CN102948081B - 具有宽带功率放大器的远程射频头单元及方法 - Google Patents

具有宽带功率放大器的远程射频头单元及方法 Download PDF

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CN102948081B
CN102948081B CN201080064329.4A CN201080064329A CN102948081B CN 102948081 B CN102948081 B CN 102948081B CN 201080064329 A CN201080064329 A CN 201080064329A CN 102948081 B CN102948081 B CN 102948081B
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signal
amplification
interference
circulator
cancelling system
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CN102948081A (zh
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王诚训
肖恩·帕特里克·斯特普尔顿
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Dali Systems Co Ltd
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Abstract

一种远程射频头（RRU）系统，用于多个工作频带、多信道，由单个或更多个宽带功率放大器来驱动。更具体地，本发明使得多频带RRU能够使用更少的功率放大器，以减小多频带RRU的尺寸和成本。本发明基于使用双工器和/或干扰消除系统技术来增加RRU的发射机信号与接收机信号之间的隔离的方法。

Description

具有宽带功率放大器的远程射频头单元及方法
相关申请
本申请要求以下申请的权益：
于2009年12月21日提交的、标题为“REMOTERADIOHEADUNITSYSTEMWITHWIDEBANDPOWERAMPLIFIERANDMETHOD”、发明人为ChengxunWang和ShawnPatrickStapleton的美国专利申请61/288,840，为了所有目的，通过引用将其合并在本文中。
技术领域
本发明通常涉及使用功率放大器和远程射频头单元（RRU或RRH）的无线通信系统。更具体地，本发明涉及作为分布式基站的一部分的RRU，其中，所有射频相关的功能都包含在可以被布置在远离主单元的位置处的很小的单个单元中。
背景技术
无线和移动网络操作者面临建立对高的数据流量增长速率进行有效地管理的网络的持续挑战。终端用户的多媒体内容的移动性和增加的量级要求端到端的网络自适应性，端到端的网络自适应性支持新的服务以及对于宽带和统一费率互联网访问的增加的需求。此外，网络操作者必须考虑用于扩大网络容量以及向4G及高于4G演化的最大成本效益的解决方案。
无线和移动技术标准正朝着对于峰值速率和小区吞吐量增长的更高频带需求演化。支持无线和移动技术的最新标准是HSPA+、WiMAX、TD-SCDMA和LTE。部署基于这些标准的网络所需要的网络更新必需平衡新的频谱的有限的可用性、发挥现有频谱的杠杆作用以及确保所有期望标准的操作。这些都必须在过渡阶段的同时发生，过渡阶段通常跨越很多年。
分布式开放基站结构概念已经平行于标准的演化而演化，以提供用于管理射频接入演化的灵活、廉价且更可扩展（scalable）模块化的环境。例如，开放式基站结构联盟（OBSAI）、通用公共无线接口（CPRI）和IR接口标准引入了通过光纤使基站服务器和基站的远程射频头部分分离的标准化接口。
远程射频头（RRU）概念是现有技术基站结构的基本部分。2G/3G/4G基站通常通过光纤连接至RRU。CPRI、OBSAI或IR接口均可以用于承载给RRH的数据以覆盖三扇区小区。RRU结合了大量的数字接口连接和处理功能。传统上，多信道RRU表示使用多个天线，通常，两个不同的频带用两个功率放大器。使用双工器来合并两个功率放大器输出。使用开关来隔离时分同步码分多址（TD-SCDMA）调制中出现的发送信号与接收信号。为了将现有技术结构扩展成多个频带（即，两个或更多个频带），实现应当包括添加另外的并行的信道化的功率放大器。另外的功率放大器的输出通常在N*1双工器中进行合并，并且被馈送给单个天线。
虽然传统的RRU结构提供了某些优点，然而，目前的RRU功率效率低下、成本昂贵并且灵活性差。此外，RRU的差的DC到RF功率变换使其将具有大的机械外壳。此外，当前RRU设计灵活性差。随着标准演化，需要可以适应使用单个宽带功率放大器的两个或更多个工作信道的多频带RRU。由于宽带功率放大器通常是接通的，这产生了各个接收器处的隔离问题。在使用单个功率放大器来开发多频带RRU的情况下，宽带发射机与接收机之间的隔离是任何调制标准（HSPA+、WiMAX、LTE等）均具有的问题。这是多频带情况下利用宽带功率放大器的所有通信系统共同的问题。
发明内容
因而，鉴于以上问题给出了本发明，并且，本发明的目的是提供一种用于实现服务多频带的RRU系统的高性能且有成本效益的技术。此外，本公开内容使得RRU能够进行现场可重构，并且支持多调制方案（调制不可知）、多载波、多频带和多信道。本发明还提供单个RRU内的多频带以节省射频网络部署的成本。具体地，本发明解决了在功率放大器数量小于工作频带数量的情况下的RRU的隔离问题。能够根据GSM、HSPA、LTE、TD-SCDMA和WiMAX标准和先进的软件可配置性来操作的多模式射频是更灵活且能量有效的射频网络的部署的关键特征。
本发明使用通常基于用于使发送信号（Tx信号）与接收信号（Rx信号）之间的隔离最大化的方法和技术的技术来实现以上目的。Tx信号可能包括在功率放大器的输出端处生成的噪音，或者，其可能包括泄漏到接收机中的不期望的发射机频带。通过使用本发明，可以将传统的RRU扩展成多频带多信道配置。多频带表示RRU中使用不止一个频带，而多信道表示使用不止一个输出天线。公开了本发明的各种实施方式。
本发明的一种实施方式利用双工器、开关和循环器来使发射机与接收机之间的隔离最大化。本发明的另一种实施方式利用干扰消除系统（ICS）连同双工器、开关和循环器。
本发明的应用适于与所有无线基站、远程射频头（remoteradiohead）、分布式基站、分布式天线系统、接入点、中继器、移动装置和无线终端、便携式无线设备以及如微波和卫星通信等的其它无线通信系统一起使用。本发明还通过如与远程计算中心的以太网连接等的链路来进行现场升级。
附图说明
根据结合附图给出的以下详细描述，可以更全面地理解本发明的另外的特征和优点，其中：
图1是根据本发明的远程射频头单元系统中的TD-SCDMA双频带单功率放大器配置的框图。
图2是根据本发明的远程射频头单元系统中的具有干扰消除系统（ICS）配置的TD-SCDMA双频带单功率放大器的框图。
图3是具有干扰消除系统的FDD调制不可知型双频带远程射频头。
图4是使用功率检测的干扰消除系统。
图5是具有干扰消除系统的TDD调制不可知型双频带远程射频头。
图6是使用校正的干扰消除系统。
术语表
ACLR相邻信道泄漏比
ACPR相邻信道功率比
ADC模数转换器
AQDM模拟正交解调器
AQM模拟正交调制器
AQDMC模拟正交解调校正器
AQMC模拟正交调制校正器
BPF带通滤波器
CDMA码分多址
CFR峰值因数缩减
DAC数模转换器
DET检测器
DHMPA数字混合模式功率放大器
DDC数字下变频器
DNC下变频器
DPADoherty功率放大器
DQDM数字正交解调器
DQM数字正交调制器
DSP数字信号处理
DUC数字上变频器
EER包络消除和恢复
EF包络跟随
ET包络跟踪
EVM误差矢量幅度
FFLPA前馈线性功率放大器
FIR有限脉冲响应
FPGA现场可编程门阵列
GSM全球移动通信系统
I-Q同相-正交
IF中频
LlNC使用非线性部件的线性放大
LO本地振荡器
LPF低通滤波器
MCPA多载波功率放大器
MDS多方向搜索
OFDM正交频分复用
PA功率放大器
PAPR峰值-平均功率比
PD数字基带预失真
PLL锁相环
QAM正交幅度调制
QPSK正交相移键控
RF射频
RRU远程射频头单元
SAW表面声波滤波器
UMTS通用移动通信系统
UPC上变频器
WCDMA宽带码分多址
WLAN无线局域网
具体实施方式
本发明是使用宽带功率放大器的新的RRU系统。本发明是数字模块和模拟模块的混合系统。混合系统的数字模块和模拟模块的相互影响消除了宽带功率放大器输出与接收机的输入之间的干扰。因此，本发明实现了在使用具有多个频带的宽带功率放大器的情况下的更高的发射机（Tx）与接收机（Rx）隔离。
首先，参考图1，以框图形式示出了本发明的某些方面的实施方式。图1描绘了双信道RRU的模拟部分。在本实施方式中，使用了单个宽带功率放大器404。两个不同的频带信号在双工器403中进行合并，并且被输入至宽带功率放大器404。宽带功率放大器404的输出被发送至同向双工器405，以对两个频带信号进行分离。这种配置使得各个发射机频带能够独立地断开。在同向双工器405之后的信号路径中设置Tx开关406和407。然后，信号穿过循环器411和412以及双工器413，以获得Tx信号与Rx信号之间的进一步的隔离。在循环器的第三端口上设置Rx开关408和410。替选地，使用与图1的结构相同的结构可以在一个功率放大器中合并两个或更多个频带。
图2示出了双频带单宽带功率放大器RRU模拟部分的另外的替选实施方式。虽然图2的实施方式示出了双频带实现，然而，本发明还可以用在单频带实施方式中。在图2的实施方式中，利用干扰消除系统（ICS）520来改善发射机与接收机之间的隔离。干扰消除系统生成不期望的反馈信号的反相复制信号，以消除该干扰。干扰消除系统包括五个主要的模块：延迟器、可变衰减器、可变移相器、下变频器（DNC）和DSP控制器，图4和6示出了其替选布置，将在下文讨论。ICS通过链路506和507接收输入信号。ICS的反相输出分别通过使用加法器551和552而与来自开关Rx1和Rx2的信号（由510和511表示）合并，并且所得到的信号给LNA515和LNA516提供输入。ICS是连续地调节可变衰减器以及可变移相器以维持良好的干扰消除的自适应控制系统。替选地，为了消除对于DSP控制的需要，ICS的实施方式可以包括固定的衰减器和移相器设置，虽然至少在某些情况下，这与图2的自适应ICS系统相比导致差的性能。图2的其余元件对应于图1所示的元件，并且，用相同的附图标记表示，只是最主要的数字从“4”变为“5”。
图3示出了频分双工（FDD）模式下的双频带单宽带功率放大器RRU的模拟部分的另一实施方式。本实施方式是调制不可知型FDD标准系统，并且，元件601-604与图1的元件401-404相似地工作。三工器608使发射机频带与接收机频带分离。FDD系统针对每个信道使用不同的发射频率和接收频率。三工器608的功能在于将功率放大器604的输出传送给天线，同时使接收机与发射机输出隔离。与图2一样，ICS609系统用于增加发射机输出与接收机输入之间的隔离，并且通过链路605来接收PA604的输出。ICS609的输出通过加法器610和611与适当的三工器输出合并，并且通过链路605馈送给LNA612和LNA613。
图4是干扰消除系统（ICS）的一种实施方式的描绘。ICS的功能是生成干扰信号的复制信号，并且使其与干扰信号相位相反，从而消除干扰信号。ICS系统的输入是功率放大器输出的样本。耦合器605用于对功率放大器输出进行采样。功率放大器的输出被采样并且发送给同向双工器710。同向双工器（diplexer）710将两个频率分离成不同的部分。延迟模块701使反馈干扰信号与所采样的功率放大器输出在时间上对准。对可变衰减器702进行调节，以确保干扰信号与所采样的信号具有相等的幅度。对可变移相器703进行调节，以确保干扰信号与所采样的信号相位相反。数字信号处理器（DSP）707或者微处理器用于控制衰减器和移相器。DSP中的基于自适应算法的功率检测连续地监视下变频器（DNC）708输出端处的信号，并且基于所检测的功率水平使干扰水平最小化。当频带处于操作的发送模式时，在接收机处测量干扰的功率水平。类似地，使用元件704、705和706来处理第二频带。
图5示出了时分复用（TDD）模式下的双频带单宽带功率放大器RRU的模拟部分的实施方式。本实施方式是调制不可知型TDD标准系统。宽带功率放大器804的输出馈送给循环器807。循环器在发送信号与接收机输入之间提供一定的隔离。循环器与输出天线之间设置有多频带滤波器820，以衰减带外发射。循环器807的第三端口连接至同向双工器808，同向双工器808使两个不同的工作频带分离。TDD模式要求发射机和接收机在不同时间使用相同频带工作。为了提供发射机与接收机之间的隔离，使用了开关821、822。这些开关可以提供一定的隔离，但是取决于系统规格，可能需要另外的隔离。ICS809可以以上述方式在发射机输出与接收机输入之间提供另外的隔离。
图6是干扰消除系统（ICS）的另一实施方式的描绘。ICS的功能是生成干扰信号的复制信号，并且使其与干扰信号相位相反，从而消除干扰信号。ICS系统的输入是功率放大器输出的样本。功率放大器的输出被采样并且发送至同向双工器910。同向双工器910将两个频率分成不同的部分。延迟模块901使反馈干扰信号与所采样的功率放大器输出在时间上对准。对可变衰减器902进行调节，以确保干扰信号与所采样的信号具有相同的幅度。对可变移相器903进行调节，以确保干扰信号与所采样的信号相位相反。使用数字信号处理器（DSP）907或微处理器来控制衰减器和移相器。使用DSP中的基于相关性的自适应算法来使干扰水平最小化。在使用两个下变频器920和909将信号变换成基带之后，DSP通过控制开关911的输出和开关912的输出来使两个信号相关。开关911和912在两个信道之间交替。算法的目的是使得所采样的功率放大器输出与干扰之间的相关性在接收机处最小。使用所计算的相关系数作为自适应算法（诸如最小均方（LMS）算法）中的误差函数。
根据以上示教，本领域技术人员可以理解，本发明的RRU系统使得能够将单个宽带功率放大器用于多频带操作，因此节省了硬件资源并降低了成本。由于可以在任何时间如数字处理器中的软件那样来对算法进行调节，RRU系统还能够进行重构和现场编程。
此外，RRU系统是如CDMA、TD-SCDMA、GSM、WCDMA、CDMA2000和无线LAN系统中的QPSK、QAM、OFDM等调制方案不可知型。这表示，RRU系统能够支持多调制方案、多频带和多信道。
尽管已经参考优选实施方式对本发明进行了描述，然而，应当理解，本发明不限于所描述的细节。以上描述中建议了各种替代方案和修改，然而，本领域技术人员可以想到其它替代方案和修改。因此，所有这样的替代方案和修改意在包括在所附权利要求书限定的本发明的范围内。

Claims (11)

1.一种干扰消除系统，用于改善多频带无线通信系统中的发射机与接收机之间的隔离，所述干扰消除系统包括：
多个输入信号，其中，每个输入信号适于无线传输；
宽带功率放大器，用于接收所述多个输入信号并且提供多个放大的输出信号；
多个反馈传感器，用于提供表示所述多个放大的输出信号的多个干扰特性的多个反馈信号；
消除逻辑，用于接收所述多个反馈信号并生成与所述多个放大的输出信号的所述多个干扰特性相对应的多个反相信号；
多个接收信号，所述多个接收信号包括所述多个干扰特性；以及
多个合并器，用于对所述多个反相信号与所述多个接收信号进行合并，以从所述多个接收信号中去除所述多个干扰特性，
其中，所述多个输入信号的数量、所述多个放大的输出信号的数量、所述多个反馈信号的数量、所述多个干扰特性的数量、所述多个反相信号的数量以及所述多个接收信号的数量相同。
2.根据权利要求1所述的干扰消除系统，包括至少一个循环器，其中，每个循环器被配置成将所述多个放大的输出信号之一提供至相应的双工器，并且从相应的双工器接收所述多个接收信号之一。
3.根据权利要求1所述的干扰消除系统，其中，所述多个输入信号中的每一个对应于不同的频带，并且所述多个接收信号中的每一个对应于不同的频带。
4.根据权利要求1所述的干扰消除系统，其中，所述消除逻辑包括：
多个下变频器；
数字信号处理控制器；
多个延迟部件，其中，所述多个延迟部件被配置成使所述多个放大的输出信号的样本和所述多个反馈信号在时间上对准；
多个可变衰减器，其中，所述多个可变衰减器被配置成使所述多个放大的输出信号的样本和所述多个反馈信号的幅度相等；以及
多个可变移相器，其中，所述多个可变移相器被配置成移相所述多个反馈信号以生成所述多个反相信号；
其中，每个延迟部件耦接至相应的可变衰减器和相应的可变移相器，以提供相应的反相信号；
以及其中，所述数字信号处理控制器被配置成监视所述多个下变频器中的每一个的输出以及控制所述多个可变衰减器中的每一个和所述多个可变移相器中的每一个，以使得干扰水平最小化。
5.根据权利要求1所述的干扰消除系统，还包括多路复用器，所述多路复用器被配置成合并所述多个输入信号，其中，所述多路复用器将合并的输入信号提供至所述宽带功率放大器。
6.根据权利要求5所述的干扰消除系统，其中，所述宽带功率放大器被配置成提供合并的放大的输出信号，其中，所述合并的放大的输出信号包括所述多个放大的输出信号。
7.根据权利要求6所述的干扰消除系统，还包括多个循环器，其中，每个循环器被配置成向相应的双工器提供合并的放大的输出信号之一，并且从相应的双工器接收所述多个接收信号之一。
8.根据权利要求7所述的干扰消除系统，还包括多个接收机开关，其中，每个接收机开关耦接至相应的循环器以接收所述多个接收信号中的一个信号，并且其中，所述多个接收机开关选择性地将该一个信号提供给相应的合并器。
9.根据权利要求6所述的干扰消除系统，还包括解多路复用器，所述解多路复用器被配置成将所述合并的放大的输出信号分离成多个放大的输出信号。
10.根据权利要求9所述的干扰消除系统，还包括多个循环器，其中，每个循环器耦接至相应的放大的输出信号和相应的接收信号，并且其中，每个循环器被配置成向相应的双工器提供相应的放大的输出信号，并且从相应的双工器接收相应的接收信号。
11.根据权利要求9所述的干扰消除系统，还包括：
多个循环器；
多个发射机开关，其中，每个发射机开关耦接至相应的循环器，并且被配置成向双工器提供相应的放大的输出信号；以及
多个接收机开关，其中，每个接收机开关耦接至相应的循环器，并且被配置成从所述双工器接收相应的信号并向相应的合并器提供相应的所接收的信号。
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