CN110463054A - 用于导波发射台的动态阻抗匹配的装置和方法 - Google Patents
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Abstract
本主题披露内容的各方面可以包括例如:导波发射台响应于输出RF信号而生成沿着传输介质的表面的导行电磁波,其中,所述导行电磁波沿着所述传输介质的表面传播而无需电回流路径,并且其中,所述导行电磁波具有非光学载波频率。失配探针基于所述输出RF信号生成失配信号,其中,所述失配信号指示所述导波发射台的阻抗失配。控制器响应于所述失配信号而生成一个或多个控制信号,其中,所述一个或多个控制信号调整阻抗匹配电路的一个或多个可调电路元件,其中,对所述一个或多个可调电路元件的调整有助于减少所述导波发射台的所述阻抗失配。披露了其他实施例。
Description
相关申请的交叉引用
本PCT申请要求2017年2月27日提交的名称为“APPARATUS AND METHODS forDYNAMIC IMPEDANCE MATCHING OF A GUIDED WAVE LAUNCHER(用于导波发射台的动态阻抗匹配的装置和方法)”的美国发明专利申请号15/443,941的优先权,该发明专利申请通过引用以其全文结合在此,并出于所有目的成为本PCT申请的一部分。
技术领域
本主题披露内容涉及通信网络中经由微波传输进行的通信。
背景技术
随着智能电话和其他便携式设备日益变得普遍存在,并且数据使用增加,宏小区基站设备和现有的无线基础设施进而需要更高的带宽能力,以便解决增加的需求。为了提供额外的移动带宽,正在寻求小小区部署,其中微小区和微微小区提供对于比传统宏小区小得多的区域的覆盖。
此外,大多数家庭和企业已经发展为依赖针对诸如语音、视频和互联网浏览等服务的宽带数据接入。宽带接入网络包括卫星网络、4G或5G无线网络、电力线路通信网络、光纤网络、有线电视电缆网络和电话网络。
附图说明
现在将参照不一定按比例绘制的附图,并且在附图中:
图1是图示了根据本文所描述各个方面的导波通信系统的示例非限制性实施例的框图。
图2是图示了根据本文所描述各个方面的传输设备的示例非限制性实施例的框图。
图3是图示了根据本文所描述各个方面的电磁场分布的示例非限制性实施例的图形简图。
图4是图示了根据本文所描述各个方面的电磁场分布的示例非限制性实施例的图形简图。
图5A是图示了根据本文所描述各个方面的频率响应的示例非限制性实施例的图形简图。
图5B是图示了根据本文所描述各个方面的绝缘导线的纵向横截面的示例非限制性实施例的图形简图,描绘了不同操作频率下的导行电磁波场。
图6是图示了根据本文所描述各个方面的电磁场分布的示例非限制性实施例的图形简图。
图7是图示了根据本文所描述各个方面的弧形耦合器的示例非限制性实施例的框图。
图8是图示了根据本文所描述各个方面的弧形耦合器的示例非限制性实施例的框图。
图9A是图示了根据本文所描述各个方面的短截线耦合器的示例非限制性实施例的框图。
图9B是图示了根据本文所描述各个方面的电磁分布的示例非限制性实施例的简图。
图10A和图10B是图示了根据本文所描述各个方面的耦合器和收发器的示例非限制性实施例的框图。
图11是图示了根据本文所描述各个方面的双短截线耦合器的示例非限制性实施例的框图。
图12是图示了根据本文所描述各个方面的中继器系统的示例非限制性实施例的框图。
图13图示了框图,图示了根据本文所描述各个方面的双向中继器的示例非限制性实施例。
图14是图示了根据本文所描述各个方面的波导系统的示例非限制性实施例的框图。
图15是图示了根据本文所描述各个方面的导波通信系统的示例非限制性实施例的框图。
图16A和图16B是图示了根据本文所描述各个方面的用于对电网通信系统进行管理的系统的示例非限制性实施例的框图。
图17A图示了用于检测并减轻在图16A和图16B的系统的通信网络中发生的扰动的方法的示例非限制性实施例的流程图。
图17B图示了用于检测并减轻在图16A和图16B的系统的通信网络中发生的扰动的方法的示例非限制性实施例的流程图。
图18A、图18B和图18C是图示了用于传播导行电磁波的传输介质的示例非限制性实施例的框图。
图18D是图示了根据本文所描述各个方面的成束传输介质的示例非限制性实施例的框图。
图18E是图示了根据本文所描述各个方面的描绘图18D的成束传输介质中的第一传输介质与第二传输介质之间的串扰的曲线图的示例非限制性实施例的框图。
图18F是图示了根据本文所描述各个方面的用于减轻串扰的成束传输介质的示例非限制性实施例的框图。
图18G和图18H是图示了根据本文所描述各个方面的具有内波导的传输介质的示例非限制性实施例的框图。
图18I和图18J是图示了可以与图18A、图18B或图18C的传输介质一起使用的连接器配置的示例非限制性实施例的框图。
图18K是图示了用于传播导行电磁波的传输介质的示例非限制性实施例的框图。
图18L是图示了根据本文所描述各个方面的用于减轻串扰的成束传输介质的示例非限制性实施例的框图。
图18M是图示了根据本文所描述各个方面的来自成束传输介质的用作天线的暴露短截线的示例非限制性实施例的框图。
图18N、图18O、图18P、图18Q、图18R、图18S、图18T、图18U、图18V和图18W是图示了根据本文所描述各个方面的用于发射或接收电磁波的波导设备的示例非限制性实施例的框图。
图18X和图18Y是图示了根据本文所描述各个方面的电介质天线以及相应的增益曲线图和场强度曲线图的示例非限制性实施例的框图。
图18Z是根据本文所描述各个方面的另一种电介质天线结构的示例非限制性实施例的框图。
图19A和图19B是图示了图18A的用于在由电线杆支撑的电力线路上感生导行电磁波的传输介质的示例非限制性实施例的框图。
图19C是根据本文所描述各个方面的通信网络的示例非限制性实施例的框图。
图20A图示了用于传输下行链路信号的方法的示例非限制性实施例的流程图。
图20B图示了用于传输上行链路信号的方法的示例非限制性实施例的流程图。
图20C图示了根据本文所描述各个方面的用于在传输介质上感生和接收电磁波的方法的示例非限制性实施例的流程图。
图20D图示了根据本文所描述各个方面的通信系统的示例非限制性实施例的框图。
图20E图示了根据本文所描述各个方面的阻抗匹配电路的示例非限制性实施例的框图。
图20F图示了根据本文所描述各个方面的阻抗匹配电路的示例非限制性实施例的框图。
图20G图示了根据本文所描述各个方面的阻抗匹配电路的示例非限制性实施例的框图。
图20H图示了根据本文所描述各个方面的可调阻抗的示例非限制性实施例的示意图。
图20I图示了根据本文所描述各个方面的可调阻抗的示例非限制性实施例的示意图。
图20J图示了根据本文所描述各个方面的阻抗匹配电路的示例非限制性实施例的框图。
图20K图示了根据本文所描述各个方面的方法的示例非限制性实施例的流程图。
图21A和图21B是图示了根据本文所描述各个方面的用于发射混合波的波导设备的示例非限制性实施例的框图。
图22是图示了根据本文所描述各个方面的由图21A和图21B的波导设备发射的混合波的示例非限制性实施例的框图。
图23是根据本文所描述各个方面的计算环境的示例非限制性实施例的框图。
图24是根据本文所描述各个方面的移动网络平台的示例非限制性实施例的框图。
图25是根据本文所描述各个方面的通信设备的示例非限制性实施例的框图。
具体实施方式
现在参考附图描述一个或多个实施例,其中相同的附图标记贯穿全文被用来指相同的元件。在以下描述中,为了解释的目的,阐述了众多细节,以便提供对各个实施例的透彻理解。然而,显然,各个实施例可以在没有这些细节(并且不应用到任何特定联网环境或标准)的情况下被实践。
在实施例中,呈现了一种用于经由导行电磁波发送并接收通信信号诸如数据或其他信令的导波通信系统。所述导行电磁波包括例如被限制到传输介质或由所述传输介质引导的表面波或其他电磁波。将认识到的是,在不脱离示例实施例的情况下可以将各种传输介质与导波通信一起使用。这种传输介质的示例可以包括以下各项中的一项或多项(单独地或者以一种或多种组合):导线,绝缘的或者不绝缘的、以及是单股的或者多股的;其他形状或构造的导体,包括导线束、电缆、杆、轨道、管道;非导体,诸如电介质管道、杆、轨道或其他电介质构件;导体和电介质材料的组合;或其他导波传输介质。
导行电磁波在传输介质上的感生可以独立于通过作为电路的一部分的传输介质而被注入或以其他方式传输的任何电势、电荷或电流。例如,在传输介质为导线的情况下,应当认识到的是,虽然导线中的小电流可以响应于导波沿导线的传播而形成,但这可以是由于电磁波沿导线表面的传播,并且不是响应于被注入到作为电路的一部分的导线中的电势、电荷或电流而形成的。因此,在导线上行进的电磁波不需要电路以沿导线表面传播。因此,导线是单导线传输线路,而不是电路的一部分。而且,在一些实施例中,导线不是必需的,并且电磁波可以沿不是导线的单线路传输介质传播。
更一般地,如本主题披露内容所描述的“导行电磁波”或“导波”受到至少为传输介质的一部分的物理对象(例如,裸导线或其他导体、电介质、绝缘导线、导管或其他中空元件、被电介质或绝缘体或其他导线束涂覆、覆盖或包围的绝缘导线束,或者另一种形式的固体、液体或其他非气体传输介质)的存在的影响,从而至少部分地限制到物理对象或由物理对象引导,并且从而沿着物理对象的传输路径传播。此类物理对象可以作为传输介质的至少一部分来操作,所述传输介质通过传输介质的界面(例如,外表面、内表面、外表面与内表面之间的内部部分或传输介质的元件之间的其他边界)引导电磁波“导行电磁波”的传播,所述导行电磁波进而可以沿着从发送设备到接收设备的传输路径承载能量、数据和/或其他信号。
不同于其强度与非导行电磁波行进的距离的平方成反比地减小的无线信号(诸如非导行(或无界)电磁波)的自由空间传播,导行电磁波可以沿着传输介质传播,具有比非导行电磁波所经受的少的每单位距离量值损耗。
与电信号不同,导行电磁波可以从发送设备传播到接收设备,而无需发送设备与接收设备之间的单独电回流路径。因此,导行电磁波可以沿着不具有导电部件的传输介质(例如,电介质条)或者经由具有不多于单个导体的传输介质(例如,单根裸导线或绝缘导线)从发送设备向接收设备传播。即使传输介质包括一个或多个导电部件并且沿着传输介质传播的导行电磁波在导行电磁波的方向上生成在所述一个或多个导电部件中流动的电流,此类导行电磁波也可以沿传输介质从发送设备向接收设备传播,而无需在发送设备与接收设备之间的电回流路径上的相反电流的流动。
在非限制性说明中,考虑通过导电介质在发送设备与接收设备之间发射和接收电信号的电气系统。此类系统通常依靠电气分离的前向路径和返回路径。例如,考虑具有由绝缘体隔开的中心导体和接地屏蔽的同轴电缆。通常,在电气系统中,发送(或接收)设备的第一端子可以连接到中心导体,并且发送(或接收)设备的第二端子可以连接到接地屏蔽。如果发送设备经由第一端子在中心导体中注入电信号,那么所述电信号将沿着中心导体传播,从而导致中心导体中的前向电流,并导致接地屏蔽中的返回电流。相同的情况适用于两端子接收设备。
相比而言,考虑诸如在本主题披露内容中描述的导波通信系统,其可以利用传输介质的不同实施例(除其他以外,包括同轴电缆)来发射和接收导行电磁波,而无需电回流路径。在一个实施例中,例如,本主题披露内容的导波通信系统可以被配置用于感生沿着同轴电缆的外表面传播的导行电磁波。虽然导行电磁波将在接地屏蔽上引起前向电流,但是导行电磁波不需要返回电流来使得导行电磁波沿着同轴电缆的外表面传播。可以说由导波通信系统使用以用于发射并接收导行电磁波的其他传输介质也是如此。例如,由导波通信系统在裸导线或绝缘导线的外表面上感生的导行电磁波可以沿着无电回流路径的裸导线或绝缘裸导线进行传播。
因此,需要用于在单独导体上承载前向电流和反向电流的两个或更多个导体以使得由发送设备注入的电气信号能够传播的电气系统不同于在传输介质的界面上感生导行电磁波而无需电回流路径来使得导行电磁波能够沿着传输介质的界面进行传播的导波系统。
还要注意的是,本主题披露内容中所描述的导行电磁波可以具有主要或基本上位于传输介质的外部的电磁场结构,以便被限制到传输介质或由传输介质引导,并且以便在传输介质的外表面上或沿着传输介质的外表面传播非微不足道的距离。在其他实施例中,导行电磁波可以具有主要或基本上在传输介质内部的电磁场结构,以便被限制到传输介质或由传输介质引导,并且以便在传输介质内传播非微不足道的距离。在其他实施例中,导行电磁波可以具有部分地位于传输介质内部且部分地位于传输介质外部的电磁场结构,以便被限制到传输介质或由传输介质引导,并且以便沿着传输介质传播非微不足道的距离。在实施例中,期望的电场结构可以基于各种因素而变化,包括:期望传输距离、传输介质自身的特性以及传输介质外部的环境状况/特性(例如,存在雨、雾、大气状况等)。
本文所描述的各个实施例涉及可以被称为用于以毫米波频率(例如,30GHz至300GHz)向和从传输介质发射和/或提取导行电磁波的“波导耦合设备”、“波导耦合器”或更简单地称为“耦合器”、“耦合设备”或“发射台”的耦合设备,其中,波长与耦合设备和/或传输介质的一个或多个维度(诸如导线的周长、或其他横截面维度)、或者更低的微波频率(诸如300MHz至30GHz)相比而言可以较小。可以生成传输以便作为由耦合设备引导的波进行传播,诸如:电介质材料的条长度、弧长度或其他长度;喇叭状天线、单极天线、拉杆天线、槽天线或其他天线;天线阵列;磁共振腔、或其他共振耦合器;线圈、带状线、波导或其他耦合设备。在操作中,所述耦合设备从发射器或传输介质接收电磁波。所述电磁波的电磁场结构可以承载在耦合设备内部、耦合设备外部或其某种组合。当耦合设备非常接近传输介质时,电磁波的至少一部分耦合至或限制到所述传输介质,并且继续作为导行电磁波进行传播。以互逆方式,耦合设备可以从传输介质中提取导波并将这些电磁波输送至接收器。
根据示例实施例,表面波是由传输介质的表面引导的一种类型的导波,所述传输介质的表面诸如导线的外部表面或外表面、或者所述导线的邻近或暴露于具有不同性质(例如,电介质性质)的另一种类型的介质的另一个表面。实际上,在示例实施例中,引导表面波的导线的表面可以表示两种不同类型介质之间的过渡表面。例如,在裸露或未绝缘导线的情况下,导线的表面可以是暴露于空气或自由空间的裸露或未绝缘导线的外或外部导电表面。作为另一个示例,在绝缘导线的情况下,取决于绝缘体、空气和/或导体的性质(例如,电介质性质)的相对差异并且还取决于导波的频率和一种或多种传播模式,导线的表面可以是与导线的绝缘体部分相遇的导线的导电部分,或者可以以其他方式是暴露于空气或自由空间的导线的绝缘体表面,或者可以以其他方式是在导线的绝缘体表面和与导线的绝缘体部分相遇的导线的导电部分之间的任何材料区域。
根据示例实施例,术语在与导波结合使用的导线或其他传输介质“周围”可以包括基波导波传播模式,诸如具有圆形或基本上为圆形的场分布的导波、对称电磁场分布(例如,电场、磁场、电磁场等)、或至少部分地在导线或其他传输介质周围的其他基波模式图。此外,当导波在导线或其他传输介质“周围”传播时,其可以根据导波传播模式进行传播,所述导波传播模式可以不仅包括基波传播模式(例如,零阶模式),而且还另外地或替代地包括非基波传播模式,诸如高阶导波模式(例如,1阶模式、2阶模式等)、非对称模式和/或具有在导线或其他传输介质周围的非圆形场分布的其他导波(例如,表面波)。如本文所使用的,术语“导波模式”指代导波通信系统的传输介质、耦合设备或其他系统部件的导波传播模式。
例如,这种非圆形场分布可以是单边的或多边的,具有特征在于相对较高场强度的一个或多个轴向波瓣和/或特征在于相对低场强度、零场强度或基本上零场强度的一个或多个空值或空值区域。进一步地,根据示例实施例,场分布可以以其他方式在导线周围根据方位取向而变化,从而使得在导线周围的一个或多个角度区域具有比方位取向的一个或多个其他角度区域更高的电或磁场强度(或其组合)。应当认识到的是,导波的较高阶模式或非对称模式的相对取向或位置可以随着导波沿导线行进而变化。
如本文所使用的,术语“毫米波”可以指落在30GHz至300GHz的“毫米波频带”内的电磁波/信号。术语“微波”可以指落在300MHz至300GHz的“微波频带”内的电磁波/信号。术语“射频(radio frequency)”或“RF”可以指落在10kHz至1THz内的“射频带”内的电磁波/信号。应当认识到的是,如本主题披露内容所描述的无线信号、电信号和导行电磁波可以被配置用于在任何期望频率范围上进行操作,诸如例如在毫米波频带和/或微波频带内、之上或之下的频率上。具体地,当耦合设备或传输介质包括导电元件时,由耦合设备承载的和/或沿着传输介质传播的导行电磁波的频率可以在导电元件中的电子的平均碰撞频率以下。进一步地,由耦合设备承载的和/或沿着传输介质传播的导行电磁波的频率可以是非光学频率,例如,在以1THz开始的光学频率范围以下的射频。
如本文所使用的,术语“天线”可以指作为用于发射/辐射或接收无线信号的发射系统或接收系统的一部分的设备。
根据一个或多个实施例,一种智能发射台包括具有一个或多个可调电路元件的阻抗匹配电路,其中,所述阻抗匹配电路接收输入射频(RF)信号并响应于所述输入RF信号而生成输出RF信号。导波发射台被配置用于响应于所述输出RF信号而生成沿着传输介质的表面的导行电磁波,其中,所述电磁波沿着所述传输介质的所述表面传播而无需电回流路径,并且其中,所述电磁波具有非光学载波频率。失配探针被配置用于基于所述输出RF信号生成失配信号,其中,所述失配信号指示所述导波发射台的阻抗失配。控制器被配置用于响应于所述失配信号而生成一个或多个控制信号,其中,所述一个或多个控制信号调整所述阻抗匹配电路的所述一个或多个可调电路元件,其中,对所述一个或多个可调电路元件的调整有助于减少所述导波发射台的所述阻抗失配。
根据一个或多个实施例,一种方法包括:在阻抗匹配电路处接收来自发射器的输入射频(RF)信号;响应于所述输入RF信号,经由所述阻抗匹配电路生成输出RF信号;响应于所述输出RF信号并且经由导波发射台生成沿着传输介质的表面的导行电磁波,其中,所述电磁波沿着所述传输介质的所述表面传播而无需电回流路径,并且其中,所述传输介质对于光学信号而言是不透明的;基于所述输出RF信号生成失配信号,其中,所述失配信号指示所述导波发射台的阻抗失配;响应于所述失配信号而生成一个或多个控制信号;以及响应于所述一个或多个控制信号而调整所述阻抗匹配电路的一个或多个可调电路元件,其中,所述调整有助于减少所述导波发射台的所述阻抗失配,以补偿由所述传输介质的区域中的天气状况的变化而引起的所述导波发射台的阻抗变化。
根据一个或多个实施例,一种设备包括:电路装置,用于在阻抗匹配电路处接收输入射频(RF)信号并响应于所述输入RF信号而生成输出RF信号;发射台装置,用于响应于所述输出RF信号而生成沿着传输介质的表面的导行电磁波,其中,所述电磁波沿着所述传输介质的所述表面传播而无需电回流路径,并且其中,所述电磁波具有非光学载波频率;探针装置,用于基于所述输出RF信号生成失配信号,其中,所述失配信号指示所述发射台装置的阻抗失配;以及控制器装置,用于响应于所述失配信号而生成一个或多个控制信号,其中,所述一个或多个控制信号调整所述电路装置的阻抗,其中,所述阻抗减少了所述发射台装置的阻抗失配。
现在参照图1,示出了图示导波通信系统的示例非限制性实施例的框图100。在操作中,传输设备101从通信网络或其他通信设备接收包括数据的一个或多个通信信号110,并生成导波120,以经由传输介质125将所述数据传送至传输设备102。传输设备102接收导波120并将其变换成通信信号112,所述通信信号包括供传输至通信网络或其他通信设备的数据。可以经由诸如相移键控、频移键控、正交幅度调制、幅度调制、多载波调制(诸如正交频分复用)等调制技术以及经由诸如频分复用、时分复用、码分复用、经由不同波传播模式和经由其他调制和接入策略进行复用等多址接入技术来调制导波120以传送数据。
所述一个或多个通信网络可以包括无线通信网络,诸如移动数据网络、蜂窝语音和数据网络、无线局域网(例如,WiFi或802.xx网络)、卫星通信网络、个域网、或其他无线网络。所述一个或多个通信网络还可以包括有线通信网络,诸如电话网络、以太网、局域网、广域网(诸如互联网)、宽带接入网络、有线电视网路、光纤网络、或其他有线网络。通信设备可以包括网络边缘设备、桥接设备或家庭网关、机顶盒、宽带调制解调器、电话适配器、接入点、基站或其他固定通信设备、移动通信设备(诸如汽车网关或汽车)、膝上型计算机、平板计算机、智能电话、蜂窝电话、或其他通信设备。
在示例实施例中,导波通信系统100可以以双向方式进行操作,其中,传输设备102从通信网络或设备接收包括其他数据的一个或多个通信信号112并且生成导波122,以经由传输介质125向传输设备101传送所述其他数据。在这种操作模式下,传输设备101接收导波122并将它们变换成包括其他数据的通信信号110,用于向通信网络或设备传输。可以经由诸如相移键控、频移键控、正交幅度调制、幅度调制、多载波调制(诸如正交频分复用)等调制技术以及经由诸如频分复用、时分复用、码分复用、经由不同波传播模式和经由其他调制和接入策略进行复用等多址接入技术来调制导波122以传送数据。
传输介质125可以包括电缆,所述电缆具有被电介质材料(诸如绝缘体或其他电介质覆盖物、涂层或其他电介质材料)包围的至少一个内部部分,所述电介质材料具有外表面和相应周长。在示例实施例中,传输介质125作为单导线传输线路进行操作,以引导电磁波的传输。当传输介质125被实施为单导线传输系统时,其可以包括导线。所述导线可以是绝缘或未绝缘的,并且可以是单股或多股的(例如,编织)。在其他实施例中,传输介质125可以包含其他形状或构造的导体,包括线束、电缆、杆、轨道、管道。此外,传输介质125可以包括非导体,诸如电介质管、杆、轨道或其他电介质构件;导体和电介质材料、导体但不具有电介质材料或其他导波传播介质的组合。应当注意的是,传输介质125可以以其他方式包括先前讨论的传输介质中的任何一种。
进一步地,如先前所讨论的,导波120和122可以与在自由空间/空气上的无线电传输或经由电路的通过导线的导体的电力或信号的常规传播形成对比。除了导波120和122的传播之外,传输介质125还可以可选地包含作为一个或多个电路的一部分以常规方式传播电力或其他通信信号的一根或多根导线。
现在参照图2,示出了图示传输设备的示例非限制性实施例的框图200。传输设备101或102包括通信接口(I/F)205、收发器210和耦合器220。
在操作的示例中,通信接口205接收包括数据的通信信号110或112。在各个实施例中,通信接口205可以包括用于根据无线标准协议(诸如LTE或其他蜂窝语音和数据协议、WiFi或802.11协议、WIMAX协议、超宽带协议、蓝牙协议、Zigbee协议、直播广播卫星(DBS)或其他卫星通信协议、或其他无线协议)接收无线通信信号的无线接口。另外或替代地,通信接口205包括根据以太网协议、通用串行总线(USB)协议、有线电视电缆服务数据接口规范(DOCSIS)协议、数字用户线(DSL)协议、Firewire(IEEE 1394)协议或其他有线协议操作的有线接口。除了基于标准的协议之外,通信接口205还可以结合其他有线或无线协议一起操作。此外,通信接口205可以可选地结合包括多个协议层的协议栈一起进行操作,所述多个协议层包括MAC协议、传送协议、应用协议等。
在操作的示例中,收发器210基于通信信号110或112生成电磁波,以传送数据。所述电磁波具有至少一个载波频率以及至少一个相应波长。载波频率可以在30GHz至300GHz的毫米波频带内(诸如60GHz),或者是在30GHz至40GHz范围内、或者是在微波频率范围中300MHz至30GHz的更低频带范围(诸如26GHz至30GHz、11GHz、6GHz或3GHz)内的载波频率,但是将认识到的是,其他载波频率在其他实施例中是可能的。在一种操作模式下,收发器210仅对所述一个或多个通信信号110或112进行上变频,用于将微波或毫米波频带中的电磁信号作为由传输介质125引导或限制到所述传输介质的导行电磁波进行传输。在另一种操作模式下,通信接口205或者将通信信号110或112变换成基带信号或近基带信号或者从通信信号110或112中提取数据,并且收发器210利用所述数据、基带或近基带信号对高频载波进行调制以进行传输。应当认识到的是,收发器210可以调制经由通信信号110或112接收到的数据,以便通过封装在不同协议的有效载荷中或者通过简单的频移来保持通信信号110或112的一个或多个数据通信协议。在替代方案中,收发器210可以以其他方式将经由通信信号110或112接收到的数据转化成与通信信号110或112的所述一个或多个数据通信协议不同的协议。
在操作示例中,耦合器220将电磁波作为导行电磁波耦合至传输介质125以便传送所述一个或多个通信信号110或112。虽然先前的描述集中在收发器210作为发射器的操作,但是收发器210还可以操作以接收经由耦合器220从单导线传输介质传送其他数据的电磁波,并经由通信接口205生成包括其他数据的通信信号110或112。考虑到附加导行电磁波传送还沿着传输介质125传播的其他数据的实施例。耦合器220还可以将来自传输介质125的此附加电磁波耦合至收发器210以用于接收。
传输设备101或102包括可选的训练控制器230。在示例实施例中,训练控制器230由独立处理器或者与传输设备101或102的一个或多个其他部件共享的处理器来实施。基于由收发器210从耦合成接收导行电磁波的至少一个远程传输设备接收到的反馈数据,训练控制器230选择用于导行电磁波的载波频率、调制方案和/或导波模式。
在示例实施例中,由远程传输设备101或102传输的导行电磁波传送同样沿着传输介质125进行传播的数据。可以将来自远程传输设备101或102的数据生成为包括反馈数据。在操作中,耦合器220还耦合来自传输介质125的导行电磁波,并且收发器接收电磁波并处理所述电磁波以提取反馈数据。
在示例实施例中,训练控制器230基于反馈数据进行操作以评估多个候选频率、调制方案和/或传输模式,从而选择载波频率、调制方案和/或传输模式来增强性能(诸如吞吐量、信号强度)、降低传播损耗等。
考虑以下示例:通过将多个导波作为处于对应多个候选频率和/或被指引到耦合至传输介质125的远程传输设备102的候选模式的测试信号(诸如导频波)或其他测试信号发送至所述远程传输设备,传输设备101在训练控制器230的控制下开始操作。所述导波可以另外或可替代地包括测试数据。所述测试数据可以指示所述信号的特定候选频率和/或导波模式。在实施例中,在远程传输设备102处的训练控制器230接收来自适当接收的任何导波中的测试信号和/或测试数据,并且确定最佳候选频率和/或导波模式、一组可接受的候选频率和/或导波模式、或候选频率和/或导波模式的排名排序。对(多个)候选频率或/和(多种)导行模式的这种选择由训练控制器230基于一个或多个优化标准(诸如接收信号强度、误比特率、分组错误率、信噪比、传播损耗等)生成。训练控制器230生成指示对(多个)候选频率或/和(多种)导波模式的选择的反馈数据,并且将所述反馈数据发送至收发器210以传输至传输设备101。传输设备101和102然后可以基于对(多个)候选频率或/和(多种)导波模式的选择而彼此传达数据。
在其他实施例中,包含测试信号和/或测试数据的导行电磁波由远程传输设备102反射回、中继回、或以其他方式环回至传输设备101,以用于由发起这些波的传输设备101的训练控制器230进行接收和分析。例如,传输设备101可以向远程传输设备102发送用于发起测试模式的信号,在所述测试模式下,物理反射器接通线路,终止阻抗发生变化以引起反射,开启环回模式以便将电磁波耦合回至源传输设备102,和/或启用中继器模式以便放大电磁波并将其重新传输回至源传输设备102。源传输设备102处的训练控制器230接收来自适当接收的任何导波中的测试信号和/或测试数据,并且确定对(多个)候选频率或/和(多种)导波模式的选择。
虽然已经在启动或初始化操作模式时描述了上述过程,但是每个传输设备101或102还可以在其他时间或连续地发送测试信号、经由诸如正常传输等非测试传输来评估候选频率或导波模式、或以其他方式评估候选频率或导波模式。在示例实施例中,传输设备101与传输设备102之间的通信协议可以包括应求或周期性测试模式,其中对候选频率和导波模式子集的完全测试或者更有限测试被测试和评估。在其他操作模式下,重新进入这种测试模式可以通过由于扰动、天气状况等导致的性能下降而触发。在示例实施例中,收发器210的接收器带宽或者足够宽或者被扫过以接收所有候选频率或者可以由训练控制器230选择性地调整到训练模式,在所述训练模式下,收发器210的接收器带宽足够宽或者被扫过以接收所有候选频率。
现在参照图3,示出了图示电磁场分布的示例非限制性实施例的图形简图300。在本实施例中,空气中的传输介质125包括内部导体301和电介质材料的绝缘护套302,如以横截面示出的。简图300包括表示由具有非对称和非基波导波模式的导波的传播生成的不同电磁场强度的不同灰度级。
具体地,电磁场分布对应于模式“最有效点(sweet spot)”,所述模式最有效点增强了沿着绝缘传输介质的导行电磁波传播并且降低了端到端传输损耗。在此特定模式下,电磁波由传输介质125引导以便沿着传输介质的外表面——在这种情况下为绝缘护套302的外表面进行传播。电磁波部分地嵌入在绝缘体中并且部分地在绝缘体的外表面上辐射。以此方式,电磁波“轻”耦合至绝缘体以便使能在远距离处以低传播损耗进行电磁波传播。
如所示出的,导波具有主要或基本上位于用来引导电磁波的传输介质125外部的场结构。导体301内部的区域具有很少场或没有场。同样,绝缘护套302内部的区域具有低场强。电磁场强度的大部分分布在位于绝缘护套302的外表面处并且与其非常接近的波瓣304中。非对称导波模式的存在由绝缘护套302的外表面的顶部和底部处的高电磁场强其他示出(在简图的取向中)——与绝缘护套302的其他侧上的非常小的场强相反。
所示的示例对应于由直径为1.1cm的导线和厚度为0.36cm的电介质绝缘体引导的38GHz的电磁波。因为电磁波由传输介质125引导,并且大部分场强集中于在外表面的有限距离内的绝缘护套302的外部的空气中,所以导波可以以非常低的损耗沿着传输介质125纵向向下传播。在所示出的示例中,此“有限距离”与和外表面相距小于传输介质125的最大横截面维度的一半的距离相对应。在这种情况下,导线的最大横截面维度对应于1.82cm的整体直径,然而,此值可以随着传输介质125的尺寸和形状而变化。例如,如果传输介质125采用高为0.3cm且宽为0.4cm的矩形形状,则最大横截面维度的对角线将为0.5cm,并且相应的有限距离将为0.25cm。包含大部分场强的区域的维度还随着频率而变化,并且通常随着载波频率的减小而增大。
还应当注意的是,导波通信系统的部件(诸如耦合器和传输介质)针对每种导波模式可以具有其自己的截止频率。截止频率通常阐述了特定导波模式被设计成由那个特定部件支持的最低频率。在示例实施例中,通过电磁波在传输介质125上感生出所示出的特定非对称传播模式,所述电磁波的频率落在此特定非对称模式的下限截止频率Fc的有限范围(诸如Fc至2Fc)内。下限截止频率Fc特定于传输介质125的特性。对于所示出的包括被绝缘护套302包围的内部导体301的实施例,此截止频率可以基于绝缘护套302的维度和性质以及潜在地内部导体301的维度和性质而变化,并且可以通过实验被确定为具有期望的模式图案。然而,应当注意到的是,针对不具有内导体的中空电介质或绝缘体可以找到相似的效果。在这种情况下,截止频率可以基于中空电介质或绝缘体的维度和特性而变化。
在低于下限截止频率的频率上,非对称模式难以在传输介质125中感生,并且只能传播微不足道的距离。随着频率增加到关于截止频率的有限频率范围之上,非对称模式越来越多地偏移到绝缘护套302的内侧。在远大于截止频率的频率上,场强不再集中在绝缘护套外部,而是主要在绝缘护套302的内部。虽然传输介质125为电磁波提供了较强引导并且传播仍然是可能的,但是范围由于绝缘护套302内的传播而增加的损耗而更受限制——与周围的空气相反。
现在参照图4,示出了图示电磁场分布的示例非限制性实施例的图形简图400。具体地,以用于指代相似元件的共同附图标记示出了与图3相似的横截面简图400。示出的示例对应于由直径为1.1cm的导线和厚度为0.36cm的电介质绝缘体引导的60GHz的波。因为导波的频率高于此特定非对称模式的截止频率的有限范围,所以场强的大部分已经向绝缘护套302内部偏移。具体地,场强主要集中在绝缘护套302的内部。虽然传输介质125向电磁波提供了较强引导并且传播仍然是可能的,但是当与图3的实施例相比时,范围由于绝缘护套302内的传播而增加的损耗而更受限制。
现在参照图5A,示出了图示频率响应的示例非限制性实施例的图形简图。具体地,简图500呈现了作为频率的函数的端到端损耗(以dB为单位)的曲线图,覆盖有200cm绝缘中压导线的三个点处的电磁场分布510、520和530。在每个电磁场分布中,绝缘体与周围空气之间的边界由附图标记525来表示。
如结合图3所讨论的,通过电磁波在传输介质125上感生出所示出的期望非对称传播模式的示例,所述电磁波的频率落在针对此特定非对称模式的传输介质的下限截止频率Fc的有限范围(诸如Fc至2Fc)内。具体地,在6GHz下的电磁场分布520落在此模式“最有效点”内,所述模式最有效点增强了沿着绝缘传输介质的电磁波传播并且降低了端到端传输损耗。在此特定模式下,导波部分地嵌入在绝缘体中并且部分地在绝缘体的外表面上辐射。以此方式,电磁波“轻”耦合至绝缘体以便使能在远距离处以低传播损耗进行导行电磁波传播。
在由3GHz下的电磁场分布510表示的更低频率下,非对称模式辐射更多,从而生成更高的传播损耗。在由9GHz下的电磁场分布530表示的更高频率下,非对称模式越来越多地向绝缘护套内部偏移,从而提供过多的吸收,再次生成了更高的传播损耗。
现在参照图5B,示出了图示传输介质125(诸如绝缘导线)的纵向横截面的示例非限制性实施例的图形简图550,描绘了不同操作频率下的导行电磁波场。如简图556中所示出的,当导行电磁波大致处于与模式“最有效点”相对应的截止频率(fc)下时,导行电磁波松散地耦合至绝缘导线,从而使得吸收减少,并且导行电磁波的场被充分地限制以便降低辐射到环境(例如,空气)中的量。由于导行电磁波场的吸收和辐射较低,传播损耗因此较低,从而使得导行电磁波场能够传播更长的距离。
如简图554中所示出的,当导行电磁波场的操作频率增加到大约两倍截止频率(fc)以上——或者被称为“最有效点”的范围以上时,传播损耗增加。电磁波的更多场强在绝缘层内被驱动,增加了传播损耗。在比截止频率(fc)高得多的频率下,由于由导行电磁波发射的场集中在导线的绝缘层中,因此导行电磁波被强限制到绝缘导线,如简图552中所示出的。这进而进一步由于绝缘层吸收导行电磁波而产生了传播损耗。类似地,当导行电磁波的操作频率基本上低于截止频率(fc)时,传播损耗增加,如简图558中所示出的。在比截止频率(fc)低得多的频率下,导行电磁波被弱(或微乎其微地(nominally))限制到绝缘导线,并且由此趋于辐射到环境(例如,空气)中,这进而由于导行电磁波的辐射而产生了传播损耗。
现在参照图6,示出了图示电磁场分布的示例非限制性实施例的图形简图600。在本实施例中,传输介质602是裸导线,如以横截面示出的。简图300包括表示由具有对称和基波导波模式的导波在单个载波频率下传播所生成的不同电磁场强度的不同灰度级。
在这种特定模式下,电磁波由传输介质602引导以便沿着传输介质的外表面——在这种情况下为裸导线的外表面进行传播。电磁波“轻”耦合至导线以便使能在远距离处以低传播损耗进行电磁波传播。如所示出的,导波具有基本上位于用来引导电磁波的传输介质602外部的场结构。导体602内部的区域具有很少场或没有场。
现在参照图7,示出了图示弧形耦合器的示例非限制性实施例的框图700。具体地,呈现了用于诸如结合图1所呈现的传输设备101或102等传输设备中使用的耦合设备。耦合设备包括耦合至发射器电路712和终止或阻尼器714的弧形耦合器704。弧形耦合器704可以由电介质材料或其他低损耗绝缘体(例如,特氟龙、聚乙烯等)制成、或者由导电(例如,金属、非金属等)材料制成、或是由前述材料的任意组合制成。如所示出的,弧形耦合器704作为波导进行操作,并且具有作为导波在弧形耦合器704的波导表面周围进行传播的波706。在所示出的实施例中,弧形耦合器704的至少一部分可以放置在导线702或其他传输介质(诸如传输介质125)附近,以便促进弧形耦合器704与导线702或其他传输介质之间的耦合,如本文所述的以便在导线上发射导波708。弧形耦合器704可以被放置成使得弯曲的弧形耦合器704的一部分与导线702相切、并且平行或基本上平行。弧形耦合器704的与导线平行的所述部分可以是曲线的顶点、或者是曲线的切线与导线702平行的任何点。当弧形耦合器704被如此定位或放置时,沿弧形耦合器704行进的波706至少部分地耦合至导线702,并且作为导波708在导线702的导线表面周围或附近并且沿导线702纵向地传播。导波708可以被表征为表面波或由导线702或其他传输介质引导或限制到所述导线或其他传输介质的其他电磁波。
波706没有耦合至导线702的一部分作为沿弧形耦合器704的波710进行传播。应当认识到的是,弧形耦合器704可以关于导线702被配置和安排在各种各样的位置中,以实现波706到导线702的期望水平的耦合或非耦合。例如,与导线702平行或基本上平行的弧形耦合器704的曲率和/或长度、以及其到所述导线的间隔距离(在实施例中,这可以包括零间隔距离)可以在不背离示例实施例的情况下变化。同样,弧形耦合器704关于导线702的安排可以基于对导线702和弧形耦合器704的对应固有特性(例如,厚度、组成、电磁性质等)、以及波706和708的特性(例如,频率、能量水平等)的考虑而变化。
甚至在导线702弯曲和屈曲时,导波708仍保持与导线702平行或基本上平行。导线702中的弯曲可以增加传输损耗,传输损耗还取决于导线直径、频率和材料。如果为了高效的功率输送而选择弧形耦合器704的维度,则波706中的大部分功率被输送到导线702,在波710中剩余的功率很少。应当认识到的是,导波708本质上仍然可以是多模式的(本文中讨论的),包括具有非基波或非对称的模式,同时沿着与导线702平行或基本上平行的路径行进,具有或不具有基波传输模式。在实施例中,非基波模式或非对称模式可以用于最小化传输损耗和/或获得增加的传播距离。
应当注意的是,术语“平行”一般是几何构造,其在实际系统中常常是不可精确实现的。相应地,当用来描述本披露内容中披露的实施例时,如在本披露内容中使用的术语“平行”表示近似而不是精确配置。在实施例中,基本上平行可以包括在所有维度上在真正平行的30度内的近似。
在实施例中,波706可以表现出一种或多种波传播模式。所述弧形耦合器模式可以取决于耦合器704的形状和/或设计。波706的所述一种或多种弧形耦合器模式可以生成、影响或冲击沿导线702传播的导波708的一种或多种波传播模式。然而,应当特别注意的是,导波706中存在的导波模式可以与导波708的导波模式相同或不同。以此方式,导波706的一种或多种导波模式可以不被输送到导波708,并且进一步地,导波708的一种或多种导波模式可能尚未存在在导波706中。还应当注意的是,针对特定导波模式的弧形耦合器704的截止频率可能不同于导线702或其他传输介质针对同一模式的截止频率。例如,在导线702或其他传输介质可以以略高于其针对特定导波模式的截止频率进行操作时,弧形耦合器704可以以远高于其针对同一模式的截止频率进行操作以便降低损耗,以略低于其针对此同一模式的截止频率进行操作以便例如感生更大的耦合和电力输送,或者以与弧形耦合器针对此模式的截止频率有关的某个其他点进行操作。
在实施例中,导线702上的波传播模式可以类似于弧形耦合器模式,因为波706和708两者分别在弧形耦合器704和导线702的外部周围进行传播。在一些实施例中,当波706耦合至导线702时,由于弧形耦合器704与导线702之间的耦合,所述模式可以改变形式,或者新的模式可以被创建或生成。例如,弧形耦合器704和导线702的尺寸、材料和/或阻抗的差异可以创建弧形耦合器模式中不存在的附加模式和/或可以抑制一些弧形耦合器模式。波传播模式可以包括基波横向电磁模式(准TEM00),其中仅较小的电场和/或磁场在传播方向上延伸,并且电场和磁场在导波沿导线传播的同时径向向外延伸。这种导波模式可以是环形的,其中这些电磁场中很少存在于弧形耦合器704或导线702内。
波706和708可以包括场径向向外延伸的基波TEM模式,并且还包括其他非基波(例如,非对称的、更高级的等)模式。虽然以上讨论了特定的波传播模式,但是基于所采用的频率、弧形耦合器704的设计、导线702的维度和组成以及其表面特性、其绝缘(如果存在的话)、周围环境的电磁性质等,其他波传播模式同样是可能的,所述其他波传播模式诸如横向电(TE)模式和横向磁(TM)模式。应当注意的是,取决于频率、导线702的电特性和物理特性以及所生成的特定波传播模式,导波708可以沿氧化的未绝缘导线、未氧化的未绝缘导线、绝缘导线的导电表面和/或沿绝缘导线的绝缘表面行进。
在实施例中,弧形耦合器704的直径小于导线702的直径。对于所使用的毫米波频带波长,弧形耦合器704支持构成波706的单波导模式。这种单波导模式可以在其作为导波708耦合至导线702时改变。如果弧形耦合器704更大,则可以支持多于一种波导模式,但是这些附加的波导模式可能无法同样高效地耦合至导线702,并且可能导致更高的耦合损耗。但是,在一些替代实施例中,弧形耦合器704的直径可以等于或大于导线702的直径,例如,在期望更高耦合损耗的地方或者当与其他技术结合使用以便以其他方式减小耦合损耗时(例如,通过逐渐变细来进行阻抗匹配,等等)。
在实施例中,波706和708的波长在尺寸上相当,或者小于弧形耦合器704和导线702的周长。在示例中,如果导线702具有0.5cm的直径和大约1.5cm的相应周长,那么传输的波长是大约1.5cm或更小,对应于70GHz或更大的频率。在另一实施例中,传输和载波信号的合适频率在30GHz至100GHz的范围内,可能是大约30GHz至60GHz,并且在一个示例中是大约38GHz。在实施例中,当弧形耦合器704和导线702的周长在尺寸上相当于或大于传输的波长时,波706和708可以表现出在足够的距离上传播以支持本文所描述的各种通信系统的多波传播模式,包括基波和/或非基波(对称和/或非对称)模式。因此,波706和708可以包括多于一种类型的电和磁场配置。在实施例中,当导波708沿导线702传播时,电和磁场配置将从导线702的一端到另一端保持相同。在其他实施例中,当导波708遇到干扰(失真或障碍)或者由于传输损耗或散射而损耗能量时,电场配置和磁场配置可以在导波708沿导线702传播时改变。
在实施例中,弧形耦合器704可以由尼龙、特氟龙、聚乙烯、聚酰胺或其他塑料构成。在其他实施例中,其他电介质材料是可能的。导线702的导线表面可以是具有裸露的金属表面的金属,或者可以使用塑料、电介质、绝缘体或其他涂层、护套或外壳来绝缘。在实施例中,电介质或其他非导电/绝缘波导可以与裸/金属导线或绝缘导线配对。在其他实施例中,金属和/或导电波导可以与裸/金属导线或绝缘导线配对。在实施例中,在导线702的裸露金属表面上的氧化层(例如,由于裸露金属表面暴露于氧/空气而产生)也可以提供类似于由一些绝缘体或护套提供的绝缘或电介质性质。
应当注意的是,波706、708和710的图形表示仅仅是为了说明波706在例如作为单导线传输线路操作的导线702上感生或以其他方式发射导波708的原理。波710表示在生成导波708之后保留在弧形耦合器704上的波706的部分。作为这种波传播的结果而生成的实际电和磁场可以取决于所采用的频率、一种或多种特定波传播模式、弧形耦合器704的设计、导线702的维度和组成以及其表面特性、其可选的绝缘、周围环境的电磁性质等而变化。
应当注意的是,弧形耦合器704可以在弧形耦合器704的端部包括可吸收来自波710的剩余辐射或能量的终止电路或阻尼器714。终止电路或阻尼器714可以防止和/或最小化来自波710的朝发射器电路712反射回的剩余辐射或能量。在实施例中,终止电路或阻尼器714可以包括终止电阻器和/或执行阻抗匹配以衰减反射的其他部件。在一些实施例中,如果耦合效率足够高,和/或波710足够小,那么可能不必使用终止电路或阻尼器714。为了简单起见,这些发射器电路712和终止电路或阻尼器714可能在其他附图中没有描绘出,但是在那些实施例中,可能使用发射器电路和终止电路或阻尼器。
另外,虽然呈现了生成单个导波708的单个弧形耦合器704,但是可以采用在沿导线702的不同点和/或在导线周围的不同方位取向放置的多个弧形耦合器704,以生成和接收处于相同或不同频率、处于相同或不同相位、处于相同或不同波传播模式的多个导波708。
图8是示出了图示弧形耦合器的示例非限制性实施例的框图800。在所示出的实施例中,耦合器704的至少一部分可以放置在导线702或其他传输介质(诸如传输介质125)附近,以便促进弧形耦合器704与导线702或其他传输介质之间的耦合,从而提取导波806的一部分作为如本文所述的导波808。弧形耦合器704可以被放置成使得弯曲的弧形耦合器704的一部分与导线702相切、并且平行或基本上平行。弧形耦合器704的与导线平行的所述部分可以是曲线的顶点、或者是曲线的切线与导线702平行的任何点。当弧形耦合器704被如此定位或放置时,沿导线702行进的波806至少部分地耦合至弧形耦合器704,并且作为导波808沿弧形耦合器704传播至接收设备(未明确示出)。波806没有耦合至弧形耦合器的一部分作为沿导线702或其他传输介质的波810传播。
在实施例中,波806可以表现出一种或多种波传播模式。所述弧形耦合器模式可以取决于耦合器704的形状和/或设计。导波806的一种或多种模式可以生成、影响或冲击沿弧形耦合器704传播的导波808的一种或多种导波模式。然而,应当特别注意的是,导波806中存在的导波模式可以与导波808的导波模式相同或不同。以此方式,导波806的一种或多种导波模式可以不被输送到导波808,并且进一步地,导波808的一种或多种导波模式可能尚未存在在导波806中。
现在参照图9A,示出了图示短截线耦合器的示例非限制性实施例的框图900。具体地,呈现了用于在诸如结合图1所呈现的传输设备101或102等传输设备中使用的包括短截线耦合器904的耦合设备。短截线耦合器904可以由电介质材料或其他低损耗绝缘体(例如,特氟龙、聚乙烯等)制成、或者由导电(例如,金属、非金属等)材料制成、或是由前述材料的任意组合制成。如所示出的,短截线耦合器904作为波导进行操作,并且具有作为导波在短截线耦合器904的波导表面周围进行传播的波906。在所示出的实施例中,短截线耦合器904的至少一部分可以放置在导线702或其他传输介质(诸如传输介质125)附近,以便促进短截线耦合器904与导线702或其他传输介质之间的耦合,如本文所述的以便在导线上发射导波908。
在实施例中,短截线耦合器904是弯曲的,并且短截线耦合器904的端部可以系到、紧固到或以其他方式机械耦合至导线702。当短截线耦合器904的端部紧固到导线702时,短截线耦合器904的端部与导线702平行或基本上平行。可替代地,超过端部的电介质波导的另一部分可以紧固或耦合至导线702,从而使得紧固或耦合部分与导线702平行或基本上平行。紧固件910可以是与短截线耦合器904分离或者被构造为短截线耦合器904的集成部件的尼龙电缆扎带或其他类型的非导电/电介质材料。短截线耦合器904可以与导线702邻近而不包围导线702。
就像结合图7所描述的弧形耦合器704,当短截线耦合器904被放置成其端部与导线702平行时,沿短截线耦合器904行进的导波906耦合至导线702,并且作为导波908在导线702的导线表面周围进行传播。在示例实施例中,导波908可以被特征化为表面波或其他电磁波。
应当注意的是,呈现波906和908的图形表示仅仅是为了示出波906在例如作为单导线传输线路操作的导线702上感生或以其他方式发射导波908的原理。作为这种波传播的结果而生成的实际电和磁场可以取决于耦合器的形状和/或设计、电介质波导与导线的相对位置、所采用的频率、短截线耦合器904的设计、导线702的维度和组成以及其表面特性、其可选的绝缘、周围环境的电磁性质等等当中一个或多个而改变。
在实施例中,短截线耦合器904的端部可以朝导线702逐渐变细,以便增加耦合效率。实际上,根据本主题披露内容的示例实施例,短截线耦合器904的端部的逐渐变细可以为导线702提供阻抗匹配并减少反射。例如,短截线耦合器904的端部可以逐渐变细,以便获得如图9A中所图示的波906与波908之间的期望水平的耦合。
在实施例中,紧固件910可以被放置成使得在紧固件910与短截线耦合器904的端部之间存在较短长度的短截线耦合器904。当超过紧固件910的短截线耦合器904的端部的长度是用于正被传输的任何频率的至少若干波长长时,最大的耦合效率在本实施例中被实现。
现在转到图9B,示出了图示根据本文所描述各个方面的电磁分布的示例非限制性实施例的简图950。具体地,在包括耦合器952的传输设备的两个维度中呈现了电磁分布,在由电介质材料构成的示例短截线耦合器中示出。耦合器952对作为导波沿着导线702或其他传输介质的外表面进行传播的电磁波进行耦合。
耦合器952经由对称导波模式将电磁波引导至x0处的接点。虽然沿着耦合器952进行传播的电磁波的一些能量在耦合器952的外部,但是此电磁波的大部分能量包含在耦合器952内。x0处的接点以与传输介质底部相对应的方位角将电磁波耦合至导线702或其他传输介质。此耦合感生了被引导以便在方向956上经由至少一种导波模式沿着导线702或其他传输介质的外表面进行传播的电磁波。导行电磁波的大部分能量在导线702或其他传输介质的外表面外部但非常接近所述外表面。在所示出的示例中,x0处的接点形成经由对称模式和至少一种非对称表面模式(诸如结合图3所呈现的一阶模式)两者进行传播的电磁波,所述至少一种非对称表面模式略过导线702或其他传输介质的表面。
将注意到的是,呈现导波的图形仅仅是为了图示导波耦合和传播的示例。作为这种波传播的结果而生成的实际电场和磁场可以取决于所采用的频率、耦合器952的设计和/或配置、导线702或其他传输介质的维度和组成以及其表面特性、其绝缘(如果存在的话)、周围环境的电磁性质等而变化。
现在转到图10A,图示的是根据本文所描述各个方面的耦合器和收发器系统的示例非限制性实施例的框图1000。所述系统是传输设备101或102的示例。具体地,通信接口1008是通信接口205的示例,短截线耦合器1002是耦合器220的示例,并且发射器/接收器设备1006、双信器1016、功率放大器1014、低噪声放大器1018、混频器1010和1020以及本地振荡器1012共同形成收发器210的示例。
在操作中,发射器/接收器设备1006发射和接收波(例如,到短截线耦合器1002上的导波1004)。导波1004可以用于通过通信接口1008传送从主机设备、基站、移动设备、建筑物或其他设备接收到的信号以及发送至其的信号。通信接口1008可以是系统1000的整体组成部分。可替代地,通信接口1008可以系留(tethered)到系统1000。通信接口1008可以包括用于接口连接至主机设备、基站、移动设备、建筑物或利用包括诸如红外数据协会(IrDA)协议等红外协议或其他视线光学协议在内的各种无线信令协议(例如,LTE、WiFi、WiMAX、IEEE802.xx等)中的任何一种的其他设备的无线接口。通信接口1008还可以包括有线接口,诸如光纤线路、同轴电缆、双绞线、第5类(CAT-5)电缆、或用于经由协议与主机设备、基站、移动设备、建筑物或其他设备进行通信的其他合适的有线或光学介质,所述协议诸如以太网协议、通用串行总线(USB)协议、有线电视电缆服务数据接口规范(DOCSIS)协议、数字用户线(DSL)协议、火线(IEEE 1394)协议或其他有线或光学协议。对于其中系统1000用作中继器的实施例,通信接口1008可以是不必要的。
通信接口1008的输出信号(例如,Tx)可以在混频器1010处与由本地振荡器1012生成的载波(毫米波载波)进行组合。混频器1010可以使用外差(heterodyning)技术或其他频移技术对来自通信接口1008的输出信号进行频移。例如,发送至通信接口1008和从通信接口发送的信号可以是调制信号,诸如根据长期演进(LTE)无线协议或其他无线3G、4G、5G或更高的语音和数据协议、Zigbee、WIMAX、超宽带或IEEE 802.11无线协议格式化的正交频分复用(OFDM)信号;有线协议,诸如以太网协议、通用串行总线(USB)协议、有线电视电缆服务数据接口规范(DOCSIS)协议、数字用户线(DSL)协议、火线(IEEE 1394)协议或其他有线或无线协议。在示例实施例中,这种变频可以在模拟域中进行,并且因此,可以在不考虑基站、移动设备或建筑物内设备使用的通信协议的类型的情况下进行频移。随着新通信技术被开发,通信接口1008可以被升级(例如,利用软件、固件和/或硬件被升级)或替换,并且频移和传输装置可以保留,从而简化升级。载波可以接着被发送至功率放大器(“PA”)1014并且可以经由双信器1016经由发射器接收器设备1006被传输。
从发射器/接收器设备1006接收到的朝通信接口1008引导的信号可以经由双信器1016与其他信号分离。接收到的信号可以接着被发送至低噪声放大器(“LNA”)1018以用于放大。借助于本地振荡器1012,混频器1020可以将接收到的信号(在一些实施例中在毫米波频带中或大约38GHz)降频到固有(native)频率。通信接口1008可以接着在输入端口(Rx)处接收传输。
在实施例中,发射器/接收器设备1006可以包括圆柱形或非圆柱形金属(例如,其在实施例中可以是中空的,但不一定按比例绘制)或其他导电或非导电波导,并且短截线耦合器1002的端部可以放在波导或发射器/接收器设备1006中或与其接近,使得当发射器/接收器设备1006生成传输时,导波耦合至短截线耦合器1002并作为导波1004在短截线耦合器1002的波导表面周围进行传播。在一些实施例中,导波1004可以部分地在短截线耦合器1002的外表面上并且部分地在短截线耦合器1002内部进行传播。在其他实施例中,导波1004可以基本上或完全在短截线耦合器1002的外表面上进行传播。在还有其他实施例中,导波1004可以基本上或完全在短截线耦合器1002内部进行传播。在这后一个实施例中,导波1004可以在短截线耦合器1002的端部(诸如图4中所示的逐渐变细的端部)进行辐射,以用于耦合至传输介质(诸如图7的导线702)。类似地,如果导波1004正在传入(从导线702耦合至短截线耦合器1002),则导波1004接着进入发射器/接收器设备1006并耦合至圆柱形波导或导电波导。虽然发射器/接收器设备1006被示为包括单独的波导——但是可以采用天线、空腔谐振器、速调管、磁控管、行波管或其他辐射元件来在耦合器1002上感生导波,需要或者不需要单独的波导。
在实施例中,短截线耦合器1002可以完全由电介质材料(或其他合适的绝缘材料)构成,其中没有任何金属或其他导电材料。短截线耦合器1002可以由尼龙、特氟龙、聚乙烯、聚酰胺、其他塑料或其他非导电并适用于便于电磁波至少部分地在这些材料的外表面上的传输的材料构成。在另一实施例中,短截线耦合器1002可以包括导电/金属的芯,并且具有外部电介质表面。类似地,耦合至短截线耦合器1002用于传播由短截线耦合器1002感生出的电磁波或用于向短截线耦合器1002供应电磁波的传输介质可以完全由除裸导线或绝缘导线之外的电介质材料(或其他合适的绝缘材料)构成,其中没有任何金属或其他导电材料。
应当注意的是,虽然图10A示出发射器接收器设备1006的开口比短截线耦合器1002宽得多,但这不是按比例的,并且在其他实施例中,短截线耦合器1002的宽度与中空波导的开口相当或略小。但是在实施例中也未示出插入到发射器/接收器设备1006中的耦合器1002的端部逐渐变细,以便减少反射并增加耦合效率。
在耦合至短截线耦合器1002之前,由发射器/接收器设备1006生成的导波的一种或多种波导模式可以耦合至短截线耦合器1002,以感生导波1004的一种或多种波传播模式。由于中空金属波导和介质波导的不同特性,导波1004的波传播模式可以不同于中空金属波导模式。例如,导波1004的波传播模式可以包括基波横向电磁模式(准TEM00),其中只有小的电场和/或磁场在传播方向上延伸,并且电场和磁场从短截线耦合器1002径向向外延伸,而导波沿短截线耦合器1002进行传播。在中空的波导内部可以或可以不存在基波横向电磁模式波传播模式。因此,由发射器/接收器设备1006使用的中空金属波导模式是可以有效且高效地耦合至短截线耦合器1002的波传播模式的波导模式。
应当认识到的是,发射器/接收器设备1006和短截线耦合器1002的其他构造或组合是可能的。例如,短截线耦合器1002’可以相对于发射器/接收器设备1006’(相应电路系统未示出)的中空金属波导的外表面切向地或平行地(有或没有间隙)被放置,如图10B的附图标记1000’所描绘的。在未由附图标记1000’示出的另一实施例中,短截线耦合器1002’可以放置在发射器/接收器设备1006’的中空金属波导的内部,而无需短截线耦合器1002’的轴与发射器/接收器设备1006’的中空金属波导的轴同轴对准。在这些实施例中的任一个当中,由发射器/接收器设备1006’生成的导波可以耦合至短截线耦合器1002’的表面,以感生短截线耦合器1002’上的导波1004’的一种或多种波传播模式,包括基波模式(例如,对称模式)和/或非基波模式(例如,非对称模式)。
在一个实施例中,导波1004’可以部分地在短截线耦合器1002’的外表面上并且部分地在短截线耦合器1002’内部进行传播。在另一实施例中,导波1004’可以基本上或完全在短截线耦合器1002’的外表面上进行传播。在还有其他实施例中,导波1004’可以基本上或完全在短截线耦合器1002’内部进行传播。在这后一个实施例中,导波1004’可以在短截线耦合器1002’的端部(诸如图9中所示逐渐变细的端部)进行辐射,以用于耦合至传输介质(诸如图9的导线702)。
还将认识到,发射器/接收器设备1006的其他构造是可能的。例如,发射器/接收器设备1006”(相应电路系统未示出)的中空金属波导(如在图10B中被描绘为附图标记1000”)可以相对于传输介质(诸如图4的导线702)的外表面切向或平行地放置(有或没有间隙),而不使用短截线耦合器1002。在本实施例中,由发射器/接收器设备1006”生成的导波可以耦合至导线702的表面,以感生导线702上导波908的一种或多种波传播模式,包括基波模式(例如,对称模式)和/或非基波模式(例如,非对称模式)。在另一实施例中,导线702可以定位在发射器/接收器设备1006”’(相应电路系统未示出)的中空金属波导内部,从而使得导线702的轴与中空金属波导的轴同轴(或不同轴)地对准,而不使用短截线耦合器1002——参见图10B的附图标记1000”’。在本实施例中,由发射器/接收器设备1006”’生成的导波可以耦合至导线702的表面,以感生导线上导波908的一种或多种波传播模式,包括基波模式(例如,对称模式)和/或非基波模式(例如,非对称模式)。
在1000”和1000”’的实施例中,针对具有绝缘外表面的导线702,导波908可以部分地在绝缘体的外表面上并且部分地在绝缘体内部进行传播。在实施例中,导波908可以基本上或完全在绝缘体的外表面上、或者基本上或完全在绝缘体内部进行传播。在1000”和1000”’的实施例中,针对作为裸导体的导线702,导波908可以部分地在导体的外表面上并且部分地在导体内部进行传播。在另一实施例中,导波908可以基本上或完全在导体的外表面上进行传播。
现在参照图11,示出了图示双短截线耦合器的示例非限制性实施例的框图1100。具体地,呈现了用于在诸如结合图1所呈现的传输设备101或102等传输设备中使用的双耦合器设计。在实施例中,两个或更多个耦合器(诸如短截线耦合器1104和1106)可以定位在导线1102周围以便接收导波1108。在实施例中,一个耦合器足以接收导波1108。在那种情况下,导波1108耦合至耦合器1104并作为导波1110进行传播。如果导波1108的场结构由于(多种)特定导波模式或各种外部因素而在导线1102周围振荡或波动,则耦合器1106可以被放置成使得导波1108耦合至耦合器1106。在一些实施例中,四个或更多个耦合器可以被放在导线1102的一部分周围,例如,相对于彼此处于90度或其他间距,以便接收可以在导线1102周围振荡或旋转的导波,其中导波已经在不同的方位取向被感生出或具有例如具有依赖取向的波瓣和/或空值或其他非对称性的非基波或更高阶模式。但是,应当认识到的是,在不背离示例实施例的情况下,可以在导线1102的一部分周围放置少于或多于四个耦合器。
应当注意的是,虽然耦合器1106和1104被图示为短截线耦合器,但是同样可以使用本文中描述的包括弧形耦合器、天线或喇叭状耦合器、磁耦合器等在内的任何其他耦合器设计。还将认识到,虽然一些示例实施例已经呈现了在导线1102的至少一部分周围的多个耦合器,但是此多个耦合器也可以被认为是具有多个耦合器子成分的单个耦合器系统的一部分。例如,两个或更多个耦合器可以被制造为单个系统,所述系统可以在单次安装中安装在导线周围,从而使得耦合器根据所述单个系统相对于彼此(手动地或自动地利用可控机构,诸如电机或其他致动器)预定位或可调整。
耦合至耦合器1106和1104的接收器可以使用分集组合来组合从耦合器1106和1104两者接收到的信号,以便最大化信号质量。在其他实施例中,如果耦合器1104和1106中的一个或另一个接收到高于预定阈值的传输,则接收器可以在决定使用哪个信号时使用选择分集。进一步地,虽然图示了由多个耦合器1106和1104进行的接收,但是同样可以发生由采用相同配置的耦合器1106和1104进行的传输。具体地,可以采用各式各样的多输入多输出(MIMO)传输和接收技术来进行传输,其中,传输设备(诸如结合图1所呈现的传输设备101或102)包括多个收发器和多个耦合器。
应当注意的是,呈现波1108和1110的图形表示仅仅是为了图示导波1108在耦合器1104上感生或以其他方式发射波1110的原理。作为这种波传播的结果而生成的实际电场和磁场可以取决于所采用的频率、耦合器1104的设计、导线1102的维度和组成以及其表面特性、其绝缘(若有的话)、周围环境的电磁性质等而变化。
现在参照图12,示出了图示中继器系统的示例非限制性实施例的框图1200。具体地,呈现了用于在诸如结合图1所呈现的传输设备101或102等传输设备中使用的中继器设备1210。在此系统中,两个耦合器1204和1214可以放置在导线1202或其他传输介质附近,从而使得沿着导线1202传播的导波1205作为波1206(例如,作为导波)由耦合器1204来提取,并且接着被中继器设备1210提升或中继并且作为波1216(例如,作为导波)被发射到耦合器1214上。波1216可以接着在导线1202上被发射并继续作为导波1217沿导线1202进行传播。在实施例中,中继器设备1210可以接收用于通过与导线1202的磁耦合来提升或中继的功率的至少一部分,例如,当导线1202是电力线路或以其他方式包含功率承载导体时。应当注意的是,虽然耦合器1204和1214被图示为短截线耦合器,但是同样可以使用本文中描述的包括弧形耦合器、天线或喇叭状耦合器、磁耦合器等任何其他耦合器设计。
在一些实施例中,中继器设备1210可以中继与波1206相关联的传输,并且在其他实施例中,中继器设备1210可以包括通信接口205,所述通信接口从波1206中提取数据或其他信号以便将这种数据或信号作为通信信号110或112供应至另一网络和/或一个或多个其他设备和/或从另一网络和/或一个或多个其他设备接收通信信号110或112,并且所述中继器设备发射其中嵌入了所接收通信信号110或112的导波1216。在中继器配置中,接收器波导1208可以从耦合器1204接收波1206,并且发射器波导1212可以将导波1216作为导波1217发射到耦合器1214上。在接收器波导1208与发射器波导1212之间,嵌入在导波1206中的信号和/或导波1216自身可以被放大,以校正信号损耗以及与导波通信相关联的其他低效率,或者信号可以被接收和处理以提取其中包含的数据并再生成以供传输。在实施例中,接收器波导1208可被配置用于从信号中提取数据,处理所述数据以利用例如纠错码来校正数据错误,并且利用经校正数据重新生成更新信号。发射器波导1212然后可以发射其中嵌入了更新信号的导波1216。在实施例中,嵌入在导波1206中的信号可以从传输中提取并被处理以用于作为通信信号110或112经由通信接口205与另一网络和/或一个或多个其他设备进行通信。类似地,由通信接口205接收到的通信信号110或112可以插入到由发射器波导1212生成并发射到耦合器1214上的导波1216的传输中。
应当注意的是,虽然图12分别示出了从左边进入并从右边离开的导波传输1206和1216,但这仅仅是简化而不旨在是限制的。在其他实施例中,接收器波导1208和发射器波导1212还可以分别充当发射器和接收器,从而允许中继器设备1210是双向的。
在实施例中,中继器设备1210可以放置在导线1202或其他传输介质上存在不连续或障碍物的位置处。在导线1202是电力线路的情况下,这些障碍物可以包括变压器、连接、电线杆和其他此类电力线路设备。中继器设备1210可以帮助导波(例如,表面波)跳过线路上的这些障碍物并且同时提升传输功率。在其他实施例中,可以使用耦合器来跳过障碍物而无需使用中继器设备。在此实施例中,耦合器的两端都可以系到或紧固到导线上,从而为导波提供行进的路径而不被障碍物阻挡。
现在转到图13,图示的是根据本文所描述各个方面的双向中继器的示例非限制性实施例的框图1300。具体地,呈现了用于在诸如结合图1所呈现的传输设备101或102等传输设备中使用的双向中继器设备1306。应当注意的是,虽然耦合器被图示为短截线耦合器,但是同样可以使用本文中描述的包括弧形耦合器、天线或喇叭状耦合器、磁耦合器等在内的任何其他耦合器设计。在存在两条或更多条导线或者其他传输介质的情况下,双向中继器1306可以采用分集路径。这种导波传输针对不同类型的传输介质(诸如绝缘导线、未绝缘导线、或其他类型的传输介质)具有不同的传输效率和耦合效率,并且进一步地,如果暴露于各要素下,可能会受到天气和其他大气状况的影响,可能有利的是在特定时间在不同传输介质上进行选择性传输。在各个实施例中,各种传输介质可以被指定为主要传输介质、次要传输介质或第三等传输介质等,而不管这种指定是否指示一种传输介质优于另一种传输介质。
在所示的实施例中,传输介质包括绝缘或未绝缘导线1302以及绝缘或未绝缘导线1304(本文中分别被称为导线1302和导线1304)。中继器设备1306使用接收器耦合器1308接收沿导线1302行进的导波,并且使用发射器波导1310中继传输作为沿导线1304的导波。在其他实施例中,中继器设备1306可以从导线1304切换到导线1302,或者可以沿相同的路径中继传输。中继器设备1306可以包括传感器,或者与指示可影响传输的状况的传感器(或图16A中所描绘的网络管理系统1601)进行通信。基于从传感器接收的反馈,中继器设备1306可以确定是沿着同一导线保持传输还是将传输输送到另一条导线。
现在转到图14,图示的是图示了双向中继器系统的示例非限制性实施例的框图1400。具体地,呈现了用于在诸如结合图1所呈现的传输设备101或102等传输设备中使用的双向中继器系统。所述双向中继器系统包括接收和发射来自位于分布式天线系统或回程系统中的其他耦合设备的传输的波导耦合设备1402和1404。
在各个实施例中,波导耦合设备1402可以接收来自另一波导耦合设备的传输,其中所述传输具有多个子载波。双信器1406可以将所述传输与其他传输分离,并且将所述传输指引到低噪声放大器(“LNA”)1408。在本地振荡器1412的帮助下,混频器1428可以将传输降频(其在一些实施例中在毫米波频带内或大约38GHz)到较低频率,诸如用于分布式天线系统的蜂窝频带(大约1.9GHz)、固有频率、或用于回程系统的其他频率。提取器(或解复用器)1432可以提取子载波上的信号并将信号指引到输出部件1422以用于由功率放大器1424进行可选放大、缓冲或隔离从而耦合至通信接口205。通信接口205可以进一步处理从功率放大器1424接收到的信号或者以其他方式通过无线或有线接口将这种信号传输至其他设备,诸如基站、移动设备、建筑物等。对于未在此位置提取的信号,提取器1432可以将其重新指引到另一混频器1436,其中,这些信号用于调制由本地振荡器1414生成的载波。所述载波连同其子载波被指引到功率放大器(“PA”)1416并且被波导耦合设备1404经由双信器1420重新传输至另一个系统。
LNA 1426可以被用来放大、缓冲或隔离由通信接口205接收到的信号,接着将所述信号发送至多路复用器1434,所述多路复用器将所述信号与已经从波导耦合设备1404接收到的信号进行合并。从耦合设备1404接收到的信号已经被双信器1420分离,接着传递通过LNA1418,并由混频器1438进行降频。当信号由多路复用器1434进行组合时,所述信号由混频器1430进行升频,接着由PA 1410提升,并且通过波导耦合设备1402继续传输至另一个系统。在实施例中,双向中继器系统可以仅仅是没有输出设备1422的中继器。在本实施例中,将不使用多路复用器1434,并且来自LNA 1418的信号将被指引至如先前所描述的混频器1430。应当认识到的是,在一些实施例中,双向中继器系统还可以使用两个不同且分离的单向中继器来实施。在替代实施例中,双向中继器系统还可以是提升器(booster)或以其他方式执行重新传输而无需降频和升频。实际上,在示例实施例中,重新传输可以基于在信号或导波的重新传输之前接收信号或导波并执行某种信号或导波处理或重新整形、滤波和/或放大。
现在参照图15,示出了图示导波通信系统的示例非限制性实施例的框图1500。此简图描绘了可以使用诸如结合图1所呈现的导波通信系统等导波通信系统的示例性环境。
为了提供到附加基站设备的网络连接,将通信小区(例如,微小区和宏小区)链接到核心网络的网络设备的回程网络相应地扩展。类似地,为了提供到分布式天线系统的网络连接,期望链接基站设备及其分布式天线的扩展通信系统。可以提供诸如图15中所示的导波通信系统1500以启用替代的、增加的或附加的网络连接,并且可以提供波导耦合系统以在传输介质上发射和/或接收导波(例如,表面波)通信,所述传输介质诸如作为单导线传输线路(例如,公用设施线路)进行操作并且可用作波导和/或以其他方式进行操作以引导电磁波的传输的导线。
导波通信系统1500可以包括配电系统的第一实例1550,所述配电系统包括可通信地耦合至中心局1501和/或宏小区站点1502的一个或多个基站设备(例如,基站设备1504)。基站设备1504可以通过有线(例如,光纤和/或电缆)或者通过无线(例如,微波无线)连接而连接至宏小区站点1502和中心局1501。配电系统的第二实例1560可以用于向移动设备1522以及向住宅和/或商业机构1542(本文中被称为机构1542)提供无线语音和数据服务。系统1500可具有用于向如图15中所示的移动设备1522至1524和机构1542提供语音和/或数据服务的配电系统的附加实例1550和1560。
宏小区(诸如宏小区站点1502)可以具有到移动网络和基站设备1504的专用连接,或者可以共享和/或以其他方式使用另一连接。中心局1501可以用于向移动设备1522至1524和机构1542分配媒体内容和/或提供互联网服务提供商(ISP)服务。中心局1501可以接收来自卫星星座1530(其中之一在图15中被示出)的媒体内容或其他内容源,并且经由配电系统的第一和第二实例1550和1560将这种内容分配到移动设备1522至1524和机构1542。中心局1501还可以通信地耦合至互联网1503以用于向移动设备1522至1524和机构1542提供互联网数据服务。
基站设备1504可以安装在或附连到电线杆1516上。在其他实施例中,基站设备1504可以在变压器附近和/或在位于电力线路附近的其他位置的附近。基站设备1504可以便于移动设备1522和1524到移动网络的连接。分别在电线杆1518和1520上或它们附近安装的天线1512和1514可以从基站设备1504接收信号并且将那些信号在比如果天线1512和1514位于基站设备1504处或附近时宽得多的区域上传输至移动设备1522和1524。
应当注意的是,为了简单起见,图15在配电系统的每个实例1550和1560中显示了三个电线杆,具有一个基站设备。在其他实施例中,电线杆1516可以具有更多个基站设备、以及具有到机构1542的分布式天线和/或系留式连接的更多电线杆。
传输设备1506(诸如结合图1所呈现的传输设备101或102)可以经由连接电线杆1516、1518和1520的(多条)公用设施线路或电力线路将信号从基站设备1504传输至天线1512和1514。为了传输信号,无线电源和/或传输设备1506将来自基站设备1504的信号(例如,经由混频)上变频或以其他方式将来自基站设备1504的信号变频到微波频带信号,并且传输设备1506发射微波频带波,所述微波频带波作为沿着如在先前实施例中所描述的公用设施线路或其他导线行进的导波进行传播。在电线杆1518处,另一个传输设备1508接收导波(并且可选地可以根据需要或期望对其进行放大或者作为中继器进行操作以接收所述导波并重新生成所述导波)并且将其作为导波在公用设施线路或其他导线上前向发送。传输设备1508还可以从微波频带导波中提取信号并将其频率向下移动或以其他方式将其变频到其原始蜂窝频带频率(例如,1.9GHz或其他定义的蜂窝频率)或另一个蜂窝(或非蜂窝)频带频率。天线1512可以向移动设备1522无线传输降频后的信号。根据需要或期望,所述过程可以由传输设备1510、天线1514和移动设备1524来重复。
还可以分别由天线1512和1514接收来自移动设备1522和1524的发射。传输设备1508和1510可以将蜂窝频带信号升频或以其他方式变频到微波频带,并且将所述信号作为导波(例如,表面波或其他电磁波)传输在(多条)电力线路上传输至基站设备1504。
由中心局1501接收到的媒体内容可以经由基站设备1504供应至配电系统的第二实例1560以用于分配至移动设备1522和机构1542。传输设备1510可以通过一个或多个有线连接或无线接口系留到机构1542。所述一个或多个有线连接可以包括但不限于:电力线路、同轴电缆、光纤电缆、双绞线电缆、导波传输介质、或用于分配媒体内容和/或用于提供互联网服务的其他合适的有线介质。在示例实施例中,来自传输设备1510的有线连接可以通信地耦合至位于一个或多个相应服务区域接口(SAI——未示出)或基架处的一个或多个特高比特率的数字用户线路(VDSL)调制解调器,每个SAI或基架向机构1542的一部分提供服务。VDSL调制解调器可以用于选择性地向位于机构1542中的网关(未示出)分配媒体内容和/或提供互联网服务。SAI或基架也可以通过诸如电力线路、同轴电缆、光纤电缆、双绞线电缆、导波传输介质或其他合适的有线介质等有线介质通信地耦合至机构1542。在其他示例实施例中,传输设备1510可以直接通信地耦合至机构1542,而无需中间接口,诸如SAI或基架。
在另一示例实施例中,系统1500可以采用分集路径,其中两条或更多条公用设施线路或其他导线串接在电线杆1516、1518和1520之间(例如,例如在电线杆1516与电线杆1520之间的两条或更多条导线),并且来自基站/宏小区站点1502的冗余传输作为导波在公用设施线路或其他导线的表面下方被传输。公用设施线路或其他导线可以是绝缘的或未绝缘的,并且取决于造成传输损耗的环境状况,耦合设备可以选择性地从绝缘或未绝缘公用设施线路或其他导线接收信号。所述选择可以基于导线的信噪比的测量或者基于所确定的天气/环境状况(例如,湿度检测器、天气预报等)。与系统1500一起使用分集路径可以启用替代路由能力、负载均衡、增加的负载处理、并发的双向或同步通信、扩频通信等。
应当注意的是,图15中的传输设备1506、1508和1510的使用仅仅是示例性的,并且在其他实施例中,其他使用是可能的。例如,可以在回程通信系统中使用传输设备,从而向基站设备提供网络连接。传输设备1506、1508和1510可以用在期望在导线(无论是绝缘的还是不绝缘的)上传输导波通信的许多情况中。由于与可以承载高电压的导线没有接触或者与其具有有限的物理和/或电接触,因此传输设备1506、1508和1510是对其他耦合设备的改进。所述传输设备可以位于远离导线(例如,与导线隔开)和/或位于导线上,只要它不与导线电接触即可,因为电介质充当绝缘体,由此允许便宜、容易和/或较不复杂的安装。然而,如前所述,可以采用导电耦合器或非电介质耦合器,例如是在导线对应于电话网络、有线电视网络、宽带数据服务、光纤通信系统或采用低压或具有绝缘传输线的其他网络的配置中。
还应当注意的是,虽然在实施例中示出了基站设备1504和宏小区站点1502,但是其他网络配置同样是可能的。例如,可以以类似的方式采用诸如接入点或其他无线网关的设备来扩展其他网络(诸如无线局域网、无线个人区域网或者根据诸如802.11协议、WIMAX协议、UltraWideband协议、蓝牙协议、Zigbee协议或其他无线协议的通信协议操作的其他无线网络)的范围。
现在参照图16A和图16B,示出了图示一种用于对电网通信系统进行管理的系统的示例非限制性实施例的框图。考虑图16A,呈现了用于在诸如结合图15所呈现的系统等导波通信系统中使用的波导系统1602。波导系统1602可以包括传感器1604、电源管理系统1605、传输设备101或102,所述传输设备包括至少一个通信接口205、收发器210和耦合器220。
波导系统1602可以耦合至电力线路1610以用于促进根据本主题披露内容所描述实施例的导波通信。在示例实施例中,传输设备101或102包括耦合器220,所述耦合器用于在如本主题披露内容中所描述的电力线路1610的表面上感生沿着电力线路1610的表面纵向传播的电磁波。传输设备101或102还可以充当如在图12至图13中所示出的中继器,所述中继器用于在同一电力线路1610上重新传输电磁波或用于在电力线路1610之间路由电磁波。
传输设备101或102包括收发器210,所述收发器被配置用于例如将在原始频率范围上操作的信号上变频为以载波频率操作、展现载波频率或与载波频率相关联的电磁波,所述电磁波沿着用于感生相应导行电磁波的耦合器进行传播,所述相应导行电磁波沿着电力线路1610的表面进行传播。载波频率可以由具有定义电磁波带宽的上限截止频率和下限截止频率的中心频率来表示。电力线路1610可以是具有导电表面或绝缘表面的导线(例如,单股或多股)。收发器210还可以从耦合器220接收信号,并且将以载波频率操作的电磁波下变频为在其原始频率上的信号。
由传输设备101或102的通信接口205接收到的用于上变频的信号可以包括但不限于:由中心局1611在通信接口205的有线或无线接口上、由基站1614在通信接口205的有线或无线接口上供应的信号;由移动设备1620传输至基站1614以用于在通信接口205的有线或无线接口上传递的无线信号;由建筑物内通信设备1618在通信接口205的有线或无线接口上供应的信号;和/或由在通信接口205的无线通信范围内漫游的移动设备1612供应至通信接口205的无线信号。在波导系统1602用作诸如图12至图13中示出的中继器的实施例中,通信接口205可以或可以不包括在波导系统1602中。
沿着电力线路1610的表面进行传播的电磁波可以被调制和格式化为包括数据分组或数据帧,所述数据分组或数据帧包括数据有效载荷并且进一步包括联网信息(诸如用于标识一个或多个目的地波导系统1602的报头信息)。所述联网信息可以由波导系统1602或者诸如中心局1611、基站1614、移动设备1620、或建筑物内设备1618或其组合等始发设备来提供。另外,经调制的电磁波可以包括用于减轻信号扰动的纠错数据。所述联网信息和纠错数据可以由目的地波导系统1602用于检测指引至其的传输并且用于利用纠错数据对传输进行下变频和处理,所述传输包括被指引至通信地耦合至目的地波导系统1602的接收通信设备的语音信号和/或数据信号。
现在参照波导系统1602的传感器1604,传感器1604可以包括以下各项中的一项或多项:温度传感器1604a、扰动检测传感器1604b、能量损耗传感器1604c、噪声传感器1604d、振动传感器1604e、环境(例如,天气)传感器1604f、和/或图像传感器1604g。温度传感器1604a可以用于测量环境温度、传输设备101或102的温度、电力线路1610的温度、温度差异(例如,与设定点或基线相比、在传输设备101或102与1610之间等等)、或其任何组合。在一个实施例中,温度度量可以通过基站1614周期性采集并上报给网络管理系统1601。
扰动检测传感器1604b可以对电力线路1610执行测量以便检测诸如信号反射等扰动,所述扰动可以指示存在可能阻碍电磁波在电力线路1610上传播的下游扰动。信号反射可以表示由于例如由传输设备101或102在电力线路1610上传输的电磁波引起的失真,所述电磁波从位于传输设备101或102下游的电力线路1610中的扰动全部或部分地反射回至传输设备101或102。
信号反射可由电力线路1610上的障碍物引起。例如,当树枝位于电力线路1610上或者非常接近电力线路1610(这可能引起电晕放电)时,树枝可能引起电磁波反射。可能引起电磁波反射的其他障碍物可以包括但不限于:已经缠绕在电力线路1610上的物体(例如,衣服、利用鞋带缠绕在电力线路1610上的鞋等)、电力线路1610上的腐蚀积聚物或冰积聚物。电网部件也可能妨碍或阻碍电磁波在电力线路1610表面上传播。可能引起信号反射的电网部件的图示包括但不限于变压器以及用于连接拼接电力线路的接头。电力线路1610上的锐角也可能引起电磁波反射。
扰动检测传感器1604b可以包括用于进行以下操作的电路:将电磁波反射的幅值与由传输设备101或102传输的原始电磁波的幅值进行比较以确定电力线路1610中的下游扰动衰减了多少传输。扰动检测传感器1604b可以进一步包括用于对反射波进行频谱分析的频谱分析器电路。由频谱分析器电路生成的频谱数据可以经由模式识别、专家系统、曲线拟合、匹配滤波或其他人工智能、分类或比较技术来与频谱分布曲线进行比较以便基于例如与频谱数据最接近匹配的频谱分布曲线来标识扰动的类型。频谱分布曲线可以存储在扰动检测传感器1604b的存储器中,或者可以由扰动检测传感器1604b远程访问。所述分布曲线可以包括频谱数据,所述频谱数据对在电力线路1610上可能遇到的不同扰动进行建模,以便使得扰动检测传感器1604b能够局部地标识扰动。扰动的标识(如果已知的话)可以通过基站1614上报给网络管理系统1601。扰动检测传感器1604b还可以利用传输设备101或102来传输作为测试信号的电磁波以便确定电磁波反射的往返时间。由扰动检测传感器1604b测量的往返时间可以用于计算由电磁波行进直至反射发生的点的距离,这使得扰动检测传感器1604b能够计算从传输设备101或102到电力线路1610上的下游扰动的距离。
所计算的距离可以通过基站1614上报给网络管理系统1601。在一个实施例中,波导系统1602在电力线路1610上的位置对于网络管理系统1601可以是已知的,所述网络管理系统1601可以使用所述位置基于电网的已知拓扑来确定电力线路1610上的扰动的位置。在另一实施例中,波导系统1602可以向网络管理系统1601提供其位置以便辅助确定电力线路1610上的扰动的位置。波导系统1602的位置可以由波导系统1602根据存储在波导系统1602的存储器中的波导系统1602的预编程位置来获得,或者波导系统1602可使用包括在波导系统1602中的GPS接收器(未示出)来确定其位置。
电源管理系统1605向波导系统1602的前述部件提供能量。电源管理系统1605可以从太阳能电池、或者从耦合至电力线路1610的变压器(未示出)、或者通过电感耦合至电力线路1610或另一附近电力线路来接收能量。电源管理系统1605还可以包括备用电池和/或用于向波导系统1602提供临时电力的超级电容器或其他电容器电路。能量损耗传感器1604c可以用于检测波导系统1602何时具有电力丢失状况和/或某种其他故障的发生。例如,能量损耗传感器1604c可以检测何时存在由于缺陷太阳能电池、太阳能电池上使其发生故障的障碍物电力线路1610上的电力丢失而导致的电力丢失,和/或备用电力系统何时由于备用电池的失效、超级电容器中的可检测缺陷而发生故障。当发生故障和/或电力丢失时,能量损耗传感器1604c可以通过基站1614通知网络管理系统1601。
噪声传感器1604d可以用于测量电力线路1610上可能不利地影响电磁波在电力线路1610上的传输的噪声。噪声传感器1604d可以感测不期望的电磁干扰、噪声突发、或者可能中断在电力线路1610的表面上接收调制电磁波的其他扰动源。噪声突发可由例如电晕放电或其他噪声源引起。噪声传感器1604d可以经由模式识别、专家系统、曲线拟合、匹配滤波或其他人工智能、分类或比较技术将测量噪声与由波导系统1602从内部噪声分布曲线数据库或从存储噪声分布曲线的远程定位数据库获得的噪声曲线进行比较。通过比较,噪声传感器1604d可以基于例如向测量噪声提供最接近匹配的噪声分布曲线来标识噪声源(例如,电晕放电或其他)。噪声传感器1604d还可以通过测量诸如误比特率、分组丢失率、抖动、分组重传请求等传输度量来检测噪声如何影响传输。噪声传感器1604d可以通过基站1614向网络管理系统1601上报噪声源的身份、其发生时间、以及传输度量等。
振动传感器1604e可以包括用于检测电力线路1610上的2D或3D振动的加速度计和/或陀螺仪。可以经由模式识别、专家系统、曲线拟合、匹配滤波或其他人工智能、分类或比较技术将所述振动与可以本地地存储在波导系统1602中或由波导系统1602从远程数据库获得的振动分布曲线进行比较。振动分布曲线可以例如用于基于例如向测量振动提供最接近匹配的振动分布曲线来将倒下的树与阵风进行区分。此分析的结果可以由振动传感器1604e通过基站1614上报给网络管理系统1601。
环境传感器1604f可以包括用于测量大气压、环境温度(其可以由温度传感器1604a来提供)、风速、湿度、风向和雨量等的气压计。环境传感器1604f可以采集原始信息,并且通过经由模式识别、专家系统、基于知识的系统或其他人工智能、分类或其他天气建模和预测技术将所述原始信息与可从波导系统1602的存储器或远程数据库获得的环境分布曲线进行比较来处理此信息,以便在其发生之前预测天气状况。环境传感器1604f可以将原始数据及其分析上报给网络管理系统1601。
图像传感器1604g可以是用于捕获波导系统1602附近的图像的数字相机(例如,电荷耦合器件或CCD成像器、红外相机等)。图像传感器1604g可以包括机电机构,以控制用于从多个视角(例如,顶表面、底表面、左表面、右表面等)检查电力线路1610的相机的移动(例如,实际位置或焦点/变焦)。可替代地,图像传感器1604g可以被设计为使得无需机电机构来获得所述多个视角。对由图像传感器1604g生成的成像数据的采集和检索可以由网络管理系统1601来控制,或者可以由图像传感器1604g自主采集并上报给网络管理系统1601。
可以由波导系统1602使用可适用于采集与波导系统1602和/或电力线路1610相关联的遥测信息以用于检测、预测和/或减轻可能阻碍电磁波传输在电力线路1610(或任何其他形式的电磁波传输介质)上传播的扰动的其他传感器。
现在参照图16B,框图1650图示了根据本文所描述各个方面的一种用于对电网1653和嵌入在其中或与其相关联的通信系统1655进行管理的系统的示例非限制性实施例。通信系统1655包括耦合至电网1653的电力线路1610的多个波导系统1602。在通信系统1655中使用的波导系统1602的至少一部分可以与基站1614和/或网络管理系统1601直接通信。未直接连接至基站1614或网络管理系统1601的波导系统1602可以通过连接至基站1614或网络管理系统1601的其他下游波导系统1602来与基站1614或网络管理系统1601进行通信会话。
网络管理系统1601可以通信地耦合至公共事业公司1652的装备和通信服务提供商1654的装备,以便分别向每个实体提供与电网1653和通信系统1655相关联的状态信息。网络管理系统1601、公共事业公司1652的装备、以及通信服务提供商1654可以接入由公共事业公司人员1656使用的通信设备和/或由通信服务提供商人员1658使用的通信设备,以用于提供状态信息和/或用于在管理电网1653和/或通信系统1655时指引这类人员。
图17A图示了一种用于检测并减轻在图16A和图16B的系统的通信网络中发生的扰动的方法1700的示例非限制性实施例的流程图。方法1700可以以步骤1702开始,在所述步骤中,波导系统1602发射和接收消息,所述消息嵌入在沿着电力线路1610的表面行进的调制电磁波或另一种类型的电磁波中,或者形成所述调制电磁波或另一种类型的电磁波的一部分。所述消息可以是语音消息、流式视频、和/或在通信地耦合至通信系统1655的通信设备之间交换的其他数据/信息。在步骤1704处,波导系统1602的传感器1604可以采集感测数据。在实施例中,可以在步骤1702中发射和/或接收消息之前、期间或之后在步骤1704中采集感测数据。在步骤1706处,波导系统1602(或传感器1604自身)可以根据感测数据来确定通信系统1655中的扰动的实际或预测发生,所述扰动可以影响源自波导系统1602(例如,由波导系统传输)或由所述波导系统接收的通信。波导系统1602(或传感器1604)可以处理温度数据、信号反射数据、能量损耗数据、噪声数据、振动数据、环境数据、或其任何组合以便做出此判定。波导系统1602(或传感器1604)还可以检测、标识、估计、或预测扰动源和/或其在通信系统1655中的位置。如果在步骤1708中既未检测/标识、又未预测/估计扰动,则波导系统1602可以前进至步骤1702,在所述步骤中,其继续发射和接收消息,所述消息嵌入沿着电力线路1610的表面行进的调制电磁波中的、或形成所述调制电磁波的一部分。
如果在步骤1708处检测/标识或预测/估计到发生扰动,则波导系统1602前进至步骤1710以便判定扰动是否对消息在通信系统1655中的传输或接收带来了不利影响(或者可替代地,可能的不利影响或其可能不利影响的程度)。在一个实施例中,可以在步骤1710处使用持续时间阈值和发生频率阈值来确定扰动何时不利地影响通信系统1655中的通信。仅出于图示的目的,假设持续时间阈值被设定为500ms,而发生频率阈值被设定为在10秒的观察周期内发生5次扰动。因此,具有大于500ms的持续时间的扰动将触发持续时间阈值。另外,在10秒时间间隔内发生超过5次的任何扰动将触发发生频率阈值。
在一个实施例中,当仅超过了持续时间阈值时,扰动可被认为不利地影响通信系统1655中的信号完整性。在另一实施例中,当超过了持续时间阈值和发生频率阈值两者时,扰动可被认为不利地影响了通信系统1655中的信号完整性。因此,对于对不利地影响通信系统1655中的信号完整性的扰动进行分类而言,后一实施例比前一实施例更保守。将认识到的是,根据示例实施例,许多其他算法和相关联参数和阈值可以用于步骤1710。
返回参照方法1700,如果在步骤1710处,在步骤1708处检测到的扰动不满足受到不利影响的通信的条件(例如,既不超过持续时间阈值也不超过发生频率阈值),则波导系统1602可以前进至步骤1702并且继续处理消息。例如,如果在步骤1708中检测到的扰动具有1毫秒的持续时间、在10秒时间段内具有单次发生,则将不超过这两个阈值中的任何一个。因此,这种扰动可以被认为对通信系统1655中的信号完整性具有微乎其微的影响并且因此将不被标记为需要减轻的扰动。虽然未被标记,但是可以将扰动发生、其发生时间、其发生频率、频谱数据、和/或其他有用信息作为遥测数据上报给网络管理系统1601以用于监测目的。
返回参照步骤1710,如果另一方面扰动满足受到不利影响的通信的条件(例如,超过这两个阈值中的任一者或两者),则波导系统1602可以前进至步骤1712并且将所述事件上报给网络管理系统1601。所述报告可以包括由传感器1604采集的原始感测数据、波导系统1602对扰动的描述(如果已知的话)、扰动发生时间、扰动发生频率、与扰动相关联的位置、参数读数(诸如误比特率、分组丢失率、重传请求、抖动、延迟时间等)。如果扰动基于由波导系统1602的一个或多个传感器做出的预测,则所述报告可以包括期望扰动类型,并且如果是可预测的,当预测基于由波导系统1602的传感器1604采集的历史感测数据时,所述报告可以包括扰动的期望发生时间、以及预测扰动的期望发生频率。
在步骤1714处,网络管理系统1601可以确定减轻、规避、或校正技术,这种技术可以包括指引波导系统1602重新路由通信量以在可以确定扰动位置的情况下规避扰动。在一个实施例中,检测扰动的波导耦合设备1402可以指引中继器(诸如在图13至图14中示出的一个中继器)将波导系统1602从受扰动影响的主要电力线路连接至次要电力线路,以便使得波导系统1602能够将通信量重新路由至不同的传输介质并避免扰动。在波导系统1602被配置为中继器的实施例中,波导系统1602可以自己将通信量从主要电力线路重新路由至次要电力线路。应当进一步注意的是,针对双向通信(例如,全双工通信或半双工通信),中继器可以被配置用于将通信量从次要电力线路重新路由回至主要电力线路以供波导系统1602进行处理。
在另一实施例中,波导系统1602可以通过以下方式来重新指引通信量:指示位于扰动上游的第一中继器和位于扰动下游的第二中继器以避免扰动的方式将通信量从主要电力线路暂时重新指引至次要电力线路并重新指引回至主要电力线路。应当进一步注意的是,针对双向通信(例如,全双工通信或半双工通信),中继器可以被配置用于将通信量从次要电力线路重新路由回至主要电力线路。
为了避免中断在次要电力线路上发生的现有通信会话,网络管理系统1601可以指引波导系统1602指示(多个)中继器使用次要电力线路的(多个)未使用时隙和/或(多个)频带来将数据和/或语音通信量重新指引远离主要电力线路从而规避扰动。
在步骤1716处,当通信量正被重新路由以避免扰动时,网络管理系统1601可以通知公共事业公司1652的装备和/或通信服务提供商1654的装备,其进而可以向公共事业公司的人员1656和/或通信服务提供商的人员1658通知所检测到的扰动及其位置(如果已知的话)。来自任一方的现场人员可以致力于解决在所确定的扰动位置处的扰动。一旦由公共事业公司的人员和/或通信服务提供商的人员移除或以其他方式减轻了扰动,则这些人员可以使用通信地耦合至网络管理系统1601的现场装备(例如,膝上型计算机、智能电话等)、和/或公共事业公司和/或通信服务提供商的装备来通知其对应的公司和/或网络管理系统1601。所述通知可以包括对如何减轻扰动的描述、以及对电力线路1610的可以改变通信系统1655的拓扑的任何变化。
一旦已经解决了扰动(如在决策1718中确定的),则网络管理系统1601就可以在步骤1720处指引波导系统1602恢复由波导系统1602使用的先前路由配置,或者如果用于减轻扰动的恢复策略引起了通信系统1655的新网络拓扑时根据新的路由配置对通信量进行路由。在另一实施例中,波导系统1602可以被配置用于通过在电力线路1610上发射测试信号来监测扰动的减轻,从而确定扰动何时已经被移除。一旦波导系统1602检测到不存在扰动,如果其确定通信系统1655的网络拓扑尚未改变则其可以自主地恢复其路由配置而无需网络管理系统1601的辅助,或者其可以使用适配于所检测到的新网络拓扑的新路由配置。
图17B图示了一种用于检测并减轻在图16A和图16B的系统的通信网络中发生的扰动的方法1750的示例非限制性实施例的流程图。在一个实施例中,方法1750可以以步骤1752开始,在所述步骤中,网络管理系统1601从公共事业公司1652的装备或通信服务提供商1654的装备接收与维护安排相关联的维护信息。网络管理系统1601可以在步骤1754处根据维护信息来标识有待在维护安排期间执行的维护活动。通过这些活动,网络管理系统1601可以检测由于维护(例如,电力线路1610的事先安排的置换、电力线路1610上的波导系统1602的事先安排的置换、电网1653中的电力线路1610的事先安排的重配置等)而产生的扰动。
在另一实施例中,网络管理系统1601可以在步骤1755处接收来自一个或多个波导系统1602的遥测信息。除其他以外,所述遥测信息可以包括:提交遥测信息的每个波导系统1602的身份;由每个波导系统1602的传感器1604进行的测量;与由每个波导系统1602的传感器1604检测到的预测扰动、估计扰动或实际扰动相关的信息;与每个波导系统1602相关联的位置信息;所检测扰动的估计位置、扰动的标识等。网络管理系统1601可以根据遥测信息来确定可能不利于波导操作、沿导线表面的电磁波传输、或这两者的扰动的类型。网络管理系统1601还可以使用来自多个波导系统1602的遥测信息以便隔离和标识扰动。另外,网络管理系统1601可以请求来自在受影响波导系统1602附近的波导系统1602的遥测信息以便对扰动的位置进行三角测量和/或通过接收来自其他波导系统1602的相似遥测信息来验证扰动的标识。
在又另一实施例中,网络管理系统1601可以在步骤1756处接收来自维护现场人员的事先未安排的活动报告。事先未安排的维护可能由于未计划的现场调用而发生,或者由于在现场调用或事先安排的维护活动期间发现的不期望的现场问题而发生。活动报告可以标识由于现场人员解决通信系统1655和/或电网1653中所发现的问题所引起的电网1653的拓扑配置的变化、一个或多个波导系统1602的变化(诸如其置换或修复)、所执行的扰动减轻(若有的话)等。
在步骤1758处,网络管理系统1601可以通过根据步骤1752至1756接收到的报告来判定扰动是否将基于维护安排发生、或者判定扰动是否已经发生或者预测扰动基于遥测数据发生、或者判定是否由于在现场活动报告中标识的未计划维护而已经发生了扰动。通过任何这些报告,网络管理系统1601可以判定所检测或预测到的扰动是否需要由通信系统1655的受影响波导系统1602或其他波导系统1602对通信量进行重新路由。
当在步骤1758处检测或预测到扰动时,则网络管理系统1601可以前进至步骤1760,在所述步骤中,所述网络管理系统可以指引一个或多个波导系统1602对通信量进行重新路由以规避扰动。当扰动由于电网1653的永久拓扑变化而是永久的时,网络管理系统1601可以前进至步骤1770并且越过步骤1762、1764、1766和1772。在步骤1770处,网络管理系统1601可以指引一个或多个波导系统1602使用适配于新拓扑的新路由配置。然而,当已经通过由一个或多个波导系统1602供应的遥测信息检测到扰动时,网络管理系统1601可以向公共事业公司的维护人员1656或通信服务提供商的维护人员1658通知扰动的位置、扰动的类型(如果已知的话)、以及可能有助于这种人员减轻扰动的相关信息。当预期扰动是由于维护活动引起时,网络管理系统1601可以指引一个或多个波导系统1602以给定安排(与维护安排一致)对通信量路由进行重新配置,以避免在维护安排期间由维护活动引起的扰动。
返回至步骤1760并且在其完成时,过程可以继续步骤1762。在步骤1762处,网络管理系统1601可以监测(多个)扰动何时已经被现场人员减轻。可以在步骤1762处通过分析由现场人员利用现场装备(例如,膝上型计算机或手持计算机/设备)通过通信网络(例如,蜂窝通信系统)提交给网络管理系统1601的现场报告来检测扰动的减轻。如果现场人员已经上报扰动已经减轻,则网络管理系统1601可以前进至步骤1764以便根据现场报告来判定是否需要拓扑变化来减轻扰动。拓扑变化可以包括:重新路由电力线路1610、重新配置波导系统1602以便利用不同的电力线路1610、以其他方式利用替代链路来旁路扰动等。如果已经发生拓扑变化,则网络管理系统1601可以在步骤1770处指引一个或多个波导系统1602使用适配于新拓扑的新路由配置。
然而,如果现场人员尚未上报拓扑变化,则网络管理系统1601可以前进至步骤1766,在所述步骤中,所述网络管理系统可以指引一个或多个波导系统1602发送测试信号以便测试在(多次)检测扰动之前已经使用的路由配置。可以将测试信号发送至在扰动附近的受影响波导系统1602。测试信号可以用于判定信号扰动(例如,电磁波反射)是否被任一个波导系统1602检测到。如果测试信号确认之前的路由配置不再遭受先前所检测到的(多次)扰动,则网络管理系统1601可以在步骤1772处指引受影响波导系统1602恢复先前的路由配置。然而,如果由一个或多个波导耦合设备1402分析并被上报给网络管理系统1601的测试信号指示存在(多次)扰动或(多次)新的扰动,则网络管理系统1601将前进至步骤1768并且将此信息上报给现场人员以便进一步解决现场问题。在此情况下,网络管理系统1601可以在步骤1762处继续监测(多次)扰动的减轻。
在前述实施例中,波导系统1602可以被配置用于自适应于电网1653的变化和/或扰动的减轻。也就是说,一个或多个受影响波导系统1602可以被配置用于自监测扰动的减轻并且重新配置通信量路由,而无需由网络管理系统1601向其发送指令。在本实施例中,可自配置的所述一个或多个波导系统1602可以向网络管理系统1601告知其路由选择,从而使得网络管理系统1601可以维持通信系统1655的通信拓扑的宏观视图。
虽然为了简化说明的目的,所述对应方法分别被示出和描述为图17A和图17B一系列方框,但是应当理解和认识到,所要求保护的主题不受方框的顺序限制,因为一些方框可以与其他方框以与本文所描绘和描述的不同的顺序发生和/或同时发生。此外,可能并不需要所有图示的方框来实施本文所描述的方法。
现在转到图18A,示出了图示用于传播导行电磁波的传输介质1800的示例非限制性实施例的框图。具体地,给出了结合图1所呈现的传输介质125的进一步示例。在实施例中,传输介质1800可以包括布置在其上的第一电介质材料1802和第二电介质材料1804。在实施例中,第一电介质材料1802可以包括电介质芯(本文中被称为电介质芯1802),并且第二电介质材料1804可以包括包层或外壳,诸如整体地或部分地包围电介质芯的电介质泡沫(本文中被称为电介质泡沫1804)。在实施例中,电介质芯1802和电介质泡沫1804可以轴向地彼此对准(尽管不是必需的)。在实施例中,电介质芯1802和电介质泡沫1804的组合可以屈曲或弯曲至少45度,而不会损坏电介质芯1802和电介质泡沫1804的材料。在实施例中,电介质泡沫1804的外表面可以进一步被第三电介质材料1806整体或部分地包围,所述第三电介质材料可以充当外护套(本文中被称为护套1806)。护套1806可以防止将电介质芯1802和电介质泡沫1804暴露于可能不利地影响电磁波传播的环境(例如,水、土壤等)。
电介质芯1802可以包括例如高密度聚乙烯材料、高密度聚氨酯材料、或(多种)其他合适的电介质材料。电介质泡沫1804可以包括例如多孔塑料材料(诸如发泡聚乙烯材料)、或(多种)其他合适的电介质材料。护套1806可以包括例如聚乙烯材料或等同物。在实施例中,电介质泡沫1804的电介质常数可以(或大体上)低于电介质芯1802的电介质常数。例如,电介质芯1802的电介质常数可以近似于2.3,而电介质泡沫1804的电介质常数可以近似于1.15(略高于空气的电介质常数)。
电介质芯1802可以用于接收采用来自本文所描述的被配置用于在传输介质1800上发射导行电磁波的发射台或其他耦合设备的电磁波形式的信号。在一个实施例中,传输1800可以耦合至被结构化为例如圆形波导1809的中空波导1808,所述中空波导可以接收来自诸如短截线天线(未示出)的辐射设备的电磁波。中空波导1808进而可以感生电介质芯1802中的导行电磁波。在此配置中,导行电磁波由电介质芯1802引导或被限制到所述电介质芯,并且沿着电介质芯1802纵向传播。通过调整发射台的电子器件,电磁波的操作频率可以被选择成使得导行电磁波的场强度分布曲线1810在护套1806外部微乎其微地(或根本不)延伸。
通过将导行电磁波的大部分(如果不是全部)场强维持在电介质芯1802、电介质泡沫1804和/或护套1806的多个部分内,传输介质1800可以在恶劣的环境中使用,而不会不利地影响在其内传播的电磁波的传播。例如,传输介质1800可以掩埋土壤中,而对在传输介质1800中传播的导行电磁波没有(或者几乎没有)不利影响。类似地,传输介质1800可以暴露于水中(例如,雨中或放置在水下),而对在传输介质1800中传播的导行电磁波没有(或者几乎没有)不利影响。在实施例中,在前述实施例中导行电磁波的传播损耗在60GHz的操作频率下可以是每米1dB至2dB或者更多。取决于导行电磁波的操作频率和/或用于传输介质1800的材料,其他传播损耗可以是可能的。另外,取决于用于构造传输介质1800的材料,传输介质1800在一些实施例中可以横向地屈曲,而对传播通过电介质芯1802和电介质泡沫1804的导行电磁波没有(或者几乎没有)不利影响。
图18B描绘了与图18A的传输介质1800不同的传输介质1820,又提供了结合图1所给出的传输介质125的进一步示例。传输介质1820示出了图18A的传输介质1800的相似元件的相似附图标记。与传输介质1800相比,传输介质1820包括导电芯1822,所述导电芯具有整体地或部分地包围导电芯1822的绝缘层1823。绝缘层1823与导电芯1822的组合在本文中将被称为绝缘导体1825。在图18B的图示中,绝缘层1823整体地或部分地被可由先前所述的材料构成的电介质泡沫1804和护套1806覆盖。在实施例中,绝缘层1823可以包括介电材料(诸如聚乙烯),所述介电材料具有比介电泡沫1804更高的介电常数(例如,分别为2.3和1.15)。在实施例中,传输介质1820的部件可以是同轴对准的(尽管不是必需的)。在实施例中,具有可以与绝缘层1823间隔开的(尽管不是必需的)的金属板1809的中空波导1808可以用于发射基本上在绝缘层1823的外表面传播的导行电磁波,然而,同样可以采用如本文中所述的其他耦合设备。在实施例中,导行电磁波可以充分地由绝缘层1823引导或限制以便沿着绝缘层1823纵向引导电磁波。通过调整发射台的操作参数,由中空波导1808发射的导行电磁波的操作频率可以生成使得导行电磁波基本上被限制在电介质泡沫1804内的电场强度分布曲线1824,从而防止导行电磁波暴露于不利地影响导行电磁波经由传输介质1820进行传播的环境(例如,水、土壤等)。
图18C描绘了与图18A和图18B的传输介质1800和传输介质1820不同的传输介质1830,又提供了结合图1所给出的传输介质125的进一步示例。传输介质1830示出了图18A和图18B各自的传输介质1800和传输介质1820的相似元件的相似附图标记。与传输介质1800和1820相比,传输介质1830包括被可以由先前所述的材料构成的电介质泡沫1804和护套1806整体或部分包围的裸(或未绝缘)导体1832。在实施例中,传输介质1830的部件可以是同轴对准的(尽管不是必需的)。在实施例中,具有耦合至裸导体1832的金属板1809的中空波导1808可以用于发射基本上在裸导体1832的外表面传播的导行电磁波,然而,同样可以采用本文所述的其他耦合设备。在实施例中,导行电磁波可以充分地由裸导体1832引导或限制以便沿着裸导体1832纵向引导导行电磁波。通过调整发射台的操作参数,由中空波导1808发射的导行电磁波的操作频率可以生成使得导行电磁波基本上被限制在电介质泡沫1804内的电场强度分布曲线1834,从而防止导行电磁波暴露于不利地影响电磁波经由传输介质1830进行传播的环境(例如,水、土壤等)。
应当注意的是,与图18A、图18B和图18C的传输介质1800、传输介质1820和传输介质1830一起使用的中空发射台1808分别可以利用其他发射台或耦合设备代替。另外,任何前述实施例的电磁波的(多个)传播模式可以是(多个)基波模式、(多个)非基波(或非对称)模式、或其组合。
图18D是图示了根据本文所描述各个方面的成束传输介质1836的示例非限制性实施例的框图。成束传输介质1836可以包括通过柔性套筒1839保持在位的多根电缆1838。所述多根电缆1838可以包括图18A的电缆1800的多个实例、图18B的电缆1820的多个实例、图18C的电缆1830的多个实例、或其任何组合。套筒1839可以包括防止土壤、水或其他外部材料与所述多根电缆1838接触的电介质材料。在实施例中,多个发射台(每一个都利用与图10A中所描绘相似的收发器或本文所述的其他耦合设备)可以被适配用于选择性地在每根电缆中感生导行电磁波,每个导行电磁波传送不同的数据(例如,语音、视频、消息、内容等)。在实施例中,通过调整每个发射台或其他耦合设备的操作参数,每个导行电磁波的电场强度分布曲线可以完全或大体上限制在相应电缆1838的层内以便减少电缆1838之间的串扰。
在每个导行电磁波的电场强度分布曲线未完全或大体上限制在相应电缆1838内的情况下,电磁信号的串扰可以在电缆1838之间发生,如通过与图18E中所描绘的两根电缆相关联的信号曲线图所图示的。图18E中的曲线图示出了:当在第一电缆上感生导行电磁波时,第一电缆的发射电场和磁场可以在第二电缆上感生信号,这产生了串扰。若干减轻选项可以用于减少图18D的电缆1838之间的串扰。在实施例中,可以吸收电磁场的吸收材料1840(诸如碳)可以应用于如图18F中所示出的电缆1838以在各种极化状态下将每个导行电磁波极化以便减少电缆1838之间的串扰。在另一实施例(未示出)中,可以将碳珠添加到电缆1838之间的间隙以减少串扰。
在又另一实施例(未示出)中,电缆1838的直径可以被以不同方式配置以改变导行电磁波在电缆1838之间的传播速度从而减少电缆1838之间的串扰。在实施例(未示出)中,每根电缆1838的形状可以成非对称的(例如,椭圆的)以便指引每根电缆1838的引导电磁场远离彼此从而减少串扰。在实施例(未示出)中,可以在电缆1838之间添加诸如电介质泡沫等填充物材料以便充分地间隔开电缆1838从而减少在其之间的串扰。在实施例(未示出)中,纵向碳条或漩涡可以施加到每根电缆1838的护套1806的外表面,以便减少护套1806外部的导行电磁波的辐射并且由此减少电缆1838之间的串扰。在又另一实施例中,每个发射台可以被配置用于发射具有不同频率、调制、波传播模式(诸如正交频率、调制或模式)的导行电磁波以便减少电缆1838之间的串扰。
在又另一实施例(未示出)中,多对电缆1838可以呈螺旋扭曲以便减少所述对以及接近所述对的其他电缆1838之间的串扰。在一些实施例中,某些电缆1838可以扭曲,而其他电缆1838不被扭曲,以便减少电缆1838之间的串扰。另外,每根双绞电缆1838可以具有不同的间距(例如,不同扭曲率,诸如每米扭数)以便进一步减少所述对以及接近所述对的其他电缆1838之间的串扰。在另一实施例(未示出)中,发射台或其他耦合设备可以被配置用于在电缆1838中感生具有电磁场的导行电磁波,所述电磁场延伸超过护套1806进入电缆之间的间隙中以便减少电缆1838之间的串扰。申请人认为可以对用于减轻电缆1838之间的串扰的前述实施例中任一实施例进行组合以便进一步减少在其之间的串扰。
图18G和图18H是图示了根据本文所描述各个方面的具有内波导的传输介质的示例非限制性实施例的框图。在实施例中,传输介质1841可以包括芯1842。在一个实施例中,芯1842可以是电介质芯1842(例如,聚乙烯)。在另一实施例中,芯1842可以是绝缘或未绝缘导体。芯1842可以由外壳1844或导电芯的绝缘层包围,所述外壳包括电介质常数低于电介质芯的电介质常数的电介质泡沫(例如,膨胀聚乙烯材料)。电介质常数的差使得电磁波能够被芯1842限制和引导。外壳1844可以由外壳护套1845覆盖。外壳护套1845可以由刚性材料(例如,高密度塑料)或高拉伸强度材料(例如,合成纤维)制成。在实施例中,外壳护套1845可用于防止外壳1844和芯1842暴露于不利环境(例如,水、湿气、土壤等)。在实施例中,外壳护套1845可以足够刚性以将芯1842的外表面与外壳护套1845的内表面分开,从而在外壳护套1854与芯1842之间产生纵向空隙。所述纵向空隙可以填充有外壳1844的电介质泡沫。
传输介质1841可以进一步包括多个外环导体1846。外环导体1846可以是围绕外壳护套1845编织从而全部或部分地覆盖外壳护套1845的导电材料股线。外环导体1846可以用作具有类似于本主题披露内容中所描述的实施例的用于从源(例如,变压器、发电机等)接收电力信号的回流电路径的电力线路的功能。在一个实施例中,外环导体1846可被电缆护套1847覆盖以防止外环导体1846暴露于水、土壤或其他环境因素。电缆护套1847可以由绝缘材料制成,比如聚乙烯。芯1842可以用作用于传播电磁波的中心波导。诸如先前所描述的圆形波导等中空波导发射台1808可以用于以类似于针对图18A、图18B和图18C的实施例所描述的方式发射感生出由芯1842引导的电磁波的信号。电磁波可以由芯1842引导而不利用外环导体1846的电回流路径或任何其他电回流路径。通过调整发射台1808的电子器件,可以将电磁波的操作频率选择成使得导行电磁波的场强度分布曲线在外壳护套1845外部微乎其微地(或根本不)延伸。
在另一实施例中,传输介质1843可以包括被外壳护套1845’包围的中空芯1842’。外壳护套1845’可具有内部导电表面材料或使得中空芯1842’能够用作用于电磁波的导管的其他表面材料。外壳护套1845’可以至少部分地覆盖有较早所描述的用于传导电力信号的外环导体1846。在实施例中,电缆护套1847可布置在外环导体1846的外表面上以防止外环导体1846暴露于水、土壤或其他环境因素。波导发射台1808可用于发射由中空芯1842’以及外壳护套1845’的导电内表面引导的电磁波。在实施例(未示出)中,中空芯1842’可以进一步包括如较早所描述的电介质泡沫。
传输介质1841可以表示多用途电缆,所述多用途电缆利用电回流路径在外环导体1846上传导电力并且通过包括芯1842、外壳1844和外壳护套1845的组合的内波导来提供通信服务。内波导可以用于发射或接收由芯1842引导的电磁波(不利用电回流路径)。类似地,传输介质1843可以表示多用途电缆,所述多用途电缆利用电回流路径在外环导体1846上传导电力并且通过包括中空芯1842’和外壳护套1845’的组合的内波导来提供通信服务。内波导可以用于发射或接收由中空芯1842’和外壳护套1845’引导的电磁波(不利用电回流路径)。
申请人认为图18G至图18H的实施例可以被适配用于使用由外环导体1846包围的多个内波导。内波导可被适配用于使用上述串扰减轻技术(例如,波导的双绞线、具有不同结构尺寸的波导、在外壳内使用极化器、使用不同波模式等)。
仅出于说明的目的,传输介质1800、1820、1830、1836、1841和1843在本文中将被称为电缆1850,应理解的是,电缆1850可以表示本主题披露内容中描述的传输介质中的任何一种、或者其多个实例的捆绑。仅出于说明的目的,传输介质1800、1820、1830、1836、1841和1843的电介质芯1802、绝缘导体1825、裸导体1832、芯1842或中空芯1842’在本文中将分别被称为传输芯1852,应理解的是,电缆1850可以分别利用传输介质1800、1820、1830、1836、1841和/或1843的电介质芯1802、绝缘导体1825、裸导体1832、芯1842或中空芯1842’。
现在转到图18I和图18J,示出了图示可由电缆1850使用的连接器配置的示例非限制性实施例的框图。在一个实施例中,电缆1850可以配置有母连接安排或公连接安排,如图18I中所描绘的。图18I右侧的公配置可以通过剥离电介质泡沫1804(以及护套1806,如果存在的话)以暴露传输芯1852的一部分来实现。图18I左侧的母配置可以通过移除传输芯1852的一部分同时保持电介质泡沫1804(以及护套1806,如果有的话)来实现。在如关于图18H所描述的传输芯1852中空的实施例中,传输芯1852的公部分可以表示具有刚性外表面的中空芯,所述刚性外表面可滑入图18I左侧的母安排中以将中空芯对准在一起。应当进一步注意的是,在图18G至图18H的实施例中,外环导体1846可以被修改以连接电缆1850的公部分和母部分。
基于上述实施例,具有公连接器安排和母连接器安排的这两根电缆1850可以配合在一起。可以将具有粘合内衬或收缩缠绕材料(未示出)的套筒施加到电缆1850之间的接头区域,以将所述接头维持在固定位置并且防止暴露(例如,暴露于水、土壤等)。当电缆1850配合时,一根电缆的传输芯1852将非常接近另一根电缆的传输芯1852。借助于从任一方向行进的电缆1850的任一传输芯1852传播的导行电磁波可跨越不相接的传输芯1852之间,而无论传输芯1852是否接触、无论传输芯1852是否同轴对准、和/或传输芯1852之间是否存在空隙。
在另一实施例中,两端都具有母连接器安排的拼接设备1860可用于配合具有公连接器安排的电缆1850,如图18J中所示。在图18J中未示出的替代实施例中,拼接设备1860可以被适配成在两端都具有公连接器安排,这些公连接器安排可以与具有母连接器安排的电缆1850配合。在图18J中未示出的另一实施例中,拼接设备1860可以被适配成在相反端具有公连接器安排和母连接器安排,这些安排可以分别与具有母连接器安排和公连接器安排的电缆1850配合。应当进一步注意的是,对于具有中空芯的传输芯1852,图18I中所描述的公安排和母安排可以应用于拼接设备1860,而无论拼接设备1860的两端是否都是公的、都是母的、还是其组合。
图18I至图18J中所图示的用于连接电缆的前述实施例可以应用于成束传输介质1836的电缆1838的每个单个实例。类似地,图18I至图18J中所图示的前述实施例可以应用于具有多个内波导的电缆1841或1843的内波导的每个单个实例。
现在转到图18K,示出了图示用于传播导行电磁波的传输介质1800’、1800”、1800”’和1800””的示例非限制性实施例的框图。在实施例中,传输介质1800’可以包括芯1801以及被分成区段并由护套1806覆盖的电介质泡沫1804’,如图18K中所示。芯1801可以由图18A的电介质芯1802、图18B的绝缘导体1825、或图18C的裸导体1832来表示。电介质泡沫1804’的每个区段可以通过空隙(例如,空气、气体、真空或具有低电介质常数的物质)来分开。在实施例中,如图18K中所示,电介质泡沫1804’的区段之间的空隙间隔可以是准随机的,这可以有助于减少在电磁波沿着芯1801纵向传播时在电介质泡沫1804’的每个区段处发生的电磁波的反射。电介质泡沫1804’的区段可以被构造为例如由具有用于将芯1801支撑在固定位置的内部开口的电介质泡沫制成的垫圈。仅出于说明的目的,所述垫圈本文中将被称为垫圈1804’。在实施例中,每个垫圈1804’的内部开口可以与芯1801的轴线同轴对准。在另一实施例中,每个垫圈1804’的内部开口可以与芯1801的轴线偏离。在另一实施例(未示出)中,每个垫圈1804’可以具有可变的纵向厚度,如由垫圈1804’的厚度差所示出的。
在替代实施例中,传输介质1800”可以包括芯1801、以及呈螺旋缠绕在芯上的电介质泡沫条1804”,所述电介质泡沫条由护套1806覆盖,如图18K中所示。尽管从图18K中所示的图中可能不明显,但在实施例中,电介质泡沫条1804”可以针对电介质泡沫条1804”的不同区段以可变间距(即,不同的扭曲率)围绕芯1801扭曲。利用可变间距可以帮助减少在芯1801的未被电介质泡沫条1804”覆盖的区域之间发生的电磁波的反射或其他干扰。应当进一步注意的是,电介质泡沫条1804”的厚度(直径)可以比图18K中所示出的芯1801的直径大得多(例如,大2倍或更多倍)。
在替代实施例中,传输介质1800”’(以横截面视图示出)可以包括由电介质泡沫1804和护套1806覆盖的非圆形芯1801’。在实施例中,非圆形芯1801’可以具有如图18K中所示的椭圆形结构或其他适当的非圆形结构。在另一实施例中,非圆形芯1801’可以具有非对称结构。非圆形芯1801’可以用于将在非圆形芯1801’上感生的电磁波的场极化。非圆形芯1801’的结构可以在电磁波沿着非圆形芯1801’传播时帮助保持电磁波的极化。
在替代实施例中,传输介质1800””(以横截面视图示出)可以包括多个芯1801”(仅示出两个芯,但更多个是可能的)。所述多个芯1801”可由介电泡沫1804和护套1806覆盖。所述多个芯1801”可以用于将在所述多个芯1801”上感生的电磁波的场极化。所述多个芯1801”的结构可以在导行电磁波沿着所述多个芯1801”传播时保持导行电磁波的极化。
应当认识到的是,图18K的实施例可以用于修改图18G至图18H的实施例。例如,芯1842或芯1842’可以被适配用于利用在其间具有空隙的分区段外壳1804’、或一个或多个电介质泡沫条1804”。类似地,芯1842或芯1842’可以被适配成具有可以具有对称或非对称横截面结构的非圆形芯1801’。另外,芯1842或芯1842’可以被适配用于在单个内波导中使用多个芯1801”,或者当多个内波导被使用时使用不同数量的芯。因此,图18K中所示出的实施例中的任何一个都可以以单个或组合的方式应用于18G至18H的实施例。
现在转到图18L,示出了图示根据本文所描述各个方面的用于减轻串扰的成束传输介质的示例非限制性实施例的框图。在实施例中,成束传输介质1836’可以包括可变芯结构1803。通过改变芯结构1803,在传输介质1836’的芯中的每一个中感生的导行电磁波的场可以足够不同以减少电缆1838之间的串扰。在另一实施例中,成束传输介质1836”每根电缆1838可以包括可变数量的芯1803’。通过改变每根电缆1838的芯1803’的数量,在传输介质1836”的一个或多个芯中感生的导行电磁波的场可以足够不同以减少电缆1838之间的串扰。在另一实施例中,芯1803或1803’可以采用不同材料。例如,芯1803或1803’可以是电介质芯1802、绝缘导体芯1825、裸导体芯1832、或其任何组合。
应当注意的是,图18A至图18D和图18F至图18H中所图示的实施例可以由图18K至图18L的实施例中的一些修改和/或与其组合。应当进一步注意的是,图18K至图18L中所图示的实施例中的一个或多个可以被组合(例如,使用分区段电介质泡沫1804’或具有芯1801’、1801”、1803或1803’的螺旋电介质泡沫条1804”)。在一些实施例中,在图18K的传输介质1800’、1800”、1800”’和/或1800””中传播的导行电磁波可能比在图18A至图18C的传输介质1800、1820和1830中传播的导行电磁波经受更少的传播损耗。另外,图18K至图18L中所图示的实施例可以被适配用于使用图18I至图18J中所图示的连接实施例。
现在转到图18M,示出了图示来自成束传输介质1836的供用作天线1855的暴露的逐渐变细的短截线的示例非限制性实施例的框图。每根天线1855可以用作用于辐射指引至无线通信设备的无线信号、或用于在传输介质(例如,电力线路)的表面感生电磁波传播的定向天线。在实施例中,通过适配由每根天线1855生成的无线信号的相位和/或其他特性,由天线1855辐射的无线信号可以是由波束导向的。在实施例中,天线1855可以单独放置在平底型天线组件中以用于在各方向上指引无线信号。
应当进一步注意的是,如在本主题披露内容中所使用的术语“芯(core)”、“包层(cladding)”、“外壳(shell)”和“泡沫(foam)”可以包括使得电磁波在沿着芯纵向传播的同时仍被限制到芯中的任何类型的材料(或材料组合)。例如,更早描述的“电介质泡沫1804带”可以利用用于围绕电介质芯1802缠绕的普通电介质材料(例如,聚乙烯)带来代替(本文中为了图示的目的仅被称为“包裹物”)。在此配置中,由于包裹物的区段之间的空气空间,包裹物的平均密度可能较小。因此,包裹物的有效电介质常数可以小于电介质芯1802的电介质常数,从而使得导行电磁波能够保持被限制到所述芯中。相应地,本主题披露内容涉及用于(多个)芯和围绕所述(多个)芯的包裹物的材料的任何实施例都可以在结构上被适配和/或利用实现了在限制到(多个)芯的电磁波沿着(多个)芯进行传播的同时维持所述电磁波的结果的其他电介质材料进行改性。另外,如在本主题披露内容的任一实施例中描述的芯整体或部分地可以包括不透明材料(例如,聚乙烯)。相应地,引导并限制到芯的电磁波将具有非光学频率范围(例如,小于可见光的最低频率)。
图18N、图18O、图18P、图18Q、图18R、图18S和图18T是图示了根据本文所描述各个方面的用于发射或接收电磁波的波导设备的示例非限制性实施例的框图。在实施例中,图18N图示了具有用于发射具有辐射电场(e场)1861的电磁波的多个槽1863(例如,开口或孔径)的波导系统1865的正视图。在实施例中,成对对称定位的槽1863(例如,波导系统1865的北槽和南槽)的辐射e场1861可以被指引远离彼此(即,关于电缆1862的极性相反的径向取向)。虽然槽1863被示出为具有矩形形状,但是其他形状(诸如其他多边形、扇形和弧形、椭圆形和其他形状)同样是可能的。仅出于说明的目的,术语北将指如图中所示的相对方向。本主题披露内容中对其他方向(例如,南、东、西、西北等)的所有引用将相对于北的图示。在实施例中,为了实现在北槽和南槽1863处具有相反取向的e场,例如,北槽和南槽1863可以被安排成彼此之间具有大约提供至这些槽的电磁波信号的一个波长的周向距离。波导系统1865可以在波导系统1865的中心处具有圆柱形腔体以使得能够放置电缆1862。在一个实施例中,电缆1862可以包括绝缘导体。在另一实施例中,电缆1862可以包括未绝缘导体。在又另一个实施例中,电缆1862可以包括先前所述的电缆1850的传输芯1852的实施例中的任何一个。
在一个实施例中,电缆1862可以滑入波导系统1865的圆柱形腔体中。在另一实施例中,波导系统1865可以利用组装机构(未示出)。组装机构(例如,提供用于在一个或多个位置处打开波导系统1865的方式的铰链或其他适当的机构)可以用于使得波导系统1865能够放置在电缆1862的外表面上或以其他方式将单独的零件组装在一起以形成波导系统1865,如所示出的。根据这些和其他适当的实施例,波导系统1865可以被配置成像套环一样缠绕电缆1862。
图18O图示了波导系统1865的实施例的侧视图。波导系统1865可以被适配成具有中空矩形波导部分1867,所述中空矩形波导部分接收如之前在本主题披露内容(例如,参见图1和图10A的附图标记101、1000)中所描述的由发射器电路生成的电磁波1866。电磁波1866可以通过中空矩形波导部分1867分布到波导系统1865的中空套环1869中。矩形波导部分1867和中空套环1869可以由适用于在这些组件的中空腔室内维持电磁波的材料(例如,碳纤维材料)构成。应当注意的是,虽然波导部分1867被示出并描述为采用中空矩形配置,但是可以采用其他形状和/或其他非中空配置。具体地,波导部分1867可以具有正方形或其他多边形横截面、被截断以适形于电缆1862的外表面的弧形或扇形横截面、圆形或椭圆形横截面或横断面形状。另外,波导部分1867可以被配置为或以其他方式包括实心电介质材料。
如前所述,中空套环1869可以被配置用于从具有在成对对称定位的槽1863和1863’处的相反e场1861的每个槽1863发射电磁波。在实施例中,由槽1863和1863’的组合发射的电磁波可以进而感生将被限制到电缆1862的电磁波1868,以便在不存在其他波模式——比如,非基波模式——的情况下根据基波模式进行传播。在这种配置下,电磁波1868可以沿着电缆1862纵向传播到耦合至电缆1862的其他下游波导系统。
应当注意的是,由于图18O的中空矩形波导部分1867更靠近槽1863(在波导系统1865的北部位置处),因此槽1863可以发射具有比由槽1863’(在南部位置处)发射的电磁波更强幅值的电磁波。为了减小这些槽之间的幅值差,可以使槽1863’大于槽1863。利用不同槽大小来平衡槽之间的信号幅值的技术可以应用于涉及图18N、18O、18Q、18S、18U和18V的本主题披露内容的实施例中的任何一个——其中一些在下文描述。
在另一实施例中,图18P描绘了波导系统1865’,所述波导可以被配置用于利用各自耦合到信号输入1872(例如,提供通信信号的同轴电缆或其他信号输入)的电路系统,诸如单片微波集成电路(MMIC)1870。信号输入1872可以由如之前在本主题披露内容中所描述(例如,参见图1和图10A的附图标记101、1000)被适配用于的向MMIC 1870提供电信号的发射器电路来生成。每个MMIC 1870可以被配置用于接收信号1872,MMIC 1870可以利用辐射元件(例如,天线或其他设备)来调制和发射所述信号以便发射具有辐射e场1861的电磁波。在一个实施例中,MMIC 1870可以被配置用于接收相同的信号1872,但是发射具有不同取向的e场1861的电磁波。这可以通过配置MMIC1870中的一个来发射与由另一个MMIC 1870发射的电磁波相距可控相位的电磁波来实现。在所示出的示例中,以相反的相位(180度异相)生成e场1861,然而,其他配置(包括发射彼此同相的信号)的同样是可能的,这取决于要生成的所选导波模式。在实施例中,由MMIC 1870发射的电磁波的组合可以一起感生被限制到电缆1862的电磁波1868,以便在不存在其他波模式的情况下根据特定波模式进行传播。在这种配置下,电磁波1868可以沿着电缆1862纵向传播到耦合至电缆1862的其他下游波导系统。
在各个实施例中,相对于由所示出的波方向箭头所指示的、由电缆1862引导的电磁波1868的传播方向,在MMIC 1870的辐射元件后面的区域中还包括反射板1871。反射板可以由具有足以反射从MMIC 1870朝向反射板1871行进的电磁波的密度的金属板、金属涂层表面、金属丝网或其他反射板构成。
在操作中,反射板1871辅助将电磁波1861的实例指引到传输介质的界面(比如,电缆1862的表面)以感生电磁波1868沿着电缆1862的传播。例如,反射板1871可以短接到地和/或波导系统1865的外部壳体,以便与由MMIC生成的e场1861相互作用。
在所示的实施例中,反射板1871以垂直于电缆1862的纵向轴线和波方向的配置定位在波导系统1865’的外部壳体内部,并且可选地平行于包含MMIC 1870的辐射元件的平面,但是其他配置也是可能的。在各个实施例中,可以调整或以其他方式设定反射板与MMIC1870的辐射元件之间的距离d1,以支持感生电磁波1868经由所选基波或非基波模式(比如TM00、HE11、EH1m、TM0m,其中,m=1,2,…)或在所选操作频率下的其他非基波和/或非对称模式的传播。例如,可以递增地调整距离d1以确定产生电磁波1868的一个或多个所选模式的最大信号强度的d1的特定值。
如图18Q和图18R中所描绘的,可以向图18O和图18P的实施例添加逐渐变细的喇叭1880(比如,导电喇叭或其他同轴反射器)以辅助指引e场1861在电缆1862上感生电磁波1868。虽然示出了逐渐变细的喇叭1880的特定配置,但是同样可以采用包括扩口锥、金字塔形喇叭或其他喇叭设计的锥的其他配置。
在电缆1862是未绝缘导体的实施例中,在电缆1862上感生的电磁波可以具有较大径向尺寸(例如,1米)。为了能够使用较小的逐渐变细的喇叭1880,可以在电缆1862的位于如在图18Q和图18R中用虚线所描绘的腔体处或附近的一部分上施加绝缘层1879。绝缘层1879可以具有背离波导系统1865的逐渐变细的端部。所添加绝缘体使得能够将最初由波导系统1865(或1865’)发射的电磁波1868紧密地限制到电缆1862,这进而减小了电磁场1868的径向尺寸(例如,厘米)。随着电磁波1868传播远离波导系统1865(1865’)并到达绝缘层1879的逐渐变细的端部,电磁波1868的径向尺寸开始增大,最终实现如果在不具有绝缘层的未绝缘导体上已经感生出电磁波1868则这些电磁波将具有的径向尺寸。在图18Q和18R的图示中,逐渐变细的端部开始于逐渐变细的喇叭1880的一端。在其他实施例中,绝缘层1879的逐渐变细的端部可以在逐渐变细的喇叭1880的端部之前或之后开始。逐渐变细的喇叭可以是金属的、或由其他导电材料构成、或由涂覆或包覆有电介质层或掺杂有导电材料以便提供类似于金属喇叭的反射性质的塑料或其他非导电材料构成。
在各个实施例中,可以调整或以其他方式设定反射板与MMIC1870的辐射元件之间的距离d2,以支持感生电磁波1868经由所选基波或非基波模式(比如TM00、HE11、EH1m、TM0m,其中,m=1,2,…)或在所选操作频率下的其他非基波和/或非对称模式的传播。例如,可以递增地调整距离d2以确定产生电磁波1868的一个或多个所选模式的最大信号强度的d2的特定值。
如前所述,电缆1862可以包括较早所描述的电缆1850的实施例中的任何一个。在此实施例中,如图18S和图18T中所描绘的,波导1865和1865’可以耦合到电缆1850的传输芯1852。如前所述,波导1865和1865’可以在传输芯1852上感生电磁波1868以便完全或部分地在电缆1850的内层内传播。
应当注意的是,对于图18Q、图18R、图18S和图18T的前述实施例,电磁波1868可以是双向的。例如,不同操作频率的电磁波1868可分别由波导1865和1865’的槽1863或MMIC1870接收。一旦接收到,电磁波就可以由接收器电路(例如,参见图1和图10A的附图标记101、1000)来转换以便生成通信信号进行处理。
在各个实施例中,可以调整或以其他方式设定反射板与MMIC1870的辐射元件之间的距离d3,以支持感生电磁波1868经由所选基波或非基波模式(比如TM00、HE11、EH1m、TM0m,其中,m=1,2,…)或在所选操作频率下的其他非基波和/或非对称模式的传播。例如,可以递增地调整距离d3以确定产生电磁波1868的一个或多个所选模式的最大信号强度的d3的特定值。
尽管未示出,但应当进一步注意的是,波导1865和1865’可以被适配用于使得波导1865和1865’可以纵向地上行或下行指引电磁波1868。例如,耦合到波导系统1865或1865’的第一实例的第一逐渐变细的喇叭1880可以在电缆1862上被指引向西,而耦合到波导系统1865或1865’的第二实例的第二逐渐变细的喇叭1880可以在电缆1862上被指引向东。波导1865或1865’的第一实例和第二实例可以被耦合成使得:在中继器配置中,由第一波导系统1865或1865’接收的信号可以被提供给第二波导系统1865或1865’以便在电缆1862上在向东方向上进行重新传输。刚刚描述的中继器配置还可以在电缆1862上从向东方向到向西方向上来施加。
图18P、图18R和图18T的波导系统1865’还可以其他方式构造以生成具有非基波模式或非对称波模式的电磁场。图18U描绘了可以被适配用于生成具有一个或多个所选非基波模式的电磁场的波导系统1865”的实施例。波导系统1865”包括与波导系统1865’类似的功能和特征,所述功能和特征由共同的附图标记指代。代替MMIC 1870,天线1873操作以辐射被指引到传输介质1862或1852的界面以经由一个或多个所选非基波模式在波方向上传播的电磁波。在所示出的示例中,天线1873是单极天线,但是同样可以采用其他天线配置和辐射元件。
相对于由所示出的波方向箭头所指示的、由电缆1862引导的电磁波1868的传播方向,在天线1873后面的区域中还包括反射板1871。反射板1871可以由具有足以反射从天线1873朝向反射板1871行进的电磁波的密度的金属板、金属涂层表面、金属丝网或其他反射板构成。
在操作中,反射板1871辅助将电磁波1861指引到传输介质的界面(比如,电缆1862的表面)以感生电磁波1868沿着电缆1862的传播——所述传播无需电回流路径。例如,反射板1871可以被接地和/或耦合到波导系统1865的外部壳体,以便与由天线1873生成的e场1861相互作用。
在所示的实施例中,反射板1871以垂直于电缆1862的纵向轴线和波方向的配置定位在波导系统1865’的外部壳体内部,并且可选地平行于包含天线1873的平面,但是其他配置也是可能的。在各个实施例中,可以调整或以其他方式设定反射板与天线1873之间的距离d4,以支持感生电磁波1868经由所选基波或非基波模式(比如TM00、HE11、EH1m、TM0m,其中,m=1,2,…)或在所选操作频率下的其他非基波和/或非对称模式的传播。例如,可以递增地调整距离d4以确定产生电磁波1868的一个或多个所选模式的最大信号强度的d4的特定值。
虽然未明确示出,但是可以向图18U的实施例添加导电喇叭或其他同轴反射器以辅助指引e场1861在电缆1862上感生电磁波1868。
图18P、图18R和图18T的波导系统1865’还可以一起用于生成具有非基波模式或非对称波模式的电磁场。图18V描绘了包括两个被适配用于生成具有一个或多个所选非基波模式的电磁场的波导系统1865’-1和1865’-2的波导系统的实施例。波导系统1865’-1和1865’-2包括与波导系统1865’类似的功能和特征,所述功能和特征由共同的附图标记指代。
信号输入1872可以由如之前在本主题披露内容中所描述(例如,参见图1和图10A的附图标记101、1000)被适配用于的向MMIC 1870和1870’提供电信号的发射器电路来生成。每个MMIC 1870和1870’可以被配置用于接收信号1872,MMIC 1870或1870’可以利用辐射元件(例如,天线或其他设备)来调制和发射所述信号以便发射具有辐射e场1861和1861’的电磁波。在所示出的配置中,MMIC 1870各自包括关于电缆1852或1862同心地和/或径向地安排的辐射元件。MMIC 1870’也各自包括关于电缆1852或1862同心地安排但与MMIC1870的辐射元件成角度偏移的辐射元件。在所示出的取向中,MMIC 1870的辐射元件以90度和270度的角度安排,而MMIC 1870’的辐射元件以0度和180度的角度安排。应注意的是,对MMIC 1870彼此之间的角位移和与MMIC 1870的角位移的角位移以及由每个电路所生成的信号输入1872的相位偏移的选择可以用于支持具有期望空间取向的电磁波1868的基波模式或电磁波1868的非基波模式。
在所示出的实施例中,MMIC 1870可以被配置用于接收相同的信号1872,但是发射具有相反取向的e场1861的电磁波。类似地,MMIC 1870’可以被配置用于接收相同的信号1872,但是发射具有相反取向的e场1861’的电磁波,所述e场具有与e场1861成180度的相位偏移。这可以通过将MMIC 1870和MMIC 1870’配置成用于发射具有可控相位的电磁波来实现。在实施例中,由MMIC 1870发射的电磁波的组合可以一起感生被限制到电缆1862的电磁波1868,以便在不存在其他波模式——比如,非基波模式——的情况下根据基波模式进行传播,但是也可以取决于针对MMIC选择的相位和距离d5而选择比如非基波模式等其他模式。在这种配置下,电磁波1868可以沿着电缆1862纵向传播到耦合至电缆1862的其他下游波导系统。
在所示出的实施例中,波导系统1865’-1和1865’-2各自采用垂直于电缆1862的纵向轴线和波方向的配置,并且使得包含MMIC1870的辐射元件的平面平行于包含MMIC 1870’的辐射元件的平面,但是其他配置同样是可能的。在各个实施例中,波导1865’-1与1865’-2之间的距离d5对应于MMIC 1870的辐射元件的平面与1870’的辐射元件的平面之间的距离。可以调整或以其他方式设定距离d5,以支持感生电磁波1868经由所选基波或非基波模式(比如TM00、HE11、EH1m、TM0m,其中,m=1,2,…)或在所选操作频率下的其他非基波和/或非对称模式的传播。例如,可以递增地调节距离d5以确定产生电磁波1868的一个或多个所选模式的最大信号强度的d5的特定值。
在各个实施例中,波导系统1865’-2的反射板1871相对于电磁波1868的传播方向位于MMIC 1870’的辐射元件后面的区域中。反射板可以由具有足以反射从MMIC 1870’朝向反射板1871行进的电磁波的密度的金属板、金属涂层表面、金属丝网或其他反射板构成。
在操作中,反射板1871辅助将电磁波1861的实例指引到传输介质的界面(比如,电缆1862的表面)以感生电磁波1868沿着电缆1862的传播——所述传播无需电回流路径。例如,反射板1871可以短接到地和/或波导系统1865的外部壳体,以便与由MMIC生成的e场1861相互作用。
在所示的实施例中,反射板1871以垂直于电缆1862的纵向轴线和波方向的配置定位在波导系统1865’-2的外部壳体内部,并且可选地平行于包含MMIC 1870的辐射元件的平面,但是其他配置也是可能的。在各个实施例中,可以调整或以其他方式设定反射板与MMIC1870的辐射元件之间的距离d6,以支持感生电磁波1868经由所选基波或非基波模式(比如TM00、HE11、EH1m、TM0m,其中,m=1,2,…)或在所选操作频率下的其他非基波和/或非对称模式的传播。例如,可以递增地调节距离d6以确定产生电磁波1868的一个或多个所选模式的最大信号强度的d6的特定值。此外,除了距离d6和距离d5之外,对MMIC 1870彼此之间的角位移和与MMIC 1870的角位移的角位移以及由每个电路所生成的信号输入1872的相位偏移的选择可以用于支持具有期望空间取向的电磁波1868的非基波模式。
虽然未明确示出,但是可以向波导系统1865’-1添加导电喇叭或其他同轴反射器以辅助指引e场1861在电缆1862上感生电磁波1868。此外,虽然未明确示出,但是可以在波导系统1865’-1与1865’-2之间提供壳体或天线罩以保护发射台免受环境影响和/或减少发射,并且进一步将电磁波1861’指引到电缆1862或1852。
在另一个实施例中,图18V的波导系统1865’-1和1865’-2还可以被配置用于生成仅具有非基波模式的电磁波。这可以通过添加更多的MMIC 1870和1870’来实现,如图18W中所描绘的。具体地,呈现了波导系统1865’-1的MMIC 1870的同心对准以及后面的波导系统1865’-2的MMIC 1870’的同心对准。
每个MMIC 1870和1870’可以被配置用于接收相同的信号输入1872。然而,MMIC1870可以选择性地被配置用于使用每个MMIC1870和1870’中的可控相移电路系统来发射具有不同相位的电磁波。例如,距离d5可以被设定成整数数量的波长,并且北和南MMIC 1870可以被配置用于发射具有180度相位差的电磁波,从而使e场在向北或向南的方向上对准。成对MMIC 1870和1870’(例如,西和东MMIC1870、西北和东南MMIC 1870’、东北和西南MMIC1870’)的任何组合都可以配置有相反或对准的e场。因此,波导系统1865’可以被配置用于生成具有一种或多种非基波模式的电磁波、具有一种或多种基波模式的电磁波、或其任意组合。
并非所有MMIC都需要在任何给定时间进行发射。图18W中所示出的MMIC 1870和1870’中的单个MMIC 1870或1870’可以被配置用于在所有其他MMIC 1870和1870’未被使用或被禁用时生成具有非基波模式的电磁波。同样地,可以通过启用具有可控相位的MMIC1870和1870’的其他非空适当子集来感生其他波模式和波模式组合。
应当进一步注意的是,在一些实施例中,图18N至图18W的波导系统1865、1865’和1865”可以生成基波模式和非基波模式的组合,在所述组合中,一种波模式主导另一种波模式。例如,在一个实施例中,由图18N至图18W的波导系统1865、1865’和1865”生成的电磁波可以具有具备非基波模式的弱信号分量和具备基波模式的相当强的信号分量。因此,在此实施例中,电磁波具有基本上基波模式。在另一实施例中,由图18N至图18W的波导系统1865、1865’和1865”生成的电磁波可以具有具备基波模式的弱信号分量和具备非基波模式的相当强的信号分量。因此,在此实施例中,电磁波具有基本上非基波模式。进一步地,可以生成沿着传输介质的长度仅传播微不足道的距离的非主导波模式。
还应当注意的是,图18N至图18W的波导系统1865、1865’和1865”可以被配置用于生成具有可以与组合电磁波的所产生的一种或多种波模式不同的波模式的电磁波的实例。应当进一步注意的是,图18W的波导系统1865’的每个MMIC 1870或1870’可以被配置用于生成具有与由另一MMIC 1870或1870’生成的另一电磁波的实例的波特性不同的波特性的电磁波的实例。例如,一个MMIC 1870或1870’可以生成具有与由另一MMIC 1870或1870’生成的另一电磁波的不同实例的空间取向和相位、频率、幅值、电场取向、和/或磁场取向不同的空间取向和相位、频率、幅值、电场取向、和/或磁场取向的电磁波的实例。波导系统1865’可以因此被配置用于生成具有不同波特性和空间特性的电磁波的实例,这些实例当被组合时实现具有一种或多种期望波模式的所产生电磁波。
根据这些图示,申请人认为图18N至图18W的波导系统1865和1865’可以被适配用于生成具有一种或多种可选择的波模式的电磁波。在一个实施例中,例如,波导系统1865和1865’可以被适配用于选择一种或多种波模式并且生成具有从组合具有一个或多个可配置波特性和空间特性的电磁波实例的过程中选择和产生的单种波模式或多种波模式的电磁波。在实施例中,例如,参数信息可以存储在查找表中。查找表中的每个条目可以表示可选择的波模式。可选择的波模式可以表示单种波模式、或波模式的组合。波模式的组合可以具有一种或多种主导波模式。参数信息可以提供用于生成电磁波的实例的配置信息以便产生具有期望波模式的结果电磁波。
例如,一旦选择了一种或多种波模式,则从查找表从与所选(多种)波模式相关联的条目中获得的参数信息就可以用于识别为了实现具有期望(多种)波模式的电磁波而要利用一个或多个MMIC 1870和1870’中的哪一个、和/或其相应配置。参数信息可以基于MMIC1870和1870’的空间取向来识别对这一个或多个MMIC 1870和1870’的选择,这可能是产生具有期望波模式的电磁波所需要的。参数信息还可以提供信息来为这一个或多个MMIC1870和1870’中的每一个配置对于所选MMIC 1870和1870’中的每一个而言可以相同或可以不相同的特定相位、频率、幅值、电场取向和/或磁场取向。具有可选择的波模式和相应参数信息的查找表可以被适配用于配置开槽的波导系统1865、1865’和1865”。
在一些实施例中,如果波模式在传输介质上传播非微不足道的距离并且具有幅值上明显大于可能或可能不是期望的其他波模式(例如,幅值上高20dB)的场强,则相应的导行电磁波可以被认为具有期望波模式。这样一种或多种期望波模式可以被称为(多种)主导波模式,而其他波模式被称为非主导波模式。以类似的方式,被认为基本上不具有基波模式的导行电磁波不具有基波模式或者具有非主导基波模式。被认为基本上不具有非基波模式的导行电磁波不具有(多种)非基波模式或者仅具有非主导非基波模式。在一些实施例中,被认为仅具有单种波模式或所选波模式的导行电磁波可以仅具有一种相应的主导波模式。
应当进一步注意的是,图18U至图18W的实施例可以应用于本主题披露内容的其他实施例。例如,图18U至图18W的实施例可以用作图18N至图18T中所描绘的实施例的替代实施例,或者可以与图18N至图18T中所描绘的实施例组合。
现在转到图18X和图18Z,示出了图示根据本文所描述各个方面的电介质天线以及相应的增益曲线图和场强度曲线图的示例非限制性实施例的框图。图18X描绘了具有圆锥形结构的电介质喇叭状天线1891。电介质喇叭状天线1891耦合到馈电点1892,所述馈电点也可以包括电介质材料。在一个实施例中,例如,电介质喇叭状天线1891和馈电点1892可以由比如聚乙烯材料、聚氨酯材料或其他合适的电介质材料(例如,合成树脂)等电介质材料构成。在实施例中,电介质喇叭状天线1891和馈电点1892可以被适配成没有任何导电材料。例如,电介质喇叭状天线1891和馈电点1892的外表面1897可以是不导电的,并且用于构造电介质喇叭状天线1891和馈电点1892的电介质材料可以为使得它们基本上不含可能导电的杂质。
馈电点1892可以被适配成耦合至芯1852,诸如先前通过图18I和图18J中的图示所描述的。在一个实施例中,馈电点1892可以利用诸如图18J的拼接设备1860的接头(图18X中未示出)耦合到芯1852。可以使用用于将馈电点1892耦合至芯1852的其他实施例。在实施例中,接头可以被配置用于使馈电点1892接触芯1852的端点。在另一实施例中,接头可以在馈电点1892与芯1852的端点之间产生空隙。在又另一个实施例中,接头可以使馈电点1892和芯1852同轴对准或部分未对准。尽管有前述实施例的任何组合,但是电磁波可以全部或至少部分地在馈电点1892与芯1852的接点之间传播。
电缆1850可以耦合到图18S中所描绘的波导系统1865或图18T中所描绘的波导系统1865’。仅出于说明的目的,将参考图18T的波导系统1865’。然而,应该理解的是,还可以根据下面的讨论来利用图18S的波导系统1865。波导系统1865’可以被配置用于选择波模式(例如,如较早所描述的非基波模式、基波模式、混合波模式、或其组合)并且传输具有非光学操作频率(例如,60GHz)的电磁波的实例。如图18T中所示出的,电磁波可以被指引到电缆1850的界面。
由波导系统1865’生成的电磁波的实例可以感生具有所选波模式的、从芯1852传播到馈电点1892的组合电磁波。组合电磁波可以部分地在芯1852内部传播并且部分地在芯1852的外表面上传播。一旦组合电磁波已经传播通过芯1852与馈电点1892之间的接点,则组合的电磁波可以继续部分地在馈电点1892内部传播并且部分地在馈电点1892的外表面上传播。在一些实施例中,组合电磁波中在芯1852和馈电点1892的外表面上传播的部分较少。在这些实施例中,组合电磁波可以被认为在纵向朝向电介质天线1891传播的同时紧密耦合到芯1852和馈电点1892。
当组合电磁波到达电介质天线1891的近端部分(在馈电点1892与电介质天线1891之间的接点1892’处)时,组合电磁波进入电介质天线1891的近端部分并沿着电介质天线1891的轴线纵向传播(示出为虚线)。到组合电磁波到达孔径1893时,组合电磁波具有与由图18Y中所示出的强度图相类似的强度图。图18Y的电场强度图示出了组合电磁波的电场在孔径1893的中心区中最强并且在外部区中较弱。在实施例中,在电介质天线1891中传播的电磁波的波模式是混合波模式(例如,HE11)的情况下,外表面1897处的电磁波的泄漏会减少或者在一些情况下被消除。以下讨论了用于在电缆1850上发射混合波模式的方法。
在实施例中,图18Y中描绘的远场天线增益图可以通过降低组合电磁波的操作频率来加宽。类似地,可以通过提高组合电磁波的操作频率来使增益图变窄。因此,可以通过配置波导系统1865’以提高或降低组合电磁波的操作频率来控制由孔径1893发射的无线信号波束的宽度。
图18X的电介质天线1891还可以用于接收无线信号。由电介质天线1891在孔径1893处接收的无线信号在电介质天线1891中感生朝向馈电点1892传播的电磁波。电磁波继续从馈电点1892传播到芯1852,并由此被递送到如图18T中所示耦合至电缆1850的波导系统1865’。在此配置中,波导系统1865’可以利用电介质天线1891来执行双向通信。应当进一步注意的是,在一些实施例中,电缆1850的芯1852(用虚线示出)可以被配置为与馈电点1892共线以避免图18X中所示的弯曲。在一些实施例中,共线配置可以减少由于电缆1850中的弯曲而引起的电磁的变化。
现在转到图18Z,示出了根据本文所描述各个方面的另一种电介质天线结构的示例非限制性实施例的框图。图18Z描绘了金字塔形电介质喇叭状天线1894阵列。金字塔形电介质喇叭状天线1894阵列中的每个天线可以具有耦合到多根电缆1850的芯1852的馈电点1896。每根电缆1850可以耦合到不同的波导系统1865’,如图18T中所示。金字塔形电介质喇叭状天线1894阵列可以用于发射具有多种空间取向的无线信号。覆盖360度的金字塔形电介质喇叭状天线1894阵列可以使得耦合到这些天线的多个波导系统1865’能够执行与其他类似类型的通信设备或天线的全向通信。
之前针对图18X的电介质天线1891所描述的电磁波的双向传播性质同样可适用于电磁波从芯1852传播到馈电点1896、到金字塔形电介质喇叭状天线1894的孔径1895,并且可适用于相反方向。类似地,金字塔形电介质喇叭状天线1894阵列可以没有导电表面和内部导电材料。例如,在一些实施例中,金字塔形电介质喇叭状天线1894阵列及其相应的馈电点1896可以由比如聚乙烯或聚氨酯材料等仅电介质材料构成。
应当进一步注意的是,金字塔形电介质喇叭状天线1894阵列的每个天线可以具有与针对图18Y中的电介质天线1891所示相类似的增益图和电场强度图。如之前针对图18X的电介质天线1894所描述的,金字塔形电介质喇叭状天线1891阵列的每个天线还可以用于接收无线信号。在一些实施例中,可以使用金字塔形电介质喇叭状天线的单个实例。类似地,图18X的电介质天线1891的多个实例可以用于与图18Z中所示出的阵列配置类似的阵列配置中。
现在转到图19A和图19B,示出了图示图18A的用于在由电线杆支撑的电力线路上感生导行电磁波的电缆1850的示例非限制性实施例的框图。在一个实施例中,如图19A中所描绘的,电缆1850可以在一端耦合到微波装置,所述微波装置利用例如图18A至图18C中所示出的中空波导1808在电缆1850的一个或多个内层内发射导行电磁波。微波装置可以利用如图10A中所示的微波收发器来发射或接收来自电缆1850的信号。在电缆1850的所述一个或多个内层中感生的导行电磁波可以传播到电缆1850位于喇叭状天线内的暴露短截线(如图19A中虚线所示),以便经由喇叭状天线辐射电磁波。来自喇叭状天线的辐射信号进而可以感生在中压(MV)电力线路上纵向传播的导行电磁波。在一个实施例中,微波装置可以接收来自低压(例如,220V)电力线路的AC电力。可替代地,如图19B中所示,喇叭状天线可以用短截线天线来代替,以便感生在MV电力线路上纵向传播的导行电磁波或者将无线信号传输到(多个)其他天线系统。
在替代实施例中,图19A中所示的中空喇叭状天线可以用实心电介质天线来代替,比如图18X的电介质天线1891或图18Z的金字塔形喇叭状天线1894。在此实施例中,喇叭状天线可以辐射被指引至另一喇叭状天线(诸如图19C中所示的双向喇叭状天线1940)的无线信号。在此实施例中,每个喇叭状天线1940可以将无线信号发射到另一个喇叭状天线1940或者从其他喇叭状天线1940接收无线信号,如图19C中所示。这种安排可以用于执行天线之间的双向无线通信。尽管未示出,喇叭状天线1940可以配置有用于对喇叭状天线1940的方向进行导向的机电设备。
在替代实施例中,第一电缆1850A’和第二电缆1850B’可以分别耦合至微波装置和变压器1952,如图19A和图19B中所示。第一电缆1850A’和第二电缆1850B’可以分别由例如图18B和图18C的电缆1820或电缆1830来表示,每一根电缆都具有导电芯。第一电缆1850A’的导电芯的第一端可以耦合到微波装置以用于传播在其中发射的导行电磁波。第一电缆1850A’的导电芯的第二端可以耦合到变压器1952的导电线圈的第一端以用于接收在第一电缆1850A’中传播的导行电磁波并且用于通过变压器1952的导电线圈的第二端将与所述电磁波相关联的信号提供给第二电缆1850B’的第一端。第二电缆1850B’的第二端可以耦合到图19A的喇叭状天线或者可以被暴露为图19B的短截线天线,以用于感生在MV电力线路上纵向传播的导行电磁波。
在电缆1850、1850A’和1850B’各自包括传输介质的多个实例1800、1820和/或1830的实施例中,可以形成天线1855的多杆结构,如图18K中所示出的。例如,每个天线1855可以耦合到如图19A中所示的喇叭状天线组件、或用于辐射多个无线信号的饼铛形天线组件(未示出)。可替代地,天线1855可以用作图19B中的短截线天线。图19A至图19B的微波装置可以被配置用于调整导行电磁波以便对由天线1855发射的无线信号进行波束导向。天线1855中的一个或多个也可以用于在电力线路上感生导行电磁波。
现在转到图19C,示出了根据本文所描述各个方面的通信网络1900的示例非限制性实施例的框图。在一个实施例中,例如,图16A的波导系统1602可以被并入到网络接口设备(NID)中,诸如图19C的NID 1910和1920。具有波导系统1602的功能的NID可以用于增强客户终端(customer premise)1902(企业或住宅)与基架1904(有时被称为服务区域接口(service area interface)或SAI)之间的传输能力。
在一个实施例中,中心局1930可以向基架1904提供一根或多根光缆1926。光缆1926可以向位于基架1904中的微型DSLAM 1924提供高速全双工数据服务(例如,1Gbps至100Gbps或更高)。这些数据服务可以用于传送语音、互联网业务、媒体内容服务(例如,流式视频服务、广播电视)等等。在现有技术系统中,微型DSLAM 1924通常连接到双绞线电话线(例如,由外部绝缘护套包围的、包含在包括有非屏蔽双绞线电缆束的超5类非屏蔽双绞线(UTP)电缆,比如24规格绝缘实心导线),所述双绞线电话线进而直接连接到客户终端1902。在这类系统中,DSL数据速率在100Mbps或更低时逐渐减小,部分原因在于到客户终端1902的传统双绞线电缆的长度等因素。
然而,图19C的实施例不同于现有技术的DSL系统。在图19C的图示中,例如,微型DSLAM 1924可以被配置成经由电缆1850(其可以以单个或组合的方式全部或部分地表示关于图18A至图18D和图18F至图18L所描述的电缆实施例中的任何一个)连接到NID 1920。利用客户终端1902与基架1904之间的电缆1850,使得NID 1910和1920能够发射和接收导行电磁波以便进行上行链路和下行链路通信。基于先前所描述的实施例,电缆1850可以暴露于雨中、或者可以被掩埋而不会不利地影响下行链路路径或上行链路路径中的电磁波传播,只要在任一方向上这种波的电场分布曲线至少部分或完全限制在电缆1850的内层内。在本图示中,下行链路通信表示从基架1904到客户终端1902的通信路径,而上行链路通信表示从客户终端1902到基架1904的通信路径。在电缆1850包括图18G至图18H的实施例之一的实施例中,电缆1850还可以用于为NID 1910和1920以及客户终端1902和基架1904的其他设备供电的目的。
在客户终端1902中,DSL信号可以源自DSL调制解调器1906(其可以具有内置路由器,并且其可以向客户终端1902中示出的用户设备提供诸如WiFi等无线服务)。DSL信号可以通过双绞线电话1908提供给NID 1910。NID 1910可以利用集成波导1602在电缆1850内发射在上行链路路径上被指引至基架1904的导行电磁波1914。在下行链路路径中,由微型DSLAM 1924生成的DSL信号可以流过双绞线电话线1922到NID 1920。集成在NID 1920中的波导系统1602可以将DSL信号或其一部分从电信号转换成在下行链路路径上在电缆1850内传播的导行电磁波1914。为了提供全双工通信,上行链路上的导行电磁波1914可以被配置用于以与下行链路上的导行电磁波1914不同的载波频率和/或不同的调制方式进行操作以便减少或避免干扰。另外,如前所述,在上行链路路径和下行链路径上,导行电磁波1914由电缆1850的芯区段引导,并且这种波可以被配置为具有将导行电磁波全部或部分地限制在电缆1850的内层中的场强度分布曲线。尽管导行电磁波1914被示出为在电缆1850外,但这些波的描绘仅用于说明的目的。出于此原因,用“散列标记(hash mark)”来绘制导行电磁波1914以指示其是由电缆1850的内层引导的。
在下行链路路径上,NID 1910的集成波导系统1602接收由NID1920生成的导行电磁波1914并将其转换回符合DSL调制解调器1906的要求的DSL信号。然后,经由一组双绞线电话线1908将DSL信号提供至DSL调制解调器1906以供处理。类似地,在上行链路路径上,NID 1920的集成波导系统1602接收由NID 1910生成的导行电磁波1914并将其转换回符合微型DSLAM 1924的要求的DSL信号。然后,DSL信号经由一组双绞线电话线1922提供至微型DSLAM 1924以供处理。由于电话线1908和1922的较短长度,DSL调制解调器1908和微型DSLAM 1924可以在它们自身之间以非常高的速度(例如,1Gbps至60Gbps或更高)在上行链路和下行链路上发送和接收DSL信号。因此,上行链路路径和下行链路路径在大多数情况下可以超过在双绞线电话线上进行传统DSL通信的数据速率限制。
典型地,DSL设备被配置用于非对称数据速率,因为下行链路路径通常支持比上行链路路径更高的数据速率。然而,电缆1850可以在下行链路路径和上行链路路径两者上提供高得多的速度。通过固件更新,诸如图19C中所示的传统DSL调制解调器1906可以在上行链路路径和下行链路路径两者上均配置以较高的速度。可以对微型DSLAM 1924进行类似的固件更新以利用上行链路路径和下行链路路径上的更高速度。由于到DSL调制解调器1906和微型DSLAM 1924的接口保持为传统的双绞线电话线,因此对于传统DSL调制解调器或传统微型DSLAM,除了固件更改以及添加NID 1910和1920以执行从DSL信号到导行电磁波1914的转换之外(反之亦然),不需要硬件更改。使用NID使得能够重新使用传统调制解调器1906和微型DSLAM 1924,这进而可以显著减少安装成本和系统升级。对于新的构造,微型DSLAM和DSL调制解调器的更新版本可以配置有用于执行以上功能的集成波导系统,从而消除对具有集成波导系统的NID1910和1920的需要。在此实施例中,调制解调器1906的更新版本和微型DSLAM 1924的更新版本将直接连接到电缆1850并且经由双向导行电磁波传输进行通信,由此避免对使用双绞线电话线1908和1922来发射或接收DSL信号的需要。
在基架1904与客户终端1902之间使用电缆1850是逻辑上不切实际或昂贵的实施例中,NID 1910可以被配置为替代地耦合到源自电线杆118上的波导108、并且在到达客户终端1902的NID 1910之前可以被埋入土壤中的电缆1850’(类似于本主题披露内容的电缆1850)。电缆1850’可以用于在NID 1910与波导108之间接收和发射导行电磁波1914’。波导108可以经由可耦合至基站104的波导106来连接。基站104可以通过其在光纤1926’上到中心局1930的连接向客户终端1902提供数据通信服务。类似地,在从中心局1926到基架1904的访问在光纤链路上不切实际但有可能经由光纤链路1926’连接到基站104的情况下,替代路径可以用于经由源自杆116的电缆1850”(类似于本主题披露内容的电缆1850)连接到基架1904的NID 1920。电缆1850”也可以在其到达NID 1920之前被掩埋。
图20A至图20B描述了用于下行链路通信和上行链路通信的实施例。图20A的方法2000可以开始于步骤2002,在此步骤中,由DSLAM(例如,基架1904的微型DSLAM 1924或来自中心局1930)生成电信号(例如,DSL信号),所述电信号在步骤2004处由NID 1920转换为导行电磁波1914,并且在传输介质(比如电缆1850)上传播以便向客户终端1902提供下行链路服务。在步骤2008处,客户终端1902的NID 1910将导行电磁波1914转换回电信号(例如,DSL信号),所述电信号在步骤2010处通过电话线1908提供至客户终端设备(CPE),诸如DSL调制解调器1906。可替代地或以组合的方式,作为替代或附加下行链路(和/或上行链路)路径,电力和/或导行电磁波1914’可以从公用电网的电力线路1850’(具有如图18G或图18H中所图示的内波导)供应至NID 1910。
在图20B的方法2020的2022处,DSL调制解调器1906可以经由电话线1908向NID1910提供电信号(例如,DSL信号),所述NID进而在步骤2024处通过电缆1850将DSL信号转换为被指引至NID 1920的导行电磁波。在步骤2028处,基架1904(或中心局1930)的NID 1920将导行电磁波1914转换回电信号(例如,DSL信号),所述电信号在步骤2029处提供至DSLAM(例如,微型DSLAM 1924)。可替代地或以组合的方式,作为替代或附加上行链路(和/或下行链路)路径,功率和导行电磁波1914’可以从公用电网的电力线路1850’(具有如图18G或图18H中所图示的内波导)供应至NID 1920。
现在转到图20C,示出了图示用于在传输介质上感生和接收电磁波的方法2030的示例非限制性实施例的流程图。在步骤2032处,图18N至图18T的波导1865和1865’可以被配置用于根据第一通信信号(例如,由通信设备所提供)生成第一电磁波,并且在步骤2034处在传输介质的界面处感生“仅”具有基波模式的第一电磁波。在实施例中,接口可以是如图18Q和图18R中所描绘的传输介质的外表面。在另一实施例中,接口可以是如图18S和图18T中所描绘的传输介质的内层。在步骤2036处,图18N至图18T的波导1865和1865’可以被配置用于在与如图20C中所描述的相同或不同传输介质的界面处接收第二电磁波。在实施例中,第二电磁波可以“仅”具有基波模式。在其他实施例中,第二电磁波可以具有如基波模式和非基波模式等波模式的组合。在步骤2038处,可以根据第二电磁波生成第二通信信号以供例如由相同或不同的通信设备来处理。图20C和图20D的实施例可以应用于本主题披露内容中所描述的任何实施例。
现在转到图20D,示出了根据本文所描述各个方面的通信系统的示例非限制性实施例的框图2040。具体地,示出了通信系统,该通信系统包括发射器2042和智能发射台,该智能发射台包括阻抗匹配电路2044、导波发射台2046、失配探针2050和控制器2054。
在各个实施例中,发射器生成输入RF信号2043,以便由导波发射台2046转换成在传输介质125上发射的导行电磁波2048。输入RF信号2043可以处于毫米波或其他微波频带中,并且可以被调制成用于将数据传送到耦合到远程智能发射台2049的类似接收器,该远程智能发射台从传输介质125提取导行电磁波2048。阻抗匹配电路2044提供发射器2042与导波发射台2046之间的阻抗匹配(例如,以减少阻抗失配的量),以便减少来自导波发射台2046的反射信号能量和/或增加从发射器2042到导波发射台2046的能量流。在操作中,阻抗匹配电路2044接收输入RF信号2043并响应于输入RF信号2043生成输出RF信号2045。阻抗匹配电路2044包括一个或多个可调电路元件,并且可动态地调谐为不同的阻抗。虽然阻抗匹配电路2044被示出为与发射器2042和导波发射台2046分开,但是阻抗匹配电路的一些或全部部件可以在发射器2042和/或导波发射台2046中实施。
导波发射台2046被配置用于响应于输出RF信号2045而生成沿着传输介质125的表面的导行电磁波2048。导行电磁波沿着传输介质的表面传播而无需电回流路径,并且具有与由发射器2042生成的输入RF信号2043的载波频率相对应的非光学载波频率。在各个实施例中,导波发射台2046可以经由本文先前讨论的发射台设计中的任何一种或经由另一种喇叭状发射台、另一种非同轴发射台、逐渐变细的槽发射台、带状线发射台、微带发射台或其他平面发射发射台、天线、磁耦合器、电容耦合器和/或另一种发射台设计来实施。
失配探针2050被配置用于基于输出RF信号2045生成失配信号2052,其中,失配信号2052指示导波发射台2046的阻抗失配。例如,失配探针2050经由检测输出RF信号2045的包络或峰值电压的包络检测器、采样和保持电路、或其他电压检测器来实施。在其他示例中,失配探针2050可以经由测量输出RF信号2045的电压驻波比或从导波发射台2046朝向阻抗匹配电路2044返回的反射电压的驻波比计、定向耦合器和/或反射计来实施。
控制器2054被配置用于响应于失配信号而生成一个或多个控制信号2056,其中,一个或多个控制信号2056调整阻抗匹配电路2044的一个或多个可调电路元件,以便有助于减少导波发射台2046的阻抗失配。在各个实施例中,阻抗匹配电路2044可以被配置为包括一个或多个可调阻抗(比如,可调电感器和/或电容器)的pi网络、L网络或T网络。控制器2054生成独立的控制信号2056以调整可调电感器和/或电容器中的每一个的阻抗,以便减少失配。在另一个实施例中,阻抗匹配电路2044包括可调谐变压器,诸如可调阻抗匹配平衡-不平衡(blaun)变压器或提供宽带阻抗匹配的其他匹配变压器。
控制器2054可以经由单个处理设备2053或多个处理设备来实施。这样的处理设备2053可以是微处理器、微控制器、数字信号处理器、微计算机、中央处理单元、现场可编程门阵列、可编程逻辑设备、状态机、逻辑电路系统、模拟电路系统、数字电路系统、和/或基于对电路系统和/或操作指令的硬编码来操纵信号(模拟的和/或数字的)的任何设备。控制器2054可以是或进一步包括存储器和/或集成存储器元件,该集成存储器元件可以是单个存储器设备、多个存储器设备、和/或另一处理模块、模块、处理电路和/或处理单元的嵌入式电路系统。这样的存储器设备可以是只读存储器、随机存取存储器、易失性存储器、非易失性存储器、静态存储器、动态存储器、闪存、高速缓存存储器和/或存储数字信息的任何设备。需要注意的是,如果控制器2054包括多于一个处理设备,则这些处理设备可以定位在中心(例如,经由有线和/或无线总线结构直接耦合在一起)或者可以分布式地定位(例如,经由通过局域网和/或广域网的间接耦合的云计算)。进一步需要注意的是,如果控制器2054经由状态机、模拟电路系统、数字电路系统和/或逻辑电路系统来实施其功能中的一个或多个,则存储相应操作指令的存储器和/或存储器元件可以嵌入在包括状态机、模拟电路系统、数字电路系统和/或逻辑电路系统的电路系统之内或位于这些电路系统外部。仍然进一步需要注意的是,存储器元件可以存储并且控制器2054执行与本文所描述的步骤和/或功能中的至少一些相对应的硬编码指令和/或操作指令。这样的存储器设备或存储器元件可以包括在制品中。
在各个实施例中,控制器2054的存储器包括查找表(LUT)2055,该查找表由失配信号2052的可能值索引并且包括(多个)控制信号2056的相应值,该(多个)控制信号将2044的可调电路元件控制到期望值以补偿和/或减少导波发射台2046的阻抗失配。在其他实施例中,控制器2054可以经由控制算法来操作以基于由失配信号指示的失配的量来直接计算控制信号的值,或者经由搜索算法(如梯度搜索算法)来操作以响应于失配信号的变化来搜索控制信号2056的值,直到失配信号2052指示已经获得可接受的阻抗失配水平或阻抗失配已经被尽可能地减小。
考虑导波发射台2046经由逐渐变细的喇叭状天线来实施并且导行电磁波2048经由室外传输介质125(比如,电力公用设施的中压电力线路)上的频率范围为3GHz至6GHz的宽带调制信号进行调制的具体示例。导波发射台2046具有基于传输介质125的区域中的天气状况(比如,雨、雨夹雪、雪、露水等)而变化的阻抗。控制器2054生成控制信号2056以调整阻抗匹配电路2044的一个或多个可调电路元件以补偿基于传输介质的区域中的天气状况的阻抗变化。例如,阻抗匹配电路2044可以包括提供发射器2042与导波发射台2046的宽带阻抗匹配的可调阻抗匹配变压器,并且控制器2054生成控制信号2056以通过可调阻抗匹配变压器来控制阻抗匹配,从而减少由天气状况的变化引起的失配。
现在转到图20E至图20G,示出了根据本文所描述的各个方面的阻抗匹配电路2044的示例非限制性实施例的框图2058、2060和2062。具体地,在图2058中,以T网络配置示出了具有阻抗Za、Zb和Zc的阻抗匹配电路2044。这三个阻抗中的一个或多个可以经由可调电容器或可调电感器来实施,其中,其余的阻抗(若有的话)通过比如固定电容器或固定电感器等固定阻抗来实施。在图2060中,以Pi网络配置示出了具有阻抗Za、Zb和Zc的阻抗匹配电路2044。这三个阻抗中的一个或多个可以经由可调电容器或可调电感器来实施,其中,其余的阻抗(若有的话)通过比如固定电容器或固定电感器等固定阻抗来实施。在图2062中,以L网络配置示出了具有阻抗Za和Zb的阻抗匹配电路2044。这两个阻抗中的一个或多个可以经由可调电容器或可调电感器来实施,其中,其余的阻抗(若有的话)通过比如固定电容器或固定电感器等固定阻抗来实施。虽然示出了三种可能的网络配置,但是同样可以使用更大数量的阻抗来实施更复杂的阻抗匹配电路。
现在转到图20H至图20I,示出了根据本文所描述的各个方面的可调阻抗Za、Zb和/或Zc的示例非限制性实施例的示意图2064和2066。具体地,图2064呈现了可调电容器,并且图2066呈现了可调电感器。在各个实施例中,可调电容器或可调电感器可以通过经由对控制信号2056作出响应的可控开关网络耦合在一起的多个固定电容器或固定电感器来实施。例如,控制信号2056控制开关网络以便将这些固定电容器或固定电感器中的所选固定电容器或固定电感器以串联或并联电路配置耦合在一起,从而产生期望的总电容或电感。
现在转到图20J,示出了根据本文所描述各个方面的阻抗匹配电路的示例非限制性实施例的框图2068。具体地,阻抗匹配电路2044被示出为经由可调阻抗匹配变压器来实施。例如,可调阻抗匹配变压器可以利用固定变压器、以及响应于(多个)控制信号2056而调整变压器的偏置以控制阻抗匹配的一个或多个可控电流源来实施。
现在转到图20K,图示了根据本文所描述各个方面的方法的示例非限制性实施例的流程图2080。具体地,呈现了用于与本文先前所描述的功能和特征中的任何一个一起使用的方法。步骤2082包括在阻抗匹配电路处接收来自发射器的输入射频(RF)信号。步骤2084包括响应于输入RF信号,经由阻抗匹配电路生成输出RF信号。步骤2086包括响应于输出RF信号并且经由导波发射台生成沿着传输介质的表面的导行电磁波,其中,该电磁波沿着传输介质的表面传播而无需电回流路径,并且其中,该传输介质对于光学信号而言是不透明的。步骤2088包括基于输出RF信号生成失配信号,其中,该失配信号指示导波发射台的阻抗失配。步骤2090包括响应于失配信号而生成一个或多个控制信号。步骤2092包括响应于一个或多个控制信号而调整阻抗匹配电路的一个或多个可调电路元件,其中,该调整有助于减少导波发射台的阻抗失配,以补偿由传输介质的区域中的天气状况的变化而引起的导波发射台的阻抗变化。
在各个实施例中,阻抗匹配电路被配置为Pi网络、L网络或T网络,并且一个或多个可调电路元件可以包括可调电容器、可调电感器和/或可调谐变压器。一个或多个可调电路元件可以包括多个可调电路元件,其中,一个或多个控制信号包括多个控制信号,并且其中,多个控制信号中的每个控制信号控制多个可调电路元件中的相应一个可调电路元件。
虽然为了简化说明的目的,所述对应的过程被示出和描述为图20K中的一系列方框,但是应当理解和认识到,所要求保护的主题不受方框的顺序限制,因为一些方框可以与其他方框以与本文所描绘和描述的不同的顺序发生和/或同时发生。此外,可能并不需要所有图示的方框来实施本文所描述的方法。
现在转到图21A和图21B,示出了图示根据本文所描述各个方面的用于发射混合波的波导系统2100的示例非限制性实施例的框图。波导系统2100可以包括耦合到可滑动或可旋转机构2104的探针2102,所述机构使得探针2102能够相对于绝缘导体2108的外表面以不同的位置或取向来放置。机构2104可以包括同轴馈电2106或能够通过探针2102传输电磁波的其他耦合。同轴馈电2106可以放置在机构2104上的某一位置处,以使得探针2102之间的路径差是波长的一半或者其某个奇数倍。当探针2102生成相反相位的电磁信号时,可以在具有混合模式(如HE11模式)的绝缘导体2108的外表面上感生电磁波。
机构2104还可以耦合至电机或其他致动器(未示出)以便将探针2102移动至期望位置。在一个实施例中,例如,波导系统2100可以包括控制器,所述控制器指引电机来将探针2102(假设其是可旋转的)旋转至不同位置(例如,东和西)以便生成具有如图22的框图2200中所示的水平极化的HE11模式的电磁波。为了将电磁波引导到绝缘导体2108的外表面上,波导系统2100可以进一步包括图21B中所示的逐渐变细的喇叭2110。逐渐变细的喇叭2110可以与绝缘导体2108同轴对准。为了减小逐渐变细的喇叭2110的横截面尺寸,可以将附加绝缘层(未示出)放置在绝缘导体2108上。附加绝缘层可以类似于图18Q和图18R中所示的逐渐变细的绝缘层1879。附加绝缘层可以具有远离逐渐变细的喇叭2110而指向的逐渐变细的端部。逐渐变细的绝缘层1879可以减小根据HE11模式发射的初始电磁波的大小。随着电磁波朝向绝缘层的逐渐变细的端部传播,HE11模式扩展,直到所述电磁波达到其全尺寸,如图22所示。在其他实施例中,波导系统2100可以不需要使用逐渐变细的绝缘层1879。
图22图示了HE11波模式可以用于减少诸如雨水等障碍物。例如,如图22中所示,假设雨水已经导致水膜包围绝缘导体2108的外表面。进一步假设水滴已经聚集在绝缘导体2108的底部。如图22中所图示的,水膜占总HE11波的一小部分。而且,通过具有水平极化的HE11波,水滴处于HE11波的最低强度区域,从而降低了由液滴导致的损耗。因此,相比Goubau波或具有紧密耦合至绝缘导体2108的模式的波,HE11波经受低得多的传播损耗以及因此在由水占据的区域中的更大能量。
申请人认为可以用本主题披露内容的能够生成具有HE模式的电磁波的其他波导系统来代替图21A至图21B的波导系统2100。例如,图18W的波导系统1865’可以被配置用于生成具有HE模式的电磁波。在实施例中,波导系统1865’的两个或更多个MMIC 1870可以被配置用于生成相反相位的电磁波以生成极化e场,诸如以HE模式存在的那些极化e场。在另一实施例中,可以选择不同对的MMIC 1870来生成在不同空间位置(例如,北和南、西和东、西北和东南、东北和东南、或其他子部分坐标)处极化的HE波。另外,图18N至图18W的波导系统可以被配置用于将具有HE模式的电磁波发射到适用于传播HE模式波的电缆1850的一个或多个实施例的芯1852上。
尽管HE波可以具有用于减少传输介质上的障碍物的期望特性,但申请人认为具有一定截止频率的某些波模式(例如,TE模式、TM模式、TEM模式、或其组合)也可以表现足够大的波并且具有与障碍物区正交(或近似正交)的极化e场,从而使得它们能够用于减轻由障碍物引起的传播损耗。例如,在步骤2086处,方法2070可以被适配用于从查找表中生成这种波模式。可以通过实验和/或模拟来确定具有一定截止频率、表现出例如大于障碍物的波模式以及垂直于(或近似垂直于)障碍物的极化e场。一旦确定了用于生成具有低传播损耗性质的截止频率的一个或多个波的参数(例如,幅值、相位、频率、(多个)波模式、空间定位等)组合,则每个波的参数化结果就可以存储在波导系统的存储器中的查找表中。类似地,具有表现降低传播损耗的性质的截止频率的波模式还可以通过之前在步骤2082至2084的过程中所描述的搜索算法中的任何一个迭代地生成。
现在参考图23,其中图示了根据本文所描述各个方面的计算环境的框图。为了提供用于本文所描述实施例的各个实施例的附加上下文,图23和以下讨论意在提供对可以实施本主题披露内容的各个实施例的合适计算环境2300的简要一般描述。虽然以上已经在可以在一个或多个计算机上运行的计算机可执行指令的一般上下文中描述了实施例,但是本领域技术人员将认识到,所述实施例还可以与其他程序模块组合和/或作为硬件和软件的组合来实施。
一般而言,程序模块包括执行特定任务或实施特定抽象数据类型的例程、程序、部件、数据结构等。而且,本领域技术人员将认识到,所述发明性方法可以用其他计算机系统配置来实践,包括单处理器或多处理器计算机系统、小型计算机、大型计算机、以及个人计算机、手持式计算设备、基于微处理器的或可编程的消费电子产品等,其中的每个可操作地耦合至一个或多个相关联的设备。
如本文中所使用的,处理电路包括处理器以及其他专用电路,诸如专用集成电路、数字逻辑电路、状态机、可编程门阵列、或处理输入信号或数据并且响应于其而产生输出信号或数据的其他电路。应当注意的是,虽然本文中与处理器的操作相关联描述的任何功能和特征同样可以由处理电路来执行。
除非上下文另有清楚,否则如权利要求中所使用的术语“第一”、“第二”、“第三”等仅仅是为了清晰,而不是另外指示或暗示任何时间次序。例如,“第一确定”、“第二确定”和“第三确定”不指示或暗示第一确定是在第二确定之前进行的,或者反之亦然,等等。
本文实施例的所示实施例还可以在分布式计算环境中实践,其中某些任务由通过通信网络链接的远程处理设备执行。在分布式计算环境中,程序模块可以位于本地和远程存储器存储设备这两者中。
计算设备通常包括各种各样的介质,其可以包括计算机可读存储介质和/或通信介质,这两个术语在本文如下彼此不同地使用。计算机可读存储介质可以是可由计算机访问的任何可用存储介质,并且包括易失性和非易失性介质、可移动和不可移动介质。作为示例而非限制,计算机可读存储介质可以结合用于存储诸如计算机可读指令、程序模块、结构化数据或非结构化数据的信息的任何方法或技术来实施。
计算机可读存储介质可以包括但不限于随机存取存储器(RAM)、只读存储器(ROM)、电可擦除可编程只读存储器(EEPROM)、闪存或其他存储器技术、光盘只读存储器(CD-ROM)、数字通用盘(DVD)或其他光盘存储器、磁带盒、磁带、磁盘存储器或其他磁性存储设备或者其他可以被用来存储期望信息的有形的和/或非暂态介质。在这方面,当在本文被应用到存储装置、存储器或计算机可读介质时,术语“有形”或“非暂态”应当被应理解为作为修饰语(modifier)排除本身仅仅传播暂态信号并且不放弃对所有本身不仅传播暂态信号的标准存储装置、存储器或计算机可读介质的权利。
计算机可读存储介质可以由一个或多个本地或远程计算设备访问,例如经由访问请求、查询或其他数据检索协议,用于关于由所述介质存储的信息的各种各样的操作。
通信介质通常以诸如调制的数据信号(例如,载波或其他传送机制)的数据信号体现计算机可读指令、数据结构、程序模块或其他结构化或非结构化数据,并且包括任何信息传递或传送介质。术语“调制的数据信号”或信号是指其一个或多个特性以在一个或多个信号中编码信息的这种方式被设置或改变的信号。作为示例而非限制,通信介质包括有线介质(诸如有线网络或直接连线连接),以及无线介质(诸如声学、RF、红外和其他无线介质)。
再次参考图23,示例环境2300用于经由基站(例如,基站设备1504、宏小区站点1502、或基站1614)或中心局(例如,中心局1501或1611)来发射和接收信号,或者用于形成所述基站或中心局的至少一部分。示例环境2300的至少一部分还可以用于传输设备101或102。所述示例环境可以包括计算机2302,所述计算机2302包括处理单元2304、系统存储器2306和系统总线2308。系统总线2308将包括但不限于系统存储器2306的系统部件耦合至处理单元2304。处理单元2304可以是各种可商购处理器中的任何一种。双微处理器和其他多处理器架构也可以被用作处理单元2304。
系统总线2308可以是几种类型的总线结构中的任意一种,其可以进一步利用各种各样的市售总线体系架构中的任意一种互连到存储器总线(具有或不具有存储器控制器)、外围总线和局部总线。系统存储器2306包括ROM 2310和RAM 2312。基本输入/输出系统(BIOS)可以存储在诸如ROM、可擦除可编程只读存储器(EPROM)、EEPROM等非易失性存储器中,其中BIOS包含帮助诸如在启动期间在计算机2302内的元件之间输送信息的基本例程。RAM 2312还可以包括诸如静态RAM等用于高速缓存数据的高速RAM。
计算机2302还包括内部硬盘驱动器(HDD)2314(例如,EIDE、SATA),所述内部硬盘驱动器2314还可以被配置成用于在合适的机箱(未示出)中外部使用,所述计算机还包括磁性软盘驱动器(FDD)2316(例如,为了从可移动磁盘2318读取或对其写入)和光盘驱动器2320(例如,读取CD-ROM盘2322,或者从诸如DVD的其他高容量光学介质读取或对其写入)。硬盘驱动器2314、磁盘驱动器2316和光盘驱动器2320可以分别通过硬盘驱动器接口2324、磁盘驱动器接口2326和光盘驱动器接口2328连接到系统总线2308。用于外部驱动器实施方式的接口2324包括通用串行总线(USB)以及电气和电子工程师协会(IEEE)1394接口技术中的至少一个或两者。其他外部驱动器连接技术在本文所述实施例的预期内。
驱动器及其相关联的计算机可读存储介质提供数据、数据结构、计算机可执行指令等的非易失性存储。对于计算机2302,驱动器和存储介质以合适的数字格式容纳任何数据的存储。虽然上面的计算机可读存储介质的描述涉及硬盘驱动器(HDD)、可移动磁盘和诸如CD或DVD的可移动光学介质,但是本领域技术人员应当认识到的是,其他类型的计算机可读的存储介质(诸如zip驱动器、磁带盒、闪存卡、盒式磁带等)也可以在示例操作环境中使用,另外,任何此类存储介质都可以包含用于执行本文所描述的方法的计算机可执行指令。
多个程序模块可以存储在驱动器和RAM 2312中,包括操作系统2330、一个或多个应用程序2332、其他程序模块2334和程序数据2336。操作系统、应用、模块和/或数据的全部或部分也可以被高速缓存在RAM 2312中。本文所描述的系统和方法可以利用各种市售的操作系统或操作系统的组合来实施。可以由处理单元2304实施并以其他方式执行的应用程序2332的示例包括由传输设备101或102执行的分集选择确定。
用户可以通过一个或多个有线/无线输入设备(例如,键盘2338和诸如鼠标2340的指点设备)将命令和信息输入到计算机2302中。其他输入设备(未示出)可以包括麦克风、红外(IR)遥控器、操纵杆、游戏板、触控笔、触摸屏等。这些和其他输入设备常常通过可以耦合至系统总线2308的输入设备接口2342连接到处理单元2304,但是可以通过其他接口连接,这些其他接口诸如并行端口、IEEE 1394串行端口、游戏端口、通用串行总线(USB)端口、IR接口等。
监视器2344或其他类型的显示设备也可以经由诸如视频适配器2346的接口连接到系统总线2308。还将认识到,在替代实施例中,监视器2344还可以是任何显示设备(例如,具有显示器的另一计算机、智能电话、平板计算机等),用于经由任何通信手段(包括经由互联网和基于云的网络)接收与计算机2302相关联的显示信息。除了监视器2344之外,计算机通常还包括其他外围输出设备(未示出),诸如扬声器、打印机等。
计算机2302可以利用经由到一个或多个远程计算机(诸如(多个)远程计算机2348)的有线和/或无线通信的逻辑连接在联网环境中操作。所述(多个)远程计算机2348可以是工作站、服务器计算机、路由器、个人计算机、便携式计算机、基于微处理器的娱乐设备、对等设备或其他公共网络节点,并且通常包括相对于计算机2302描述的许多或全部元件,但是为了简洁,仅示出了存储器/存储设备2350。所描绘的逻辑连接包括到局域网(LAN)2352和/或更大的网络(例如,广域网(WAN)2354)的有线/无线连接。这种LAN和WAN联网环境在办公室和公司中是常见的,并且便于企业范围的计算机网络(诸如内联网),所有这些都可以连接到全球通信网络(例如,互联网)。
当在LAN联网环境中使用时,计算机2302可以通过有线和/或无线通信网络接口或适配器2356连接到本地网络2352。适配器2356可以促进到LAN 2352的有线或无线通信,其还可以包括部署在其上的用于与无线适配器2356进行通信的无线AP。
当在WAN联网环境中使用时,计算机2302可以包括调制解调器2358或者可以连接至WAN 2354上的通信服务器,或者具有用于在WAN 2354上建立通信的其他装置(诸如通过互联网)。可以是内部或外部设备以及有线或无线设备的调制解调器2358可以经由输入设备接口2342连接到系统总线2308。在联网环境中,关于计算机2302或其各部分而描绘出的程序模块可以存储在远程存储器/存储设备2350中。应当认识到的是,所示出的网络连接是示例并且可以使用在计算机之间建立通信链路的其他手段。
计算机2302可操作成与可操作地部署在无线通信中的任何无线设备或实体通信,这些无线设备或实体例如打印机、扫描仪、台式机和/或便携式计算机、便携式数据助理、通信卫星、任何与无线可检测标签相关联的装备或位置(例如,信息站、报摊、洗手间)以及电话。这可以包括无线保真(Wi-Fi)和无线技术。因此,通信可以是与常规网络一样的预定义结构或者简单地是至少两个设备之间的自组织(ad hoc)通信。
Wi-Fi可以允许在从家里的沙发、酒店房间的床上或者工作会议室连接到互联网,而无需电线。Wi-Fi是类似于在手机中使用的无线技术,它使这种设备(例如计算机)在室内和室外;在基站范围内的任何地方,发送和接收数据。Wi-Fi网络使用被称为IEEE 802.11(a、b、g、n、ac、ag等)的无线电技术来提供安全、可靠、快速的无线连接。Wi-Fi网络可以被用来将计算机连接到彼此、连接到互联网并且连接到(可以使用IEEE 802.3或以太网的)有线网络。Wi-Fi网络在例如无许可的2.4GHz和5GHz无线电频带内操作,或具有包含这两个频带(双频带)的产品,使得网络可以提供类似于在许多办公室使用的基本10BaseT有线以太网网络的真实世界性能。
图24呈现了可以实施和利用本文所描述的所披露主题的一个或多个方面的移动网络平台2410的示例实施例2400。在一个或多个实施例中,移动网络平台2410可以生成和接收由与所披露主题相关联的基站(例如,基站设备1504、宏小区站点1502、或基站1614)、中心局(例如,中心局1501或1611)或传输设备101或102发射和接收的信号。一般而言,无线网络平台2410可以包括便于分组交换(PS)(例如,互联网协议(IP)、帧中继、异步输送模式(ATM))和电路交换(CS)通信量(例如,语音和数据)这两者、以及控制用于联网无线电信的生成的部件,例如节点、网关、接口、服务器或完全不同的平台。作为非限制性示例,无线网络平台2410可以包括在电信运营商网络中,并且如本文其他地方所讨论的那样可以被认为是运营商侧的部件。移动网络平台2410包括(多个)CS网关节点2422,所述CS网关节点可以接口连接从像(多个)电话网络2440(例如,公共交换电话网(PSTN)或公共陆地移动网(PLMN))的传统网络、或信令系统#7(SS7)网络2470接收到的CS通信量。(多个)电路交换网关节点2422可以授权并认证从这种网络产生的通信量(例如,语音)。此外,(多个)CS网关节点2422可以访问通过SS7网络2470生成的数据、漫游或移动性;例如,存储在被访问位置寄存器(VLR)中的移动性数据,其可以驻留在存储器2430中。而且,(多个)CS网关节点2422接口连接基于CS的通信量和信令以及(多个)PS网关节点2418。作为示例,在3GPP UMTS网络中,(多个)CS网关节点2422可以至少部分地在(多个)网关GPRS支持节点(GGSN)中实现。应当认识到的是,(多个)CS网关节点2422、(多个)PS网关节点2418和(多个)服务节点2416的功能和具体操作由用于电信的移动网络平台2410所使用的(多种)无线电技术来提供和规定。
除了接收和处理CS交换通信量和信令之外,(多个)PS网关节点2418还可以授权并认证与被服务的移动设备的基于PS的数据会话。数据会话可以包括与无线网络平台2410外部的网络交换的通信量或(多个)内容,其中网络比如(多个)广域网(WAN)2450、(多个)企业网2470以及(多个)服务网络2480,其中服务网络可以在(多个)局域网(LAN)中体现,也可以通过(多个)PS网关节点2418与移动网络平台2410相接口。应当注意的是,WAN 2450和(多个)企业网2460可以至少部分地体现像IP多媒体子系统(IP multimedia subsystem,IMS)的(多个)服务网络。基于在(多个)技术资源2417中可用的(多个)无线电技术层,(多个)分组交换网关节点2418可以在数据会话被建立时生成分组数据协议上下文;促进对分组化数据进行路由的其他数据结构也可以被生成。为此,在一方面,(多个)PS网关节点2418可以包括隧道接口(例如,(多个)3GPP UMTS网络中的隧道终止网关(TTG)(未示出)),所述隧道接口可以促进与(多个)不同的无线网络(诸如Wi-Fi网络)的分组化通信。
在实施例2400中,无线网络平台2410还包括(多个)服务节点2416,基于(多个)技术资源2417中可用的(多个)无线电技术层,所述服务节点传送通过(多个)PS网关节点2418接收的数据流的各个分组流。应当注意的是,对于主要取决于CS通信的(多个)技术资源2417,(多个)服务器节点可以不依赖(多个)PS网关节点2418就输送通信量;例如,(多个)服务器节点可以至少部分地体现移动交换中心。作为示例,在3GPP UMTS网络中,(多个)服务节点2416可以在(多个)服务GPRS支持节点(SGSN)中体现。
对于采用分组化通信的无线电技术,无线网络平台2410中的(多个)服务器2414可以执行众多应用,这些应用可以生成多个不同的分组化数据流(streams或者flows),并且管理(例如,调度、排队,格式化……)这种流。(多个)这种应用可以包括对由无线网络平台2410提供的标准服务(例如,供应、计费、客户支持……)的附加特征。数据流(例如,作为语音呼叫或数据会话的一部分的(多个)内容)可以被传送到(多个)PS网关节点2418,用于数据会话的授权/认证和启动,并且被传送到(多个)服务节点2416,用于其后的通信。除了应用服务器之外,(多个)服务器2414还可以包括(多个)实用服务器(utility server),实用服务器可以包括供应服务器、操作和维护服务器、可以至少部分地实施证书颁发和防火墙以及其他安全机制的安全服务器,等等。在一方面,(多个)安全服务器保护通过无线网络平台2410服务的通信,以便作为(多个)CS网关节点2422和(多个)PS网关节点2418可以制定的授权和认证程序的附加,还确保网络的操作和数据完整性。而且,(多个)供应服务器可以供应来自(多个)外部网络(如由不同的服务提供者运营的网络)的服务;例如,WAN 2450或(多个)全球定位系统(GPS)网络(未示出)。(多个)供应服务器还可以通过关联到无线网络平台2410的网络(例如,由同一服务提供者部署和运营)来供应覆盖,网络诸如图1中所示的通过提供更多网络覆盖来增强无线服务覆盖的分布式天线网络。中继器设备(诸如图7、图8和图9中所示的那些)也改善网络覆盖,以便增强通过UE 2475的订户服务体验。
应当注意的是,(多个)服务器2414可以包括被配置用于至少部分地给予(confer)宏网络平台2410的功能的一个或多个处理器。为此,例如,这一个或多个处理器可以执行存储在存储器2430中的代码指令。应当认识到的是,(多个)服务器2414可以包括内容管理器2415,所述内容管理器以基本上与前文所描述相同的方式进行操作。
在示例实施例2400中,存储器2430可以存储与无线网络平台2410的操作相关的信息。其他操作信息可以包括通过无线网络平台2410被服务的移动设备的供应信息、订户数据库;应用智能、定价方案,例如促销价格、统一费率方案、优惠券活动;与用于不同的无线电或无线技术层的操作的电信协议一致的(多个)技术规范;等等。存储器2430还可以存储来自(多个)电话网络2440、WAN 2450、(多个)企业网2470或者SS7网络2460当中的至少一项的信息。在一方面,存储器2430可以例如作为数据存储部件或作为远程连接的存储器存储的一部分被访问。
为了提供用于所披露主题的各方面的上下文,图24和以下讨论意在提供对其中可以实施所披露主题的合适环境的简要的一般描述。虽然以上已经在可以在一个和/或多个计算机上运行的计算机程序的计算机可执行指令的一般上下文中描述了本主题,但是本领域技术人员将认识到,所披露的主题也可以结合其他程序模块来实施。一般而言,程序模块包括执行特定任务和/或实施特定抽象数据类型的例程、程序、部件、数据结构等。
图25描绘了通信设备2500的说明性实施例。通信设备2500可以充当被本主题披露内容(例如,在图15、图16A和图16B中)引用的诸如移动设备和建筑物内设备等设备的说明性实施例。
通信设备2500可以包括有线和/或无线收发器2502(本文中为收发器2502)、用户界面(UI)2504、电源2514、位置接收器2516、运动传感器2518、取向传感器2520、以及控制器2506以用于管理其操作。收发器2502可以支持短距离或远距离无线接入技术,诸如WiFi、DECT、或蜂窝通信技术,仅提及几个(和是分别由技术联盟和联盟注册商标)。蜂窝技术可以包括例如CDMA-1X、UMTS/HSDPA、GSM/GPRS、TDMA/EDGE、EV/DO、WiMAX、SDR、LTE、以及在其出现时的其他下一代无线通信技术。收发器2502还可以被适配成支持电路交换有线接入技术(诸如PSTN)、分组交换有线接入技术(诸如TCP/IP、VoIP等)、及其组合。
UI 2504可以包括具有导航机构(诸如滚球、操纵杆、鼠标、或用于操控通信设备2500的操作的导航盘)的可按压或触敏小键盘2508。键盘2508可以是通信设备2500的壳体组件的整体部分、或者是通过系留式有线接口(诸如USB电缆)或支持例如的无线接口可操作地耦合至其的独立设备。键盘2508可以表示通常由电话使用的数字小键盘、和/或具有字母数字键的QWERTY键盘。UI 2504可以进一步包括显示器2510,诸如单色或彩色LCD(液晶显示器)、OLED(有机发光二极管)、或用于将图像传送到通信设备2500的最终用户的其他合适的显示技术。在显示器2510是触敏式的实施例中,键盘2508的一部分或全部可以通过具有导航特征的显示器2510来呈现。
显示器2510可以使用触屏技术来同样充当用于检测用户输入的用户界面。作为触屏显示器,通信设备2500可以被适配成呈现具有图形用户界面(GUI)元素的用户界面,所述图形用户界面元素可以由用户利用手指触摸来选择。触屏显示器2510可以配备有电容式、电阻式或其他形式的感测技术以便检测用户手指的多少表面区域已经放置在触屏显示器的一部分上。此感测信息可以用于控制对用户界面的GUI元素或其他功能的操控。显示器2510可以是通信设备2500的壳体组件的整体部分、或者是通过系留式有线接口(诸如电缆)或无线接口通信地耦合至其的独立设备。
UI 2504还可以包括利用音频技术来传送低音量音频(诸如接近人耳可听到的音频)和高音量音频(诸如用于免提操作的喇叭扩音器)的音频系统2512。音频系统2512可以进一步包括用于接收最终用户的可听信号的麦克风。音频系统2512还可以用于语音识别应用。UI2504可以进一步包括用于捕获静止图像或移动图像的图像传感器2513,诸如电荷耦合器件(CCD)相机。
电源2514可以利用诸如可更换和可再充电电池、供电调节技术和/或充电系统技术的通用电源管理技术来向通信设备2500的部件供应能量以促进远距离或短距离便携式通信。可替代地或组合地,所述充电系统可以利用外部电源,诸如通过物理接口(诸如USB端口)或其他合适的系留式技术供应的DC电源。
位置接收器2516可以利用定位技术(诸如能够辅助GPS的全球定位系统(GPS)接收器)以用于基于由GPS卫星星座生成的信号来标识通信设备2500的位置,其可以用于促进定位服务,诸如导航。运动传感器2518可以利用运动感测技术(诸如加速度计、陀螺仪、或其他合适的运动感测技术)来检测通信设备2500在三维空间中的运动。取向传感器2520可以利用取向感测技术(诸如磁力计)来检测通信设备2500的取向(北、南、西和东、以及度、分或其他合适取向度量的组合取向)。
通信设备2500可以使用收发器2502也能通过感测技术(诸如利用接收信号强度指示(RSSI)和/或信号到达时间(TOA)或飞行时间(TOF)测量)来确定与蜂窝、WiFi、或其他无线接入点的接近度。控制器2506可以将计算技术(诸如微处理器、数字信号处理器(DSP)、可编程门阵列、专用集成电路、和/或视频处理器)与相关联存储存储器(诸如闪存、ROM、RAM、SRAM、DRAM或用于执行计算机指令、控制并处理由通信设备2500的前述部件供应的数据的其他存储技术)一起使用。
可以在本主题披露内容的一个或多个实施例中使用未在图25中示出的其他部件。例如,通信设备2500可以包括用于添加或移除身份模块(诸如用户身份模块(SIM)卡或通用集成电路卡(UICC))的槽。SIM卡或UICC卡可以用于识别用户服务、执行程序、存储用户数据等。
在本说明书,诸如“存储库(store)”、“存储装置(storage)”、“数据存储(datastore)”、“数据存储装置(data storage)”、“数据库(database)”的术语以及基本上任何其他与部件的操作和功能相关的信息存储部件都是指“存储器部件”,或者体现在“存储器”或包括所述存储器的部件中的实体。应当认识到的是,本文所描述的存储器部件可以是易失性存储器或者是非易失性存储器,或者可以包括易失性存储器和非易失性存储器两者,作为说明而非限制,易失性存储器、非易失性存储器、盘存储装置和存储器存储装置。另外,非易失性存储器可以包括在只读存储器(ROM)、可编程ROM(PROM)、电可编程ROM(EPROM)、电可擦除ROM(EEPROM)或闪存中。易失性存储器可以包括随机存取存储器(RAM),它充当外部高速缓存存储器。作为说明而非限制,RAM以许多形式可用,诸如同步RAM(SRAM)、动态RAM(DRAM)、同步DRAM(SDRAM)、双数据速率SDRAM(DDR SDRAM)、增强型SDRAM(ESDRAM)、同步链路DRAM(SLDRAM)和直接高频动态RAM(DRRAM)。此外,本文所披露的系统或方法的存储器部件意在包括但不限于包括这些和任何其他合适类型的存储器。
而且,应当注意的是,所披露的主题可以利用其他计算机系统配置来实践,包括单处理器或多处理器计算机系统、微型计算设备、大型计算机,以及个人计算机、手持式计算设备(例如,PDA、电话、智能电话、手表、平板计算机、上网本计算机、等等),基于微处理器的或可编程的消费者或工业电子产品,等等。所说明的各方面也可以在分布式计算环境中实践,其中任务由通过通信网络链接的远程处理设备执行;但是,本主题披露内容的各方面就算不是全部也至少有一些可以在独立的计算机上实践。在分布式计算环境中,程序模块可以位于本地和远程存储器存储设备这两者中。
本文描述的一些实施例还可以采用人工智能(AI)来便于使本文所描述的一个或多个特征自动化。例如,可以在可选训练控制器230中使用人工智能来评估和选择候选频率、调制方案、MIMO模式和/或导波模式,以便最大化输送效率。实施例(例如,与在添加到现有通信网络之后自动识别所获取的提供最大化价值/利益的小区站点有关的)可以采用各种基于AI的方案来执行其各个实施例。而且,分类器可以被用来确定所获取的网络的每个小区站点的排名或优先级。分类器是将输入属性向量x=(x1,x2,x3,x4,……,xn)映射到所述输入属于一类(class)的置信度(confidence)的函数,即f(x)=confidence(class)。这种分类可以采用基于概率和/或基于统计的分析(例如,分解成分析效用和成本)来预测或推断用户期望被自动执行的动作。支持向量机(SVM)是可以被采用的分类器的示例。SVM通过找出可能输入的空间中的超曲面来操作,其中超曲面试图分离触发标准与非触发事件。直观地,这使得分类对于接近训练数据但与训练数据不完全相同的测试数据是正确的。其他有向和无向模型分类方法包括例如朴素贝叶斯、贝叶斯网络、决策树、神经网络、模糊逻辑模型和提供可被采用的不同独立性模式的概率分类模型。如本文使用的分类还包括被用来开发优先级模型的统计回归。
如将容易认识到的,一种或多种实施例可以采用经过显式训练(例如,经由一般训练数据)以及隐式训练(例如,经由观察UE行为、运营者偏好、历史信息、接收外来信息)的分类器。例如,SVM可以经由分类器构造器和特征选择模块中的学习或训练阶段来配置。因此,(多个)分类器可以被用来自动学习和执行多个功能,包括但不限于根据预定标准确定所获取的小区站点中哪个将有利于最大数量的订户和/或所获取的小区站点中哪个将向现有的通信网络覆盖添加最小价值,等等。
如在本申请中在一些上下文中所使用的,在一些实施例中,术语“部件”、“系统”等意在指或者包括与计算机相关的实体或者与具有一个或多个具体功能的操作装置相关的实体,其中实体可以是硬件、硬件和软件的组合、软件或者执行中的软件。作为示例,部件可以是但不限于是在处理器上运行的过程、处理器、对象、可执行程序、执行线程、计算机可执行的指令、程序和/或计算机。作为说明而非限制,在服务器上运行的应用和服务器都可以是部件。一个或多个部件可以驻留在执行的过程和/或线程内,并且部件可以在一个计算机上本地化和/或在两个或更多个计算机之间分布。此外,这些部件可以从其上存储有各种数据结构的各种计算机可读介质执行。这些部件可以经由本地和/或远程过程来通信,诸如根据具有一个或多个数据分组(例如,来自经由信号与在本地系统、分布式系统中和/或跨诸如互联网的网络和其他系统中的另一个部件交互的一个部件的数据)的信号。作为另一个示例,部件可以是具有由电路系统或电子电路系统操作的机械零件提供的具体功能的装置,电路系统或电子电路系统由处理器所执行的软件或固件应用操作,其中处理器可以在装置的内部或外部并且执行软件或固件应用的至少一部分。作为还有另一个示例,部件可以是通过没有机械零件的电子部件提供具体功能的装置,所述电子部件可以在其中包括处理器,以执行至少部分地给予电子部件功能的软件或固件。虽然各种部件被示为单独的部件,但是应当认识到的是,在不背离示例实施例的情况下,多个部件可以被实施为单个部件,或者单个部件可以被实施为多个部件。
另外,各个实施例可以利用标准的编程和/或工程技术被实施为方法、装置或制品,以产生软件、固件、硬件或其任何组合来控制计算机实施所披露的主题。如本文所使用的,术语“制品”是要涵盖可从任何计算机可读设备或计算机可读存储/通信介质访问的计算机程序。例如,计算机可读存储介质可以包括但不限于磁存储设备(例如,硬盘、软盘、磁条)、光盘(例如,压缩光盘(CD)、数字多功能盘(DVD))、智能卡和闪存设备(例如,卡、棒、键驱动器)。当然,本领域技术人员将认识到,在不背离各个实施例的范围或精神的情况下,可以对这种配置做出许多修改。
此外,词语“示例”和“示例性”在本文中被用于意指充当实例或说明。本文被描述为“示例”或“示例性”的任何实施例或设计并不一定要被解释为优于或胜过其他实施例或设计。相反,词语示例或示例性的使用意在以具体的方式呈现概念。如在本申请中所使用的,术语“或(or)”旨在意味着开放式的“或”而不是排他性的“或”。即,除非另有指定或从上下文可以清楚,否则“X采用A或B”意在指任何自然的包含性排列。即,如果X采用A;X采用B;或者X采用A和B二者,则“X采用A或B”在任何以上情况下都满足。此外,如在本申请和所附权利要求书中所使用的,除非另有指定或从上下文清楚看出是针对单数形式,否则“一(a)”和“一个(an)”应当一般性地被解释为指“一个或多个”。
而且,诸如“用户设备”、“移动站”、“移动电话”、“订户站”、“接入终端”、“终端”、“手持机”、“移动设备”(和/或表示类似术语的术语)可以指被无线通信服务的订户或用户用来接收或传送数据、控制、语音、视频、声音、游戏或基本上任何数据流或信令流的无线设备。前述术语在本文并且参考相关的附图可互换使用。
此外,术语“用户”、“订户”、“客户”、“消费者”等贯穿全文可被互换采用,除非上下文保证这些术语之间的特定区分。应当认识到的是,这种术语可以指人类实体或者通过人工智能(例如,至少基于复杂的数学形式体系做出推论的能力)支持的自动化部件,所述自动化部件可以提供模拟视觉、声音识别等。
如在本文所采用的,术语“处理器”可以指基本上任何计算处理单元或设备,包括但不限于包括单核处理器;具有软件多线程执行能力的单处理器;多核处理器;具有软件多线程执行能力的多核处理器;具有硬件多线程技术的多核处理器;并行平台;以及具有分布式共享存储器的并行平台。此外,处理器可以指被设计为执行本文所描述功能的集成电路、专用集成电路(ASIC)、数字信号处理器(DSP)、现场可编程门阵列(FPGA)、可编程逻辑控制器(PLC)、复杂可编程逻辑器件(CPLD)、离散门或晶体管逻辑、离散硬件部件或者其任意组合。处理器可以利用纳米级体系架构,诸如但不限于基于分子和量子点的晶体管、开关和门,以便优化空间的使用或增强用户设备的性能。处理器还可以被实施为计算处理单元的组合。
如本文所使用的,诸如“数据存储装置(data storage)”、“数据存储设备(datastorage)”、“数据库(database)”的术语以及基本上任何其他与部件的操作和功能相关的信息存储部件都是指“存储器部件”或者在“存储器”或包括存储器的部件中体现的实体。应当认识到的是,本文所描述的存储器部件或计算机可读存储介质可以是易失性存储器或非易失性存储器,或者可以包括易失性和非易失性存储器两者。
以上所描述的仅仅包括各个实施例的示例。当然,不可能为了描述这些实施例而描述部件或方法的每个可想到的组合,但本领域普通技术人员可以认识到,呈现的实施例的许多进一步的组合和排列都是可能的。因此,本文所披露和/或要求保护的实施例是要涵盖属于权利要求的精神和范围之内的所有此类更改、修改和变化。此外,就术语“包括(includes)”在具体描述或权利要求中被使用的范围而言,这种术语是要以类似于术语“包括(comprising)”的方式作为包含性的,就像当“包括(comprising)”在权利要求中作为转变词被采用时所解释的那样。
此外,流程图可以包括“开始”和/或“继续”指示。“开始”和“继续”指示反映出所呈现的步骤可以可选地结合到其他例程中或以其他方式与其他例程一起使用。在这种语境下,“开始”指示所呈现的第一步骤的开始并且前面可以有未具体示出的其他活动。进一步地,“继续”指示反映所呈现的步骤可以多次执行和/或后面可以有未具体示出的其他活动。另外,虽然流程图指示步骤的特定排序,但其他排序也是可能的,只要因果关系的原理得以保持。
如本文也可以使用的,(多个)术语“可操作地耦合至”、“耦合至”和/或“耦合”包括项之间的直接耦合和/或项之间经由一个或多个中间项的间接耦合。这些项和中间项包括但不限于接点、通信路径、部件、电路元件、电路、功能块和/或设备。作为间接耦合的示例,从第一项传送到第二项的信号可以通过由一个或多个中间项修改信号中信息的形式、性质或格式而被修改,而信号中信息的一个或多个元素仍然以可以被第二项识别的方式传送。在间接耦合的另一个示例中,由于一个或多个中间项中的动作和/或反应,第一项中的动作可以造成第二项上的反应。
虽然本文中已经图示并描述了特定的实施例,但是应当认识到,实现相同或相似目的的任何安排可以代替本主题披露内容所描述或示出的实施例。本题披露内容旨在涵盖各个实施例的任何以及所有适配或变体。可以在本主题披露内容中使用以上实施例的组合以及本文中未具体描述的其他实施例。例如,来自一个或多个实施例的一个或多个特征可以与一个或多个其他实施例的一个或多个特征进行组合。在一个或多个实施例中,积极引用的特征也可以被否定地引用并且从需要或不需要被另一结构和/或功能特征来代替的实施例中排除。可以以任何顺序来执行关于本主题披露内容的实施例所描述的步骤或功能。关于本主题披露内容的实施例所描述的步骤或功能可以单独执行或者与本主题披露内容的其他步骤或功能、以及来自其他实施例或来自本主题披露内容中尚未描述的其他步骤组合地执行。进一步地,还可以利用关于实施例所描述的多于或少于全部的特征。
Claims (15)
1.一种发射台,包括:
阻抗匹配电路,所述阻抗匹配电路包括一个或多个可调电路元件,其中,所述阻抗匹配电路接收输入射频(RF)信号并响应于所述输入RF信号而生成输出RF信号;
导波发射台,所述导波发射台被配置用于响应于所述输出RF信号而生成沿着传输介质的表面的导行电磁波,其中,所述导行电磁波沿着所述传输介质的所述表面传播而无需电回流路径,并且其中,所述导行电磁波具有非光学载波频率;
失配探针,所述失配探针包括驻波比计、被配置用于基于所述输出RF信号生成失配信号,其中,所述失配信号指示所述导波发射台的阻抗失配;以及
控制器,所述控制器被配置用于响应于所述失配信号而生成一个或多个控制信号,其中,所述一个或多个控制信号调整所述阻抗匹配电路的所述一个或多个可调电路元件,其中,对所述一个或多个可调电路元件的调整有助于减少所述导波发射台的所述阻抗失配;
其中,所述导波发射台具有基于所述传输介质的区域中的天气状况而变化的阻抗,并且其中,所述一个或多个控制信号调整所述阻抗匹配电路的所述一个或多个可调电路元件以补偿基于所述传输介质的所述区域中的所述天气状况而变化的所述阻抗。
2.如权利要求1所述的发射台,其中,所述阻抗匹配电路被配置为pi网络、L网络或T网络。
3.如权利要求1所述的发射台,其中,所述一个或多个可调电路元件包括一个或多个可调阻抗。
4.如权利要求3所述的发射台,其中,所述一个或多个可调阻抗包括可调电容器或可调电感器。
5.如权利要求3所述的发射台,其中,所述一个或多个可调阻抗包括多个可调阻抗,其中,所述一个或多个控制信号包括多个控制信号,并且其中,所述多个控制信号中的每个控制信号控制所述多个可调阻抗中的相应一个可调阻抗。
6.如权利要求1所述的发射台,其中,所述一个或多个可调电路元件包括可调谐变压器。
7.如权利要求1所述的发射台,其中,所述导波发射台是喇叭状发射台、带状线发射台、非同轴发射台、反射式发射台、槽发射台或螺旋发射台。
8.如权利要求1所述的发射台,其中,所述控制器包括查找表。
9.如权利要求1所述的发射台,其中,所述导行电磁波经由宽带调制信号被调制,并且所述阻抗匹配电路提供发射器与所述导波发射台的宽带阻抗匹配。
10.如权利要求1所述的发射台,其中,所述导行电磁波具有低于10GHz的频率范围。
11.如权利要求1所述的发射台,其中,所述导行电磁波具有处于毫米波频带中的频率范围。
12.一种方法,包括:
经由包括一个或多个可调电路元件的阻抗匹配电路接收输入射频(RF)信号;
响应于所述输入RF信号,经由所述阻抗匹配电路生成输出RF信号;
经由导波发射台并响应于所述输出RF信号而生成沿着传输介质的表面的导行电磁波,其中,所述导行电磁波沿着所述传输介质的表面传播而无需电回流路径,并且其中,所述导行电磁波具有非光学载波频率;
经由包括驻波比计的失配探针基于所述输出RF信号生成失配信号,其中,所述失配信号指示所述导波发射台的阻抗失配;以及
响应于所述失配信号,经由控制器生成一个或多个控制信号,其中,所述一个或多个控制信号调整所述阻抗匹配电路的所述一个或多个可调电路元件,其中,对所述一个或多个可调电路元件的调整有助于减少所述导波发射台的所述阻抗失配;
其中,所述导波发射台具有基于所述传输介质的区域中的天气状况而变化的阻抗,并且其中,所述一个或多个控制信号调整所述阻抗匹配电路的所述一个或多个可调电路元件以补偿基于所述传输介质的所述区域中的所述天气状况而变化的所述阻抗。
13.如权利要求12所述的方法,其中,所述阻抗匹配电路被配置为pi网络、L网络或T网络。
14.如权利要求12所述的方法,其中,所述一个或多个可调电路元件
包括可调电容器或可调电感器。
15.如权利要求12所述的方法,其中,所述一个或多个可调电路元件包括可调谐变压器。
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2017
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Cited By (3)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
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CN112929002A (zh) * | 2021-02-05 | 2021-06-08 | 广东工业大学 | 一种应用于射频电源的阻抗匹配调节方法和装置 |
CN114423206A (zh) * | 2022-02-09 | 2022-04-29 | 东营市宇彤机电设备有限责任公司 | 一种近钻头高稳定性发射天线调谐装置 |
CN114423206B (zh) * | 2022-02-09 | 2024-02-02 | 东营市宇彤机电设备有限责任公司 | 一种近钻头高稳定性发射天线调谐装置 |
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JP7001701B2 (ja) | 2022-01-20 |
BR112019017787A2 (pt) | 2020-03-31 |
MX2019010166A (es) | 2020-01-13 |
CA3054359A1 (en) | 2018-08-30 |
US10327153B2 (en) | 2019-06-18 |
US10142854B2 (en) | 2018-11-27 |
US10470053B2 (en) | 2019-11-05 |
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