图。
图14是图示根据本文所描述各个方面的波导系统的示例、非限制性实施例的框图。
图15A、15B、15C、15D、15E、15F和15G图示了如本文所描述的可由图14的波导系统检测到的干扰的源的示例、非限制性实施例。
图16是图示根据本文所描述各个方面的用于管理电网通信系统的系统的示例、非限制性实施例的框图。
图17A图示了用于检测和减轻在图16的系统的通信网络中发生的干扰的方法的示例、非限制性实施例的流程图。
图17B图示了用于检测和减轻在图16的系统的通信网络中发生的干扰的方法的示例、非限制性实施例的流程图。
图18A图示了如本文所描述的用于减轻由图14的波导系统检测到的干扰的示例、非限制性实施例。
图18B图示了如本文所描述的用于减轻由图14的波导系统检测到的干扰的另一个示例、非限制性实施例。
图19是根据本文所描述的各个方面的通信网络的示例、非限制性实施例的框图。
图20A图示了用于传送下行链路信号的方法的示例、非限制性实施例的流程图。
图20B图示了用于传送上行链路信号的方法的示例、非限制性实施例的流程图。
图21是根据本文所描述各个方面的计算环境的示例、非限制性实施例的框图。
图22是根据本文所描述各个方面的移动网络平台的示例、非限制性实施例的框图。
图23是根据本文所描述各个方面的通信设备的示例、非限制性实施例的框图。
具体实施方式
现在参考附图描述一种或多种实施例,其中相同的标号贯穿全文被用来指相同的元件。在以下描述中,为了解释的目的,阐述了许多细节,以便提供对各种实施例的透彻理解。但是,显然,各种实施例可以在没有这些细节(以及不应用到任何特定联网环境或标准)的情况下实现。
为了提供到附加基站设备的网络连接,将通信小区(例如,微小区和宏小区)链接到核心网络的网络设备的回程网络相应地扩展。类似地,为了提供到分布式天线系统的网络连接,期望链接基站设备及其分布式天线的扩展通信系统。可以提供导波通信系统以启用替代的、增加的或附加的网络连接,并且可以提供波导耦合系统以在导线上发送和/或接收导波(例如,表面波)通信,其中导线诸如是作为单导线传输线路(例如,公用设施线路)操作、作为波导操作和/或以其它方式操作以引导电磁波的传输的导线。
在实施例中,在波导耦合系统中使用的波导耦合器可以由介电材料或其它低损耗绝缘体(例如,特氟龙、聚乙烯等)制成,或者甚至由导电(例如,金属、非金属等)材料制成,或者是前述材料的任意组合。贯穿整个具体实施方式对“介电波导”的引用是为了说明的目的并且没有将实施例限制为仅由介电材料构成。在其它实施例中,其它介电或绝缘材料是可能的。应当认识到,在不脱离示例实施例的情况下,多种多样的传输介质可以与导波通信一起使用。这种传输介质的示例可以单独地或以一种或多种组合地包括以下中的一种或多种:导线,不论是否绝缘以及无论是单股还是多股;其它形状或构造的导体,包括导线束、电缆、杆、轨道、管道;非导体,诸如介电管道、杆、轨道或其它介电构件;导体和介电材料的组合;或其它导波传输介质。
出于这些和/或其它考虑,在一种或多种实施例中,一种装置包括便于第一电磁波至少部分地在波导表面上传播的波导,其中波导表面不完全或大部分围绕导线的导线表面,并且,响应于波导相对于导线被定位,第一电磁波至少部分地耦合到导线表面并且作为第二电磁波至少部分地在导线表面周围行进,并且其中第二电磁波具有用于沿导线纵向传播的至少一种波传播模式。
在另一种实施例中,一种装置包括具有限定波导的横截面区域的波导表面的波导,其中导线位于波导的横截面区域之外,使得至少部分地在导线表面上沿导线行进的第一电磁波至少部分地耦合到波导表面并且作为第二电磁波至少部分地在波导表面周围行进。
在实施例中,一种方法包括由传输设备发射至少部分地在波导的波导表面上传播的第一电磁波,其中波导不与导线同轴对准。该方法还可以包括在导线附近配置波导,以便于第一电磁波的至少一部分到导线表面的耦合,从而形成沿导线并且至少部分地在导线表面周围纵向传播的第二电磁波。
在另一种实施例中,一种装置在一种或多种实施例中包括具有由不平行的相对槽表面形成的槽的波导,其中相对的槽表面被隔开一定距离,该距离使得能够将导线插入槽中,其中波导便于第一电磁波至少部分地在波导表面上的传播,并且,响应于波导相对于导线被定位,第一电磁波至少部分地耦合到导线的导线表面,并且作为沿导线纵向传播的第二电磁波至少部分地在导线表面周围行进,并且其中第二电磁波具有至少一种波传播模式。
在另一种实施例中,一种装置在一种或多种实施例中包括波导,其中波导包括不导电并且适于在波导的波导表面上传播电磁波的材料,其中波导便于第一电磁波至少部分地在波导表面上的传播,并且,响应于波导相对于导线被定位,第一电磁波至少部分地耦合到导线的导线表面并且作为第二电磁波至少部分地在导线表面周围行进,并且其中第二电磁波具有用于沿导线纵向传播的至少一种波传播模式。
本主题公开的一种实施例包括一种具有波导的装置,该波导便于沿电网的导线的导线表面的电磁波的发送或接收,其还便于将电能传递到设备。该装置还可以包括一个或多个传感器,其便于感测对波导、导线、沿导线表面或波导表面传播的电磁波的发送或接收或它们的任何组合不利的干扰。
本主题公开的一种实施例包括一种方法,用于通过具有波导和传感器的装置发送沿着便于将电能传递到设备的导线的导线表面传播的电磁波,并且通过传感器感测对沿导线表面传播的电磁波不利的干扰。
本主题公开的一种实施例包括具有可执行指令的机器可读(例如,计算机可读、处理器可读等)存储介质,可执行指令在由处理器执行时便于操作的执行,这些操作包括利用或经由波导感生沿传输介质的表面引导的电磁波,以及从传感器收集感测数据,感测数据与对沿传输介质的表面引导的电磁波不利的干扰相关联。
本主题公开的一种实施例包括具有处理器和存储器的装置。处理器可以执行从耦合到传感器的波导系统接收遥测信息的操作,从遥测信息中检测对波导系统的操作、沿导线表面或波导表面的电磁波的发送或接收、或它们的组合中的一个不利的干扰,以及报告该干扰。波导系统可以包括可以相对于便于将电能传递到设备的电网的导线被定位的波导。波导还可以便于电磁波沿导线的导线表面的发送或接收,而传感器可以便于感测对电磁波不利的干扰。
本主题公开的一种实施例包括一种方法,用于由包括处理器的网络元件接收来自波导系统的遥测信息、由网络元件根据包括在遥测信息中的感测数据确定干扰、以及由网络元件向波导系统发送指令以调整电磁波的路由以避免或补偿所确定的干扰。波导系统可以便于电磁波沿电网的导线的导线表面的传输和对电磁波的发送或接收不利的干扰的感测。
本主题公开的一种实施例包括具有可执行指令的机器可读(例如,计算机可读、处理器可读等)存储介质,可执行指令在由处理器执行时便于操作的执行,包括从在用于将通信信号传递到耦合到电网的接收方通信设备的电网的导线的导线表面上感生电磁波的装置接收遥测信息,以及从遥测信息中检测对将通信信号传递到接收方通信设备不利的干扰。
本主题公开的一种实施例包括一种方法,用于通过数字订户线(DSL)设备接收沿耦合到DSL设备的第一传输介质的非导电材料传播的导行电磁波,并且通过DSL设备将第一电信号发送到耦合到DSL设备的第二传输介质的导电材料中。
本主题公开的一种实施例包括一种装置,该装置包括便于经由耦合该装置的至少第一对导体接收第一电信号的接收器;以及便于经由至少第二对导体发送第二电信号的发送器。第一电信号可以包括第一数据,而第二电信号可以由网络接口设备转换成由传输介质引导而无需电气返回的电磁波。电磁波可以包括由第二电信号提供的第二数据。
本主题公开的一种实施例包括一种装置,该装置包括便于从光纤电缆接收光信号并从光信号提取数据的光接收器,便于生成沿传输介质传播而无需电气返回路径来传送数据的导行电磁波的发送器,以及便于经由一对导体接收电信号的电接收器。
本文所描述的各种实施例涉及用于从导线发起和提取导波(例如,作为电磁波的表面波通信)传输的波导耦合系统。在毫米波频率(例如,30至300GHz)下,其中波长与装备的尺寸相比可以是小的,传输可以作为由波导引导的波传播,波导诸如一条或一定长度的介电材料或其它耦合器。导波的电磁场结构可以在波导的内部和/或在波导的外部。当使这个波导紧密接近导线(例如,公用设施线路或其它传输线路)时,导波的至少一部分与波导解耦并耦合到导线,并且继续作为导波传播,诸如在导线的表面附近的表面波。
根据示例实施例,表面波是由导线的表面引导的一种类型的导波,导线的表面可以包括导线的外部或外表面,或者导线的与具有不同属性(例如,介电属性)的另一种类型的介质相邻或暴露于其的另一个表面。实际上,在示例实施例中,引导表面波的导线的表面可以表示在两种不同类型介质之间的过渡表面。例如,在裸露或非绝缘导线的情况下,导线的表面可以是暴露于空气或自由空间的裸露或非绝缘导线的外或外部导电表面。作为另一个示例,在绝缘导线的情况下,取决于绝缘体、空气和/或导体的属性(例如,介电属性)的相对差异并且还取决于频率和传播模式或导波的模式,导线的表面可以是与导线的绝缘体部分相遇的导线的导电部分,或者可以以其它方式是暴露于空气或自由空间的导线的绝缘体表面,或者可以以其它方式是在导线的绝缘体表面和与导线的绝缘体部分相遇的导线的导电部分之间的任何材料区域。
根据示例实施例,诸如表面波的导波可以与经自由空间/空气的无线电传输或者通过导线的导体的电功率或信号的常规传播形成对比。实际上,利用本文所描述的表面波或导波系统,常规的电功率或信号仍然可以通过导线的导体传播或被发送,而导波(包括表面波和其它电磁波)可以根据示例实施例在导线的表面附近传播或被发送。在实施例中,表面波可以具有主要或基本上位于用来引导表面波的线路、导线或传输介质的外部的场结构(例如,电磁场结构)。
根据示例实施例,沿导线并在导线的外表面周围行进的电磁波是由在该导线附近沿波导行进的其它电磁波感生的。电磁波的感生可以独立于通过作为电路的一部分的导线被注入或以其它方式发送的任何电势、电荷或电流。应当认识到,虽然导线中的小电流可以响应于电磁波沿导线的传播而形成,但这可以是由于电磁波沿导线表面的传播,并且不响应于被注入作为电路的一部分的导线中的电势、电荷或电流而形成。因此,在导线上行进的电磁波不要求电路沿导线表面传播。因此,导线是单导线传输线路,它不是电路的一部分。而且,在一些实施例中,导线不是必需的,并且电磁波可以沿不是导线的单线路传输介质传播。
根据示例实施例,与导波(例如,表面波)结合使用的术语在导线“附近”可以包括基波传播模式和至少部分地在导线或其它传输介质周围具有圆形或基本上圆形的场分布(例如,电场、磁场、电磁场等)的其它导波。此外,当导波在导线或其它传输介质“附近”传播时,它可以根据不仅包括基波传播模式(例如,零阶模式)而且还附加地或替代地包括其它非基波传播模式(诸如高阶导波模式(例如,1阶模式、2阶模式等)、非对称模式和/或在导线或其它传输介质周围具有非圆形的场分布的其它导波(例如,表面波))的波传播模式而这样做。
例如,这种非圆形的场分布可以是单边的或多边的,具有特征在于相对较高的场强度的一个或多个轴向波瓣和/或特征在于相对低场强度、零场强度或基本上零场强度的一个或多个空值或空值区域。另外,根据示例实施例,场分布可以以其它方式在导线周围作为纵向轴向朝向的函数而变化,使得在导线周围的轴向朝向的一个或多个区域具有比轴向朝向的一个或多个其它区域高的电或磁场强度(或其组合)。应当认识到,波的较高阶模式或不对称模式的相对位置可以随着导波沿导线行进而变化。
现在参考图1,其中示出了示出导波通信系统100的示例、非限制性实施例的框图。导波通信系统100绘出了其中可以使用介电波导耦合系统的示例性环境。
导波通信系统100可以包括分布式系统150的第一实例,其包括可通信地耦合到中心局101和/或宏小区站点102的一个或多个基站设备(例如,基站设备104)。基站设备104可以通过有线(例如,光纤和/或电缆)或者通过无线(例如,微波无线)连接而连接到宏小区站点102和中心局101。分布式系统160的第二实例可以用于向移动设备122和住宅和/或商业场所142(本文称为场所142)提供无线语音和数据服务。系统100可以具有分布式系统150和160的附加实例,用于向移动设备122-124和场所142提供语音和/或数据服务,如图1所示。
宏小区(诸如宏小区站点102)可以具有到移动网络的专用连接并且基站设备104可以共享和/或以其它方式使用宏小区站点102的连接。中心局101可以用于向移动设备122-124和场所142分发媒体内容和/或提供互联网服务提供者(ISP)服务。中心局101可以从卫星130(其中一个在图1中示出)的星群(constellation)或其它内容源接收媒体内容,并且经由分布式系统150和160的第一和第二实例将这样的内容分发到移动设备122-124和场所142。中心局101还可以通信地耦合到互联网103,用于向移动设备122-124和场所142提供互联网数据服务。
基站设备104可以安装在或附连到电线杆116上。在其它实施例中,基站设备104可以是在变压器和/或在位于电力线附近的其它位置的附近。基站设备104可以便于移动设备122和124到移动网络的连接。分别安装在电线杆118和120上或靠近其的天线112和114可以从基站设备104接收信号并且将那些信号在比如果天线112和114位于基站设备104处或靠近其时宽得多的区域上发送到移动设备122和124。
应当注意的是,为了简单起见,图1在分布式系统150和160的每个实例中显示了三个电线杆,具有一个基站设备。在其它实施例中,电线杆116可以具有更多的基站设备,以及具有分布式天线和/或到场所142的系留(tethered)连接的更多电线杆。
介电波导耦合设备106可以经由连接电线杆116、118和120的(一条或多条)公用设施或电力线将信号从基站设备104发送到天线112和114。为了发送信号,无线电的源和/或耦合器106将来自基站设备104的信号(例如,经由混频)上变频或以其它方式将来自基站设备104的信号变频到毫米波频带信号,并且介电波导耦合设备106发起作为沿公用设施线路或其它导线行进的导波(例如,表面波或其它电磁波)传播的毫米波频带波。在电线杆118处,介电波导耦合设备108接收导波(并且可选地可以根据需要或期望来放大它或者操作为数字中继器以接收它并重新生成它)并且将其作为导波(例如,表面波或其它电磁波)在公用设施线路或其它导线上转发。介电波导耦合设备108还可以从毫米波频带导波中提取信号并将其频率向下移动或以其它方式将其变频到其原始蜂窝频带频率(例如,1.9GHz或其它定义的蜂窝频率)或另一个蜂窝(或非蜂窝)频带频率。天线112可以向移动设备122发送(例如,无线地发送)降频后的信号。根据需要或期望,该过程可以由介电波导耦合设备110、天线114和移动设备124重复。
来自移动设备122和124的发送也可以分别由天线112和114接收。介电波导耦合设备108和110上的中继器可以将蜂窝频带信号升频或以其它方式变频到毫米波频带,并且将信号作为导波(例如,表面波或其它电磁波)传输经(一条或多条)电力线发送到基站设备104。
由中心局101接收到的媒体内容可以经由基站设备104提供给分布式系统160的第二实例,以分发给移动设备122和场所142。介电波导耦合设备110可以通过一个或多个有线连接或无线接口系留到场所142。一个或多个有线连接可以包括但不限于电力线、同轴电缆、光纤电缆、双绞线电缆、或用于分发媒体内容和/或用于提供互联网服务的其它合适的有线介质。在示例实施例中,来自波导耦合设备110的有线连接可以通信地耦合到位于一个或多个对应服务区域接口(SAI,未示出)的一个或多个非常高比特速率数字订户线(VDSL)调制解调器,每个SAI向场所142的一部分提供服务。VDSL调制解调器可以用于选择性地向位于场所142中的网关(未示出)分发媒体内容和/或提供互联网服务。SAI还可以经有线介质(诸如电力线、同轴电缆、光纤电缆、双绞线电缆或其它合适的有线介质)通信地耦合到场所142。在其它示例性实施例中,波导耦合设备110可以通信地直接耦合到场所142,而无需诸如SAI的中间接口。
在另一种示例实施例中,系统100可以采用分集路径,其中两条或更多条公用设施线路或其它导线串接在电线杆116、118和120之间(例如,在电线杆116和120之间的两条或更多条导线),并且来自基站104的冗余传输作为导波在公用设施线路或其它导线的表面下方被发送。公用设施线路或其它导线可以是绝缘的或非绝缘的,并且取决于造成传输损耗的环境状况,耦合设备可以选择性地从绝缘或非绝缘公用设施线路或其它导线接收信号。该选择可以基于导线的信噪比的测量,或者基于所确定的天气/环境状况(例如,湿度检测器、天气预报等)。与系统100一起使用分集路径可以启用替代路由能力、负载均衡、增加的负载处理、并发的双向或同步通信、扩频通信等(参见图8的更多说明性细节)。
应当注意的是,图1中的介电波导耦合设备106、108和110的使用仅仅是示例性的,并且在其它实施例中,其它使用是可能的。例如,可以在回程通信系统中使用介电波导耦合设备,从而向基站设备提供网络连接性。介电波导耦合设备可以用在其中期望经导线(无论是绝缘的还是不绝缘的)发送导波通信的许多情况中。由于与可以携带高压的导线没有接触或者与导线具有有限的物理和/或电接触,由此介电波导耦合设备是对其它耦合设备的改进。利用介电波导耦合设备,该装置可以位于远离导线(例如,与导线隔开)和/或位于导线上,只要它不与导线电接触即可,因为电介质充当绝缘体,由此允许便宜、容易和/或较不复杂的安装。但是,如前所述,可以采用导电或非介电耦合器,例如在其中导线对应于电话网络、有线电视网络、宽带数据服务、光纤通信系统或采用低压或具有绝缘传输线的其它网络的配置中。
还应当注意的是,虽然在示例实施例中示出了基站设备104和宏小区站点102,但是其它网络配置同样是可能的。例如,可以以类似的方式采用诸如接入点或其它无线网关的设备来扩展其它网络(诸如无线局域网、无线个人区域网或者根据诸如802.11协议、WIMAX协议、UltraWideband协议、蓝牙协议、Zigbee协议或其它无线协议的通信协议操作的其它无线网络)的范围。
现在转到图2,其中示出了根据本文所描述各个方面的介电波导耦合系统200的示例、非限制性实施例的框图。系统200包括介电波导204,其具有作为导波在介电波导204的波导表面附近传播的波206。在实施例中,介电波导204是弯曲的,并且波导204的至少一部分可以被放在导线202附近,以便便于波导204和导线202之间的耦合,如本文所描述的。介电波导204可以被放置成使得弯曲的介电波导204的一部分与导线202平行或基本上平行。介电波导204的与导线平行的部分可以是曲线的顶点或者曲线的切线与导线202平行的任何点。当介电波导204如此被定位或放置时,沿介电波导204行进的波206至少部分地耦合到导线202,并且作为导波208在导线202的导线表面周围或附近并且沿导线202纵向地传播。导波208可以被特征化为表面波或其它电磁波,但是在不背离示例实施例的情况下也可以支持其它类型的导波208。波206没有耦合到导线202的一部分作为沿介电波导204的波210传播。应当认识到,介电波导204可以相对于导线202在各种位置中被配置和布置,以实现波206到导线202的期望水平的耦合或不耦合。例如,与导线202平行或基本上平行的介电波导214的曲率和/或长度,以及其到导线202的间隔距离(在实施例中,这可以包括零间隔距离)可以在不背离示例实施例的情况下变化。同样,介电波导204相对于导线202的布置可以基于对导线202和介电波导204的相应固有特性(例如,厚度、组成、电磁属性等)以及波206和208的特性(例如,频率、能量水平等)的考虑而变化。
即使在导线202弯曲和屈曲时,导波208也保持与导线202平行或基本上平行。导线202中的弯曲可以增加传输损耗,传输损耗还取决于导线直径、频率和材料。如果为了高效的功率传输而选择介电波导204的维度,那么波206中的大部分功率被转移到导线202,在波210中剩余的功率很少。应当认识到的是,导波208本质上仍然可以是多模式(本文中讨论的),包括具有非基波(non-fundamental)或不对称的模式,同时沿着与导线202平行或基本上平行的路径行进,具有或不具有基波(fundamental)传输模式。在实施例中,非基波或不对称模式可以用于最小化传输损耗和/或获得增加的传播距离。
应当注意的是,术语“平行”一般是几何构造,其在实际系统中常常是不可精确实现的。相应地,当用来描述本公开中公开的实施例时,如在本公开中使用的术语“平行”表示近似而不是精确配置。在实施例中,基本上平行可以包括在所有维度上在真正平行的30度内的近似。
在实施例中,波206可以表现出一个或多个波传播模式。介电波导模式可以取决于波导204的形状和/或设计。波206的一个或多个介电波导模式可以生成、影响或冲击沿导线202传播的导波208的一个或多个波传播模式。在实施例中,导线202上的波传播模式可以类似于介电波导模式,因为波206和208两者分别在介电波导204和导线202的外部周围传播。在一些实施例中,当波206耦合到导线202时,由于介电波导204和导线202之间的耦合,模式可以改变形式,或者新的模式可以被创建或生成。例如,介电波导204和导线202的尺寸、材料和/或阻抗的不同可以创建介电波导模式中不存在的附加模式和/或可以抑制一些介电波导模式。波传播模式可以包括基波横向电磁模式(Quasi-TEM00),其中仅小的电场和/或磁场在传播方向上延伸,并且电场和磁场在导波沿导线传播的同时径向向外延伸。这种导波模式可以是环形的,其中在介电波导204或导线202内几乎不存在电磁场。
波206和208可以包括基波TEM模式,其中场径向向外延伸,并且还包括其它的非基波(例如,不对称的、更高级的等)模式。虽然上面讨论了特定的波传播模式,但是基于所采用的频率、介电波导204的设计、导线202的维度和组成以及其表面特性、其可选的绝缘、周围环境的电磁属性等,其它波传播模式同样是可能的,这些其它波传播模式诸如横向电(TE)模式和横向磁(TM)模式。应当注意的是,取决于频率、导线202的电和物理特性以及所生成的特定波传播模式,导波208可以沿氧化的非绝缘导线、未氧化的非绝缘导线、绝缘导线的导电表面和/或沿绝缘导线的绝缘表面行进。
在实施例中,介电波导204的直径小于导线202的直径。对于所使用的毫米波频带波长,介电波导204支持构成波206的单波导模式。这种单波导模式可以在其作为表面波208耦合到导线202时改变。如果介电波导204更大,那么可以支持多于一个波导模式,但是这些附加的波导模式可能无法高效地耦合到导线202,并且会导致更高的耦合损耗。但是,在一些替代实施例中,介电波导204的直径可以等于或大于导线202的直径,例如,在期望更高耦合损耗的地方或者当与其它技术结合使用以便以其它方式减小耦合损耗时(例如,通过逐渐变细(tapering)的阻抗匹配,等等)。
在实施例中,波206和208的波长在尺寸上相当,或者小于介电波导204和导线202的周长。在示例中,如果导线202具有0.5cm的直径和大约1.5cm的对应周长,那么传输的波长是大约1.5cm或更小,对应于20GHz或更大的频率。在另一种实施例中,传输和载波信号的合适频率在30-100GHz的范围内,可能是大约30-60GHz,并且在一个示例中是大约38GHz。在实施例中,当介电波导204和导线202的周长在尺寸上相当于或大于传输的波长时,波206和208可以表现出在足够的距离上传播以支持本文所描述的各种通信系统的多波传播模式,包括基波和/或非基波(对称和/或不对称)模式。因此,波206和208可以包括多于一种类型的电和磁场配置。在实施例中,当导波208沿导线202传播时,电和磁场配置将从导线202的一端到另一端保持相同。在其它实施例中,当导波208遇到干扰或者由于传输损耗而损失能量时,电和磁场配置可以随着导波208沿导线202传播而改变。
在实施例中,介电波导204可以由尼龙、特氟龙、聚乙烯、聚酰胺或其它塑料构成。在其它实施例中,其它介电材料是可能的。导线202的导线表面可以是具有裸露的金属表面的金属,或者可以使用塑料、电介质、绝缘体或其它护套来绝缘。在实施例中,介电或其它非导电/绝缘波导可以与裸/金属导线或绝缘导线配对。在其它实施例中,金属和/或导电波导可以与裸/金属导线或绝缘导线配对。在实施例中,在导线202的裸露金属表面上的氧化层(例如,由于裸露金属表面暴露于氧/空气而产生)也可以提供类似于由一些绝缘体或护套提供的绝缘或介电属性。
应当注意的是,波206、208和210的图形表示仅仅是为了说明波206在例如作为单导线传输线路操作的导线202上感生或以其它方式发起导波208的原理。波210表示在生成导波208之后保留在介电波导204上的波206的部分。作为这种波传播的结果而生成的实际电和磁场可以取决于所采用的频率、一个或多个特定波传播模式、介电波导204的设计、导线202的维度和组成以及其表面特性、其可选的绝缘、周围环境的电磁属性等而变化。
应当注意的是,介电波导204可以在介电波导204的端部包括可吸收来自波210的剩余辐射或能量的终止电路或阻尼器214。终止电路或阻尼器214可以防止和/或最小化来自波210的朝发送器电路212反射回的剩余辐射或能量。在实施例中,终止电路或阻尼器214可以包括终止电阻器和/或执行阻抗匹配以衰减反射的其它部件。在一些实施例中,如果耦合效率足够高,和/或波210足够小,那么可能不必使用终止电路或阻尼器214。为了简单起见,这些发送器电路212和终止电路或阻尼器214在其它图中没有绘出,但是在那些实施例中,会有可能使用发送器电路和终止电路或阻尼器。
另外,虽然给出了生成单个导波208的单个介电波导204,但是可以采用在沿导线202的不同点和/或在导线周围的不同轴向朝向放置的多个介电波导204,以生成和接收处于相同或不同频率、处于相同或不同相位、处于相同或不同波传播模式的多个导波208。一个或多个导波208可以被调制,以经由诸如相移键控、频移键控、正交幅度调制、幅度调制、多载波调制的调制技术以及诸如频分复用、时分复用、码分复用、经由不同波传播模式的复用的多址技术以及经由其它调制和接入策略来传送数据。
现在转到图3,其中示出了根据本文所描述各个方面的介电波导耦合系统300的示例、非限制性实施例的框图。系统300包括介电波导304和导线302,导线302具有作为导波在导线302的导线表面附近传播的波306。在示例实施例中,波306可以被特征化为表面波或其它电磁波。
在示例实施例中,介电波导304是弯曲的或以其它方式具有曲率,并且可以被放在导线302附近,使得弯曲的介电波导304的一部分与导线302平行或基本上平行。与导线平行的介电波导304的部分可以是曲线的顶点,或者是曲线的切线与导线302平行的任何点。当介电波导304在导线附近时,沿导线302行进的导波306可以耦合到介电波导304并且作为导波308在介电波导304附近传播。没有耦合到介电波导304的导波306的一部分作为导波310(例如,表面波或其它电磁波)沿导线302传播。
即使当导线302和介电波导304弯曲和屈曲时,导波306和308也分别保持与导线302和介电波导304平行。弯曲会增加传输损耗,传输损耗还取决于导线直径、频率和材料。如果为了高效的功率传输而选择介电波导304的维度,那么导波306中的大部分能量耦合到介电波导304,并且很少保留在导波310中。
在实施例中,接收器电路可以放在波导304的端部上,以便接收波308。终止电路可以被放在波导304的相对端部上,以便接收在与耦合到波导304的导波306相反方向上行进的导波。因此,终止电路将防止和/或最小化由接收器电路接收到的反射。如果反射小,那么终止电路可能是不必要的。
应当注意的是,介电波导304可以被配置成使得表面波306的所选择的偏振作为导波308耦合到介电波导304。例如,如果导波306由具有相应偏振的导波或波传播模式组成,那么介电波导304可以被配置成接收所选择的偏振的一个或多个导波。因此,耦合到介电波导304的导波308是对应于所选择的偏振中的一个或多个的导波集合,并且导波310进一步可以包括不与所选择的偏振匹配的导波。
介电波导304可以被配置成基于在放置介电波导304的导线302周围的角度/旋转来接收特定偏振的导波。例如,如果导波306被水平偏振,那么导波306的大部分作为波308被转移到介电波导。但是,当介电波导304绕导线302旋转90度时,来自导波306的大部分能量将作为导波310保持耦合到导线,并且只有一小部分将作为波308耦合到导线302。
应当注意的是,在图3和说明书的其它图中利用三个圆形符号示出了波306、308和310。这些符号用于表示一般的导波,但不暗示波306、308和310必须是圆形偏振的或以其它方式圆形定向的。事实上,波306、308和310可以包括基波TEM模式,其中场径向向外延伸,并且还包括其它非基波(例如,更高级的等)模式。这些模式在本质上也可以是不对称的(例如,径向、双边、三边、四边等等)。
还应当注意的是,经导线的导波通信可以是全双工的,从而允许在两个方向上的同时通信。在一个方向行进的波可以穿过在相反方向行进的波。由于应用到波的叠加原理,电磁场可以在某些点和短时间内抵消。在相反方向行进的波传播,就像其它波不在那里一样,但是对观察者的复合效果可以是静止的驻波图案。当导波彼此穿过并且不再处于叠加状态时,干扰减弱。当导波(例如,表面波或其它电磁波)耦合到波导并离开导线时,由于其它导波(例如,表面波或其它电磁波)引起的任何干扰减弱。在实施例中,当导波306(例如,表面波或其它电磁波)接近介电波导304时,在导线302上从左到右行进的另一导波(例如,表面波或其它电磁波)(未示出)经过,从而造成局部干扰。当导波306作为波308耦合到介电波导304并且从导线302离开时,由于经过的导波引起的任何干扰减弱。
应当注意的是,给出波306、308和310的图形表示仅仅是为了示出导波306在电介波导304上感生或以其它方式发起波308的原理。导波310表示在生成波308之后保留在导线302上的导波306的一部分。作为这种导波传播的结果而生成的实际电和磁场可以取决于介电波导的形状和/或设计、介电波导与导线的相对位置、所采用的频率、介电波导304的设计、导线302的维度和组成以及其表面特性、其可选的绝缘、周围环境的电磁属性等中的一个或多个而变化。
现在转到图4,其中示出了根据本文所述各个方面的介电波导耦合系统400的示例、非限制性实施例的框图。系统400包括介电波导404,其具有作为导波在介电波导404的波导表面附近传播的波406。在实施例中,介电波导404是弯曲的,并且介电波导404的端部可以系到、紧固到或以其它方式机械耦合到导线402。当介电波导404的端部紧固到导线402时,介电波导404的端部与导线402平行或基本上平行。可替代地,超过端部的介电波导的另一部分可以紧固或耦合到导线402,使得紧固或耦合部分与导线402平行或基本上平行。耦合设备410可以是与介电波导404分离或构造为介电波导404的集成部件的尼龙电缆扎带或其它类型的非导电/介电材料。介电波导404可以与导线402邻近而不围绕导线402。
当介电波导404被放成其端部与导线402平行时,沿介电波导404行进的导波406耦合到导线402,并且作为导波408在导线402的导线表面附近传播。在示例实施例中,导波408可以被特征化为表面波或其它电磁波。
应当注意的是,给出波406和408的图形表示仅仅是为了示出波406在例如作为单导线传输线路操作的导线402上感生或以其它方式发起导波408的原理。作为这种波传播的结果而生成的实际电和磁场可以取决于介电波导的形状和/或设计、介电波导与导线的相对位置、所采用的频率、介电波导404的设计、导线402的维度和组成以及其表面特性、其可选的绝缘、周围环境的电磁属性等等当中一个或多个而改变。
在实施例中,介电波导404的端部可以朝导线402逐渐变细,以便增加耦合效率。实际上,根据本公开的示例实施例,介电波导404的端部的逐渐变细可以为导线402提供阻抗匹配。例如,介电波导404的端部可以逐渐变细,以便获得如图4中所示的波406和408之间的期望水平的耦合。
在实施例中,耦合设备410可以被放成使得在耦合设备410和介电波导404的端部之间存在短长度的介电波导404。当超过耦合设备410的介电波导404的端部的长度是用于正被发送的任何频率的至少几个波长长时,最大的耦合效率得以实现。
现在转到图5A,其中示出了根据本文所描述各个方面的介电波导耦合器和收发器系统500(本文统称为系统500)的示例、非限制性实施例的框图。系统500包括发起和接收波(例如,到介电波导502上的导波504)的发送器/接收器设备506。导波504可以用于通过通信接口501传输从基站520、移动设备522或建筑物524接收到的信号以及发送到它们的信号。通信接口501可以是系统500的整体组成部分。可替代地,通信接口501可以系留(tethered)到系统500。通信接口501可以包括无线接口,用于利用各种无线信令协议(例如,LTE、WiFi、WiMAX、IEEE 802.xx等)中的任何一个与基站520、移动设备522或建筑物524相接口(interfacing)。通信接口501还可以包括有线接口,诸如光纤线路、同轴电缆、双绞线或用于向基站520或建筑物524发送信号的其它合适的有线介质。对于其中系统500用作中继器的实施例,通信接口501可以是不必要的。
通信接口501的输出信号(例如,Tx)可以在混频器510处与由本地振荡器512生成的毫米波载波组合。混频器510可以使用外差(heterodyning)技术或其它频移技术来频移来自通信接口501的输出信号。例如,发送到通信接口501和从通信接口501发送的信号可以是调制信号,诸如根据长期演进(LTE)无线协议或其它无线3G、4G、5G或更高的语音和数据协议、Zigbee、WIMAX,UltraWideband或IEEE 802.11无线协议或其它无线协议格式化的正交频分复用(OFDM)信号。在示例实施例中,这种频率转换可以在模拟域中进行,因此,可以在不考虑基站520、移动设备522或建筑物内设备524使用的通信协议的类型的情况下进行频移。随着新通信技术被开发,通信接口501可以被升级或替换,并且频移和传输装置可以保留,从而简化升级。载波可以接着被发送到功率放大器(“PA”)514并且可以经由双工器516经由发送器接收器设备506被发送。
从发送器/接收器设备506接收到的朝通信接口501引导的信号可以经由双工器516与其它信号分离。传输可以接着被发送到低噪声放大器(“LNA”)518用于放大。借助于本地振荡器512,混频器520可以将传输(在一些实施例中在毫米波频带中或大约38GHz)降频到固有(native)频率。通信接口501可以接着在输入端口(Rx)处接收传输。
在实施例中,发送器/接收器设备506可以包括圆柱形或非圆柱形金属(例如,其在实施例中可以是中空的,但不一定按比例绘制)或其它导电或非导电波导,并且介电波导502的端部可以放在波导或发送器/接收器设备506中或与其接近,使得当发送器/接收器设备506生成传输时,导波耦合到介电波导502并作为导波504在介电波导502的波导表面附近传播。在一些实施例中,导波504可以部分地在介电波导502的外表面上传播并且部分地在介电波导502内部传播。在其它实施例中,导波504可以基本上或完全地在介电波导502的外表面上传播。在还有的其它实施例中,导波504可以基本上或完全地在介电波导502内部传播。在后一种实施例中,导波504可以在介电波导502的端部(诸如图4所示的锥形端)处辐射,用于耦合到诸如图4的导线402的传输介质。类似地,如果导波504正在传入(从导线耦合到介电波导502),那么导波504接着进入发送器/接收器设备506并耦合到圆柱形波导或导电波导。虽然发送器/接收器设备506被示为包括单独的波导——但是可以采用天线、空腔谐振器、速调管、磁控管、行波管或其它辐射元件来在波导502上感生导波,而不需要单独的波导。
在实施例中,介电波导502可以完全由介电材料(或其它合适的绝缘材料)构成,其中没有任何金属或其它导电材料。介电波导502可以由尼龙、特氟龙、聚乙烯、聚酰胺、其它塑料或其它不导电并适于便于电磁波至少部分地在这些材料的外表面上传输的材料组成。在另一种实施例中,介电波导502可以包括导电/金属的芯,并且具有外部介电表面。类似地,耦合到介电波导502用于传播由介电波导502感生出的电磁波或用于向介电波导502提供电磁波的传输介质可以完全由介电材料(或其它合适的绝缘材料)构成,其中没有任何金属或其它导电材料。
应当注意的是,虽然图5A示出发送器接收器设备506的开口比介电波导502宽得多,但这不是按比例的,并且在其它实施例中,介电波导502的宽度与中空波导的开口相当或略小。也未示出,但是在一种实施例中,插入到发送器/接收器设备506中的波导502的端部逐渐变细,以便减少反射并增加耦合效率。
发送器/接收器设备506可以通信地耦合到通信接口501,并且可替代地,发送器/接收器设备506还可以通信地耦合到图1所示的一个或多个分布式天线112和114。在其它实施例中,发送器/接收器设备506可以包括用于回程网络的中继器系统的一部分。
在耦合到介电波导502之前,由发送器/接收器设备506生成的导波的一个或多个波导模式可以耦合到介电波导502,以感生导波504的一个或多个波传播模式。由于中空金属波导和介质波导的不同特性,导波504的波传播模式可以不同于中空金属波导模式。例如,导波504的波传播模式可以包括基波横向电磁模式(Quasi-TEM00),其中只有小的电场和/或磁场在传播方向上延伸,并且电场和磁场从介电波导502径向向外延伸,而导波沿介电波导502传播。在中空的波导内部可以不存在基波横向电磁模式波传播模式。因此,由发送器/接收器设备506使用的中空金属波导模式是可以有效且高效地耦合到介电波导502的波传播模式的波导模式。
应当认识到的是,发送器/接收器设备506和介电波导502的其它构造或组合是可能的。例如,介电波导502'可以相对于如参考图5B的500'绘出的发送器/接收器设备506'(对应的电路系统未示出)的中空金属波导的外表面切向或平行(有或没有间隙)放置。在另一种实施例中,参考500'未示出的,介电波导502'可以放置在发送器/接收器设备506'的中空金属波导内部,而无需介电波导502'的轴线与发送器/接收器设备506'的中空金属波导的轴线同轴对准。在这些实施例中的任一个中,由发送器/接收器设备506'生成的导波可以耦合到介电波导502'的表面,以在介电波导502'上感生导波504'的一个或多个波传播模式,包括基本模式(例如,对称模式)和/或非基本模式(例如,非对称模式)。
在一种实施例中,导波504'可以部分地在介电波导502'的外表面上传播并且部分地在介电波导502'内部传播。在另一种实施例中,导波504'可以基本上或完全地在介电波导502'的外表面上传播。在还有的其它实施例中,导波504'可以基本上或完全地在介电波导502'内部传播。在后一种实施例中,导波504'可以在介电波导502'的端部(诸如图4所示的逐渐变细的端部)处辐射,用于耦合到诸如图4的导线402的传输介质。
还将认识到的是,发送器/接收器设备506的其它构造是可能的。例如,在图5B中绘出作为参考500”的发送器/接收器设备506”(对应的电路系统未示出)的中空金属波导可以在不使用介电波导502的情况下相对于诸如图4的导线402的传输介质的外表面切向或平行(有或没有间隙)放置。在该实施例中,由发送器/接收器设备506”生成的导波可以耦合到导线402的表面,以在导线402上感生导波408的一个或多个波传播模式,包括基本模式(例如,对称模式)和/或非基本模式(例如,非对称模式)。在另一种实施例中,导线402可以位于发送器/接收器设备506”'(对应的电路系统未示出)的中空金属波导内部,使得导线402的轴线与中空金属波导的轴线同轴(或不同轴)对准,而不使用介电波导502—参见图5B的参考500”',还参见下面描述的图10A-10C。在该实施例中,由发送器/接收器设备506”'生成的导波可以耦合到导线402的表面,以在导线上感生导波波408的一个或多个波传播模式,包括基本模式(例如,对称模式)和/或非基本模式(例如,非对称模式)。
在500”和500”'的实施例中,导波408可以部分地在导线402的外表面上传播并且部分地在导线402内部传播。在另一种实施例中,导波408可以基本上或完全地在导线402的外表面上传播。导线402可以是裸导体或具有绝缘外表面的导体。
现在转到图6,其中示出了示出根据本文所描述各个方面的双介电波导耦合系统600的示例、非限制性实施例的框图。在实施例中,两个或更多个介电波导(例如,604和606)可以在导线602周围定位,以便接收导波608。在实施例中,导波608可以被特征化为表面波或其它电磁波。在实施例中,一个介电波导足以接收导波608。在那种情况下,导波608耦合到介电波导604并作为导波610传播。如果导波608的场结构由于各种外部因素而在导线602周围振荡或波动,那么介电波导606可以被放成使得导波608耦合到介电波导606。在一些实施例中,四个或更多个介电波导可以被放在导线602的一部分周围,例如,相对于彼此处于90度或其它间距,以便接收可以在导线602周围振荡或旋转的导波,其中导波已经在不同的轴向朝向被感生出或具有例如具有依赖朝向的波瓣和/或空值或其它不对称性的非基波或更高阶模式。但是,应当认识到,在不背离示例实施例的情况下,可以在导线602的一部分周围放置少于或多于四个介电波导。还将认识到,虽然一些示例实施例已经给出了在导线602的至少一部分周围的多个介电波导,但是这多个介电波导也可以被认为是具有多个介电波导子成分的单个介电波导系统的一部分。例如,两个或更多个介电波导可以被制造为单个系统,该系统可以在单次安装中安装在导线周围,使得介电波导根据该单个系统相对于彼此(手动地或自动地)预定位或可调节。耦合到介质波导606和604的接收器可以使用分集组合来组合从两个介质波导606和604接收的信号,以便最大化信号质量。在其它实施例中,如果介电波导604和606中的一个或另一个接收到高于预定阈值的传输,那么接收器可以在决定使用哪个信号时使用选择分集。
应当注意的是,给出波608和610的图形表示仅仅是为了示出导波608在介电波导604上感生或以其它方式发起波610的原理。作为这种波传播的结果而生成的实际电场和磁场可以取决于所采用的频率、介电波导604的设计、导线602的维度和组成以及其表面特性、其可选的绝缘、周围环境的电磁属性等而变化。
现在转到图7,示出了根据本文所描述各个方面的双向介电波导耦合系统700的示例、非限制性实施例的框图。在系统700中,两个介质波导704和714可以放在导线702附近,使得沿导线702传播的导波(例如,表面波或其它电磁波)作为波706耦合到介电波导704,并且接着被中继器设备710提升(boost)或中继并且作为导波716被发起到介电波导714上。导波716可以接着耦合到导线702并继续沿导线702传播。在实施例中,中继器设备710可以接收用于通过与导线702的磁耦合来提升或中继的功率的至少一部分,导线702可以是电力线。
在一些实施例中,中继器设备710可以中继与波706相关联的传输,并且在其它实施例中,中继器设备710可以与位于中继器设备710附近的分布式天线系统和/或基站设备相关联。接收器波导708可以从介电波导704接收波706,并且发送器波导712可以将导波716发起到介电波导714上。在接收器波导708和发送器波导712之间,信号可以被放大,以校正信号损失和与导波通信相关联的其它低效率,或者信号可以被接收和处理以提取其中包含的数据并再生成用于传输。在实施例中,信号可以从传输中提取并且被处理以及经由可通信耦合到中继器设备710的分布式天线以其它方式发射到附近的移动设备。类似地,由分布式天线接收的信号和/或通信可以插入到由发送器波导712生成并发起到介电波导714上的传输中。相应地,图7中所绘出的中继器系统700在功能上可以与图1中的介电波导耦合设备108和110相当。
应当注意的是,虽然图7示出了分别从左边进入和从右边离开的导波传输706和716,但这仅仅是简化而不旨在是限制。在其它实施例中,接收器波导708和发送器波导712还可以分别充当发送器和接收器,从而允许中继器设备710是双向的。
在实施例中,中继器设备710可以放在导线702上存在不连续或障碍物的位置处。这些障碍物可以包括变压器、连接、电线杆和其它此类电力线设备。中继器设备710可以帮助导波(例如,表面波)跳过线路上的这些障碍物并且同时提升传输功率。在其它实施例中,可以使用介电波导来跳过障碍物而不使用中继器设备。在该实施例中,介电波导的两端可以系在或紧固到导线上,从而为导波提供行进的路径而不被障碍物阻挡。
现在转到图8,其中示出了根据本文所描述各个方面的双向介电波导耦合器800的示例、非限制性实施例的框图。双向介电波导耦合器800可以在两条或更多条导线串接在电线杆之间的情况下采用分集路径。由于导波传输基于天气、降水和大气状况对绝缘导线和非绝缘导线具有不同的传输效率和耦合效率,因此在某些时候选择性地在绝缘导线或非绝缘导线上发送会是有利的。
在图8所示的实施例中,中继器设备使用接收器波导808接收沿未绝缘导线802行进的导波,并且利用发送器波导810中继传输作为沿绝缘导线804的导波。在其它实施例中,中继器设备可以从绝缘导线804切换到非绝缘导线802,或者可以沿相同的路径中继传输。中继器设备806可以包括传感器,或者与指示会影响传输的状况的传感器通信。基于从传感器接收的反馈,中继器设备806可以确定是沿着同一导线保持传输还是将传输转移到另一条导线。
现在转到图9,其中示出了示出双向中继器系统900的示例、非限制性实施例的框图。双向中继器系统900包括接收和发送来自位于分布式天线系统或回程系统中的其它耦合设备的传输的波导耦合设备902和904。
在各种实施例中,波导耦合设备902可以接收来自另一波导耦合设备的传输,其中该传输具有多个子载波。双工器906可以将该传输与其它传输分离,并且将该传输指引到低噪声放大器(“LNA”)908。在本地振荡器912的帮助下,混频器928可以将传输降频(其在一些实施例中在毫米波频带内或大约38GHz)到较低频率,无论它是用于分布式天线系统的蜂窝频带(1.9GHz)、固有频率还是用于回程系统的其它频率。提取器932可以提取与天线或其它输出部件922相对应的子载波上的信号,并将该信号指引到输出部件922。对于在这个天线位置处未被提取的信号,提取器932可以将它们重定向到另一混频器936,其中这些信号被用来调制由本地振荡器914生成的载波。利用其子载波,载波被指引到功率放大器(“PA”)916并且被波导耦合设备904经由同向双工器(diplexer)920重新发送到另一个中继器系统。
在输出设备922(分布式天线系统中的天线)处,PA 924可以提升用于传输到移动设备的信号。LNA 926可以被用来放大从移动设备接收的弱信号,接着将该信号发送到多路复用器934,多路复用器934将该信号与已经从波导耦合设备904接收的信号合并。从耦合设备904接收的信号已经被同向双工器920分离,接着通过LNA 918,并由混频器938降频。当信号由多路复用器934组合时,它们由混频器930升频,接着由PA 910提升,并且通过波导耦合设备902继续发送到另一个中继器或者发送回到发起器。在实施例中,双向中继器系统900可以仅仅是没有天线/输出设备922的中继器。应当认识到,在一些实施例中,双向中继器系统900还可以利用两个不同且分离的单向中继器来实现。在替代实施例中,双向中继器系统900还可以是提升器(booster)或以其它方式执行重新传输而无需降频和升频。实际上,在示例实施例中,重新传输可以基于在信号或导波的重新传输之前接收信号或导波并执行某种信号或导波处理或重新整形、滤波和/或放大。
现在转到图10A、10B和10C,其中示出了根据本文所描述各个方面的开槽波导耦合器系统1000的示例、非限制性实施例的框图。
在图10A中,波导耦合器系统包括相对于波导1002定位的导线1006,使得导线1006适配于在波导1002中形成的、相对于导线1004纵向延伸的槽内或其附近。波导1002的相对端部1004a和1004b以及波导1002本身围绕导线1006的导线表面小于180度。
在图10B中,波导耦合器系统包括相对于波导1008定位的导线1014,使得导线1014适配于在波导1008中形成的、相对于导线1004纵向延伸的槽内或其附近。波导1008的槽表面可以是不平行的,并且在图10B中示出了两个不同的示例性实施例。在第一个示例性实施例中,槽表面1010a和1010b可以是不平行的并且向外朝向,比导线1014的宽度略宽。在另一个示例性实施例中,槽表面1012a和1012b仍然可以是不平行的,但是是窄的以形成比导线1014的宽度小的槽开口。任何角度范围的不平行槽表面都是可能的,这些是其中的两个示例性实施例。
在图10C中,波导耦合器系统示出了适配于在波导1016中形成的槽内的导线1020。在该示例性实施例中的槽表面1018a和1018b可以是平行的,但是导线1020的轴线1026不与波导1016的轴线1024对准。因此,波导1016和导线1020不同轴对准。在另一种实施例中,如图所示,在1022处的导线的可能位置也具有不与波导1016的轴线1024对准的轴线1028。
应当认识到,虽然示出a)围绕导线小于180度的波导表面,b)不平行的槽表面,以及c)同轴未对准的导线和波导的三个不同的实施例在图10A、10B和10C中单独地示出,但是,在各种实施例中,列出的特征的不同组合是可能的。
现在转到图11,其中示出了根据本文所描述各个方面的波导耦合系统1100的示例、非限制性实施例。图11绘出了在图2、3、4等中示出的波导和导线实施例的横截面图。如在1100中可以看到的,导线1104可以直接定位在与波导1102相邻并且接触。在其它实施例中,如图12中的波导耦合系统1200所示,导线1204仍然可以被放置在靠近但不实际接触波导条1202。在这两种情况下,沿波导行进的电磁波可以在电线上感生其它电磁波,反之亦然。此外,在两种实施例中,导线1104和1204被放置在由波导1102和1202的外表面限定的横截面区域的外部。
为了本公开的目的,当在横截面中观察时,当波导不围绕大于180度的表面的轴向区域时,波导不是大部分围绕导线的导线表面。为了避免疑问,当在横截面中观察时,当波导围绕180度或更小的表面的轴向区域时,波导不是大部分围绕导线的表面。
应当认识到,虽然图11和12示出了具有圆形形状的导线1104和1204以及具有矩形形状的波导1102和1202,但这并不意味着限制。在其它实施例中,导线和波导可以具有各种形状、尺寸和构造。形状可以包括但不限于:卵形或其它椭圆形状、八边形、四边形或具有尖状或圆形边缘的其它多边形、或其它形状。此外,在一些实施例中,导线1104和1204可以是包括较小规格导线的绞合线,诸如螺旋线、编织线或各个股线到单个导线的其它耦合。图中所示和贯穿本公开描述的导线和波导中的任何一个可以包括这些实施例中的一个或多个。
图13示出了与上述系统相关的过程。图13中的过程可以例如由分别图1-9所示的系统100、200、300、400、500、600、700、800和900实现。虽然为了简化说明的目的,该过程被示出和描述为一系列方框,但是应当理解和认识到,所要求保护的主题不受方框的顺序限制,因为一些方框可以与其它方框以与本文所绘出和描述的不同的顺序发生和/或同时发生。此外,可能并不需要所有示出的方框以实现下文所描述的方法。
图13示出了用如本文所描述的介电波导耦合器发送传输的方法的示例、非限制性实施例的流程图。方法1300可以在1302处开始,其中第一电磁波由传输设备作为至少部分地在波导的波导表面上传播的导波发出,其中波导的波导表面不全部或大部分围绕导线的导线表面。由发送器生成的传输可以基于从基站设备、接入点、网络、移动设备或其它信号源接收到的信号。
在1304处,基于接近导线配置或定位波导,导波接着将第一电磁波的至少一部分耦合到导线表面,从而形成至少部分地在导线表面周围传播的第二电磁波(例如,表面波),其中导线与波导接近。这可以响应于靠近和平行于导线定位介电波导的一部分(例如,介电波导的曲线的切线)而完成,其中电磁波的波长小于导线和介电波导的周长。即使当导线弯曲和屈曲时,导波或表面波也保持与导线平行。弯曲会增加传输损耗,传输损耗还取决于导线直径、频率和材料。如本文所描述的,导线和波导之间的耦合接口还可以被配置成实现期望水平的耦合,这可以包括使波导的端部逐渐变细,以改善波导和导线之间的阻抗匹配。
由发送器发出的传输可以表现出一个或多个波导模式。波导模式可以取决于波导的形状和/或设计。由于波导和导线的不同特性,导线上的传播模式可以不同于波导模式。当导线的周长在尺寸上相当于或大于传输的波长时,导波表现出多波传播模式。因此,导波可以包括多于一种类型的电场和磁场配置。当导波(例如,表面波)沿导线传播时,电场和磁场配置可以从导线的一端到另一端保持基本相同,或者随着传输通过旋转、色散、衰减或其它效应穿过波而变化。
图14是示出根据本文所描述各个方面的波导系统1402的示例、非限制性实施例的框图。波导系统1402可以包括传感器1404、电力管理系统1405、波导1406和通信接口1408。
波导系统1402可以耦合到电力线1410,以便于根据本主题公开描述的实施例的数据通信。在示例实施例中,波导1406可以包括系统500的全部或部分,诸如图5A所示,用于在电力线1410的表面上感生沿着电力线1410的表面纵向传播的电磁波,如本主题公开所描述的。用于将波导1406耦合到电力线1410的非限制性技术在图2-4和图6中示出。波导1406还可以用作中继器,用于在同一电力线1410上重新发送电磁波,或者用于在电力线1410之间路由电磁波,如图7-8所示。
在示例实施例中,通信接口1408可以包括图5A所示的通信接口501。通信接口1408耦合到波导1406,用于将以原始频率范围工作的信号上变频为以载波频率工作、展现出该载波频率或与该载波频率相关联的电磁波,该电磁波沿波导1406的耦合设备的表面(诸如图5A的介电波导502)传播、并且感生出沿电力线1410的表面传播的对应电磁波。载波频率可以由具有限定电磁波的带宽的上限和下限截止频率的中心频率表示。电力线1410可以是具有导电表面或绝缘表面的导线(例如,单股或多股)。通信接口1408还可以接收来自波导1406的、已经从在载波频率工作的电磁波下变频到其原始频率的信号的信号。
由通信接口1408接收用于上变频的信号可以包括但不限于由中心局1411通过通信接口1408的有线或无线接口、由基站1414通过通信接口1408的有线或无线接口提供的信号、由移动设备1420发送到基站1414用于通过通信接口1408的有线或无线接口传递的无线信号、由建筑物内通信设备1418通过通信接口1408的有线或无线接口提供的信号、和/或由在通信接口1408的无线通信范围中漫游的移动设备1412提供给通信接口1408的无线信号。在波导系统1402用作中继器的实施例中,诸如图7-8所示,通信接口1408可以不包括在波导系统1402中。
沿着电力线1410的表面传播的电磁波可以被调制和格式化以包括包括有数据有效载荷的数据分组或数据帧,并且还包括联网信息(诸如用于识别一个或多个目的地波导系统1402的报头信息)。联网信息可以由波导系统1402或诸如中心局1411、基站1414、移动设备1420或建筑物内设备1418、或者它们的组合的发端设备来提供。此外,调制电磁波可以包括用于减轻信号干扰的纠错数据。联网信息和纠错数据可以由目的地波导系统1402使用用于检测导向它的传输,并且用于对包括导向到通信耦合到目的地波导系统1402的接收方通信设备的语音和/或数据信号的传输进行下变频以及用纠错数据进行处理。
现在参考波导系统1402的传感器1404,传感器1404可以包括温度传感器1404a、干扰检测传感器1404b、能量损失传感器1404c、噪声传感器1404d、振动传感器1404e、环境(例如,天气)传感器1404f和/或图像传感器1404g。温度传感器1404a可以用于测量环境温度、波导1406的温度、电力线1410的温度、温度差(例如,与1046和1410之间的设定点或基线等相比)或其任何组合。在一种实施例中,温度度量可以通过基站1414被周期性地收集和报告给网络管理系统1601。
干扰检测传感器1404b可以对电力线1410执行测量,以检测诸如信号反射之类的干扰,其可以指示可能阻碍电磁波在电力线1410上的传播的下游干扰的存在。信号反射可以表示由于例如由波导1406在电力线1410上发送的、从位于波导1406下游的电力线1410中的干扰全部或部分反射回波导1406的电磁波而导致的失真。
信号反射可以由电力线1410上的障碍物引起。例如,图15(A)中所示的树枝在树肢位于电力线1410上或者紧密接近电力线1410时可能引起会导致电晕放电1502的电磁波反射。会引起电磁波反射的障碍物的其它图示可以包括但不限于如图15(C)中所示已经缠绕在电力线1410上的物体1506(例如,衣物、用鞋带围绕电力线1410的鞋等)、如图15(F)中所示的电力线1410上的腐蚀积聚物1512、或者如图15(G)中所示的积冰1514。电网部件也可能干扰电磁波在电力线1410的表面上的传输。可能导致信号反射的电网部件的图示包括但不限于图15(B)中所示的变压器1504和诸如图15(E)中所示的用于连接拼接(spliced)电力线的接头1510。电力线1410上的锐角1508,如图15(D)中所示,也可以引起电磁波反射。
干扰检测传感器1404b可以包括将电磁波反射的幅度与由波导1406发送的原始电磁波的幅度进行比较以确定电力线1410中的下游干扰衰减多少传输的电路。干扰检测传感器1404b还可以包括用于对反射波执行频谱分析的频谱分析仪电路。由频谱分析仪电路生成的频谱数据可以经由模式识别、专家系统、曲线拟合、匹配滤波或其它人工智能、分类或比较技术与频谱轮廓(spectral profile)进行比较,以基于例如与频谱数据最紧密匹配的频谱轮廓识别干扰的类型。频谱轮廓可以存储在干扰检测传感器1404b的存储器中,或者可以由干扰检测传感器1404b远程访问。轮廓可以包括对在电力线1410上可能遇到的不同干扰进行建模以使得干扰检测传感器1404b能够本地识别干扰的频谱数据。如果干扰的识别已知,那么它可以通过基站1414报告给网络管理系统1601。干扰检测传感器1404b还可以利用波导1406发送电磁波作为测试信号,以确定电磁波反射的往返时间。由干扰检测传感器1404b测得的往返时间可以用于计算由电磁波行进到达发生反射的点的距离,这使得干扰检测传感器1404b能够计算从波导1406到电力线1410上的下游干扰的距离。
计算出的距离可以通过基站1414报告给网络管理系统1601。在一种实施例中,波导系统1402在电力线1410上的位置可以对网络管理系统1601是已知的,其中网络管理系统1601可以使用它来基于电网的已知拓扑结构确定电力线1410上的干扰的位置。在另一种实施例中,波导系统1402可以将其位置提供给网络管理系统1601,以帮助确定电力线1410上的干扰的位置。波导系统1402的位置可以由波导系统1402从存储在波导系统1402的存储器中的波导系统1402的预编程位置获得,或者波导系统1402可以使用包括在波导系统1402中的GPS接收器(未示出)来确定其位置。
电力管理系统1405向波导系统1402的前述部件提供能量。电力管理系统1405可以从太阳能电池或从耦合到电力线1410的变压器(未示出),或者通过感生耦合到电力线1410或另一个附近的电力线来接收能量。电力管理系统1405也可以包括备用电池和/或超级电容器或用于向波导系统1402提供临时电力的其它电容器电路。能量损失传感器1404c可以用于检测波导系统1402何时具有电力损失状况和/或某种其它故障的发生。例如,能量损失传感器1404c可以检测何时由于有缺陷的太阳能电池而存在电力损失、太阳能电池上导致它们故障的障碍物、电力线1410上的电力损失、和/或何时备用电力系统由于备用电池过期或超级电容器中可检测到的缺陷而出现故障。当发生故障和/或电力损失时,能量损失传感器1404c可以通过基站1414通知网络管理系统1601。
噪声传感器1404d可以用于测量电力线1410上的噪声,其可能不利地影响电磁波在电力线1410上的传输。噪声传感器1404d可以感测意外的电磁干扰、噪声突发或可能中断调制电磁波在电力线1410的表面上的传输的其它干扰源。噪声突发可以由例如电晕放电或其它噪声源引起。噪声传感器1404d可以将测得的噪声与由波导系统1402从噪声轮廓的内部数据库或从存储噪声轮廓的远程存储的数据库获得的噪声轮廓经由模式识别、专家系统、曲线拟合、匹配滤波或其它人工智能、分类或比较技术进行比较。根据比较,噪声传感器1404d可以基于例如提供与测得的噪声最接近匹配的噪声轮廓来识别噪声源(例如,电晕放电或其它)。噪声传感器1404d还可以通过测量诸如误比特率、分组丢失率、抖动、分组重传请求等的传输度量来检测噪声如何影响传输。噪声传感器1404d可以通过基站1414向网络管理系统1601报告噪声源的身份、其发生的时间和传输度量、以及其它。
振动传感器1404e可以包括检测电力线1410上的2D或3D振动的加速度计和/或陀螺仪。振动可以经由模式识别、专家系统、曲线拟合、匹配滤波或其它人工智能、分类或比较技术与可以本地存储在波导系统1402中或由波导系统1402从远程数据库获得的振动轮廓进行比较。例如,可以使用振动轮廓基于例如提供与测得的振动最接近匹配的振动轮廓来例如将落下的树与阵风进行区分。这种分析的结果可以由振动传感器1404e通过基站1414报告给网络管理系统1601。
环境传感器1404f可以包括气压计用于测量大气压力、环境温度(可以由温度传感器1404a提供)、风速、湿度、风向和降雨等。环境传感器1404f可以收集原始信息并通过将其与可从波导系统1402的存储器或远程数据库获得的环境轮廓进行比较来处理该信息,以在天气状况出现之前经由模式识别、专家系统、基于知识的系统或其它人工智能、分类或其它天气建模和预测技术来预测天气状况。环境传感器1404f可以将原始数据及其分析报告给网络管理系统1601。
图像传感器1404g可以是用于捕获波导系统1402附近的图像的数字相机(例如,电荷耦合器件或CCD成像器、红外相机等)。图像传感器1404g可以包括机电机制以控制相机的移动(例如,实际位置或焦点/变焦),以便从多个视角(例如,顶表面、底表面、左表面、右表面等)检查电力线1410。可替代地,图像传感器1404g可以被设计成使得不需要机电机制来获得多个视角。由图像传感器1404g生成的成像数据的收集和检索可以由网络管理系统1601控制,或者可以由图像传感器1404g自主收集并报告给网络管理系统1601。
为了检测、预测和/或减轻可能阻碍电力线1410(或任何其它形式的电磁波的传输介质)上电磁波传输的干扰,可能适于收集与波导系统1402和/或电力线1410相关联的遥测信息的其它传感器可以由波导系统1402加以利用。
图16是示出根据本文所描述各个方面的用于管理电网1603和嵌入其中的通信系统1605的系统1600的示例、非限制性实施例的框图。通信系统1605包括耦合到电网1603的电力线1410的多个波导系统1402。在通信系统1605中使用的波导系统1402的至少一部分可以与基站1414和/或网络管理系统1601直接通信。不直接连接到基站1414或网络管理系统1601的波导系统1402可以通过连接到基站1414或网络管理系统1601的其它下游波导系统1402来与基站1414或网络管理系统1601进行通信会话。
网络管理系统1601可以通信地耦合到公用事业公司1602的装备和通信服务提供者1604的装备,用于分别向每个实体提供与电网1603和通信系统1605相关联的状态信息。网络管理系统1601、公用事业公司1602的装备和通信服务提供者1604可以访问由公用事业公司人员1606使用的通信设备和/或由通信服务提供者人员1608使用的通信设备,以便提供状态信息和/或用于指导这些人员管理电网1603和/或通信系统1605。
图17A示出了用于检测和减轻在图16的系统1600的通信网络中发生的干扰的方法1700的示例、非限制性实施例的流程图。方法1700可以从步骤1702开始,其中波导系统1402发送和接收嵌入在沿电力线1410的表面行进的调制电磁波或另一种类型的电磁波中或形成其一部分的消息。消息可以是语音消息、流传输视频和/或在通信地耦合到通信系统1605的通信设备之间交换的其它数据/信息。在步骤1704,波导系统1402的传感器1404可以收集感测数据。在实施例中,感测数据可以在步骤1702中发送和/或接收消息之前、期间或之后在步骤1704中收集。在步骤1706,波导系统1402(或传感器1404本身)可以根据感测数据确定通信系统1605中可以影响源自波导系统1402(例如,通过其发送)或由波导系统1402接收到的通信的干扰的实际发生或预测的发生。波导系统1402(或传感器1404)可以处理温度数据、信号反射数据、能量损失数据、噪声数据、振动数据、环境数据或其任何组合以做出该确定。波导系统1402(或传感器1404)还可以在通信系统1605中检测、识别、估计或预测干扰源和/或其位置。如果在步骤1708中干扰既没有被检测/识别也没有被预测/估计,那么波导系统1402可以进行到步骤1702,在那里它继续发送和接收嵌入在沿电力线1410的表面行进的调制电磁波中或者形成其一部分的消息。
如果在步骤1708干扰被检测/识别或预测/估计要发生,那么波导系统1402进行到步骤1710,以确定干扰是否不利地影响(或可替代地,可能不利地影响或它可能不利地影响的程度)消息在通信系统1605中的发送或接收。在一种实施例中,持续时间阈值和发生频率阈值可以在步骤1710使用来确定干扰何时不利地影响通信系统1605中的通信。仅仅为了说明的目的,假定持续时间阈值被设置为500ms,而发生频率阈值被设置为在10秒的观察时段中发生5个干扰。因此,具有持续时间大于500ms的干扰将触发持续时间阈值。此外,在10秒的时间间隔中发生超过5次的任何干扰将触发发生频率阈值。
在一种实施例中,当持续时间阈值单独被超过时,干扰可以被认为不利地影响通信系统1605中的信号完整性。在另一种实施例中,当持续时间阈值和发生频率阈值两者都被超过时,干扰可以被认为不利地影响通信系统1605中的信号完整性。因此,对于不利地影响通信系统1605中的信号完整性的干扰的分类,后一种实施例比前一种实施例保守。将认识到,根据示例实施例,许多其它算法和相关联的参数和阈值可用于步骤1710。
回到参考方法1700,如果在步骤1710,在步骤1708检测到的干扰不满足不利地影响的通信的条件(例如,既不超过持续时间阈值也不超过发生频率阈值),那么波导系统1402可以进行到步骤1702并继续处理消息。例如,如果在步骤1708中检测到的干扰具有1ms的持续时间,其中在10秒的时间段内发生一次,那么两个阈值都不会超过。因此,这种干扰可以被认为对通信系统1605中的信号完整性具有微不足道的影响,并且因此不会被标记为需要减轻的干扰。虽然没有被标记,但是作为用于监视目的的遥测数据,可以向网络管理系统1601报告干扰的发生、其发生的时间、其发生的频率、频谱数据和/或其它有用信息。
返回参考步骤1710,如果另一方面干扰满足不利地影响的通信的条件(例如,超过两个阈值中任一个或者两者),那么波导系统1402可以进行到步骤1712并将该事件报告给网络管理系统1601。报告可以包括由传感器1404收集到的原始感测数据、干扰的描述(如果波导系统1402知道的话)、干扰的发生时间、干扰的发生频率、与干扰相关联的位置、参数读数,诸如误比特率、分组丢失率、重新传输请求、抖动、延迟等等。如果干扰是基于波导系统1402的一个或多个传感器的预测,那么该报告可以包括预期的干扰类型,并且当预测基于由波导系统1402的传感器1404收集到的历史感测数据时,如果可预测的话,那么该报告可以包括干扰的预期发生时间、以及预测的干扰的预期发生频率。
在步骤1714,网络管理系统1601可以确定减轻、规避或校正技术,其可以包括如果可以确定干扰的位置,那么引导波导系统1402将流量重新路由以规避干扰。在一种实施例中,检测干扰的波导系统1402可以引导诸如图18A中所示的中继器1802,以将波导系统1402从受干扰影响的主电力线1804连接到辅助电力线1806,以使得波导系统1402能够将流量重新路由到不同的传输介质并避免干扰1801。在波导系统1402被配置成中继器(诸如中继器1802)的实施例中,波导系统1402本身可以执行流量从主电力线1804到辅助电力线1806的重新路由。还应当注意,对于双向通信(例如,全双工或半双工通信),中继器1802可以被配置成将流量从辅助电力线1806重新路由回到主电力线1804,用于由波导系统1402进行处理。
在另一种实施例中,波导系统1402可以通过指示位于干扰上游的第一中继器1812和位于干扰下游的第二中继器1814以如图18B中所示的避免干扰1801的方式将来自主电力线1804的流量临时重定向到辅助电力线1806以及重定向回到主电力线1804,来重定向流量。还应当注意,对于双向通信(例如,全双工或半双工通信),中继器1812和1814可以被配置成将流量从辅助电力线1806重新路由回到主电力线1804。
为了避免中断在辅助电力线1806上发生的现有通信会话,网络管理系统1601可以指导波导系统1402(在图18A-18B的实施例中)以指示中继器利用辅助电力线1806的未使用的时隙和/或频带,用于将数据和/或语音流量从主电力线1804重新定向开,以规避干扰1801。
在步骤1716,当流量被重新路由以避免干扰时,网络管理系统1601可以通知公用事业公司1602的装备和/或通信服务提供者1604的装备,它们又可以向公用事业公司的人员1606和/或通信服务提供者的人员1608通知检测到的干扰及其位置(如果知道的话)。来自任一方的现场人员都可以参加解决在所确定的干扰位置处的干扰。一旦干扰被公用事业公司的人员和/或通信服务提供者的人员去除或以其它方式减轻,这些人员就可以利用通信地耦合到网络管理系统1601的现场装备(例如,膝上型计算机、智能电话等)和/或公用事业公司和/或通信服务提供者的装备通知其各自的公司和/或网络管理系统1601。通知可以包括干扰如何被减轻的描述以及可能改变通信系统1605的拓扑结构的对电力线1410的任何改变。
一旦干扰已被解决,网络管理系统1601就可以在步骤1720指导波导系统1402,以恢复由波导系统1402使用的先前路由配置,或者如果用来减轻干扰的恢复策略导致通信系统1605的新网络拓扑结构,那么根据新的路由配置来路由流量。在另一种实施例中,波导系统1402可以被配置成通过在电力线1410上发送测试信号以确定干扰何时被去除来监视干扰的减轻。一旦波导1402检测到不存在干扰,如果它确定通信系统1605的网络拓扑结构没有改变,那么它就可以自主地恢复其路由配置而无需网络管理系统1601的帮助,或者它可以利用适于检测到的新网络拓扑结构的新路由配置。
图17B示出了用于检测和减轻在图16的系统1600的通信网络中发生的干扰的方法1750的示例、非限制性实施例的流程图。在一种实施例中,方法1750可以在步骤1752开始,其中网络管理系统1601从公用事业公司1602的装备或通信服务提供者1604的装备接收与维护调度相关联的维护信息。网络管理系统1601可以在步骤1754从维护信息识别要在维护调度期间执行的维护活动。从这些活动中,网络管理系统1601可以检测由于维护(例如,电力线1410的安排更换、电力线1410上的波导系统1402的安排更换、电网1603中的电力线1410的安排重新配置等)导致的干扰。
在另一种实施例中,网络管理系统1601可以在步骤1755从一个或多个波导系统1402接收遥测信息。遥测信息可以除其它之外还包括提交遥测信息的每个波导系统1402的身份、由每个波导系统1402的传感器1404取得的测量值、与由每个波导系统1402的传感器1404检测到的预测、估计或实际干扰有关的信息、与每个波导系统1402相关联的位置信息、检测到的干扰的估计位置、干扰的标识等。网络管理系统1601可以从遥测信息确定可能对波导的操作、沿着导线表面的电磁波的传输或这二者不利的干扰的类型。网络管理系统1601还可以使用来自多个波导系统1402的遥测信息来隔离和识别干扰。此外,网络管理系统1601可以从受影响的波导系统1402附近的波导系统1402请求遥测信息,以通过从其它波导系统1402接收类似的遥测信息来对干扰的位置进行三角测量和/或验证干扰的标识。
在还有的另一种实施例中,网络管理系统1601可以在步骤1756接收来自维护现场人员的非安排的活动报告。非安排的维护可能由于计划外的现场呼叫或由于在现场呼叫或安排维护活动期间发现的意外现场问题而导致。活动报告可以识别由于现场人员解决通信系统1605和/或电网1603中发现的问题而导致的对电网1603的拓扑结构配置的改变、对一个或多个波导系统1402的改变(诸如其更换或修理)、执行的减轻干扰(如果存在的话),等等。
在步骤1758,网络管理系统1601可以从根据步骤1752至1756接收到的报告来确定基于维护计划是否将发生干扰、或者基于遥测数据干扰是否已发生或预测要发生、或者是否已发生由于在现场活动报告中识别出的计划外维护而导致的干扰。根据这些报告中的任何报告,网络管理系统1601可以确定检测到的或预测的干扰是否需要由受影响的波导系统1402或通信系统1605的其它波导系统1402重新路由流量。
当在步骤1758检测或预测到干扰时,网络管理系统1601可以进行到步骤1760,其中类似于图18A或18B的图示,它可以指示一个或多个波导系统1402重新路由流量以规避干扰。当由于电网1603的永久性拓扑结构变化而导致干扰是永久性的时,网络管理系统1601可以进行到步骤1770,并跳过步骤1762、1764、1766和1772。在步骤1770,网络管理系统1601可以指示一个或多个波导系统1402使用适于新拓扑结构的新路由配置。但是,当从由一个或多个波导系统1402提供的遥测信息检测到干扰时,网络管理系统1601可以向公用事业公司1606或通信服务提供者1608的维护人员通知干扰的位置、干扰的类型(如果知道的话)、以及可能有助于这些人员减轻干扰的相关信息。当预计由于维护活动而导致干扰时,网络管理系统1601可以指示一个或多个波导系统1402以给定的调度(与维护调度一致)来重新配置流量路由,以避免在维护调度期间由维护活动引起的干扰。
返回步骤1760,并且在其完成之后,该过程可以继续步骤1762。在步骤1762,网络管理系统1601可以监视干扰何时已经由现场人员减轻。干扰的减轻可以在步骤1762通过分析由现场人员通过利用现场装备(例如,膝上型计算机或手持式计算机/设备)经通信网络(例如,蜂窝通信系统)提交给网络管理系统1601的现场报告来检测。如果现场人员报告已减轻干扰,那么网络管理系统1601可以进行到步骤1764,以从现场报告确定是否需要拓扑结构变化来减轻干扰。拓扑结构变化可以包括重新路由电力线1410、重新配置波导系统1402以利用不同的电力线1410、以其它方式利用替代的链路来绕过干扰等。如果已发生拓扑结构变化,那么网络管理系统1601可以在步骤1770指示一个或多个波导系统1402使用适于新拓扑结构的新路由配置。
但是,如果现场人员尚未报告拓扑结构变化,那么网络管理系统1601可以进行到步骤1766,其中它可以指示一个或多个波导系统1402发送测试信号以测试在检测到的干扰之前已被使用的路由配置。测试信号可以发送到在干扰附近的受影响的波导系统1402。测试信号可以用于确定信号干扰(例如,电磁波反射)是否被任何波导系统1402检测到。如果测试信号确认先前的路由配置不再经受之前检测到的干扰,那么网络管理系统1601可以在步骤1772指示受影响的波导系统1402恢复之前的路由配置。但是,如果由一个或多个波导系统1402分析并报告给网络管理系统1601的测试信号指示存在干扰或新的干扰,那么网络管理系统1601将进行到步骤1768并向现场人员报告该信息,以进一步解决现场问题。在这种情况下,网络管理系统1601可以在步骤1762继续监视干扰的减轻。
在上述实施例中,波导系统1402可以被配置成自适应于电网1603中的变化和/或干扰的减轻。即,一个或多个受影响的波导系统1402可以被配置成自我监视干扰的减轻并且重新配置流量路由,而不需要网络管理系统1601向其发送指令。在这种实施例中,可自配置的一个或多个波导系统1402可以向网络管理系统1601通知其路由选择,使得网络管理系统1601可以维护通信系统1605的通信拓扑结构的宏观级视图。
尽管为了简化解释的目的,相应过程被示为和描述为图17A和17B中的一系列方框。但是应当理解和认识到,所要求保护的主题不受方框的顺序限制,因为一些方框可以与其它方框以与本文所绘出和描述的不同的顺序发生和/或同时发生。此外,可能不需要所有示出的方框来实现本文所描述的方法。
图14的波导系统1402可以在其它应用中使用,如在图19的系统中绘出的。在一种实施例中,例如,图14的波导系统1402可以被结合到诸如图19的NID 1910和1920的网络接口设备(NID)中。具有波导系统1402的功能的NID可以用于增强客户驻地1902(企业或住宅)和基座1904(有时被称为服务区接口或SAI)之间的传统数字订户线(DSL)服务的传输能力。
在一种实施例中,中心局1930可以向基座1904提供一个或多个光纤电缆1926。光纤电缆1926可以向位于基座1904中的小型DSLAM(mini-DSLAM)1924提供高速全双工数据服务(例如,1-10Gbps或更高)。数据服务可以用于语音、互联网流量、媒体内容服务(例如,流传输视频服务、广播电视)等的传输。在现有技术系统中,小型DSLAM 1924通常连接到双绞线电话线1912(例如,包括在类别5e或Cat.5非屏蔽双绞线(UTP)电缆中、包括屏蔽双绞线电缆束的的双绞线,诸如由外部绝缘护套包围的24规格绝缘实心线),其又直接连接到客户驻地1902。在这样的系统中,DSL数据速率在100Mbps或更小处逐渐减小,部分原因在于传统双绞线电缆到客户驻地1902的长度,以及其它因素。
但是,图19的实施例与现有技术DSL系统不同。在图19的图示中,例如,小型DSLAM1924可以被配置为经由具有用于下行链路通信的至少一组双绞线的电话线1922连接到NID1920。下行链路通信表示从基座1904到客户驻地1902的通信路径。类似地,将小型DSLAM1924连接到NID 1920的电话线1922的至少一组其它双绞线用于上行链路通信。上行链路通信表示从客户驻地1902到基座1904的通信路径。
在图19的非限制性说明中,从客户驻地1902到基座1904的上行链路通信路径被配置为通过电话的双绞线1912传输DSL信号。DSL信号源自DSL调制解调器1906(其可以具有内置路由器并且可以向在客户驻地1902中所示的用户装备提供诸如WiFi的无线服务)。DSL信号由电话线1908、1914和1922作为电信号端对端地携带。NID 1910和1920可以被配置为以电旁路模式工作,从而使得电话线1908、1914和1922能够彼此电连接,使得DSL信号从DSL调制解调器1906到小型DSLAM 1924的流动不被NID 1910和1920中断。在下行链路通信路径中,由小型DSLAM 1924生成的DSL信号流过电话线1922的下行链路电缆到NID 1920。集成在NID 1920中的波导系统1402将DSL信号或其一部分从电信号转换成沿着电话线1912的非导电材料(例如,至少部分地沿着Cat.5e或其它双绞线电缆的绝缘护套的外表面)传播的导行电磁波1914。
NID 1910经由用于下行链路通信的电话线1908的至少一组双绞线连接到DSL调制解调器1906。此外,电话线1908的至少一组其它双绞线用于上行链路通信。NID 1910的集成波导系统1402接收由NID 199生成的导行电磁波1914,并将它们转换回符合DSL调制解调器1906的要求的DSL信号。DSL信号经由电话线1908的这组双绞线被提供给DSL调制解调器1906用于处理。由于电话线1908和1922的长度短,DSL调制解调器1908和小型DSLAM 1924可以以非常高的速度(例如,1Gbps或更高)分别在它们和NID 1910以及1920之间发送和接收DSL信号。因此,用于发送导行电磁波1914的下行链路路径在大多数情况下可以超过通过电话线的传统DSL通信的数据速率限制。
通常,DSL调制解调器被配置用于非对称数据速率,因为下行链路路径通常支持比上行链路路径高的数据速率。例如,假设电话线1908、1912和1922的双绞线已用于下行链路路径,那么下行链路路径将支持40Mbps的数据速率。还假设传统上行链路路径支持用双绞线的5Mbps的带宽。还假定下行链路路径可以实现300Mbps,其中导行电磁波1914在电话线1912上传播,分别在NID 1920或1910或小型DSLAM 1924和DSL调制解调器1906的电话线1922或1908处的任何一个处没有性能下降。
基于以上场景,可以进行以下观察。首先,假定调制解调器1906可以在上行链路路径上以高速工作,并且上行链路路径支持高速,通过组合将会经由双绞线下行链路DSL线路(传统下行流带宽)由信号的电传输使用的40Mbps带宽与双绞线上行链路DSL线路的传统带宽,上行链路带宽可以提高到45Mbps。换句话说,上行链路通信路径将具有扩展到45Mbps的带宽——5Mbps的传统上行链路带宽和40Mbps的传统下行流带宽之和。如果在电话线1908、1914和1922的上行链路电缆上使用具有对应放大器的差分线路,那么有可能将上行链路数据速率提高得更高(例如,75Mbps)。这使得DSL调制解调器1906能够通过45Mbps的上行链路路径和300Mbps的下行链路路径进行通信。通过固件更新,诸如图19中所示的传统DSL调制解调器1906可以在上行链路和下行链路路径上被配置更高的速度。可以对小型DSLAM 1924进行类似的固件更新。由于到DSL调制解调器1906和小型DSLAM 1924的接口保持为传统的双绞线电话线,因此除了固件改变以及添加NID 1910和1920以执行从DSL信号到导行电磁波1914以及相反的转换之外,无需对传统DSL调制解调器和小型DSLAM进行硬件改变。NID的使用使得能够重用传统调制解调器1906和小型DSLAM 1924,这又可以显著地降低安装成本和系统升级。对于新的构造,小型DSLAM和DSL调制解调器可以被配置有集成的波导系统以执行上述功能,从而消除对具有集成波导系统的NID的需要。
虽然图19的图示示出了在下行链路路径中传播的导行电磁波1914,但是在其它实施例中,这可以颠倒。例如,双绞线上的DSL 信号可以替代地在下行链路路径上使用,而导行电磁波在上行链路路径中使用。在另一种实施例中,可以在上行链路和下行链路路径两者上使用导行电磁波。在该实施例中,NID 1910和1920可以被配置为在提供全双工双向通信的电话线1912上在不同的传播模式下发送和接收导行电磁波。NIDS 1910和1920还可以被配置为在电话线1908和1922处将导行电磁波转换为DSL信号,用于分别由DSL调制解调器1906和小型DSLAM 1924进行处理。
在还有的另一种实施例中,可以在上行链路和下行链路路径上使用全双工双向导行电磁波,而同时在电话线1912的上行链路路径和/或下行链路路径的双绞线中使用双向或单向DSL信号。NID 1910和1920可以被配置为如前所描述地在DSL信号和导行电磁波之间进行转换,而同时允许源自DSL调制解调器1906和小型DSLAM 1924的DSL信号绕过NID 1910和1920。在该实施例中,DSL线路和导行电磁波用作多个上行链路路径和多个下行链路路径,这可以进一步增强客户驻地1902和基座1904之间的上行链路数据速率和下行链路数据速率。在另一种实施例中,NID 1910可以被配置为通过中压电力线1916接收导行电磁波1918,中压电力线1916可以提供单向或全双工双向通信并且从而起到上行链路路径和/或下行链路路径的作用。用于通过上行链路路径或下行链路路径使用导行电磁波和/或DSL信号通信的任何前述配置可以以任何组合使用。
为了解决可能衰减或不利地影响导行电磁波的发送或接收的障碍物(例如,干扰源),NID 1910和1920可以被配置为调整导行电磁波的传播模式、调整导行电磁波的波长、调整用于调制导行电磁波的技术、调整用于在导行电磁波中传输数据的纠错方案、或者它们的任意组合。
可以存在某些实施例,其中由NID 1920提供的电话线1912'由电线杆116和118承载到客户驻地1902,如图19中所示。在该实施例中,由NID 1920生成的导行电磁波1914'的上行链路路径和/或下行链路路径在电话线1912'上传播,并且可以由另一个波导系统108重定向或重新发送到电力线1916上作为引导到客户驻地1902的NID 1910的导行电磁波1918。在上行链路路径中,导行电磁波1918可以由波导系统108重定向到电话线1912'以递送到NID 1920。如果电话线1914'被用于将导行电磁波1914'传输到NID 1910(例如,电话线1912'在电线杆118和NID 1910之间地下埋藏),那么将导行电磁波1914'转移到电力线1916可以避免可能不利地影响导行电磁波1914'的障碍物。应当理解的是,导行电磁波可以由NID生成,以在电话线1912的绝缘双绞线束的表面上(例如,基本上或主要沿着绝缘双绞线束的外表面,或否则在Cat.5e或其它双绞线电缆的绝缘护套内或内部)传播。该实施例可以用于克服电话线1912的外表面上的障碍物,诸如电话线1912的地下埋藏。
虽然以上已将导行电磁波描述为沿着外表面传播,但是可以同样采用Cat.5e双绞线电缆、其它UTP电缆(诸如Cat.3、Cat.4、Cat.6或其它UTP电缆)的内束的或绝缘体内的表面。还有,导行电磁波也可以在箔屏蔽或编织屏蔽双绞线电缆(诸如Cat.6a、Cat.7、Cat.7a或其它屏蔽双绞线电缆)的外表面上或绝缘护套内传播。还应当注意的是,图19的系统可以适于通过连接到客户驻地1902的其它电缆(诸如同轴电缆或光纤电缆)来发送或接收导行电磁波(作为上行链路通信路径或下行链路通信路径)。例如,NID 1910和1920可以适于与同轴电缆或光缆电缆相接口,以发送或接收在同轴电缆或光纤电缆上传播的导行电磁波,以补充任一电缆的上行链路路径和/或下行链路路径的带宽能力。同时导行电磁波在同轴电缆或光纤电缆上传播,上行链路和/或下行链路路径上的电或光信号可以被使用。
图20A和20B描述了用于下行链路通信和上行链路通信的实施例。图20A的方法2000可以从步骤2002开始,其中电信号(例如,DSL信号)由DSLAM(例如,小型DSLAM 1924)生成,其在步骤2004由NID 1920转换成导行电磁波1914,并且在诸如电话线1912的传输介质上传播用于向客户驻地1902提供下行链路服务。在步骤2008,客户驻地1902的NID 1910将导行电磁波1914转换回在步骤2010通过电话线1908向客户驻地装备(CPE)(诸如DSL调制解调器1906)提供的电信号(例如,DSL信号)。替代地或组合地,导行电磁波1918可以从公用电网的电力线1916提供给NID 1910作为替代或附加的下行链路(和/或上行链路)路径。
在图20B的方法2020的2022处,DSL调制解调器1906可以经由电话线1908向NID1910提供电信号(例如,DSL信号),NID 1910又在步骤2024通过电话线1912的双绞线将电信号提供给NID 1920。这可以通过将电话线1908电连接到电话线1912的旁路电路来实现。类似地,在步骤2026,NID 1920通过使用类似或相同的旁路电路将电话线1912连接到电话线1922来向小型DSLAM 1924提供电信号。通过电话线1908、1912和1922的电信号的端到端传输提供了上行链路通信路径。
如前面所指出的,可以在上行链路路径或下行链路路径上使用导行电磁波和DSL信号的任何组合。因此,图20A和20B的方法2000和2020可以被修改以实现这些组合中的任何一种。还应当注意的是,可以使用其它传输介质代替图19中所示的一些或全部电话线(例如,由广播系统使用的同轴电缆、光纤电缆等)。还应当注意的是,DSL调制解调器1906和小型DSLAM和/或NID 1910和1920可以执行其它转换(例如,光信号到导行电磁波,反之亦然)。
虽然为了简化说明的目的,将各个过程示为和描述为图20A和20B中的一系列方框,但是应当理解和认识到的是,所要求保护的主题不限于方框的顺序,因为一些方框可以以不同的顺序出现和/或与本文所绘出和描述的其它方框同时出现。此外,不是所有示出的方框都需要实现本文所述的方法。
如本主题公开所描述的电磁波可以受到物理对象(例如,裸导线或其它导体、电介质、绝缘导线、导管或其它中空元件、被电介质或绝缘体或其它导线束涂覆、覆盖或包围的绝缘导线束,或者另一种形式的固体、液体或其它非气体传输介质)的存在的影响,以便至少部分地限制到物理对象或由物理物体引导,并且以便沿着物理对象的传输路径传播。此类物理对象可以作为传输介质来操作,该传输介质通过传输介质的界面(例如,外表面、内表面、外表面和内表面之间的内部部分或传输介质的元件之间的其它边界)引导电磁波(“导向电磁波”)的传播,该电磁波进而又可以沿着从发送设备到接收设备的传输路径携带能量和/或数据。
不同于其强度与非导行电磁波行进的距离的平方成反比地减小的无线信号(诸如非导行(或无界)电磁波)的自由空间传播,导行电磁波可以沿着传输介质传播,具有比非导行电磁波所经历的少的每单位距离量值损耗。
与电信号不同,导行电磁波可以从发送设备传播到接收设备,而无需发送设备和接收设备之间的单独电气返回路径。因此,导行电磁波可以沿着不具有导电部件的传输介质(例如,电介质条)或者经由具有不多于单个导体的传输介质(例如,单根裸导线或绝缘导线)从发送设备向接收设备传播。即使传输介质包括一个或多个导电部件并且沿着传输介质传播的导行电磁波在导行电磁波的方向上生成在一个或多个导电部件中流动的电流,此类导行电磁波也可以沿传输介质从发送设备向接收设备传播,而无需在发送设备和接收设备之间的电气返回路径上的相反电流的流动。
在非限制性说明中,考虑通过导电介质在发送和接收设备之间发送和接收电信号的电气系统。此类系统通常依靠电气分离的前向和返回路径。例如,考虑具有由绝缘体隔开的中心导体和接地屏蔽的同轴电缆。通常,在电气系统中,发送(或接收)设备的第一端子可以连接到中心导体,并且发送(或接收)设备的第二端子可以连接到接地屏蔽。如果发送设备经由第一端子在中心导体中注入电信号,那么该电信号将沿着中心导体传播,从而导致中心导体中的前向电流,并导致接地屏蔽中的返回电流。相同的条件适用于两端子接收设备。
相比而言,考虑诸如在本主题公开中描述的波导系统,其可以利用传输介质的不同实施例(尤其是包括同轴电缆)来发送导行电磁波,而无需电气返回路径。在一个实施例中,例如,本主题公开的波导系统可以被配置成感生沿着同轴电缆的外表面传播的导行电磁波。虽然导行电磁波将在接地屏蔽上引起前向电流,但是导行电磁波不需要返回电流来使得导行电磁波沿着同轴电缆的外表面传播。可以说由波导系统用于传输导行电磁波的其它传输介质也是如此。例如,由波导系统在裸导线或绝缘导线的外表面上感生的导行电磁波可以沿着裸导线或绝缘裸导线传播,而没有电气返回路径。
因此,需要用于在单独的导体上携带前向和反向电流的两个或更多个导体以使得由发送设备注入的电气信号能够传播的电气系统不同于在传输介质的界面上感生导行电磁波而不需要电气返回路径来使得导行电磁波能够沿着传输介质的界面传播的波导系统。
还要注意的是,本主题公开中所描述的导行电磁波可以具有主要或基本上位于传输介质的外部的电磁场结构,以便被限制到传输介质或由传输介质引导,并且以便在传输介质的外表面上或沿着传输介质的外表面传播不是微不足道的距离。在其它实施例中,导行电磁波可以具有主要或基本上在传输介质内部的电磁场结构,以便被限制到传输介质或由传输介质引导,并且以便在传输介质内传播不是微不足道的距离。在其它实施例中,导行电磁波可以具有部分地位于传输介质内部且部分地位于传输介质外部的电磁场结构,以便被限制到传输介质或由传输介质引导,并且以便沿着传输介质传播不是微不足道的距离。
如本文所使用的,术语“毫米波”可以指落在30GHz至300GHz的“毫米波频带”内的电磁波。术语“微波”可以指落在300MHz至300GHz的“微波频带”内的电磁波。应当认识到的是,本主题公开中描述的无线信号、电信号和导行电磁波可以被配置为在任何期望的频率范围内操作,诸如例如在毫米波和/或微波频带内的频率、高于毫米波和/或微波频带的频率、或者低于毫米波和/或微波频带的频率。
如本文所使用的,术语“天线”可以指作为辐射或接收无线信号的发送或接收系统的一部分的设备。
现在参考图21,其中示出了根据本文所描述各个方面的计算环境的框图。为了提供用于本文所描述实施例的各种实施例的附加上下文,图21和以下讨论旨在提供对其中可以实现本主题公开的各种实施例的合适的计算环境2100的简要一般描述。虽然上面已经在可以在一个或多个计算机上运行的计算机可执行指令的一般上下文中描述了实施例,但是本领域技术人员将认识到,实施例还可以与其它程序模块组合和/或作为硬件和软件的组合来实现。
一般而言,程序模块包括执行特定任务或实现特定抽象数据类型的例程、程序、部件、数据结构等。而且,本领域技术人员将认识到,该发明性方法可以用其它计算机系统配置来实践,包括单处理器或多处理器计算机系统、小型计算机、大型计算机、以及个人计算机、手持式计算设备、基于微处理器的或可编程的消费电子产品等,其中每个可操作地耦合到一个或多个相关联的设备。
如本文所使用的,处理电路包括处理器以及其它专用电路,诸如专用集成电路、数字逻辑电路、状态机、可编程门阵列或其它处理输入信号或数据并作为对其的响应产生输出信号或数据的电路。应当注意的是,虽然本文描述的任何功能和特征与处理器的操作相关联,但是它们可以同样由处理电路来执行。
除非上下文另有清楚,否则如权利要求中所使用的术语“第一”、“第二”、“第三”等仅仅是为了清晰,而不是另外指示或暗示任何时间次序。例如,“第一确定”、“第二确定”和“第三确定”不指示或暗示第一确定是在第二确定之前进行的,或者反之亦然,等等。
本文实施例的所示实施例还可以在分布式计算环境中实践,其中某些任务由通过通信网络链接的远程处理设备执行。在分布式计算环境中,程序模块可以位于本地和远程存储器存储设备两者中。
计算设备通常包括各种介质,其可以包括计算机可读存储介质和/或通信介质,这两个术语在本文如下彼此不同地使用。计算机可读存储介质可以是可由计算机访问的任何可用存储介质,并且包括易失性和非易失性介质、可移动和不可移动介质。作为示例而非限制,计算机可读存储介质可以结合用于存储诸如计算机可读指令、程序模块、结构化数据或非结构化数据的信息的任何方法或技术来实现。
计算机可读存储介质可以包括但不限于随机存取存储器(RAM)、只读存储器(ROM)、电可擦除可编程只读存储器(EEPROM)、闪存或其它存储器技术、光盘只读存储器(CD-ROM)、数字通用盘(DVD)或其它光盘存储器、磁带盒、磁带、磁盘存储器或其它磁性存储设备或者其它可以被用来存储期望信息的有形的和/或非临时性介质。在这方面,当在本文被应用到存储装置、存储器或计算机可读介质时,术语“有形”或“非临时性”应当被应理解为作为修饰语(modifier)排除本身仅仅传播临时性信号并且不放弃对所有本身不仅传播临时性信号的标准存储装置、存储器或计算机可读介质的权利。
计算机可读存储介质可以由一个或多个本地或远程计算设备访问,例如,经由访问请求、查询或其它数据检索协议,用于关于由该介质存储的信息的各种操作。
通信介质通常在诸如调制的数据信号(例如,载波或其它传输机制)的数据信号中体现计算机可读指令、数据结构、程序模块或其它结构化或非结构化数据,并且包括任何信息传递或传输介质。术语“调制的数据信号”或信号是指其一个或多个特性以在一个或多个信号中编码信息的方式被设置或改变的信号。作为示例而非限制,通信介质包括有线介质(诸如有线网络或直接连线连接),以及无线介质(诸如声学、RF、红外和其它无线介质)。
再次参照图21,用于经由基站(例如,基站设备102、104或520)或中心局(例如,中心局101、1411或2000)的至少一部分发送和接收信号或用于形成该至少一部分的示例环境2100。示例环境2100的至少一部分也可以用于中继器设备(例如,中继器设备710或806)。示例环境可以包括计算机2102、计算机2102包括处理单元2104、系统存储器2106和系统总线2108。系统总线2108将包括但不限于系统存储器2106的系统部件耦合到处理单元2104。处理单元2104可以是各种可商用的处理器中的任何一种。双微处理器和其它多处理器体系架构也可以被采用作为处理单元2104。
系统总线2108可以是几种类型的总线结构中的任意一种,其可以进一步利用各种市售总线体系架构中的任意一种互连到存储器总线(具有或不具有存储器控制器)、外围总线和局部总线。系统存储器2106包括ROM 2110和RAM 2112。基本输入/输出系统(BIOS)可以存储在诸如ROM、可擦除可编程只读存储器(EPROM)、EEPROM的非易失性存储器中,其中BIOS包含帮助诸如在启动期间在计算机2102内的元件之间传送信息的基本例程。RAM 2112还可以包括高速RAM,诸如用于高速缓存数据的静态RAM。
计算机2102还包括内部硬盘驱动器(HDD)2114(例如,EIDE、SATA),该内部硬盘驱动器2114还可以被配置成用于在合适的机箱(未示出)中外部使用,计算机1102还包括磁性软盘驱动器(FDD)2116(例如,为了从可移动磁盘2118读取或对其写入)和光盘驱动器2120(例如,读取CD-ROM盘2122,或者从诸如DVD的其它高容量光学介质读取或对其写入)。硬盘驱动器2114、磁盘驱动器2116和光盘驱动器2120可以分别通过硬盘驱动器接口2124、磁盘驱动器接口2126和光盘驱动器接口2128连接到系统总线2108。用于外部驱动器实现的接口2124包括通用串行总线(USB)以及电气和电子工程师协会(IEEE)1394接口技术中的至少一个或两者。其它外部驱动器连接技术在本文所描述实施例的预期内。
驱动器及其相关联的计算机可读存储介质提供数据、数据结构、计算机可执行指令等的非易失性存储。对于计算机2102,驱动器和存储介质以合适的数字格式容纳任何数据的存储。虽然上面的计算机可读存储介质的描述涉及硬盘驱动器(HDD)、可移动磁盘和诸如CD或DVD的可移动光学介质,但是本领域技术人员应当认识到,其它类型的计算机可读的存储介质(诸如zip驱动器、磁带盒、闪存卡、盒式磁带等)也可以在示例操作环境中使用,另外,任何此类存储介质都可以包含用于执行本文所描述的方法的计算机可执行指令。
多个程序模块可以存储在驱动器和RAM 2112中,包括操作系统2130、一个或多个应用程序2132、其它程序模块2134和程序数据2136。操作系统、应用、模块和/或数据的全部或部分也可以被高速缓存在RAM 2112中。本文所描述的系统和方法可以利用各种市售的操作系统或操作系统的组合来实现。可以由处理单元2104实现和以其它方式执行的应用程序2132的示例包括由中继器设备806执行的分集选择确定。图5A中所示的基站设备508也在存储器上存储可以由这个示例性计算环境2100中的处理单元2104执行的许多应用和程序。
用户可以通过一个或多个有线/无线输入设备(例如,键盘2138和诸如鼠标2140的指点设备)将命令和信息输入到计算机2102中。其它输入设备(未示出)可以包括麦克风、红外(IR)遥控器、操纵杆、游戏板、触控笔、触摸屏等。这些和其它输入设备常常通过可以耦合到系统总线2108的输入设备接口2142连接到处理单元2104,但是可以通过其它接口连接,这些其它接口诸如并行端口、IEEE 1394串行端口、游戏端口、通用串行总线(USB)端口、IR接口等。
监视器2144或其它类型的显示设备也可以经由诸如视频适配器2146的接口连接到系统总线2108。还将认识到,在替代实施例中,监视器2144还可以是任何显示设备(例如,具有显示器的另一计算机、智能电话、平板计算机等),用于经由任何通信手段(包括经由互联网和基于云的网络)接收与计算机2102相关联的显示信息。除了监视器2144之外,计算机通常还包括其它外围输出设备(未示出),诸如扬声器、打印机等。
计算机2102可以利用经由到一个或多个远程计算机(诸如远程计算机2148)的有线和/或无线通信的逻辑连接在联网环境中操作。远程计算机2148可以是工作站、服务器计算机、路由器、个人计算机、便携式计算机、基于微处理器的娱乐设备、对等设备或其它公共网络节点,并且通常包括相对于计算机2102描述的许多或全部元件,但是为了简洁,仅示出了存储器/存储设备2150。所绘出的逻辑连接包括到局域网(LAN)2152和/或更大的网络(例如,广域网(WAN)2154)的有线/无线连接。这种LAN和WAN联网环境在办公室和公司中是常见的,并且便于企业范围的计算机网络(诸如内联网),所有这些都可以连接到全球通信网络(例如,互联网)。
当在LAN联网环境中使用时,计算机2102可以通过有线和/或无线通信网络接口或适配器2156连接到本地网络2152。适配器2156可以便于到LAN 2152的有线或无线通信,其还可以包括部署在其上的用于与无线适配器2156通信的无线AP。
当在WAN联网环境中使用时,计算机2102可以包括调制解调器2158或者可以连接到WAN 2154上的通信服务器,或者具有用于经WAN 2154建立通信的其它手段(诸如通过互联网)。可以是内部或外部设备以及有线或无线设备的调制解调器2158可以经由输入设备接口2142连接到系统总线2108。在联网环境中,相对于计算机2102或其部分绘出的程序模块可以存储在远程存储器/存储设备2150中。应当认识到,所示出的网络连接是示例并且可以使用在计算机之间建立通信链路的其它手段。
计算机2102可操作成与可操作地部署在无线通信中的任何无线设备或实体通信,这些无线设备或实体例如打印机、扫描仪、桌面和/或便携式计算机、便携式数据助理、通信卫星、任何与无线可检测标签相关联的装备或位置(例如,信息站、报摊、洗手间)以及电话。这可以包括无线保真(Wi-Fi)和无线技术。因此,通信可以是与常规网络一样的预定义结构或者简单地是至少两个设备之间的自组织(ad hoc)通信。
Wi-Fi可以允许在从家里的沙发、酒店房间的床上或者工作会议室连接到互联网,而无需电线。Wi-Fi是类似于在手机中使用的无线技术,它使这种设备(例如计算机)在室内和室外;在基站范围内的任何地方,发送和接收数据。Wi-Fi网络使用被称为IEEE 802.11(a,b,g,n,ac等)的无线电技术来提供安全、可靠、快速的无线连接性。Wi-Fi网络可以被用来将计算机连接到彼此、连接到互联网并且连接到(可以使用IEEE 802.3或以太网的)有线网络。Wi-Fi网络在例如无许可的2.4和5GHz无线电频带内操作,或具有包含这两个频带(双频带)的产品,使得网络可以提供类似于在许多办公室使用的基本10BaseT有线以太网网络的真实世界性能。
图22给出了可以实现和利用本文所描述的所公开主题的一个或多个方面的移动网络平台2210的示例实施例2200。在一种或多种实施例中,移动网络平台2210可以生成和接收由与所公开主体相关联的基站(例如,基站设备102、104或520)、中心局(例如,中心局101、1411或2000)或中继器设备(例如,中继器设备710、或806)发送和接收的信号。一般而言,无线网络平台2210可以包括便于分组交换(PS)(例如,互联网协议(IP)、帧中继、异步传送模式(ATM))和电路交换(CS)流量(例如,语音和数据)这两者、以及控制用于联网无线电信的生成的部件,例如节点、网关、接口、服务器或完全不同的平台。作为非限制性示例,无线网络平台2210可以包括在电信运营商网络中,并且如本文其它地方所讨论的那样可以被认为是运营商侧的部件。移动网络平台2210包括(一个或多个)CS网关节点2212,其中CS网关节点2212可以对接从像(一个或多个)电话网络2240(例如,公共交换电话网(PSTN)或公共陆地移动网(PLMN))的传统网络或信令系统#7(SS7)网络2270接收到的CS流量。(一个或多个)电路交换网关节点2212可以授权并认证从这种网络产生的流量(例如,语音)。此外,(一个或多个)CS网关节点2212可以访问通过SS7网络2270生成的移动性,或漫游,数据;例如,存储在被访问位置寄存器(VLR)中的移动性数据,该数据可以驻留在存储器2230中。而且,(一个或多个)CS网关节点2212对接基于CS的流量和信令以及(一个或多个)PS网关节点2218。作为示例,在3GPP UMTS网络中,(一个或多个)CS网关节点2212可以至少部分地在(一个或多个)网关GPRS支持节点(GGSN)中实现。应当认识到,(一个或多个)CS网关节点2212、(一个或多个)PS网关节点2218和(一个或多个)服务节点2216的功能和具体操作由用于电信的移动网络平台2210所使用的(一种或多种)无线电技术提供和规定。
除了接收和处理CS交换流量和信令之外,(一个或多个)PS网关节点2218还可以授权并认证与被服务的移动设备的基于PS的数据会话。数据会话可包括与无线网络平台2210外部的网络交换的流量,或(一个或多个)内容,其中网络比如(一个或多个)广域网(WAN)2250、(一个或多个)企业网2270以及(一个或多个)服务网络2280,其中服务网络可以在(一个或多个)局域网(LAN)中体现,也可以通过(一个或多个)PS网关节点2218与移动网络平台2210相接口。应当注意的是,WAN 2250和(一个或多个)企业网2260可以至少部分地体现像IP多媒体子系统(IMS)的(一个或多个)服务网络。基于在(一个或多个)技术资源2217中可用的(一个或多个)无线电技术层,(一个或多个)分组交换网关节点2218可以在数据会话被建立时生成分组数据协议上下文;便于分组化数据的路由的其它数据结构也可以被生成。为此,在一方面,(一个或多个)PS网关节点2218可以包括隧道接口(例如,(一个或多个)3GPP UMTS网络中的隧道终止网关(TTG)(未示出)),该隧道接口可以便于与(一个或多个)不同的无线网络(诸如Wi-Fi网络)的分组化通信。
在实施例2200中,无线网络平台2210还包括(一个或多个)服务节点2216,基于(一个或多个)技术资源2217中可用的(一个或多个)无线电技术层,所述服务节点传送通过(一个或多个)PS网关节点2218接收的数据流的各个分组流。应当注意的是,对于主要依赖于CS通信的(一个或多个)技术资源2217,(一个或多个)服务器节点可以不依赖(一个或多个)PS网关节点2218就输送流量;例如,(一个或多个)服务器节点可以至少部分地体现移动交换中心。作为示例,在3GPP UMTS网络中,(一个或多个)服务节点2216可以在(一个或多个)服务GPRS支持节点(SGSN)中体现。
对于采用分组化通信的无线电技术,无线网络平台2210中的(一个或多个)服务器2214可以执行多种应用,这些应用可以生成多个不同的分组化数据流或流动,并且管理(例如,调度、排队,格式化...)这种流。(一个或多个)这种应用可以包括对由无线网络平台2210提供的标准服务(例如,供应、计费、客户支持...)的附加特征。数据流(例如,作为语音呼叫或数据会话的一部分的(一个或多个)内容)可以被传送到(一个或多个)PS网关节点2218,用于数据会话的授权/认证和启动,并且被传送到(一个或多个)服务节点2216,用于其后的通信。除了应用服务器,(一个或多个)服务器2214还可以包括(一个或多个)实用服务器(utility server),实用服务器可以包括供应服务器、操作和维护服务器、可以至少部分地实现证书颁发和防火墙以及其它安全机制的安全服务器,等等。在一方面,(一个或多个)安全服务器保护通过无线网络平台2210被服务的通信,以便作为(一个或多个)CS网关节点2212和(一个或多个)PS网关节点2218可以制定的授权和认证程序的附加,还确保网络的操作和数据完整性。而且,(一个或多个)供应服务器可以供应来自(一个或多个)外部网络(如由不同的服务提供者运营的网络)的服务;例如,WAN 2250或(一个或多个)全球定位系统(GPS)网络(未示出)。(一个或多个)供应服务器还可以通过关联到无线网络平台2210的网络(例如,由同一服务提供者部署和运营)来供应覆盖,网络诸如图1中所示的通过提供更多网络覆盖来增强无线服务覆盖的分布式天线网络。诸如图7、8和9中所示那些的中继器设备也改善网络覆盖,以便增强通过UE 2275的订户服务体验。
应当注意的是,(一个或多个)服务器2214可以包括被配置成至少部分地给予(confer)宏网络平台2210的功能的一个或多个处理器。为此,例如,这一个或多个处理器可以执行存储在存储器2230中的代码指令。应当认识到,(一个或多个)服务器2214可以包括内容管理器2215,其中内容管理器2215以基本上与前文所描述相同的方式操作。
在示例实施例2200中,存储器2230可以存储关于无线网络平台2210的操作的信息。其它操作信息可以包括通过无线网络平台2210被服务的移动设备的供应信息、订户数据库;应用智能、定价方案,例如促销价格、统一费率方案、优惠券活动;与用于不同的无线电或无线技术层的操作的电信协议一致的(一个或多个)技术规范;等等。存储器2230还可以存储来自(一个或多个)电话网络2240、WAN 2250、(一个或多个)企业网2260或者SS7网络2270当中至少一个的信息。在一方面,存储器2230可以例如作为数据存储部件或作为远程连接的存储器存储的一部分被访问。
为了提供用于所公开主题的各方面的上下文,图22和以下讨论旨在提供对其中可以实现所公开主题的合适环境的简要的一般描述。虽然以上已经在可以在一个和/或多个计算机上运行的计算机程序的计算机可执行指令的一般上下文中描述了本主题,但是本领域技术人员将认识到,所公开的主题也可以结合其它程序模块来实现。一般而言,程序模块包括执行特定任务和/或实现特定抽象数据类型的例程、程序、部件、数据结构,等等。
图23绘出了通信设备2300的说明性实施例。通信设备2300可以用作诸如由本主题公开(例如,在图1和14中)所参考的移动设备和建筑内设备的设备的说明性实施例。
通信设备2300可以包括有线和/或无线收发器2302(本文的收发器2302)、用户界面(UI)2304、电源2314、位置接收器2316、运动传感器2318、朝向传感器2320、以及用于管理其操作的控制器2306。收发器2302可以支持诸如WiFi、DECT的短距离或远距离无线接入技术,或者蜂窝通信技术,等等(和是分别由特别兴趣小组和联盟的注册商标)。蜂窝技术可以包括例如CDMA-1X、UMTS/HSDPA、GSM/GPRS、TDMA/EDGE、EV/DO、WiMAX、SDR、LTE以及当其出现时的其它下一代无线通信技术。收发器2302还可以适于支持电路交换有线接入技术(例如PSTN)、分组交换有线接入技术(诸如TCP/IP、VoIP等)及其组合。
UI 2304可以包括具有导航机制(诸如滚球、操纵杆、鼠标或用于操纵通信设备2300的操作的导航盘)的可按压或触摸敏感的小键盘2308。小键盘2308可以是通信设备2300的壳体组件的整体组成部分或通过系留有线接口(诸如USB电缆)或支持例如的无线接口可操作地耦合到其的独立设备。小键盘2308可以表示通常由电话使用的数字小键盘和/或具有字母数字键的QWERTY小键盘。UI 2304还可以包括显示器2310,诸如单色或彩色LCD(液晶显示器)、OLED(有机发光二极管)或用于将图像传达给通信设备2300的终端用户的其它合适的显示器技术。在其中显示器2310是触摸敏感的实施例中,小键盘2308的一部分或全部可以通过具有导航特征的显示器2310来呈现。
显示器2310可以使用触摸屏技术以还用作用于检测用户输入的用户接口。作为触摸屏显示器,通信设备2300可以适于呈现具有可以由用户用手指的触摸来选择的图形用户接口(GUI)元素的用户接口。触摸屏显示器2310可以配备电容式、电阻式或其它形式的感测技术,以检测用户手指的表面积有多少已经放置在触摸屏显示器的一部分上。该感测信息可以用于控制GUI元素的操纵或用户接口的其它功能。显示器2310可以是通信设备2300的壳体组件的整体组成部分,或者是通过系留有线接口(诸如电缆)或无线接口通信地耦合到其的独立设备。
UI 2304还可以包括音频系统2312,其利用音频技术以便传达低音量音频(诸如接近人耳听到的音频)和高音量音频(诸如用于免提操作的扬声器)。音频系统2312还可以包括用于接收终端用户的可听信号的麦克风。音频系统2312还可以用于语音识别应用。UI2304还可以包括用于捕获静止或移动图像的图像传感器2313,诸如电荷耦合器件(CCD)相机。
电源2314可以利用诸如可更换和可再充电电池的公共电力管理技术、供应调节技术和/或用于向通信设备2300的部件提供能量以便于远距离或短距离便携式通信的充电系统技术。可替代地或组合地,充电系统可以利用外部电源,诸如通过诸如USB端口的物理接口或其它合适的系留技术提供的DC电力。
位置接收器2316可以利用位置技术,诸如能够辅助GPS用于基于由GPS卫星的星群生成的信号来识别通信设备2300的位置的全球定位系统(GPS)接收器,其可以用于便于诸如导航的位置服务。运动传感器2318可以利用运动感测技术(诸如加速度计、陀螺仪或其它合适的运动感测技术)来检测通信设备2300在三维空间中的运动。朝向传感器2320可以利用朝向感测技术(诸如磁力计)来检测通信设备2300的朝向(北、南、西和东,以及以度、分或其它合适的朝向度量的组合朝向)。
通信设备2300可以使用收发器2302来通过感测技术(诸如利用接收到的信号强度指示符(RSSI)和/或信号到达时间(TOA)或飞行时间(TOF)测量)还确定与蜂窝、WiFi、或其它无线接入点的接近度。控制器2306可以利用计算技术,诸如微处理器、数字信号处理器(DSP)、可编程门阵列、专用集成电路和/或具有相关联的存储存储器(诸如闪存、ROM、RAM、SRAM、DRAM或其它存储技术)的视频处理器,用于执行计算机指令、控制和处理由通信设备2300的上述部件提供的数据。
图23中未示出的其它部件可以在本主题公开的一种或多种实施例中使用。例如,通信设备2300可以包括用于添加或去除诸如订户身份模块(SIM)卡或通用集成电路卡(UICC)的身份模块的槽。SIM或UICC卡可以用于识别订户服务、执行程序、存储订户数据,等等。
在本说明书,诸如“存储库”、“存储装置”、“数据存储”、“数据存储装置”、“数据库”的术语以及基本上任何其它与部件的操作和功能相关的信息存储部件都是指“存储器部件”,或者体现在“存储器”或包含存储器的部件中的实体。应当认识到的是,本文所描述的存储器部件可以是易失性存储器或非易失性存储器,或者可以既包括易失性又包括非易失性存储器,作为说明而非限制,易失性存储器、非易失性存储器、盘存储装置和存储器存储装置。另外,非易失性存储器可以包括在只读存储器(ROM)、可编程ROM(PROM)、电可编程ROM(EPROM)、电可擦除ROM(EEPROM)或闪存存储器中。易失性存储器可以包括随机存取存储器(RAM),它充当外部高速缓存存储器。作为说明而非限制,RAM以许多形式可用,诸如同步RAM(SRAM)、动态RAM(DRAM)、同步DRAM(SDRAM)、双数据速率SDRAM(DDR SDRAM)、增强型SDRAM(ESDRAM)、同步链路DRAM(SLDRAM)和直接Rambus RAM(DRRAM)。此外,本文所公开的系统或方法的存储器部件意在包括但不限于包括这些和任何其它合适类型的存储器。
而且,应当注意的是,所公开的主题可以利用其它计算机系统配置来实践,包括单处理器或多处理器计算机系统、微型计算设备、大型计算机,以及个人计算机、手持式计算设备(例如,PDA、电话、手表、平板电脑、上网本电脑、等等),基于微处理器的或可编程的消费者或工业电子产品,等等。所说明的各方面也可以在分布式计算环境中实践,其中任务由通过通信网络链接的远程处理设备执行;但是,本公开的各方面就算不是全部也至少有一些可以在独立的计算机上实践。在分布式计算环境中,程序模块可以位于本地和远程存储器存储设备这两者中。
本文描述的一些实施例还可以采用人工智能(AI)来便于使本文所描述的一个或多个特征自动化。例如,可以使用人工智能来确定导线周围应当放置介电波导604和606的位置,以便最大化转移效率。实施例(例如,与在添加到现有通信网络之后自动识别所获取的提供最大化价值/利益的小区站点有关的)可以采用各种基于AI的方案来执行其各种实施例。而且,分类器可以被用来确定所获取的网络的每个小区站点的排名或优先级。分类器是将输入属性向量x=(x1,x2,x3,x4,...,xn)映射到该输入属于一类(class)的置信度(confidence)的函数,即f(x)=confidence(class)。这种分类可以采用基于概率和/或基于统计的分析(例如,分解成分析效用和成本)来预测或推断用户期望被自动执行的动作。支持向量机(SVM)是可以被采用的分类器的示例。SVM通过找出可能输入的空间中的超曲面来操作,其中超曲面试图分离触发标准与非触发事件。直观地,这使得分类对于接近训练数据但与训练数据不完全相同的测试数据是正确的。其它有向和无向模型分类方法包括例如朴素贝叶斯、贝叶斯网络、决策树、神经网络、模糊逻辑模型和提供可被采用的不同独立性模式的概率分类模型。如本文使用的分类还包括被用来开发优先级模型的统计回归。
如将容易认识到的,一种或多种实施例可以采用经过显式训练(例如,经由一般训练数据)以及隐式训练(例如,经由观察UE行为、运营者偏好、历史信息、接收外来信息)的分类器。例如,SVM可以经由分类器构造器和特征选择模块中的学习或训练阶段来配置。因此,(一个或多个)分类器可以被用来自动学习和执行多个功能,包括但不限于根据预定标准确定所获取的小区站点中哪个将有利于最大数量的订户和/或所获取的小区站点中哪个将向现有的通信网络覆盖添加最小价值,等等。
如在本申请中在一些上下文中所使用的,在一些实施例中,术语“部件”,“系统”等意在指或者包括与计算机相关的实体或者与具有一个或多个具体功能的操作装置相关的实体,其中实体可以是硬件、硬件和软件的组合、软件或者执行中的软件。作为示例,部件可以是但不限于是在处理器上运行的过程、处理器、对象、可执行程序、执行线程、计算机可执行的指令、程序和/或计算机。作为说明而非限制,在服务器上运行的应用和服务器都可以是部件。一个或多个部件可以驻留在执行的过程和/或线程内,并且部件可以在一个计算机上本地化和/或在两个或更多个计算机之间分布。此外,这些部件可以从其上存储有各种数据结构的各种计算机可读介质执行。这些部件可以经由本地和/或远程过程来通信,诸如根据具有一个或多个数据分组(例如,来自经由信号与在本地系统、分布式系统中和/或跨诸如互联网的网络和其它系统中的另一个部件交互的一个部件的数据)的信号。作为另一个示例,部件可以是具有由电路系统或电子电路系统操作的机械零件提供的具体功能的装置,电路系统或电子电路系统由处理器所执行的软件或固件应用操作,其中处理器可以在装置的内部或外部并且执行软件或固件应用的至少一部分。作为还有另一个示例,部件可以是通过没有机械零件的电子部件提供具体功能的装置,该电子部件可以在其中包括处理器,以执行至少部分地给予电子部件功能的软件或固件。虽然各种部件被示为单独的部件,但是应当认识到的是,在不背离示例实施例的情况下,多个部件可以被实现为单个部件,或者单个部件可以被实现为多个部件。
另外,各种实施例可以利用标准的编程和/或工程技术被实现为方法、装置或制品,以产生软件、固件、硬件或其任何组合来控制计算机实现所公开的主题。如本文所使用的,术语“制品”是要涵盖可从任何计算机可读设备或计算机可读存储/通信介质访问的计算机程序。例如,计算机可读存储介质可以包括但不限于磁存储设备(例如,硬盘、软盘、磁条)、光盘(例如,压缩光盘(CD)、数字多功能盘(DVD))、智能卡和闪速存储器设备(例如,卡、棒、键驱动器)。当然,本领域技术人员将认识到,在不背离各种实施例的范围或精神的情况下,可以对这种配置做出许多修改。
此外,词语“示例”和“示例性”在本文中被用来指充当实例或说明。本文被描述为“示例”或“示例性”的任何实施例或设计并不一定要被解释为优于或胜过其它实施例或设计。相反,词语示例或示例性的使用意在以具体的方式呈现概念。如在本申请中所使用的,术语“或”意在指包含性的“或”而不是排他性的“或”。即,除非另有指定或从上下文可以清楚,否则“X采用A或B”意在指任何自然的包含性排列。即,如果X采用A;X采用B;或者X采用A和B二者,那么“X采用A或B”在任何以上情况下都满足。此外,如在本申请和所附权利要求书中所使用的,除非另有指定或从上下文清楚看出是针对单数形式,否则“一”和“一个”应当一般性地被解释为指“一个或多个”。
而且,诸如“用户装备”、“移动站”、“移动电话”、“订户站”、“接入终端”、“终端”、“手持机”、“移动设备”(和/或表示类似术语的术语)可以指被无线通信服务的订户或用户用来接收或传送数据、控制、语音、视频、声音、游戏或基本上任何数据流或信令流的无线设备。前述术语在本文并且参照相关的附图可互换使用。
此外,术语“用户”、“订户”、“客户”、“消费者”等贯穿全文可被互换采用,除非上下文保证这些术语之间的特定区分。应当认识到的是,这种术语可以指人类实体或者通过人工智能(例如,至少基于复杂的数学形式体系做出推论的能力)支持的自动化部件,该自动化部件可以提供模拟视觉、声音识别等。
如在本文所采用的,术语“处理器”可以指基本上任何计算处理单元或设备,包括但不限于包括单核处理器;具有软件多线程执行能力的单处理器;多核处理器;具有软件多线程执行能力的多核处理器;具有硬件多线程技术的多核处理器;并行平台;以及具有分布式共享存储器的并行平台。此外,处理器可以指被设计为执行本文所描述功能的集成电路、专用集成电路(ASIC)、数字信号处理器(DSP)、现场可编程门阵列(FPGA)、可编程逻辑控制器(PLC)、复杂可编程逻辑器件(CPLD)、离散门或晶体管逻辑、离散硬件部件或者其任意组合。处理器可以利用纳米级体系架构,诸如但不限于基于分子和量子点的晶体管、开关和门,以便优化空间的使用或增强用户设备的性能。处理器还可以被实现为计算处理单元的组合。
如本文所使用的,诸如“数据存储装置”、“数据库”的术语以及基本上任何其它与部件的操作和功能相关的信息存储部件都是指“存储器部件”或者在“存储器”或包括存储器的部件中体现的实体。应当认识到的是,本文所描述的存储器部件或计算机可读存储介质可以是易失性存储器或非易失性存储器,或者可以包括易失性和非易失性存储器两者。
以上所描述的仅仅包括各种实施例的示例。当然,不可能为了描述这些实施例而描述部件或方法的每个可想到的组合,但本领域普通技术人员可以认识到,给出的实施例的许多进一步的组合和排列都是可能的。因此,所公开和/或本文要求保护的实施例是要涵盖属于权利要求的精神和范围之内的所有此类更改、修改和变化。此外,就术语“包括(includes)”在具体描述或权利要求中被使用的范围而言,这种术语是要以类似于术语“包括(comprising)”的方式作为包含性的,就像当“包括”在权利要求中作为过渡词被采用时所解释的那样。
虽然本文已经示出和描述了具体实施例,但是应当认识到,实现相同或相似目的的任何布置可以代替本主题公开所描述或示出的实施例。本主题公开旨在涵盖各种实施例的任何和所有适配或变化。上述实施例和本文未具体描述的其它实施例的组合可以在本主题公开中使用。例如,来自一种或多种实施例的一个或多个特征可以与一种或多种其它实施例的一个或多个特征组合。在一种或多种实施例中,肯定阐述的特征也可以被否定地阐述,并且被排除在实施例之外,不管有没有被另一个结构和/或功能特征替代。关于本主题公开的实施例描述的步骤或功能可以以任何顺序执行。关于本主题公开的实施例描述的步骤或功能可以单独执行或与本主题公开的其它步骤或功能以及来自其它实施例或来自本主题公开中未描述的其它步骤组合。此外,也可以利用超过或少于关于实施例所描述的所有特征。
Claims (15)
1.一种方法,包括:
通过数字订户线(DSL)设备接收沿耦合到DSL设备的第一传输介质的非导电材料传播的导行电磁波;以及
由所述DSL设备将第一电信号发送到耦合到所述DSL设备的第二传输介质内部的导电材料中。
2.如权利要求1所述的方法,其中第一传输介质和第二传输介质是组合传输介质的组成部分。
3.如权利要求2所述的方法,其中所述组合传输介质包括电话电缆,所述电话电缆包括被绝缘层围绕的绝缘双绞线束。
4.如权利要求3所述的方法,其中第一传输介质包括围绕所述绝缘双绞线束的绝缘层。
5.如权利要求4所述的方法,其中所述导行电磁波至少部分地沿所述绝缘层的外表面传播。
6.如权利要求4所述的方法,其中所述导行电磁波在所述绝缘层的内部传播。
7.如权利要求3所述的方法,其中第一传输介质包括所述绝缘双绞线束。
8.如权利要求7所述的方法,其中所述导行电磁波至少部分地沿所述绝缘双绞线束的外表面传播。
9.如权利要求3所述的方法,其中第二传输介质包括所述绝缘双绞线束。
10.如权利要求9所述的方法,其中第一电信号在所述绝缘双绞线束的至少两个导体中传播。
11.如权利要求1所述的方法,其中所述DSL设备包括DSL调制解调器和网络接口设备,其中所述网络接口设备耦合到第一传输介质和所述DSL调制解调器,并且其中所述方法还包括:
由所述网络接口设备将所述导行电磁波转换成第二电信号;以及
由所述网络接口设备将第二电信号提供给所述DSL调制解调器。
12.如权利要求11所述的方法,其中所述网络接口设备通过第一对双绞线耦合到所述DSL调制解调器,并且其中所述网络接口设备通过第一对双绞线将第二电信号提供给所述DSL调制解调器。
13.如权利要求11所述的方法,其中第二传输介质的导电材料包括耦合到所述DSL调制解调器用于传导第一电信号的第一对双绞线。
14.一种装置,包括数字订户线(DSL)设备,DSL设备便于:接收沿耦合到所述DSL设备的第一传输介质的非导电材料传播的导行电磁波,以及将第一电信号发送到耦合到所述DSL设备的第二传输介质内部的导电材料中。
15.如权利要求14所述的装置,其中所述DSL设备包括DSL调制解调器和网络接口设备,其中所述网络接口设备耦合到第一传输介质和所述DSL调制解调器,其中所述网络接口设备便于将所述导行电磁波转换为第二电信号,并且其中所述网络接口设备便于将第二电信号提供给所述DSL调制解调器。
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2014
- 2014-12-04 US US14/560,215 patent/US10009067B2/en active Active
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2015
- 2015-10-21 CN CN201580073276.5A patent/CN107210779A/zh active Pending
- 2015-10-21 BR BR112017011892-0A patent/BR112017011892A2/pt not_active Application Discontinuation
- 2015-10-21 CA CA2969626A patent/CA2969626C/en active Active
- 2015-10-21 WO PCT/US2015/056626 patent/WO2016089491A1/en active Application Filing
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RU2801059C1 (ru) * | 2023-01-27 | 2023-08-01 | Акционерное общество "Московский машиностроительный завод "АВАНГАРД" | Устройство для контроля электрического монтажа |
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