CN107624224A - 定向耦合设备及其使用方法 - Google Patents
定向耦合设备及其使用方法 Download PDFInfo
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- H—ELECTRICITY
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- H04B7/01—Reducing phase shift
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H02—GENERATION; CONVERSION OR DISTRIBUTION OF ELECTRIC POWER
- H02J—CIRCUIT ARRANGEMENTS OR SYSTEMS FOR SUPPLYING OR DISTRIBUTING ELECTRIC POWER; SYSTEMS FOR STORING ELECTRIC ENERGY
- H02J13/00—Circuit arrangements for providing remote indication of network conditions, e.g. an instantaneous record of the open or closed condition of each circuitbreaker in the network; Circuit arrangements for providing remote control of switching means in a power distribution network, e.g. switching in and out of current consumers by using a pulse code signal carried by the network
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- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y04—INFORMATION OR COMMUNICATION TECHNOLOGIES HAVING AN IMPACT ON OTHER TECHNOLOGY AREAS
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- Y04S40/00—Systems for electrical power generation, transmission, distribution or end-user application management characterised by the use of communication or information technologies, or communication or information technology specific aspects supporting them
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- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y04—INFORMATION OR COMMUNICATION TECHNOLOGIES HAVING AN IMPACT ON OTHER TECHNOLOGY AREAS
- Y04S—SYSTEMS INTEGRATING TECHNOLOGIES RELATED TO POWER NETWORK OPERATION, COMMUNICATION OR INFORMATION TECHNOLOGIES FOR IMPROVING THE ELECTRICAL POWER GENERATION, TRANSMISSION, DISTRIBUTION, MANAGEMENT OR USAGE, i.e. SMART GRIDS
- Y04S40/00—Systems for electrical power generation, transmission, distribution or end-user application management characterised by the use of communication or information technologies, or communication or information technology specific aspects supporting them
- Y04S40/12—Systems for electrical power generation, transmission, distribution or end-user application management characterised by the use of communication or information technologies, or communication or information technology specific aspects supporting them characterised by data transport means between the monitoring, controlling or managing units and monitored, controlled or operated electrical equipment
- Y04S40/124—Systems for electrical power generation, transmission, distribution or end-user application management characterised by the use of communication or information technologies, or communication or information technology specific aspects supporting them characterised by data transport means between the monitoring, controlling or managing units and monitored, controlled or operated electrical equipment using wired telecommunication networks or data transmission busses
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Abstract
本发明的主题公开内容的各个方面例如可以包括一种耦合设备,所述耦合设备包括:辐射传递第一数据的第一RF信号的第一天线;以及从至少一个传送设备辐射传递第一数据的第二RF信号的第二天线。第一RF信号和第二RF信号形成组合RF信号,所述组合RF信号被传输介质的外表面约束以作为受引导电磁波基本上沿着传输介质在单一纵向方向上传播。此外还公开了其他实施例。
Description
相关申请的交叉引用
本申请要求2015年4月24日提交的美国专利申请序列号14/695,070的优先权。通过引用的方式将前述申请的内容合并到本申请中,就如同在这里全文阐述一样。
技术领域
本发明的主题公开内容涉及在通信网络中经由微波传输进行通信。
背景技术
随着智能电话和其他便携式设备日益变得普遍并且随着数据使用增加,宏蜂窝基站设备和现有的无线基础设施也随之需要更高的带宽能力以便解决增加的需求。为了提供附加的移动带宽,正在实行小型蜂窝部署,其中微蜂窝和微微蜂窝为比传统宏蜂窝小得多的区域提供覆盖。
此外,大多数家庭和企业已经变得对于例如语音、视频和因特网浏览等服务依赖于宽带数据接入。宽带接入网络包括卫星、4G或5G无线、输电线通信、光纤、有线电视以及电话网络。
附图说明
现在将参照附图,所述附图不一定是按比例绘制的,并且其中:
图1是示出根据这里所描述的各个方面的导波通信系统的一个示例性、非限制性实施例的方块图。
图2是示出根据这里所描述的各个方面的传送设备的一个示例性、非限制性实施例的方块图。
图3是示出根据这里所描述的各个方面的电磁场分布的一个示例性、非限制性实施例的图形图。
图4是示出根据这里所描述的各个方面的电磁场分布的一个示例性、非限制性实施例的图形图。
图5A是示出根据这里所描述的各个方面的频率响应的一个示例性、非限制性实施例的图形图。
图5B是示出根据这里所描述的各个方面的绝缘电线的纵向剖面的示例性、非限制性实施例的图形图,其中描绘出各个操作频率下的受引导电磁波的场。
图6是示出根据这里所描述的各个方面的电磁场分布的一个示例性、非限制性实施例的图形图。
图7是示出根据这里所描述的各个方面的电弧耦合器的一个示例性、非限制性实施例的方块图。
图8是示出根据这里所描述的各个方面的电弧耦合器的一个示例性、非限制性实施例的方块图。
图9A是示出根据这里所描述的各个方面的短截线(stub)耦合器的一个示例性、非限制性实施例的方块图。
图9B是示出根据这里所描述的各个方面的电磁分布的一个示例性、非限制性实施例的图示。
图10A和10B是示出根据这里所描述的各个方面的耦合器和收发器的示例性、非限制性实施例的方块图。
图11是示出根据这里所描述的各个方面的双短截线耦合器的一个示例性、非限制性实施例的方块图。
图12是示出根据这里所描述的各个方面的转发器系统的一个示例性、非限制性实施例的方块图。
图13所示出的方块图示出了根据这里所描述的各个方面的双向转发器的一个示例性、非限制性实施例。
图14是示出根据这里所描述的各个方面的波导系统的一个示例性、非限制性实施例的方块图。
图15是示出根据这里所描述的各个方面的导波通信系统的一个示例性、非限制性实施例的方块图。
图16A和16B是示出根据这里所描述的各个方面的用于管理电网(power grid)通信系统的系统的一个示例性、非限制性实施例的方块图。
图17A示出了一种用于检测和缓解发生在图16的系统的通信网络中的干扰的方法的一个示例性、非限制性实施例的流程图。
图17B示出了一种用于检测和缓解发生在图16的系统的通信网络中的干扰的方法的一个示例性、非限制性实施例的流程图。
图18A和18B示出了根据这里所描述的各个方面的耦合设备的示例性、非限制性实施例的示意性方块图。
图19A、19B和19C是根据这里所描述的各个方面的天线波束图案的示例性、非限制性实施例的图形图。
图20示出了一种方法的一个示例性、非限制性实施例的流程图。
图21是根据这里所描述的各个方面的计算环境的一个示例性、非限制性实施例的方块图。
图22是根据这里所描述的各个方面的移动网络平台的一个示例性、非限制性实施例的方块图。
图23是根据这里所描述的各个方面的通信设备的一个示例性、非限制性实施例的方块图。
具体实施方式
现在将参照附图描述一个或多个实施例,其中相同的附图标记始终被用来指代相同的单元。在后面的描述中,出于解释的目的阐述了许多细节,以便提供对于各个实施例的透彻理解。但是显而易见的是,可以在没有这些细节的情况下实践各个实施例(并且不应用于任何特定的联网环境或标准)。
在一个实施例中,给出一种用于经由受引导电磁波来发送和接收例如数据或其他信令之类的通信信号的导波通信系统。受引导电磁波例如包括被约束到传输介质或者由传输介质引导的表面波或其他电磁波。应当认识到,在不背离示例性实施例的情况下,对于导波通信可以利用多种传输介质。这样的传输介质的实例可以单独地或者在一种或多种组合中包括以下各项当中的一项或多项:不管是绝缘还是非绝缘并且不管是单股还是多股的电线;具有其他形状或配置的导体,其中包括线束、电缆、连杆、轨道、管道;比如电介质管道、连杆、轨道或其他电介质构件之类的非导体;导体与电介质材料的组合;或者其他导波传输介质。
传输介质上的受引导电磁波的感生可以独立于通过作为电路的一部分的传输介质被注入或者通过其他方式被传送的任何电位、电荷或电流。例如在传输介质是电线的情况下,应当认识到,虽然响应于沿着电线的导波的传播可以形成电线中的小电流,但是这可能是由于电磁波沿着电线表面的传播,而不是响应于被注入到作为电路的一部分的电线中的电位、电荷或电流形成。因此,在电线上行进的电磁波不需要电路就可以沿着电线表面传播。因此,所述电线是并非电路的一部分的单线传输线。此外,在一些实施例中,电线不是必要的,并且电磁波可以沿着不是电线的单线传输介质传播。
更一般来说,本发明的主题公开内容所描述“受引导电磁波”或“导波”受到作为传输介质的至少一部分的物理对象的存在的影响(例如裸电线或其他导体,电介质,绝缘电线,导管或其他中空元件,被电介质或绝缘体涂覆、覆盖或围绕的绝缘电线束或其他线束,或者其他形式的固态、液态或非气态传输介质),从而至少部分地被约束到物理对象或者被物理对象引导,并且从而沿着物理对象的传输路径传播。这样的物理对象可以作为传输介质的至少一部分操作,其通过传输介质的界面(例如外表面、内表面、外表面与内表面之间的内部部分或者传输介质的元件之间的其他边界)对受引导电磁波的传播进行引导,从而又可以沿着从发送设备到接收设备的传输路径载送能量、数据和/或其他信号。
无引导(或无约束)电磁波的强度与无引导电磁波所行进的距离的平方成反比减小,不同于例如无引导(或无约束)电磁波之类的无线信号的自由空间传播,受引导电磁波可以沿着传输介质传播,并且每单位距离的量值损耗小于无引导电磁波所经历的情况。
不同于电信号,受引导电磁波可以在不需要发送设备与接收设备之间的单独电气返回路径的情况下从发送设备传播到接收设备。因此,受引导电磁波可以沿着不具有导电组件的传输介质(例如电介质条带)或者经由具有不多于单一导体的传输介质(例如单一裸电线或绝缘电线)从发送设备传播到接收设备。即使传输介质包括一个或多个导电组件并且沿着传输介质传播的受引导电磁波生成在受引导电磁波的方向上在所述一个或多个导电组件中流动的电流,这样的受引导电磁波也可以沿着传输介质从发送设备传播到接收设备,而不需要在发送设备与接收设备之间的电气返回路径上有相反的电流流动。
在非限制性的说明中,考虑通过导电介质在发送设备与接收设备之间传送和接收电信号的电气系统。这样的系统通常依赖于电气分开的正向和返回路径。例如考虑具有通过绝缘体分开的中心导体和接地屏蔽的同轴电缆。通常在电气系统中,发送(或接收)设备的第一端子可以连接到中心导体,并且发送(或接收)设备的第二端子可以连接到接地屏蔽。如果发送设备经由第一端子在中心导体中注入电信号,则电信号将沿着中心导体传播,从而导致中心导体中的正向电流和接地屏蔽中的返回电流。相同的情况也适用于两端子接收设备。
与此相对,考虑比如在本发明的主题公开内容中描述的导波通信系统,其可以利用传输介质(特别包括同轴电缆)的不同实施例在没有电气返回路径的情况下传送和接收受引导电磁波。在一个实施例中,例如本发明的主题公开内容的导波通信系统可以被配置成感生出沿着同轴电缆的外表面传播的受引导电磁波。虽然受引导电磁波将在接地屏蔽上导致正向电流,但是受引导电磁波不需要返回电流就可以允许受引导电磁波沿着同轴电缆的外表面传播。对于由导波通信系统使用来传送和接收受引导电磁波的其他传输介质同样可以这样说。例如由导波通信系统在裸电线或绝缘电线的外表面上感生出的受引导电磁波可以在没有电气返回路径的情况下沿着裸电线或绝缘电线传播。
因此,电气系统需要两个或多个导体以便在分开的导体上载送正向和反向电流从而允许传播由发送设备注入的电信号,与电气系统不同,导波系统在传输介质的界面上感生出受引导电磁波,并且不需要电气返回路径就可以允许受引导电磁波沿着传输介质的界面传播。
还应当提到的是,在本发明的主题公开内容中描述的受引导电磁波可以具有主要或基本上处于传输介质的外部的电磁场结构,从而被约束到传输介质或者由传输介质引导,并且从而在传输介质的外表面上或者沿着传输介质的外表面传播可观的距离。在其他实施例中,受引导电磁波可以具有主要或基本上处于传输介质的内部的电磁场结构,从而被约束到传输介质或者由传输介质引导,并且从而在传输介质内传播可观的距离。在其他实施例中,受引导电磁波可以具有部分地处于传输介质的内部并且部分地处于传输介质的外部的电磁场结构,从而被约束到传输介质或者由传输介质引导,并且从而沿着传输介质传播可观的距离。在一个实施例中,所期望的电子场结构可以基于多种因素而有所不同,其中包括所期望的传输距离、传输介质本身的特性以及传输介质外部的环境条件/特性(例如雨、雾的存在、大气条件等等)。
这里所描述的各个实施例涉及可以被称作“波导耦合设备”、“波导耦合器”或者更简单地被称作“耦合器”、“耦合设备”或“发动器”的耦合设备,其用于在毫米波频率(例如30到300GHz)或者例如300MHz到30GHz的较低微波频率下向/从传输介质发动和/或提取受引导电磁波,其中毫米波频率下的波长与耦合设备和/或传输介质的一个或多个规格(比如电线的周长或其他剖面规格)相比可以是很小的。可以生成传输以作为由耦合设备引导的波进行传播,比如:条带、电弧或其他长度的电介质材料;喇叭状、单极、杆状、开槽或其他天线;天线阵列;磁谐振腔或其他谐振耦合器;线圈、带线、波导或其他耦合设备。在操作中,耦合设备从传送器或传输介质接收电磁波。电磁波的电磁场结构可以在耦合设备的内部载送、在耦合设备的外部载送或者是两种情况的某种组合。当耦合设备紧邻传输介质时,电磁波的至少一部分耦合到或者被约束到传输介质,并且继续作为受引导电磁波而传播。按照互反的方式,耦合设备可以从传输介质提取导波并且将这些电磁波传送到接收器。
根据一个示例性实施例,表面波是由传输介质的表面引导的一种导波,所述表面比如是电线的外侧或外部表面,或者邻近或暴露于具有不同属性(例如介电属性)的另一种类型的介质的电线的另一个表面。实际上,在一个示例性实施例中,引导表面波的电线的表面可以代表两种不同类型的介质之间的过渡表面。举例来说,在裸电线或非绝缘电线的情况下,电线的表面可以是暴露于空气或自由空间的所述裸电线或非绝缘电线的外部或外侧导电表面。作为另一个实例,在绝缘电线的情况下,电线的表面可以是与电线的绝缘体部分交会的电线的导电部分,或者可以是暴露于空气或自由空间的电线的绝缘体表面,或者可以是电线的绝缘体表面与电线的导电部分(其与电线的绝缘体部分交会)之间的任何材料区段,这取决于绝缘体、空气和/或导体的属性(例如介电属性)中的相对差异,并且还取决于导波的频率以及一种或多种传播模式。
根据一个示例性实施例,结合导波使用的术语“围绕”电线或其他传输介质可以包括基本导波传播模式,比如具有圆形或基本上圆形的场分布、对称电磁场分布(例如电场、磁场、电磁场等等)或者至少部分地环绕电线或其他传输介质的其他基本模式图案的导波。此外,当导波“围绕”电线或其他传输介质传播时,其根据导波传播模式进行传播,其中所述导波传播模式不仅包括基波传播模式(例如零阶模式)而且还附加地或替换地包括非基波传播模式,比如更高阶导波模式(例如1阶模式、2阶模式等等)、非对称模式以及/或者具有环绕电线或其他传输介质的非圆形场分布的其他导波(例如表面波)。这里所使用的术语“导波模式”指的是导波通信系统的传输介质、耦合设备或其他系统组件的导波传播模式。
举例来说,这样的非圆形场分布可以是单边的(unilateral)或多边的(multilateral),并且具有由相对更高的场强度表征的一个或多个轴向波瓣,以及/或者由相对较低的场强度、零场强度或基本上零场强度表征的一个或多个空值(null)或空值区段。此外,根据一个示例性实施例,所述场分布可以作为环绕电线的方位角指向的函数而变化,从而使得环绕电线的一个或多个角区段具有高于方位角指向的一个或多个其他角区段的电场或磁场强度(或其组合)。应当认识到,随着导波沿着电线行进,导波的更高阶模式或非对称模式的相对指向或位置可以发生变化。
这里所使用的术语“毫米波”可以是指落在30GHz到300GHz的“毫米波频带”内的电磁波/信号。术语“微波”可以是指落在300MHz到300GHz的“微波频带”内的电磁波/信号。术语“无线电频率”或“RF”可以是指落在10kHz到1THz的“无线电频带”内的电磁波/信号。应当认识到,在本发明的主题公开内容中描述的无线信号、电信号和受引导电磁波可以被配置成操作在任何合乎期望的频率范围处,比如操作在高于或低于毫米波和/或微波频带的频率处。具体来说,当耦合设备或传输介质包括导电元件时,由耦合设备载送并且/或者沿着传输介质传播的受引导电磁波的频率可以低于导电元件中的平均电子碰撞频率。此外,由耦合设备载送并且/或者沿着传输介质传播的受引导电磁波的频率可以是非光学频率,例如低于开始于1THz的光学频率范围的无线电频率。
这里所使用的术语“天线”可以是指用以传送/辐射或接收无线信号的作为传送或接收系统的一部分的设备。
根据一个或多个实施例,一种耦合设备包括接收传递来自传送设备的数据的RF信号的接收部分。磁性耦合器把RF信号磁性耦合到传输介质以作为受到传输介质的外表面约束的受引导电磁波。
根据一个或多个实施例,一种耦合设备包括接收传递数据的RF信号的接收部分。空腔谐振器把RF信号磁性耦合到电线以作为受到所述电线约束的受引导电磁波。
根据一个或多个实施例,一种方法包括接收传递数据的信号。所述方法还包括经由空腔谐振器把所述信号发动到电线上以作为受到所述电线的外表面约束的受引导电磁波。
现在参照图1,其中所示出的方块图100示出了导波通信系统的一个示例性、非限制性实施例。在操作中,传送设备101从通信网络或其他通信设备接收包括数据的一个或多个通信信号110并且生成导波120,以便经由传输介质125向传送设备102传递所述数据。传送设备102接收导波120并且将其转换到包括数据的通信信号112,以供传送到通信网络或其他通信设备。可以通过调制技术(比如相移键控、频移键控、正交幅度调制、幅度调制、例如正交频分多路复用之类的多载波调制)并且通过多路接入技术(比如频分多路复用、时分多路复用、码分多路复用、通过不同波传播模式的多路复用)以及通过其他调制和接入策略对导波120进行调制以便传递数据。
所述一个或多个通信网络可以包括无线通信网络,比如移动数据网络、蜂窝语音和数据网络、无线局域网(例如WiFi或802.xx网络)、卫星通信网络、个人区域网或者其他无线网络。所述一个或多个通信网络还可以包括有线通信网络,比如电话网络、以太网网络、局域网、广域网(比如因特网)、宽带接入网络、有线电视网络、光纤网络或者其他有线网络。所述通信设备可以包括网络边缘设备、桥接设备或家庭网关、机顶盒、宽带调制解调器、电话适配器、接入点、基站或者其他固定通信设备,并且可以包括移动通信设备,比如汽车网关(automotive gateway)或汽车、膝上型计算机、平板设备、智能电话、蜂窝电话或者其他通信设备。
在一个示例性实施例中,导波通信系统100可以按照双向方式操作,其中传送设备102从通信网络或设备接收包括其他数据的一个或多个通信信号112,并且生成用以通过传输介质125向传送设备101传递所述其他数据的导波122。在这种操作模式中,传送设备101接收导波122并且将其转换到包括所述其他数据的通信信号110,以供传送到通信网络或设备。可以通过调制技术(比如相移键控、频移键控、正交幅度调制、幅度调制、例如正交频分多路复用之类的多载波调制)并且通过多路接入技术(比如频分多路复用、时分多路复用、码分多路复用、通过不同波传播模式的多路复用)以及通过其他调制和接入策略对导波122进行调制以便传递数据。
传输介质125可以包括具有被电介质材料(比如绝缘体或其他电介质覆盖物、涂层或者其他电介质材料)环绕的至少一个内部部分的电缆,其中所述电介质材料具有外表面和相应的周长。在一个示例性实施例中,传输介质125作为用以引导电磁波的传输的单线传输线操作。当传输介质125被实施成单线传输系统时,其可以包括电线。所述电线可以是绝缘或非绝缘,并且可以是单股或多股(例如编股)。在其他实施例中,传输介质125可以包含具有其他形状或配置的导体,其中包括线束、电缆、连杆、轨道、管道。此外,传输介质125可以包括例如电介质管道、连杆、轨道或其他电介质构件之类的非导体;导体与电介质材料的组合、不具有电介质材料的导体或者其他导波传输介质。应当提到的是,传输介质125也可以包括先前所讨论的任何传输介质。
此外,正如先前所讨论的那样,导波120和122可以与通过自由空间/空气的无线电传输或者电功率或信号经由电路经过电线的导体的传统传播相对照。除了导波1220和122的传播之外,传输介质125可以可选地包含作为一个或多个电路的一部分按照传统方式传播电功率或其他通信信号的一条或多条电线。
现在参照图2,该图所示的方块图200示出了传送设备的一个示例性、非限制性实施例。传送设备101或102包括通信接口(I/F)205、收发器210和耦合器220。
在一个操作实例中,通信接口205接收包括数据的通信信号110或112。在各个实施例中,通信接口205可以包括用于根据无线标准协议接收无线通信信号的无线接口,比如LTE或其他蜂窝语音和数据协议、WiFi或802.11协议、WIMAX协议、超宽带协议、Bluetooth协议、Zigbee协议、直接广播卫星(DBS)或其他卫星通信协议或者其他无线协议。作为补充或替换,通信接口205包括根据以下协议操作的有线接口:以太网协议、通用串行总线(USB)协议、有线电视数据服务接口规范(DOCSIS)协议、数字订户线(DSL)协议、Firewire(IEEE1394)协议或者其他有线协议。除了基于标准的协议之外,通信接口205还可以与其他有线或无线协议相结合来操作。此外,通信接口205可以可选地与包括多个协议层的协议栈(其中包括MAC协议、传输协议、应用协议等等)相结合来操作。
在一个操作实例中,收发器210基于通信信号110或112生成用以传递数据的电磁波。所述电磁波具有至少一个载波频率和至少一个相应的波长。所述载波频率可以处于30GHz-300GHz的毫米波频带内(比如60GHz或者30-40GHz范围内的载波频率),或者处于微波频率范围中的300MHz-30GHz的较低频带内(比如26-30GHz、11GHz、6GHz或3GHz),但是应当认识到,在其他实施例中其他载波频率也是可行的。在一种操作模式中,收发器210仅仅对一个或多个通信信号110或112进行上变频,以便在微波或毫米波段中传送电磁信号以作为由传输介质125引导或者被约束到传输介质125的受引导电磁波。在另一种操作模式中,通信接口205或者把通信信号110或112转换基带或近基带信号,或者从通信信号110或112中提取出数据,并且收发器210利用数据、基带或近基带信号对高频载波进行调制以供传送。应当认识到,收发器210可以对经由通信信号110或112接收到的数据进行调制以保留通信信号110或112的一种或多种数据通信协议,这或者是通过封装在不同协议的有效载荷中,或者是通过简单地进行频移。或者,收发器210可以通过其他方式把经由通信信号110或112接收到的数据翻译到与通信信号110或112的一种或多种数据通信协议不同的协议。
在一个操作实例中,耦合器220把电磁波耦合到传输介质125以作为受引导电磁波,以便传递通信信号110或112。虽然前面的描述集中在收发器210作为传送器的操作上,但是收发器210也可以操作来经由耦合器220从单线传输介质接收传递其他数据的电磁波,并且经由通信接口205生成包括所述其他数据的通信信号110或112。考虑其中附加的受引导电磁波传递同样沿着传输介质125传播的数据的实施例。耦合器220同样可以把该附加电磁波从传输介质125耦合到收发器210以供接收。
传送设备101或102包括可选的训练控制器230。在一个示例性实施例中,训练控制器230通过独立式处理器或者与传送设备101或102的一个或多个其他组件共享的处理器来实施。训练控制器230基于反馈数据选择用于受引导电磁波的载波频率、调制方案和/或导波模式,所述反馈数据是由收发器210接收自被耦合来接收受引导电磁波的至少一个远程传送设备。
在一个示例性实施例中,由远程传送设备101或102传送的受引导电磁波传递同样沿着传输介质125传播的数据。来自远程传送设备101或102的数据可以被生成为包括反馈数据。在操作中,耦合器220同样从传输介质125耦合受引导电磁波,收发器接收电磁波并且处理电磁波以便提取反馈数据。
在一个示例性实施例中,训练控制器230基于反馈数据操作来评估多个候选频率、调制方案和/或传输模式,从而选择一个载波频率、调制方案和/或传输模式以便增强性能(比如吞吐量、信号强度)、减少传播损耗等等。
考虑下面的实例:通过在相应的多个候选频率和/或候选模式下发送被导向耦合到传输介质125的远程传送设备102的多个导波以作为测试信号(比如导频波或其他测试信号),传送设备101在训练控制器230的控制下开始操作。所述导波可以附加地或替换地包括测试数据。所述测试数据可以表明信号的特定候选频率和/或导波模式。在一个实施例中,远程传送设备102处的训练控制器230接收来自被正确接收到的任何导波的测试信号和/或测试数据,并且确定最佳候选频率和/或导波模式、可接受的候选频率和/或导波模式的集合或者各个候选频率和/或导波模式的排序。关于(多个)载波频率和/或(多种)引导模式的这一选择由训练控制器230基于一条或多条优化标准生成,所述优化标准比如有接收信号强度、误比特率、分组错误率、信噪比、传播损耗等等。训练控制器230生成表明关于(多个)载波频率和/或(多种)导波模式的选择的反馈数据,并且把反馈数据发送到收发器210以供传送到传送设备101。传送设备101和102随后可以基于所选择的(多个)载波频率和/或(多种)导波模式彼此传送数据。
在其他实施例中,包含测试信号和/或测试数据的受引导电磁波被远程传送设备102反射回到、转发回到或者通过其他方式回传到传送设备101,以便由发起这些波的传送设备101的训练控制器230进行接收和分析。举例来说,传送设备101可以向远程传送设备102发送信号以发起测试模式,其中切换线路上的物理反射器,改变端接阻抗以引起反射,开启回传电路以把电磁波耦合回到来源传送设备102,并且/或者启用转发器模式以便放大电磁波并且将其重传回到来源传送设备102。来源传送设备102处的训练控制器230接收来自被正确接收到的任何导波的测试信号和/或测试数据,并且确定关于(多个)载波频率和/或(多种)导波模式的选择。
虽然前面的规程是在操作的启动或初始化模式中描述的,但是每一个传送设备101或102也可以在其他时间发送测试信号、经由例如正常传输之类的非测试(non-test)评估候选频率或导波模式或者通过其他方式评估候选频率或导波模式,或者也可以持续地这样做。在一个示例性实施例中,传送设备101与102之间的通信协议可以包括应请求(on-request)或周期性测试模式,其中对于候选频率和导波模式的一个子集的完全测试或者更加有限的测试进行测试和评估。在其他操作模式中,通过由于干扰、天气状况等等所导致的性能降低可以触发重新进入这样的测试模式。在一个示例性实施例中,收发器210的接收器带宽或者足够宽或被扫描以接收所有候选频率,或者可以由训练控制器230选择性地调节到训练模式,其中收发器210的接收器带宽足够宽或被扫描以接收所有候选频率。
现在参照图3,该图所示的图形图300示出了电磁场分布的一个示例性、非限制性实施例。在该实施例中,空气中的传输介质125包括内部导体301和电介质材料的绝缘外套302,正如在剖面中所示出的那样。图示300包括不同的灰度,所述不同的灰度表示通过具有非对称和非基本导波模式的导波的传播而生成的不同电磁场强度。
具体来说,所述电磁场分布对应于增强沿着绝缘传输介质的受引导电磁波传播并且减少端到端传输损耗的模式“甜蜜点(sweet spot)”。在该特定模式中,电磁波被传输介质125引导沿着传输介质的外表面传播——在本例中是绝缘外套302的外表面。电磁波被部分地嵌入在绝缘体中并且部分地在绝缘体的外表面上辐射。通过这种方式,电磁波“轻度(lightly)”耦合到绝缘体,从而允许电磁波在低传播损耗下长距离传播。
如图所示,所述导波具有主要或基本上处于用来引导电磁波的传输介质125外部的场结构。导体301内部的区段只有很少或者不具有场。同样地,绝缘外套302内部的区段具有低场强度。大多数电磁场强度分布在绝缘外套302的外表面处的波瓣304中并且紧邻绝缘外套302。通过绝缘外套302的外表面的顶部和底部(在该图的指向中)处的高电磁场强度(相对于绝缘外套302的其他侧面的非常小的场强度)示出了非对称导波模式的存在。
所示出的实例对应于通过具有1.1cm的直径和0.36cm厚度的电介质绝缘的电线所引导的38GHz电磁波。由于电磁波被传输介质125引导并且大部分场强度集中在外表面的有限距离内的绝缘外套302外部的空气中,因此导波能够以非常低的损耗沿着传输介质125纵向地向下传播。在所示出的实例中,该“有限距离”对应于相距外表面的小于传输介质125的最大剖面规格的一半的距离。在本例中,所述电线的最大剖面规格对应于1.82cm的总体直径,但是这一数值可以随着传输介质125的尺寸和形状而改变。举例来说,如果传输介质125具有矩形形状并且具有0.3cm的高度和0.4cm的宽度,则最大剖面规格将是0.5cm的对角线,并且相应的有限距离将是0.25cm。包含大部分场强度的区域的规格还随着频率改变,并且通常随着载波频率降低而增大。
还应当提到的是,导波通信系统的各个组件(比如耦合器和传输介质)对于每一种导波模式可以具有其自身的截止频率。截止频率通常阐明特定导波模式被设计成受到该特定组件支持的最低频率。在一个示例性实施例中,所示出的特定非对称传播模式通过具有一定频率的电磁波在传输介质125上被感生出来,所述频率落在对应于该特定非对称模式的下限截止频率Fc的有限范围内(比如Fc到2Fc)。下限截止频率Fc特定于传输介质125的特性。对于所示出的包括被绝缘外套302环绕的内部导体301的实施例,该截止频率可以基于绝缘外套302的规格和属性并且潜在地基于内部导体301的规格和属性而改变,并且可以通过经验被确定成具有所期望的模式图案。但是应当提到的是,对于不具有内部导体的中空电介质或绝缘体可以发现类似的效应。在这种情况下,截止频率可以基于中空电介质或绝缘体的规格和属性而改变。
在低于下限截止频率的频率处,所述非对称模式难以在传输介质125中感生出来,并且只能传播微不足道的距离。随着频率提高到截止频率附近的所述有限频率范围以上,所述非对称模式越来越多地朝向绝缘外套302的内部偏移。在远高于截止频率的频率处,场强度不再集中于绝缘外套的外部,而是主要集中于绝缘外套302的内部。虽然传输介质125对于电磁波提供很强的引导并且传播仍然是可行的,但是由于是在绝缘外套302之内而不是在周围空气中传播,因此传播距离由于损耗的增加而更加受到限制。
现在参照图4,该图所示的图形图400示出了电磁场分布的一个示例性、非限制性实施例。具体来说,其中示出了类似于图3的剖面图400,并且共同的附图标记被用来指代类似的单元。所示出的实例对应于通过具有1.1cm的直径和0.36cm厚度的电介质绝缘的电线所引导的60GHz波。由于导波的频率高于该特定非对称模式的截止频率的所述有限范围,因此大部分场强度已朝向绝缘外套302的内部偏移。具体来说,场强度主要集中于绝缘外套302的内部。虽然传输介质125对于电磁波提供很强的引导并且传播仍然是可行的,但是由于是在绝缘外套302之内传播,因此传播距离由于损耗的增加与图3的实施例相比更加受到限制。
现在参照图5A,该图所示的图形图示出了频率响应的一个示例性、非限制性实施例。具体来说,图示500对于200cm绝缘中压线给出了作为频率的函数的端到端损耗(以dB计)的曲线图并且在三个点处叠加有电磁场分布510、520和530。在每一个电磁场分布中,绝缘体与周围空气之间的边界由附图标记525表示。
正如结合图3所讨论的那样,所示出的所期望的非对称传播模式的一个实例通过具有一定频率的电磁波在传输介质125上被感生出来,所述频率落在对应于该特定非对称模式的传输介质的下限截止频率Fc的有限范围内(比如Fc到2Fc)。具体来说,6GHz下的电磁场分布520落在增强沿着绝缘传输介质的电磁波传播并且减少端到端传输损耗的该模式“甜蜜点”内。在该特定模式中,导波被部分地嵌入在绝缘体中并且部分地在绝缘体的外表面上辐射。通过这种方式,电磁波“轻度”耦合到绝缘体,从而允许受引导电磁波在低传播损耗下长距离传播。
在通过3GHz下的电磁场分布510所表示的较低频率处,所述非对称模式的辐射更加严重,从而生成更高的传播损耗。在通过9GHz下的电磁场分布520所表示的更高频率处,所述非对称模式越来越多地朝向绝缘外套的内部偏移,从而提供过多的吸收并且同样生成更高的传播损耗。
现在参照图5B,其中所示出的图形图550示出了比如绝缘电线的传输介质125的纵向剖面的示例性、非限制性实施例,其中描绘出各个操作频率下的受引导电磁波的场。如图示556中所示,当传输介质125近似处于对应于模式“甜蜜点”的截止频率(fc)时,受引导电磁波松散地耦合到绝缘电线从而使得吸收被减少,并且受引导电磁波的场被充分约束从而减少辐射到环境(例如空气)中的数量。由于受引导电磁波的场的吸收和辐射较低,因此传播损耗较低,从而允许受引导电磁波传播更长的距离。
如图示554中所示,当受引导电磁波的操作频率提高到高于截止频率(fc)的两倍时——或者说高于“甜蜜点”的范围时,传播损耗增加。电磁波的更多场强度在绝缘层内部被驱动,从而增加传播损耗。如图示552中所示,在远高于截止频率(fc)的频率下,作为由受引导电磁波发出的场集中于电线的绝缘层中的结果,受引导电磁波被强烈约束到绝缘电线。由于绝缘层对受引导电磁波的吸收,这又进一步提高了传播损耗。类似地,如图示558中所示,当受引导电磁波的操作频率显著低于截止频率(fc)时,传播损耗增加。在远低于截止频率(fc)的频率下,受引导电磁波被微弱地(或者标称地)约束到绝缘电线并且从而往往会辐射到环境(例如空气)中,从而由于受引导电磁波的辐射又提高了传播损耗。
现在参照图6,其中图所示出的图形图600示出了电磁场分布的一个示例性、非限制性实施例。在该实施例中,传输介质602是被示出剖面的裸电线。图示300包括不同的灰度,所述不同的灰度表示通过具有单一载波频率下的对称和基本导波模式的导波的传播而生成的不同电磁场强度。
在该特定模式中,电磁波被传输介质602引导沿着传输介质的外表面传播——在本例中是裸电线的外表面。电磁波“轻度”耦合到电线,从而允许电磁波在低传播损耗下长距离传播。如图所示,导波具有基本上处于用来引导电磁波的传输介质602外部的场结构。导体625内部的区段具有很少的场或者不具有场。
现在参照图7,其中所示出的方块图700示出了电弧耦合器的一个示例性、非限制性实施例。具体来说,图中给出了用在传送设备中的耦合设备,比如结合图1给出的传送设备101或102。所述耦合设备包括耦合到传送器电路712和端接或阻尼器714的电弧耦合器704。电弧耦合器704可以由电介质材料或其他低损耗绝缘体(例如聚四氟乙烯、聚乙烯等等)制成,或者由导电(例如金属、非金属等等)材料制成,或者前述材料的任意组合。如图所示,电弧耦合器704作为波导操作,并且具有作为导波围绕电弧耦合器704的波导表面传播的波706。在所示出的实施例中,电弧耦合器704的至少一部分可以被放置在电线702或其他传输介质(比如传输介质125)附近,以便促进电弧耦合器704与电线702或其他传输介质之间的耦合,以便正如这里所描述的那样在电线上发动导波708。电弧耦合器704可以被放置成使得弯曲的电弧耦合器704的一部分与电线702相切并且与之平行或基本上平行。平行于电线的电弧耦合器704的部分可以是曲线的顶点,或者曲线的切线在该处平行于电线702的任一点。当电弧耦合器704被如此定位或放置时,沿着电弧耦合器704行进的波706至少部分地耦合到电线702,并且作为导波708环绕或围绕电线702的电线表面并且沿着电线702纵向地传播。导波708可以被表征为被电线702或其他传输介质引导或者被约束到电线702或其他传输介质的表面波或其他电磁波。
没有耦合到电线702的波706的一部分作为波710沿着电弧耦合器704传播。应当认识到,电弧耦合器704可以被配置和安排在关于电线702的多种位置处,从而实现波706到电线702的所期望的水平的耦合或非耦合。举例来说,在不背离示例性实施例的情况下,可以改变平行于或基本上平行于电线702的电弧耦合器704的曲率和/或长度以及其分隔距离(在一个实施例中可以包括零分隔距离)。同样地,可以基于关于电线702和电弧耦合器704的对应固有特性(例如厚度、构成、电磁属性等等)以及波706和708的特性(例如频率、能量水平等等)的考虑改变电弧耦合器704关于电线202的安排。
即使当电线702弯曲和屈曲时,导波708仍然保持与电线702平行或基本上平行。电线702中的弯曲可能会增加传输损耗,这还取决于电线直径、频率和材料。如果电弧耦合器704的规格是针对高效的电力输送选择的,则波706中的大多数电力被输送到电线702,只有很少的电力保留在波710中。应当认识到,导波708可以仍然是多模式性质(在这里所讨论),其中包括当沿着平行于或基本上平行于电线702的路径行进时具有非基本或非对称的模式,同时具有或不具有基本传输模式。在一个实施例中,非基本或非对称模式可以被利用来最小化传输损耗以及/或者获得增加的传播距离。
应当提到的是,术语“平行”通常是在真实系统中常常无法确切地实现的几何构造。因此,当被用来描述在本发明的主题公开内容中所公开的实施例时,本发明的主题公开内容中所利用的术语“平行”表示近似而非确切的配置。在一个实施例中,基本上平行可以包括在所有维度中处于真实平行的30度以内的近似。
在一个实施例中,波706可以表现出一种或多种波传播模式。电弧耦合器模式可以取决于耦合器704的形状和/或设计。波706的一种或多种电弧耦合器模式可以生成、影响或者冲击沿着电线702传播的导波708的一种或多种波传播模式。但是特别应当提到的是,存在于导波706中的导波模式可以与导波708的导波模式相同或不同。通过这种方式,导波706的一种或多种导波模式可能不会被传递到导波708,此外导波708的一种或多种导波模式可能不存在于导波706中。还应当提到的是,电弧耦合器704对于特定导波模式的截止频率可以不同于电线702或其他传输介质对于该相同模式的截止频率。举例来说,虽然电线702或其他传输介质可以在略高于其对于特定导波模式的截止频率的情况下操作,但是电弧耦合器704可以在远高于其对于该相同模式的截止频率的情况下操作以实现低损耗,或者在略低于其对于该相同模式的截止频率的情况下操作以便例如引起更大的耦合和电力输送,或者在关于电弧耦合器对于该模式的截止频率的其他某一点处操作。
在一个实施例中,电线702上的波传播模式可以类似于电弧耦合器模式,这是因为波706和708分别都围绕电弧耦合器704和电线702的外部传播。在一些实施例中,由于电弧耦合器704与电线702之间的耦合,随着波706耦合到电线702,所述模式可能会改变形式。举例来说,电弧耦合器704和电线702的尺寸、材料和/或阻抗中的差异可能会产生不存在于电弧耦合器模式中的附加模式并且/或者抑制其中一些电弧耦合器模式。所述波传播模式可以包括基本横电磁模式(准TEM00),其中仅有很小的电场和/或磁场在传播方向上延伸,并且当导波沿着电线传播时电场和磁场径向地向外延伸。该导波模式可以具有圆环(donut)形状,其中在电弧耦合器704或电线702内存在很少的电磁场。
波706和708可以包括基本TEM模式,其中的场径向地向外延伸,并且还包括其他非基本(例如非对称、更高层级等等)模式。虽然前面讨论了特定波传播模式,但是基于所采用的频率、电弧耦合器704的设计、电线702的规格和构成以及其表面特性、其绝缘(如果存在的话)、周围环境的电磁属性等等,其他波传播模式同样是可行的,比如横电(TE)模式和横磁(TM)模式。应当提到的是,取决于频率、电线702的电气和物理特性以及所生成的特定波传播模式,导波708可以沿着氧化非绝缘电线、非氧化非绝缘电线、绝缘电线的导电表面以及/或者沿着绝缘电线的绝缘表面行进。
在一个实施例中,电弧耦合器704的直径小于电线702的直径。对于所使用的毫米带波长,电弧耦合器704支持构成波706的单波导模式。该单波导模式可以随着作为导波708耦合到电线702而发生改变。如果电弧耦合器704更大,则可以支持多于一种波导模式,但是这些附加的波导模式可能不会同样高效地耦合到电线702,并且可能会导致更高的耦合损耗。但是在一些替换实施例中,例如在希望有更高的耦合损耗时或者当与其他技术相结合来使用以便通过其他方式减少耦合损耗时(例如通过锥化的阻抗匹配等等),电弧耦合器704的直径可以等于或大于电线702的直径。
在一个实施例中,波706和708的波长在尺寸上与电弧耦合器704和电线702的周长是可比较的或者小于其周长。在一个实例中,如果电线702的直径是0.5cm并且相应的周长是大约1.5cm,则传输的波长是大约1.5cm或更小,从而对应于70GHz或更高的频率。在另一个实施例中,传输和载波信号的适当频率处于30-100GHz的范围内,可能是大约30-60GHz,并且在一个实例中是大约38GHz。在一个实施例中,当电弧耦合器704和电线702的周长在尺寸上与传输的波长是可比较的或者大于其波长时,波706和708可以表现出多种波传播模式,其中包括传播经过足够的距离以便支持这里所描述的各种通信系统的基本和/或非基本(对称和/或非对称)模式。波706和708因此可以包括多于一种类型的电场和磁场配置。在一个实施例中,随着导波708沿着电线702向下传播,电场和磁场配置从电线702的一端到另一端将保持相同。在其他实施例中,当导波708遇到干扰(失真或障碍)或者由于传输损耗或散射而损失能量时,电场和磁场配置可能随着导波708沿着电线702向下传播而发生改变。
在一个实施例中,电弧耦合器704可以由尼龙、聚四氟乙烯、聚乙烯、聚酰胺或者其他塑料构成。在其他实施例中,其他电介质材料也是可行的。电线702的电线表面可以是金属的,其或者具有裸金属表面,或者可以利用塑料、电介质、绝缘体或其他涂层、外套或护鞘被绝缘。在一个实施例中,电介质或其他不导电/绝缘波导可以与裸/金属电线或绝缘电线配对。在其他实施例中,金属和/或导电波导可以与裸/金属电线或绝缘电线配对。在一个实施例中,电线702的裸金属表面上的氧化层(例如通过把裸金属表面暴露于氧气/空气而得到)还可以提供类似于由一些绝缘体或护鞘所提供的那些绝缘或介电属性。
应当提到的是,给出波706、708和710的图形表示仅仅是为了说明波706在例如作为单线传输线操作的电线702上感生出或者通过其他方式发动导波708的原理。波710代表在生成导波708之后保留在电弧耦合器704上的波706的部分。作为这样的波传播的结果生成的实际电场和磁场可以根据以下因素而有所不同:所采用的频率,一种或多种特定波传播模式,电弧耦合器704的设计,电线702的规格和构成以及其表面特性、其可选绝缘,周围环境的电磁属性等等。
应当提到的是,电弧耦合器704可以在电弧耦合器704的末端处包括端接电路或阻尼器714,其可以吸收来自波710的剩余辐射或能量。端接电路或阻尼器714可以防止和/或最小化朝向传送器电路712反射回去的来自波710的剩余辐射或能量。在一个实施例中,端接电路或阻尼器714可以包括端接电阻器以及/或者实施阻抗匹配以衰减反射的其他组件。在一些实施例中,如果耦合效率足够高并且/或者波710足够小,则可能没有必要使用端接电路或阻尼器714。为了简单起见,在其他附图中可能没有描绘出这些传送器712和端接电路或阻尼器714,但是在这些实施例中,也可能使用传送器和端接电路或阻尼器。
此外,虽然给出了生成单个导波708的单个电弧耦合器704,但是也可以采用放置在沿着电线702的不同点处和/或围绕电线的不同方位角指向处的多个电弧耦合器704,以便在相同或不同的频率处、在相同或不同的相位处、在相同或不同的波传播模式下生成和接收多个导波708。
图8所示出的方块图800示出了电弧耦合器的一个示例性、非限制性实施例。在所示出的实施例中,电弧耦合器704的至少一部分可以被放置在电线702或其他传输介质(比如传输介质125)附近,以便促进电弧耦合器704与电线702或其他传输介质之间的耦合,以便正如这里所描述的那样提取出导波806的一部分以作为导波808。电弧耦合器704可以被放置成使得弯曲的电弧耦合器704的一部分与电线702相切并且与之平行或基本上平行。平行于电线的电弧耦合器704的部分可以是曲线的顶点,或者曲线的切线在该处平行于电线702的任一点。当电弧耦合器704被如此定位或放置时,沿着电线702行进的波806至少部分地耦合到电弧耦合器704,并且作为导波808沿着电弧耦合器704传播到接收设备(未明确示出)。没有耦合到电弧耦合器的波806的一部分作为波810沿着电线702或其他传输介质传播。
在一个实施例中,波806可以表现出一种或多种波传播模式。电弧耦合器模式可以取决于耦合器704的形状和/或设计。波806的一种或多种模式可以生成、影响或者冲击沿着电弧耦合器704传播的导波808的一种或多种波传播模式。但是特别应当提到的是,存在于导波806中的导波模式可以与导波808的导波模式相同或不同。通过这种方式,导波806的一种或多种导波模式可能不会被传递到导波808,此外导波808的一种或多种导波模式可能不存在于导波806中。
现在参照图9A,其中所示出的方块图900示出了短截线耦合器的一个示例性、非限制性实施例。具体来说,图中给出了用在传送设备中的包括短截线耦合器904的耦合设备,比如结合图1给出的传送设备101或102。短截线耦合器904可以由电介质材料或其他低损耗绝缘体(例如聚四氟乙烯、聚乙烯等等)制成,或者由导电(例如金属、非金属等等)材料制成,或者前述材料的任意组合。如图所示,短截线耦合器904作为波导操作,并且具有作为导波围绕短截线耦合器904的波导表面传播的波906。在所示出的实施例中,短截线耦合器904的至少一部分可以被放置在电线702或其他传输介质(比如传输介质125)附近,以便促进短截线耦合器904与电线702或其他传输介质之间的耦合,以便正如这里所描述的那样在电线上发动导波908。
在一个实施例中,短截线耦合器904是弯曲的,并且短截线耦合器904的一个末端可以被系结、紧固或者通过其他方式机械耦合到电线702。当短截线耦合器904的末端被紧固到电线702时,短截线耦合器904的所述末端与电线402平行或基本上平行。或者,电介质波导的超出一个末端的另一部分可以被紧固或耦合到电线702,从而使得所述紧固或耦合部分与电线702平行或基本上平行。紧固器910可以是尼龙扎带(cable tie)或其他类型的不导电/电介质材料,其或者与短截线耦合器904分开或者被构造成短截线耦合器904的集成组件。短截线耦合器904可以邻近电线702而不环绕电线702。
与接合图7描述的电弧耦合器704一样,当短截线耦合器904被放置成使其末端平行于电线702时,沿着短截线耦合器904行进的导波906耦合到电线702,并且作为导波908围绕电线702的电线表面传播。在一个示例性实施例中,导波908可以被表征为表面波或其他电磁波。
应当提到的是,给出波906和908的图形表示仅仅是为了说明波906在例如作为单线传输线操作的电线702上感生出或者通过其他方式发动导波908的原理。作为这样的波传播的结果生成的实际电场和磁场可以根据以下因素当中的一项或多项而有所不同:耦合器的形状和/或设计,电介质波导与电线的相对位置,所采用的频率,短截线耦合器904的设计,电线702的规格和构成以及其表面特性、其可选绝缘,周围环境的电磁属性等等。
在一个实施例中,短截线耦合器904的一个末端可以朝向电线702锥化,以便提高耦合效率。实际上,根据本发明的主题公开内容的一个示例性实施例,短截线耦合器904的末端的锥化可以提供与电线702的阻抗匹配。举例来说,短截线耦合器904的一个末端可以被逐渐锥化,以便获得如图9A中所示的波906与908之间的所期望的水平的耦合。
在一个实施例中,紧固器910可以被放置成使得在紧固器910与短截线耦合器904的一个末端之间存在较短长度的短截线耦合器904。在该实施例中,当超出紧固器910的短截线耦合器904的末端的长度至少是对应于正被传送的任何频率的几个波长的长度时,实现最大耦合效率。
现在参照图9B,其中所示出的图示950示出了根据这里所描述的各个方面的电磁分布的一个示例性、非限制性实施例。具体来说,对于包括耦合器952的传送设备在二维中给出了电磁分布,所述耦合器952在一个实施例中被示出为由电介质材料构造的短截线耦合器。耦合器952耦合电磁波以用于作为导波沿着电线702或其他传输介质的外表面传播。
耦合器952经由对称导波模式把电磁波引导到x0处的结合点。虽然沿着耦合器952传播的电磁波的一部分能量处于耦合器952外部,但是该电磁波的大部分能量被包含在耦合器952之内。x0处的结合点以对应于传输介质底部的方位角角度把电磁波耦合到电线702或其他传输介质。这一耦合感生出被引导经由至少一种导波模式在方向956上沿着电线702或其他传输介质的外表面传播的电磁波。受引导电磁波的大部分能量处于电线702或其他传输介质的外部,但是紧邻电线702或其他传输介质的外表面。在所示出的实例中,x0处的结合点形成经由对称模式和掠过电线702或其他传输介质的表面的至少一种非对称表面模式(比如结合图3给出的一阶模式)全部二者传播的电磁波。
应当提到的是,给出导波的图形表示仅仅是为了说明导波耦合和传播的一个实例。作为这样的波传播的结果生成的实际电场和磁场可以根据以下因素而有所不同:所采用的频率,耦合器952的设计和/或配置,电线702或其他传输介质的规格和构成以及其表面特性、其绝缘(如果存在的话),周围环境的电磁属性等等。
现在参照图10A,其中示出了根据这里所描述的各个方面的耦合器和收发器系统的一个示例性、非限制性实施例的方块图1000。所述系统是传送设备101或102的一个实例。具体来说,通信接口1008是通信接口205的一个实例,短截线耦合器1002是耦合器220的一个实例,并且传送器/接收器设备1006、同向双工器1016、功率放大器1014、低噪声放大器1018、混频器1010和1020以及本地振荡器1012共同形成收发器210的一个实例。
在操作中,传送器/接收器设备1006发动并且接收波(例如到短截线耦合器1002上的导波1004)。导波1004可以被用来通过通信接口1008传输接收自和发送到寄主设备、基站、移动设备、建筑物或其他设备的信号。通信接口1008可以是系统1000的一个集成部分。或者,通信接口1008可以被系连到系统1000。通信接口1008可以包括用于利用多种无线信令协议(例如LTE、WiFi、WiMAX、IEEE 802.xx等等)当中的任一种接口到寄主设备、基站、移动设备、建筑物或其他设备的无线接口,所述无线信令协议当中包括例如红外数据关联(IrDA)协议之类的红外协议或者其他视线光学协议。通信接口1008还可以包括有线接口,比如光纤线路、同轴电缆、双绞线、五类(CAT-5)电缆或者用于通过某种协议与寄主设备、基站、移动设备、建筑物或其他设备进行通信的其他适当的有线或光学介质,所述协议比如有以太网协议、通用串行总线(USB)协议、有线电视数据服务接口规范(DOCSIS)协议、数字订户线(DSL)协议、Firewire(IEEE 1394)协议或者其他有线或光学协议。对于其中系统1000充当转发器的实施例,通信接口1008可以不是必要的。
通信接口1008的输出信号(例如Tx)可以在混频器1010处与由本地振荡器1012生成的载波(例如毫米波载波)相组合。混频器1010可以使用外差技术或其他频移技术以便对来自通信接口1008的输出信号进行频移。举例来说,发送到和来自通信接口1008的信号可以是例如正交频分多路复用(OFDM)信号之类的经过调制的信号,并且根据以下协议被格式化:长期演进(LTE)无线协议或者其他无线3G、4G、5G或更高的语音和数据协议、Zigbee、WIMAX、超宽带或IEEE 802.11无线协议;有线协议,比如以太网协议、通用串行总线(USB)协议、有线电视数据服务接口规范(DOCSIS)协议、数字订户线(DSL)协议、Firewire(IEEE1394)协议;或者其他有线或无线协议。在一个示例性实施例中,这一变频可以在模拟域中进行,其结果是可以在不考虑基站、移动设备或建筑物内设备所使用的通信协议类型的情况下进行频移。随着新的通信技术被开发,通信接口1008可以被升级(例如通过软件、固件和/或硬件被更新)或替换,并且频移和传送装置可以被保留,从而简化了升级。随后可以把载波发送到功率放大器(“PA”)1014,并且可以通过同向双工器1016经由传送器/接收器设备1006来传送。
通过同向双工器1016可以把接收自传送器/接收器设备1006的被导向通信接口1008的信号与其他信号分开。所接收到的信号随后可以被发送到低噪声放大器(“LNA”)1018以进行放大。混频器1020在本地振荡器1012的帮助下可以把所接收到的信号(其在某些实施例中处于毫米波段中或者是大约38GHz)向下频移到固有频率。通信接口1008随后可以在输入端口(Rx)处接收所述传输。
在一个实施例中,传送器/接收器设备1006可以包括圆柱形或非圆柱形金属(其例如在一个实施例中可以是中空的,但不一定是按比例绘制的)或者其他导电或不导电波导,并且短截线耦合器1002的一个末端可以被放置在所述波导或传送器/接收器设备1006中或其附近,从而使得当传送器/接收器设备1006生成传输时,导波耦合到短截线耦合器1002并且作为导波1004围绕短截线耦合器1002的波导表面传播。在一些实施例中,导波1004可以部分地在短截线耦合器1002的外表面上并且部分地在短截线耦合器1002内部传播。在其他实施例中,导波1004可以基本上或完全在短截线耦合器1002的外表面上传播。在其他实施例中,导波1004可以基本上或完全在短截线耦合器1002内部传播。在后面的该实施例中,导波1004可以在短截线耦合器1002的一个末端(比如图4中示出的锥化末端)处辐射以便耦合到传输介质(比如图7的电线702)。类似地,如果导波1004正在传入(从电线702耦合到短截线耦合器1002),则导波1004随后进入传送器/接收器设备1006并且耦合到所述圆柱形波导或导电波导。虽然传送器/接收器设备1006被示出为包括单独的波导,但是可以采用天线、空腔谐振器、速调管(klystron)、磁控管(magnetron)、行波管(travelling wave tube)或其他辐射元件在耦合器1002上感生出导波,不管具有还是不具有单独的波导。
在一个实施例中,短截线耦合器1002可以完全由电介质材料(或者其他适当的绝缘材料)构造,并且其中没有任何金属或其他导电材料。短截线耦合器1002可以由尼龙、聚四氟乙烯、聚乙烯、聚酰胺、其他塑料或者不导电并且适合于促进电磁波至少部分地在此类材料的外表面上的传输的其他材料构成。在另一个实施例中,短截线耦合器1002可以包括导电/金属核心,并且具有外侧电介质表面。类似地,除了作为裸电线或绝缘电线之外,耦合到短截线耦合器1002以用于传播由短截线耦合器1002感生出的电磁波或者用于向短截线耦合器1002提供电磁波的传输介质还可以完全由电介质材料(或者其他适当的绝缘材料)构造,并且其中没有任何金属或其他导电材料。
应当提到的是,虽然图10A示出了传送器接收器设备1006的开口比短截线耦合器1002宽得多,但是这并非按比例绘制的,在其他实施例中,短截线耦合器1002的宽度与中空波导的开口是可比较的或者比之略小。此外虽然没有示出,但是在一个实施例中,被插入到传送器/接收器设备1006中的耦合器1002的一个末端逐渐变细,以便减少反射并且提高耦合效率。
在耦合到短截线耦合器1002之前,由传送器/接收器设备1006生成的导波的一种或多种波导模式可以耦合到短截线耦合器1002,以便感生出导波1004的一种或多种波传播模式。由于中空金属波导和电介质波导的不同特性,导波1004的波传播模式可以不同于中空金属波导模式。举例来说,导波1004的波传播模式可以包括基本横电磁模式(准TEM00),其中仅有很小的电场和/或磁场在传播方向上延伸,并且当导波沿着短截线耦合器1002传播时,电场和磁场从短截线耦合器1002径向地向外延伸。基本横电磁模式波传播模式可以或者可以不存在于中空波导的内部。因此,由传送器/接收器设备1006使用的中空金属波导模式是可以有效地并且高效地耦合到短截线耦合器1002的波传播模式的波导模式。
应当认识到,传送器/接收器设备1006和短截线耦合器1002的其他构造或组合也是可能的。举例来说,短截线耦合器1002’可以被放置成关于传送器/接收器设备1006’的中空金属波导的外表面相切或平行(具有或不具有间隙),正如通过图10B的附图标记1000’所描绘的那样。在未由附图标记1000’示出的另一个实施例中,短截线耦合器1002’可以被放置在传送器/接收器设备1006’的中空金属波导的内部,其中短截线耦合器1002’的轴不与传送器/接收器设备1006’的中空金属波导的轴同轴对准。在这些实施例当中的任一个实施例中,由传送器/接收器设备1006’生成的导波可以耦合到短截线耦合器1002’的表面,以便在短截线耦合器1002’上感生出导波1004’的一种或多种波传播模式,其中包括基本模式(例如对称模式)和/或非基本模式(例如非对称模式)。
在一个实施例中,导波1004’可以部分地在短截线耦合器1002’的外表面上传播并且部分地在短截线耦合器1002’内部传播。在另一个实施例中,导波1004’可以基本上或完全在短截线耦合器1002’的外表面上传播。在另一个实施例中,导波1004’可以基本上或完全在短截线耦合器1002’内部传播。在后面的该实施例中,导波1004’可以在短截线耦合器1002’的一个末端(比如图9中示出的锥化末端)处辐射以便耦合到传输介质(比如图9的电线702)。
还应当认识到,传送器/接收器设备1006的其他构造也是可能的。举例来说,传送器/接收器设备1006”(相应的电路未示出)的中空金属波导在图10B中被描绘成附图标记1000”,其可以被放置成关于传输介质(比如图4的电线702)相切或平行,而不使用短截线耦合器1002。在该实施例中,由传送器/接收器设备1006”生成的导波可以耦合到电线702的表面,以便在电线702上感生出导波908的一种或多种波传播模式,其中包括基本模式(例如对称模式)和/或非基本模式(例如非对称模式)。在另一个实施例中,电线702可以被定位在传送器/接收器设备1006”’(相应的电路未示出)的中空金属波导内部,从而使得电线702的轴与中空金属波导的轴同轴(或非同轴)对准,而不使用短截线耦合器1002——参见图10B的附图标记1000”’。在该实施例中,由传送器/接收器设备1006”’生成的导波可以耦合到电线702的表面,以便在电线上感生出导波908的一种或多种波传播模式,其中包括基本模式(例如对称模式)和/或非基本模式(例如非对称模式)。
在1000”和1000”’的实施例中,对于具有绝缘外表面的电线702,导波908可以部分地在绝缘体的外表面上并且部分地在绝缘体内部传播。在一些实施例中,导波908可以基本上或完全在绝缘体的外表面上传播,或者基本上或完全在绝缘体内部传播。在1000”和1000”’的实施例中,对于作为裸导体的电线702,导波908可以部分地在导体的外表面上并且部分地在导体内部传播。在另一个实施例中,导波908可以基本上或完全在导体的外表面上传播。
现在参照图11,其中所示出的方块图1100示出了双短截线耦合器的一个示例性、非限制性实施例。具体来说,图中给出了用在传送设备中的双短截线设计,比如结合图1给出的传送设备101或102。在一个实施例中,可以围绕电线1102放置两个或更多耦合器(比如短截线耦合器1104和1106)以便接收导波1108。在一个实施例中,一个耦合器就足以接收导波1108。在这种情况下,导波1108耦合到耦合器1104并且作为导波1110传播。如果导波1108的场结构由于(多种)特定导波模式或各种外部因素围绕电线1102振荡或波动,则可以放置耦合器1106从而使得导波1108耦合到耦合器1106。在一些实施例中,可以围绕电线1102的一部分放置四个或更多耦合器(例如关于彼此成90度或其他间隔),以便接收可能围绕电线1102振荡或旋转的导波,所述导波是在不同方位角指向处被感生出来或者具有非基本或更高阶模式,例如具有与指向有关的波瓣和/或空值或其他非对称性。但是应当认识到,在不背离示例性实施例的情况下,可以围绕电线1102的一部分放置少于或多于四个耦合器。
应当提到的是,耦合器1106和1104被示出为短截线耦合器,同样可以使用这里所描述的任何其他耦合器设计,其中包括电弧耦合器、天线或喇叭耦合器、磁性耦合器等等。还应当认识到,虽然一些示例性实施例给出了围绕电线1102的至少一部分的多个耦合器,但是这多个耦合器也可以被视为具有多个耦合器子组件的单一耦合器系统的一部分。举例来说,两个或多个耦合器可以被制造成单一系统,其可以在单一设置中被围绕电线安装,从而使得各个耦合器根据所述单一系统相对于彼此被预先定位或者可以进行调节(人工进行或者利用电动机或其他致动器之类的可控机制自动进行)。
耦合到耦合器1106和1104的接收器可以使用分集组合以组合接收自全部两个耦合器1106和1104的信号,以便最大化信号质量。在其他实施例中,如果耦合器1104和1106当中的一个或另一个接收高于预定阈值的传输,则接收器在决定将使用哪一个信号时可以使用选择分集。此外,虽然示出了多个耦合器1106和1104的接收,但是在相同的配置中同样可以发生耦合器1106和1104的传送。具体来说,对于其中传送设备(比如结合图1给出的传送设备101或102)包括多个收发器和多个耦合器的传输,可以采用多种多输入多输出(MIMO)传送和接收技术。
应当提到的是,给出波1108和1110的图形表示仅仅是为了说明导波1108在耦合器1104上感生出或者通过其他方式发动波1110的原理。作为这样的波传播的结果生成的实际电场和磁场可以根据以下因素而有所不同:所采用的频率,耦合器1104的设计,电线1102的规格和构成以及其表面特性、其绝缘(如果存在的话),周围环境的电磁属性等等。
现在参照图12,其中所示出的方块图1200示出了转发器系统的一个示例性、非限制性实施例。具体来说,图中给出了用在传送设备中的转发器设备1210,比如结合图1给出的传送设备101或102。在该系统中,可以在电线1202或其他传输介质附近放置两个耦合器1204和1214,从而使得沿着电线1202传播的导波1205由耦合器1204提取出来以作为波1206(例如作为导波),并且随后由转发器设备1210增强或转发,并且作为波1216(例如作为导波)被发动到耦合器1214上。波1216随后可以在电线1202上被发动,并且作为导波1217沿着电线1202继续传播。在一个实施例中,例如当电线1202是输电线或者通过其他方式包含电力载送导体时,转发器设备1210可以通过与电线1202的磁性耦合接收被利用来进行增强或转发的电力的至少一部分。应当提到的是,虽然耦合器1204和1214被示出为短截线耦合器,但是同样可以使用这里所描述的任何其他耦合器设计,其中包括电弧耦合器、天线或喇叭耦合器、磁性耦合器等等。
在一些实施例中,转发器设备1210可以转发与波1206相关联的传输,并且在其他实施例中,转发器设备1210可以包括通信接口205,所述通信接口205从波1206中提取出数据或其他信号以便将这样的数据或信号作为通信信号110或112提供到另一个网络以及/或者一个或多个其他设备,并且/或者从另一个网络以及/或者一个或多个其他设备接收通信信号110或112,并且发动在其中嵌入了所接收到的通信信号110或112的导波1216。在一种转发器配置中,接收器波导1208可以接收来自耦合器1204的波1206,并且传送器波导1212可以把导波1216发动到耦合器1214上以作为导波1217。在接收器波导1208与传送器波导1212之间,嵌入在导波1206中的信号和/或导波1216本身可以被放大以便校正与导波通信相关联的信号损耗和其他低效率,或者信号可以被接收和处理以便提取包含在其中的数据并且重新生成以供传送。在一个实施例中,接收器波导1208可以被配置成从信号中提取数据,例如利用纠错代码对所述数据进行处理以校正数据错误,并且利用经过校正的数据重新生成更新后的信号。传送器波导1212随后可以传送其中嵌入了更新后的信号的导波1216。在一个实施例中,可以从传输中提取出嵌入在导波1206中的信号并且进行处理,以便将其作为通信信号110或112经由通信接口205与另一个网络以及/或者一个或多个其他设备进行通信。类似地,由通信接口205接收到的通信信号110或112可以被插入到由传送器波导1212生成并且发动到耦合器1214上的导波1216的传输中。
应当提到的是,虽然图12示出了分别从左侧进入并且从右侧离开的导波传输1206和1216,但是这仅仅是简化而不意图作出限制。在其他实施例中,接收器波导1208和传送器波导1212还可以分别充当传送器和接收器,从而允许转发器设备1210是双向的。
在一个实施例中,转发器设备1210可以被放置在电线1202或其他传输介质上的存在中断或障碍物的位置处。在电线1202是输电线的情况下,这些障碍物可以包括变压器、连接、电线杆以及其他此类输电线设备。转发器设备1210可以帮助导波(例如表面波)跳过线路上的这些障碍物,并且同时增强传输功率。在其他实施例中,耦合器可以被用来跳过障碍物而无需使用转发器设备。在该实施例中,耦合器的两个末端都可以被系连或紧固到电线,从而为导波提供行进路径而不会被障碍物阻断。
现在参照图13,其中所示出的方块图1300示出了根据这里所描述的各个方面的双向转发器的一个示例性、非限制性实施例。具体来说,图中给出了用在传送设备中的双向转发器设备1306,比如结合图1给出的传送设备101或102。应当提到的是,虽然所述耦合器被示出为短截线耦合器,但是同样可以使用这里所描述的任何其他耦合器设计,其中包括电弧耦合器、天线或喇叭耦合器、磁性耦合器等等。当存在两条或更多条电线或其他传输介质时,双向转发器1306可以采用分集路径。由于导波传输对于不同类型的传输介质(比如绝缘电线、非绝缘电线或其他类型的传输介质)具有不同的传输效率和耦合效率,并且此外如果暴露于环境元素的话可能会受到天气和其他大气条件的影响,因此可能有利的是在特定时间在不同传输介质上选择性地进行传送。在各个实施例中,各种传输介质可以被标示成主要、次要、第三等等,而不管这样的标示是否表明一种传输介质优于另一种传输介质的优选。
在所示出的实施例中,所述传输介质包括绝缘或非绝缘电线1302以及绝缘或非绝缘电线1304(在这里分别被称作电线1302和1304)。转发器设备1306使用接收器耦合器1308接收沿着电线1302行进的导波,并且使用传送器波导1310作为沿着电线1304的导波转发传输。在其他实施例中,转发器设备1306可以从电线1304切换到电线1302,或者可以沿着相同的路径转发传输。转发器设备1306可以包括传感器,或者可以与表明可能影响传输的状况的传感器(或者图16A中描绘的网络管理系统1601)进行通信。基于接收自传感器的反馈,转发器设备1306可以作出关于是要沿着相同的电线保持传输还是要把传输转移到另一条电线的决定。
现在参照图14,其中所示出的方块图1400示出了双向转发器系统的一个示例性、非限制性实施例。具体来说,图中给出了用在传送设备中的双向转发器系统,比如结合图1给出的传送设备101或102。所述双向转发器系统包括波导耦合设备1402和1404,其接收并且传送来自位于分布式天线系统或回传系统中的其他耦合设备的传输。
在各个实施例中,波导耦合设备1402可以接收来自另一个波导耦合设备的传输,其中所述传输具有多个子载波。同向双工器1406可以把所述传输与其他传输分开,并且把所述传输导向低噪声放大器(“LNA”)1408。混频器1428借助于本地振荡器1412可以把传输(其在一些实施例中处于毫米波段中或者是大约38GHz)向下频移到较低频率,比如用于分布式天线系统的蜂窝带(~1.9GHz)、固有频率或者用于回传系统的其他频率。提取器(或多路分解器)1432可以提取出子载波上的信号,并且把所述信号导向输出组件1422,以便由功率放大器1424进行可选的放大、缓冲或隔离以供耦合到通信接口205。通信接口205可以进一步处理接收自功率放大器1424的信号,或者将这样的信号通过无线或有线接口传送到其他设备(比如基站、移动设备、建筑物等等)。对于在该位置处没有被提取的信号,提取器1432可以将其重定向到另一个混频器1436,所述信号在该处被用来对本地振荡器1414生成的载波进行调制。所述载波与其各个子载波被导向功率放大器(“PA”)1416,并且由波导耦合设备1404经由同向双工器1420重传到另一个系统。
LNA 1426可以被用来放大、缓冲或隔离由通信接口205接收到的信号并且随后把所述信号发送到多路复用器1434,多路复用器1434把所述信号与已经接收自波导耦合设备1404的信号合并。接收自耦合设备1404的信号已通过同向双工器1420被分离,并且随后被传递经过LNA 1418,并且通过混频器1438被向下频移。当各个信号通过多路复用器1434被组合时,其通过混频器1430被向上频移,并且随后由PA 1410增强,并且通过波导耦合设备1402被传送到另一个系统。在一个实施例中,双向转发器系统可以仅仅是不具有输出设备1422的转发器。在该实施例中将不利用多路复用器1434,并且来自LNA 1418的信号将被导向混频器1430,正如先前所描述的那样。应当认识到,在一些实施例中,双向转发器系统还可以利用两个不同并且分开的单向转发器来实施。在一个替换实施例中,双向转发器系统还可以是增强器(booster)或者在没有向下频移和向上频移的情况下实施重传。实际上在示例性实施例中,所述重传可以基于接收到信号或导波,并且在所述信号或导波的重传之前实施某种信号或导波处理或重整形、滤波和/或放大。
现在参照图15,其中所示出的方块图1500示出了导波通信系统的一个示例性、非限制性实施例。该图描绘出可以在其中使用导波通信系统(比如结合图1给出的导波通信系统)的示例性环境。
为了向附加的基站设备提供网络连接,把通信蜂窝(例如微蜂窝和宏蜂窝)链接到核心网络的网络设备的回传网络也相应地扩展。类似地,为了向分布式天线系统提供网络连接,希望有把基站设备与其分布式天线相链接的扩展通信系统。可以提供比如在图15中示出的导波通信系统1500以便允许替换的、增加的或附加的网络连接,并且可以提供波导耦合系统以便在例如电线之类的传输介质上传送和/或接收导波(例如表面波)通信,其中所述电线作为单线传输线(例如公用事业线路)操作,可以被用作波导,并且/或者通过其他方式操作来引导电磁波的传输。
导波通信系统1500可以包括分发系统(distribution system)1550的第一实例,其包括可通信地耦合到中心局1501和/或宏蜂窝站点1502的一个或多个基站设备(例如基站设备1504)。基站设备1504可以通过有线(例如光纤和/或电缆)或者通过无线(例如微波无线)连接而连接到宏蜂窝站点1502和中心局1501。分发系统1560的第二实例可以被用来为移动设备1522以及为住宅和/或商业设施1542(在这里被称作设施1542)提供无线语音和数据服务。系统1500可以具有分发系统1550和1560的附加实例以用于为移动设备1522-1524和设施1542提供语音和/或数据服务,正如在图15中所示出的那样。
宏蜂窝(比如宏蜂窝站点1502)可以具有到移动网络的专用连接,并且基站设备1504可以共享和/或通过其他方式使用另一个连接。中心局1501可以被用来分发媒体内容以及/或者为移动设备1522-1524和设施1542提供互联网服务提供商(ISP)服务。中心局1501可以从卫星1530的星座(在图15中示出了其中一颗卫星)或其他内容来源接收媒体内容,并且将此类内容经由分发系统1550和1560的第一和第二实例分发到移动设备1522-1524和设施1542。中心局1501还可以可通信地耦合到因特网1503以用于为移动设备1522-1524和设施1542提供互联网数据服务。
基站设备1504可以被安装或附着到电线杆1516上。在其他实施例中,基站设备1504可以处在变压器附近以及/或者位于输电线附近的其他位置。基站设备1504可以促进移动设备1522和1524到移动网络的连接。分别被安装在电线杆1518和1520上或者处在其附近的天线1512和1514可以从基站设备1504接收信号,并且在比天线1512和1514位于基站设备1504处或其附近的情况宽广得多的区域内将这些信号传送到移动设备1522和1524。
应当提到的是,为了简单起见,图15在分发系统1550和1560的每一个实例中显示出三根电线杆和一个基站设备。在其他实施例中,电线杆1516可以具有更多基站设备,以及具有分布式天线和/或到设施1542的系绳连接(tethered connection)的更多电线杆。
传送设备1506(比如结合图1给出的传送设备101或102)可以把来自基站设备1504的信号经由连接电线杆1516、1518和1520的(多条)公用事业线路或输电线传送到天线1512和1514。为了传送信号,无线电源和/或传送设备1506对来自基站设备1504的信号进行上变频(例如通过混频),或者通过其他方式把来自基站设备1504的信号转换到微波段信号,并且传送设备1506发动作为沿着公用事业线路或其他电线行进的导波而传播的微波段波,正如在先前的实施例中所描述的那样。在电线杆1518处,另一个传送设备1508接收导波(并且可选地可以按照需要或希望对其进行放大,或者作为转发器操作以便接收导波并且重新生成导波),并且将其作为导波在公用事业线路或其他电线上继续发送。传送设备1508还可以从微波段导波中提取出信号,并且将其向下频移或者通过其他方式转换到其原始蜂窝带频率(例如1.9GHz或其他已定义的蜂窝频率)或者另一蜂窝(或非蜂窝)带频率。天线1512可以把经过向下频移的信号无线传送到移动设备1522。在必要时或希望时,可以由传送设备1510、天线1514和移动设备1524重复所述处理。
来自移动设备1522和1524的传输还可以分别由天线1512和1514接收。传送设备1508和1510可以把蜂窝带信号向上频移或者通过其他方式转换到微波段,并且把所述信号作为导波(例如表面波或其他电磁波)传输通过(多条)输电线传送到基站设备1504。
由中心局1501接收到的媒体内容可以通过基站设备1504被提供到分发系统1560的第二实例,以供分发到移动设备1522和设施1542。传送设备1510可以通过一条或多条有线连接或者无线接口而系连到设施1542。所述一条或多条有线连接可以包括而不限于输电线、同轴电缆、光纤线缆、双绞线电缆、导波传输介质或者用于分发媒体内容和/或提供互联网服务的其他适当的有线介质。在一个示例性实施例中,来自传送设备1510的有线连接可以可通信地耦合到位于一个或多个相应的服务区接口(SAI——未示出)或基座处的一个或多个非常高比特率数字订户线(VDSL)调制解调器,每一个SAI或基座为设施1542的一部分提供服务。VDSL调制解调器可以被用来选择性地分发媒体内容以及/或者向位于设施1542中的网关(未示出)提供互联网服务。SAI或基座还可以通过有线介质(比如输电线、同轴电缆、光纤线缆、双绞线电缆、导波传输介质或者其他适当的有线介质)可通信地耦合到设施1542。在其他示例性实施例中,传送设备1510可以可通信地直接耦合到设施1542而没有例如SAI或基座之类的中间接口。
在另一个示例性实施例中,系统1500可以采用分集路径,其中两条或更多条公用事业线路或其他电线被维系在电线杆1516、1518和1520之间(例如电线杆1516和1520之间的两条或更多条电线),并且来自基站/宏蜂窝站点1504的冗余传输被作为导波沿着公用事业线路或其他电线的表面向下传送。所述公用事业线路或其他电线可以是绝缘或非绝缘的,并且取决于导致传输损耗的环境条件,耦合设备可以选择性地接收来自所述绝缘或非绝缘公用事业线路或其他电线的信号。所述选择可以是基于对于电线的信噪比的测量,或者是基于所确定的天气/环境条件(例如水汽检测器、天气预报等等)。对于系统1500使用分集路径可以允许备用路由能力、负载平衡、增加的负载应对、并发双向或同步通信、扩谱通信等等。
应当提到的是,在图15中对于传送设备1506、1508和1510的使用仅仅是作为举例,并且在其他实施例中可能有其他使用。举例来说,传送设备可以被使用在回传通信系统中,从而为基站设备提供网络连接。传送设备1506、1508和1510可以被使用在其中希望通过电线传送导波通信的许多情况中,不管所述电线是否绝缘。由于与可能载送高电压的电线没有接触或者只有有限的物理和/或电气接触,因此传送设备1506、1508和1510对于其他耦合设备存在改进。所述传送设备可以被定位成离开电线(例如与电线间隔开)并且/或者在不与电线发生电气接触的情况下被定位在电线上,这是因为所述电介质充当绝缘体,从而允许便宜、便利并且/或者较不复杂的安装。但是正如先前所提到的那样,例如在其中电线对应于电话网络、有线电视网络、宽带数据服务、光纤通信系统或者采用低电压或具有绝缘传输线的其他网络的配置中,可以采用导电或非电介质耦合器。
还应当提到的是,虽然在一个实施例中示出了基站设备1504和宏蜂窝站点1502,但是其他网络配置同样是可行的。举例来说,可以按照类似的方式采用例如接入点或其他无线网关之类的设备,以便扩展例如无线局域网、无线个人区域网或者根据某种通信协议操作的其他无线网络之类的其他网络的范围,所述通信协议比如有802.11协议、WIMAX协议、超宽带协议、Bluetooth协议、Zigbee协议或者其他无线协议。
现在参照图16A和16B,其中所示出的方块图示出了用于管理电网通信系统的系统的一个示例性、非限制性实施例。考虑图16A,图中给出了用在导波通信系统中的波导系统1602,比如结合图15给出的系统。波导系统1602可以包括传感器1604、电力管理系统1605、传送设备101或102,所述传送设备101或102包括至少一个通信接口205、收发器210和耦合器220。
根据在本发明的主题公开内容中所描述的实施例,波导系统1602可以耦合到输电线1610以促进导波通信。在一个示例性实施例中,传送设备101或102包括耦合器220以用于在输电线1610的表面上感生出沿着输电线1610的表面纵向传播的电磁波,正如在本发明的主题公开内容中所描述的那样。传送设备101或102还可以充当转发器,以用于在相同的输电线1610上重传电磁波或者用于在输电线1610之间路由电磁波,正如在图12-13中所示出的那样。
传送设备101或102包括收发器210,所述收发器例如被配置成把操作在原始频率范围处的信号上变频到操作在载波频率处、表现出载波频率或者与载波频率相关联的电磁波,所述电磁波沿着耦合器传播从而感生出沿着输电线1610的表面传播的相应的受引导电磁波。载波频率可以由具有定义电磁波的带宽的上限和下限截止频率的中心频率表示。输电线1610可以是具有导电表面或绝缘表面的电线(例如单股或多股)。收发器210还可以接收来自耦合器220的信号,并且把操作在载波频率处的电磁波下变频到其原始频率处的信号。
由传送设备101或102的通信接口205接收到的用于上变频的信号可以包括而不限于:由中心局1611通过通信接口205的有线或无线接口提供的信号,由基站1614通过通信接口205的有线或无线接口提供的信号,由移动设备1620传送到基站1614以用于通过通信接口205的有线或无线接口递送的无线信号,由建筑物内通信设备1618通过通信接口205的有线或无线接口提供的信号,以及/或者由在通信接口205的无线通信范围内漫游的移动设备1612提供到通信接口205的无线信号。在如图12-13中所示的其中波导系统1602充当转发器的实施例中,通信接口205可以或者可以不被包括在波导系统1602中。
沿着输电线1610的表面传播的电磁波可以被调制并且格式化成包括数据分组或帧,所述数据分组或帧包括数据有效载荷并且还包括联网信息(比如用于标识一个或多个目的地波导系统1602的报头信息)。所述联网信息可以由波导系统1602或始发设备提供,所述始发设备比如是中心局1611、基站1614、移动设备1620或建筑物内设备1618或者其组合。此外,已调电磁波可以包括用于缓解信号干扰的纠错数据。所述联网信息和纠错数据可以由目的地波导系统1602使用来检测被导向该处的传输,并且用于对包括被导向可通信地耦合到目的地波导系统1602的接收方通信设备的语音和/或数据信号的传输进行下变频以及利用纠错数据对其进行处理。
现在参照波导系统1602的传感器1604,传感器1604可以包括以下各项当中的一项或多项:温度传感器1604a、干扰检测传感器1604b、能量损耗传感器1604c、噪声传感器1604d、振动传感器1604e、环境(例如天气)传感器1604f和/或图像传感器1604g。温度传感器1604a可以被用来测量周围环境温度、传送设备101或102的温度、输电线1610的温度、温度差(例如与设定点或基线相比、传送设备101或102与1610之间等等)或者其任意组合。在一个实施例中,可以收集温度量度并且通过基站1614周期性地向网络管理系统1601报告。
干扰检测传感器1604b可以在输电线1610上实施测量以便检测例如信号反射之类的干扰,所述信号反射可以表明存在可能会阻碍电磁波在输电线1610上的传播的下游干扰。信号反射可以表示例如从传送设备101或102在输电线1610上传送的电磁波所导致的失真,其中所述电磁波从位于传送设备101或102下游的输电线1610中的干扰全部或部分地反射回到传送设备101或102。
信号反射可能会由输电线1610上的障碍物导致。举例来说,树枝当搭在输电线1610上时可能会导致电磁波反射,或者当紧邻输电线1610时可能会导致电晕放电。可能导致电磁波反射的其他障碍物可以包括而不限于:纠缠在输电线1610上的物体(例如衣物、通过鞋带缠绕在输电线1610上的鞋等等),输电线1610上的腐蚀累积,或者结冰累积。电网组件也可能会阻碍或妨碍电磁波在输电线1610表面上的传播。关于可能导致信号反射的电网组件的图示包括而不限于变压器以及用于连接搭接的输电线的接头。输电线1610上的尖锐角度也可能会导致电磁波反射。
干扰检测传感器1604b可以包括用以把电磁波反射的量值与传送设备101或102所传送的原始电磁波的量值进行比较的电路,以便确定输电线1610中的下游干扰使得传输发生衰减的程度。干扰检测传感器1604b还可以包括用于在反射波上实施频谱分析的频谱分析器电路。可以通过模式识别(pattern recognition)、专家系统、曲线拟合、匹配滤波或者其他人工智能、分类或比较技术把频谱分析器电路所生成的频谱数据与频谱简档进行比较,以便例如基于与频谱数据最密切地匹配的频谱简档识别出干扰的类型。频谱简档可以被存储在干扰检测传感器1604b的存储器中,或者可以由干扰检测传感器1604b远程访问。所述简档可以包括对于可能在输电线1610上遇到的不同干扰进行建模的频谱数据,以便允许干扰检测传感器1604b在本地识别出干扰。关于干扰的识别(如果已知的话)可以通过基站1614被报告到网络管理系统1601。干扰检测传感器1604b还可以利用传送设备101或102来传送作为测试信号的电磁波,以便确定对应于电磁波反射的往返时间。由干扰检测传感器1604b测量的往返时间可以被用来计算电磁波直到发生反射的点所行进的距离,从而允许干扰检测传感器1604b计算从传送设备101或102到输电线1610上的下游干扰的距离。
所计算的距离可以通过基站1614被报告到网络管理系统1601。在一个实施例中,波导系统1602在输电线1610上的位置可以是网络管理系统1601所知道的,网络管理系统1601可以使用所述位置基于电网的已知拓扑确定输电线1610上的干扰的位置。在另一个实施例中,波导系统1602可以将其位置提供到网络管理系统1601,以便帮助确定输电线1610上的干扰的位置。波导系统1602的位置可以由波导系统1602从存储在波导系统1602的存储器中的波导系统1602的预先编程的位置获得,或者波导系统1602可以使用包括在波导系统1602中的GPS接收器(未示出)确定其位置。
电力管理系统1605为波导系统1602的前面提到的组件提供能量。电力管理系统1605可以从太阳能电池或者从耦合到输电线1610的变压器(未示出)接收能量,或者通过到输电线1610或另一条附近输电线的电感耦合接收能量。电力管理系统1605还可以包括用于为波导系统1602提供临时电力的备用电池以及/或者超级电容器或其他电容器电路。能量损耗传感器1604c可以被用来检测波导系统1602何时存在电力损耗状况以及/或者某种其他故障的发生。举例来说,能量损耗传感器1604c可以检测:何时由于有缺陷的太阳能电池而存在电力损耗,导致太阳能电池发生故障的太阳能电池上的障碍物,输电线1610上的电力损耗,以及/或者何时由于备用电池的过期而发生备用电力系统故障,或者超级电容器中的可检测到的缺陷。当发生故障和/或电力损耗时,能量损耗传感器1604c可以通过基站1614通知网络管理系统1601。
噪声传感器1604d可以被用来测量输电线1610上的噪声,所述噪声可能会对输电线1610上的电磁波的传输造成不利影响。噪声传感器1604d可以感测预期之外的电磁干扰、噪声突发或者可能会打断输电线1610的表面上的已调电磁波的接收的其他干扰来源。噪声突发例如可能是由电晕放电或其他噪声来源所导致的。噪声传感器1604d可以通过模式识别、专家系统、曲线拟合、匹配滤波或者其他人工智能、分类或比较技术把所测量的噪声与噪声简档进行比较,其中所述噪声简档是由波导系统1602从噪声简档的内部数据库或者从存储噪声简档的位于远处的数据库获得的。通过所述比较,噪声传感器1604d可以例如基于提供与所测量的噪声的最密切匹配的噪声简档而识别出噪声来源(例如电晕放电或其他噪声来源)。噪声传感器1604d还可以通过测量例如误比特率、分组丢失率、抖动、分组重传请求等传输量度来检测噪声如何影响传输。噪声传感器1604d可以通过基站1614特别向网络管理系统1601报告噪声来源的身份、其发生时间以及传输量度。
振动传感器1604e可以包括用以检测输电线1610上的2D或3D振动的加速度计和/或陀螺仪。可以通过模式识别、专家系统、曲线拟合、匹配滤波或者其他人工智能、分类或比较技术把所述振动与振动简档进行比较,其中所述振动简档可以被本地存储在波导系统1602中或者可以由波导系统1602从远程数据库获得。例如基于提供与所测量的振动的最密切匹配的振动简档,振动简档例如可以被用来区分倒下的树与阵风。这一分析的结果可以由振动传感器1604e通过基站1614报告到网络管理系统1601。
环境传感器1604f可以包括特别用于测量大气压、周围环境温度(其可以由温度传感器1604a提供)、风速、湿度、风向以及降雨的气压计。环境传感器1604f可以收集未经处理的信息并且通过将其与环境简档进行比较来处理该信息,以便在天气状况发生之前预测天气状况,其中所述环境简档可以从波导系统1602的存储器或者从远程数据库获得,所述比较可以是通过模式识别、专家系统、基于知识的系统或者其他人工智能、分类或其他天气建模和预测技术而进行的。环境传感器1604f可以将未经处理的数据及其分析报告到网络管理系统1601。
图像传感器1604g可以是用于捕获波导系统1602附近的图像的数字摄影机(例如电荷耦合设备或CCD成像器、红外摄影机等等)。图像传感器1604g可以包括用以控制摄影机的移动(例如实际位置或焦点/变焦)的电机械机制,以用于从多个视角(例如顶表面、底表面、左表面、右表面等等)检查输电线1610。或者,图像传感器1604g可以被设计成使得不需要电机械机制就可以获得所述多个视角。可以通过网络管理系统1601来控制由图像传感器1604g生成的成像数据的收集和取回,或者可以由图像传感器1604g自主收集并且报告到网络管理系统1601。
波导系统1602可以利用可能适合于收集与波导系统1602和/或输电线1610相关联的遥测信息的其他传感器,以用于检测、预测和/或缓解可能阻碍输电线1610(或者任何其他形式的电磁波传输介质)上的电磁波传输的干扰的目的。
现在参照图16B,方块图1650示出了根据这里所描述的各个方面的用于管理电网1653和嵌入在其中或者与之相关联的通信系统1655的系统的一个示例性、非限制性实施例。通信系统1655包括耦合到电网1653的输电线1610的多个波导系统1602。使用在通信系统1655中的波导系统1602的至少一部分可以与基站1614和/或网络管理系统1601直接通信。未直接连接到基站1614或网络管理系统1601的波导系统1602可以通过连接到基站1614或网络管理系统1601的其他下游波导系统1602与基站1614或网络管理系统1601进行通信会话。
网络管理系统1601可以可通信地耦合到公用事业公司1652的装备和通信服务提供商1654的装备,以便分别为每一个实体提供与电网1653和通信系统1655相关联的状态信息。网络管理系统1601、公用事业公司1652的装备以及通信服务提供商1654可以访问由公用事业公司工作人员1656所利用的通信设备和/或由通信服务提供商工作人员1658所利用的通信设备,以用于提供状态信息和/或指导这样的工作人员管理电网1653和/或通信系统1655的目的。
图17A示出了用于检测和缓解发生在图16A和16B的系统的通信网络中的干扰的方法1700的一个示例性、非限制性实施例的流程图。方法1700可以开始于步骤1702,其中波导系统1602传送和接收消息,所述消息被嵌入在沿着输电线1610的表面行进的已调电磁波或另一种类型的电磁波中或者构成其一部分。所述消息可以是语音消息、流送视频以及/或者在可通信地耦合到通信系统1655的通信设备之间交换的其他数据/信息。在步骤1704处,波导系统1602的传感器1604可以收集感测数据。在一个实施例中,可以在步骤1702中的消息传送和/或接收之前、期间或之后在步骤1704中收集感测数据。在步骤1706处,波导系统1602(或传感器1604本身)可以从感测数据确定可能会影响源自(例如由其传送)波导系统1602或者由波导系统1602接收的通信的通信系统1655中的干扰的实际或预测发生。波导系统1602(或传感器1604)可以对温度数据、信号反射数据、能量损耗数据、噪声数据、振动数据、环境数据或者其任意组合进行处理以作出这一确定。波导系统1602(或传感器1604)还可以检测、识别、估计或预测干扰的来源和/或其在通信系统1655中的位置。如果在步骤1708中既没有检测到/识别出也没有预测到/估计出干扰,则波导系统1602可以继续到步骤1702,其中波导系统1602继续传送和接收嵌入在沿着输电线1610的表面行进的已调电磁波中或者构成其一部分的消息。
如果在步骤1708处检测到/识别出干扰或者预测/估计会发生干扰,则波导系统1602继续到步骤1710以便确定所述干扰是否会对通信系统1655中的消息传送或接收造成不利影响(或者确定是否可能会造成不利影响或者可能造成不利影响的程度)。在一个实施例中,可以在步骤1710处使用持续时间阈值和发生频率阈值来确定干扰何时会对通信系统1655中的通信造成不利影响。仅出于说明的目的,假设持续时间阈值被设定到500ms,发生频率阈值则被设定到在10秒的观测时段内发生5次干扰。因此,具有大于500ms的持续时间的干扰将触发所述持续时间阈值。此外,在一个10秒时间间隔内发生多于5次的任何干扰将触发所述发生频率阈值。
在一个实施例中,当仅有持续时间阈值被超出时,可以认为干扰会对通信系统1655中的信号完整性造成不利影响。在另一个实施例中,当持续时间阈值和发生频率阈值都被超出时,可以认为干扰会对通信系统1655中的信号完整性造成不利影响。因此,与前一个实施例相比,后一个实施例在对通信系统1655中的信号完整性造成不利影响的干扰的分类方面更加保守。应当认识到,根据示例性实施例,对于步骤1710可以利用许多其他算法以及相关联的参数和阈值。
回到方法1700,如果在步骤1708处检测到的干扰在步骤1710处不满足对应于受到不利影响的通信的条件(例如既没有超出持续时间阈值也没有超出发生频率阈值),则波导系统1602可以继续到步骤1702并且继续处理消息。举例来说,如果在步骤1708中检测到的干扰具有1ms的持续时间并且在一个10秒时间段内只发生一次,则两个阈值都未被超出。因此,这样的干扰可以被认为对通信系统1655中的信号完整性具有标称影响,因此将不会被标记成需要缓解的干扰。虽然未被标记,但是干扰的发生、其发生时间、发生频率、频谱数据和/或其他有用的信息可以作为遥测数据被报告到网络管理系统1601以用于监测目的。
回到步骤1710,如果另一方面干扰满足对应于受到不利影响的通信的条件(例如超出任一个或全部两个阈值),则波导系统1602可以继续到步骤1712并且将所述事件报告到网络管理系统1601。所述报告可以包括由传感器1604收集的未经处理的感测数据,关于干扰的描述(如果为波导系统1602所知的话),干扰的发生时间,干扰的发生频率,与干扰相关联的位置,比如误比特率、分组丢失率、重传请求、抖动、等待时间等参数读数。如果干扰基于波导系统1602的一个或多个传感器的预测,则所述报告可以包括预期的干扰类型,并且如果可以预测的话还可以包括干扰的预期发生时间,并且当预测基于由波导系统1602的传感器1604所收集的历史感测数据时还可以包括预测干扰的预期发生频率。
在步骤1714处,网络管理系统1601可以决定缓解、规避或校正技术,其中可以包括在能够确定干扰位置的情况下引导波导系统1602对通信量进行重路由以便规避干扰。在一个实施例中,检测到干扰的波导耦合设备1402可以引导如图13-14中所示出的转发器把波导系统1602从受到干扰影响的主要输电线连接到次要输电线,以便允许波导系统1602把通信量重路由到不同的传输介质并且避免干扰。在其中波导系统1602被配置成转发器的一个实施例中,波导系统1602可以自身实施把通信量从主要输电线重路由到次要输电线。还应当提到的是,对于双向通信(例如全双工或半双工通信),转发器可以被配置成把通信量从次要输电线重路由回到主要输电线以供波导系统1602进行处理。
在另一个实施例中,通过以避免干扰的方式指示处于干扰上游的第一转发器和处于干扰下游的第二转发器把通信量从主要输电线临时重定向到次要输电线并且回到主要输电线,波导系统1602可以对通信量进行重定向。还应当提到的是,对于双向通信(例如全双工或半双工通信),转发器可以被配置成把通信量从次要输电线重路由回到主要输电线。
为了避免打断发生在次要输电线上的现有通信会话,网络管理系统1601可以引导波导系统1602指示(多个)转发器利用次要输电线的未被使用的(多个)时隙和/或(多个)频带把数据和/或语音通信量重定向离开主要输电线以规避干扰。
在步骤1716处,当对通信量进行重路由以避免干扰时,网络管理系统1601可以通知公用事业公司1652的装备和/或通信服务提供商1654的装备,所述装备又可以向公用事业公司的工作人员1656和/或通信服务提供商的工作人员1658通知所检测到的干扰及其位置(如果已知的话)。来自任一方的现场工作人员可以在所确定的干扰位置处解决干扰。一旦由公用事业公司的工作人员和/或通信服务提供商的工作人员移除或通过其他方式缓解了干扰,这样的工作人员可以利用可通信地耦合到网络管理系统1601的现场装备(例如膝上型计算机、智能电话等等)以及/或者公用事业公司和/或通信服务提供商的装备通知其对应的公司和/或网络管理系统1601。所述通知可以包括关于干扰如何被缓解以及可能改变通信系统1655的拓扑的针对输电线1610的任何改变的描述。
一旦干扰被解决(如在判定1718中确定),网络管理系统1601可以在步骤1720处引导波导系统1602恢复由波导系统1602使用的先前的路由配置,或者如果被用来缓解干扰的恢复策略导致通信系统1655的新的网络拓扑,则根据新的路由配置对通信量进行路由。在另一个实施例中,波导系统1602可以被配置成通过在输电线1610上传送测试信号以便确定干扰何时已被移除来监测对于干扰的缓解。一旦波导1602检测到已不存在干扰,如果其确定通信系统1655的网络拓扑没有发生改变则可以在无需网络管理系统1601的帮助的情况下自主恢复其路由配置,或者其可以利用适配于所检测到的新网络拓扑的新路由配置。
图17B示出了用于检测和缓解发生在图16A和16B的系统的通信网络中的干扰的方法1750的一个示例性、非限制性实施例的流程图。在一个实施例中,方法1750可以开始于步骤1752,其中网络管理系统1601从公用事业公司1652的装备或者通信服务提供商1654的装备接收与维护时间表相关联的维护信息。网络管理系统1601可以在步骤1754处从所述维护信息识别将在维护时间表期间实施的维护活动。网络管理系统1601可以从这些活动中检测由于维护所导致的干扰(例如输电线1610的预定更换、输电线1610上的波导系统1602的预定更换、电网1653中的输电线1610的预定重新配置等等)。
在另一个实施例中,网络管理系统1601可以在步骤1755处接收来自一个或多个波导系统1602的遥测信息。所述遥测信息特别可以包括:提交遥测信息的每一个波导系统1602的身份,由每一个波导系统1602的传感器1604进行的测量,与每一个波导系统1602的传感器1604所检测到的预期、估计或实际干扰有关的信息,与每一个波导系统1602相关联的位置信息,所检测到的干扰的估计位置,关于干扰的标识等等。网络管理系统1601可以从所述遥测信息确定可能对于波导的操作、电磁波沿着电线表面的传输等等是不利的干扰类型。网络管理系统1601还可以使用来自多个波导系统1602的遥测信息来隔离和识别干扰。此外,网络管理系统1601可以从处于受到影响的波导系统1602附近的波导系统1602请求遥测信息,以便通过接收来自其他波导系统1602的类似遥测信息对干扰的位置进行三角定位并且/或者验证对干扰的识别。
在另一个实施例中,网络管理系统1601可以在步骤1756处接收来自维护现场工作人员的非预定活动报告。非预定维护可以作为计划外的现场出勤(call)的结果而发生,或者作为在现场出勤或预定维护活动期间所发现的预期之外的现场问题的结果而发生。活动报告可以标识出从正在解决通信系统1655和/或电网1653中所发现的问题的现场工作人员所得到的针对电网1653的拓扑配置的改变,针对一个或多个波导系统1602的改变(比如更换或修复),所实施的干扰缓解(如果有的话)等等。
在步骤1758处,网络管理系统1601可以从根据步骤1752到1756接收到的报告确定是否将基于维护时间表而发生干扰,或者基于遥测数据确定干扰是否已发生或者预测会发生,或者确定是否由于在现场活动报告中标识出的计划外维护而发生了干扰。网络管理系统1601可以从这些报告当中的任何报告确定所检测到或预测到的干扰是否需要由通信系统1655的受到影响的波导系统1602或其他波导系统1602对通信量进行重路由。
当在步骤1758处检测到或预测到干扰时,网络管理系统1601可以继续到步骤1760,其中所述网络管理系统1601可以引导一个或多个波导系统1602对通信量进行重路由以规避干扰。当由于电网1603的永久性拓扑改变而存在永久性的干扰时,网络管理系统1601可以继续到步骤1770并且跳过步骤1762、1764、1766和1772。在步骤1770处,网络管理系统1601可以引导一个或多个波导系统1602使用适配于新拓扑的新路由配置。但是当已经从一个或多个波导系统1602所提供的遥测信息检测到干扰时,网络管理系统1601可以向公用事业公司1656或通信服务提供商1658的维护工作人员通知干扰的位置、干扰的类型(如果已知的话)以及可能有助于这样的工作人员缓解干扰的有关信息。当由于维护活动而预期会有干扰时,网络管理系统1601可以引导一个或多个波导系统1602按照(与维护时间表相一致的)给定时间表重新配置通信量路由,以避免由维护时间表期间的维护活动所导致的干扰。
回到步骤1760,并且在该步骤完成时,所述处理可以继续步骤1762。在步骤1762处,网络管理系统1601可以监测(多项)干扰何时已被现场工作人员缓解。通过分析由现场工作人员利用现场装备(例如膝上型计算机或手持式计算机/设备)经由通信网络(例如蜂窝通信系统)提交到网络管理系统1601的现场报告,可以在步骤1762处检测干扰的缓解。如果现场工作人员报告了干扰已被缓解,则网络管理系统1601可以继续到步骤1764,以便从现场报告确定是否需要拓扑改变以缓解干扰。拓扑改变可以包括对输电线1610进行重路由,重新配置波导系统1602以利用不同的输电线1610,通过其他方式利用替换的链接以绕过干扰等等。如果拓扑改变已发生,则网络管理系统1601可以在步骤1770处引导一个或多个波导系统1602使用适配于新拓扑的新路由配置。
但是如果还没有由现场工作人员报告拓扑改变,则网络管理系统1601可以继续到步骤1766,其中网络管理系统1601可以引导一个或多个波导系统1602发送测试信号以便测试在所检测到的(多项)干扰之前所使用的路由配置。测试信号可以被发送到干扰附近的受到影响的波导系统1602。测试信号可以被用来确定信号干扰(例如电磁波反射)是否由任何波导系统1602检测到。如果测试信号证实先前的路由配置不再受到先前检测到的(多项)干扰,则网络管理系统1601可以在步骤1772处引导受到影响的波导系统1602恢复先前的路由配置。但是如果由一个或多个波导耦合设备1402分析并且被报告到网络管理系统1601的测试信号表明存在所述(多项)干扰或者(多项)新的干扰,则网络管理系统1601将继续到步骤1768并且将该信息报告给现场工作人员以便进一步解决现场问题。在这种情况下,网络管理系统1601可以继续监测步骤1762处的(多项)干扰的缓解。
在前面提到的实施例中,波导系统1602可以被配置成自我适配于电网1653中的改变和/或干扰的缓解。也就是说,一个或多个受到影响的波导系统1602可以被配置成自我监测干扰的缓解并且重新配置通信量路由,而不需要由网络管理系统1601向其发送指令。在该实施例中,可以自我配置的一个或多个波导系统1602可以向网络管理系统1601通知其路由选择,从而使得网络管理系统1601可以保持关于通信系统1655的通信拓扑的宏观层次的视图。
虽然为了解释简单起见在图17A和17B中分别作为一系列方块示出并且描绘出对应的处理,但是应当理解并且认识到的是,所要求保护的主题内容不受限于所述方块的顺序,这是因为一些方块可以按照与这里所描绘和描述的顺序不同的顺序发生并且/或者与其他方块并发地发生。此外,并不需要所有所示出的方块来实施这里所描述的方法。
现在参照图18A和18B,其中示出了根据这里所描述的各个方面的耦合设备的示例性、非限制性实施例的示意性方块图1800和1825。具体来说,描述了结合图2给出的耦合器220的另外的实施例。考虑图18A,其中示出了包括天线1804的耦合设备,所述天线1804辐射传递由收发器1808生成的数据的电磁波1814。所述耦合设备还包括天线1806,所述天线1806辐射传递由收发器1810生成的数据的第二RF信号1816。电磁波1814和1816形成组合RF信号,所述组合RF信号至少部分地被约束到传输介质1802的外表面或者被传输介质1802的外表面引导,从而作为受引导电磁波1820基本上在单一纵向方向1824上沿着传输介质1802传播。
在一个实施例中,天线1804和1806被安排成紧邻传输介质1802,但是不与传输介质1802发生电气接触。具体来说,天线1804和1806可以沿着与传输介质的纵轴平行或基本上平行于的轴被线性地安排。天线1804和1806可以分别包括线性元件,比如垂直于传输介质的表面或者处于某种其他指向的单极子。在操作中,由天线1804和1806生成的电磁波1814和1816在空气中组合,从而沿着传输介质1802在方向1822上相长叠加并且在相反方向1824上基本上抵消。
考虑其中天线1804和1806是具有全向辐射图案或者在方向1822和相反方向1824上对称的辐射图案的四分之一波单极天线或其他天线的实施例。此外,电磁波1814和1816具有共同的波长和基本上正交的相位差异,并且其中天线1804和1806间隔一定距离d,所述距离对应于所述共同波长的基本上四分之一。在这种情况下,组合RF信号具有心形辐射图案,其在方向1824上基本上具有空值或其他局部最小值并且同时在方向1822上组合形成局部最大值或其他波瓣。
考虑更加一般的情况,电磁波1814和1816具有受到以下关系式支配的共同波长λ、基本上共同的幅度和相位差Δφ以及距离d:
d+λΔφ/2π=λ/2
在一个实施例中,传输介质1802包括电线,比如绝缘电线或电缆或非绝缘电线。但是传输介质1802也可以包括先前所描述的任何传输介质125。具体来说,受引导电磁波可以经由基本导波模式和/或至少一种非基本导波模式进行传播。这里所使用的“基本上正交的相位差”意味着处于65-115度范围内的相位差。“基本上四分之一波长”意味着从四分之一波长改变25%或更少的有效长度。“基本上处于特定方向上”意味着处于该方向的+/-15度以内。这里所使用的“基本上抵消”意味着提供至少10dB的衰减。
应当提到的是,给出导波的图形表示仅仅是为了说明导波耦合和传播的一个实例。作为这样的波传播的结果生成的实际电场和磁场可以根据以下因素而有所不同:所采用的频率,耦合设备的设计和/或配置,传输介质1802的规格和构成及其表面特性,以及周围环境的电磁属性等等。在各个实施例中,电磁波可以具有处于60GHz频带或24-40GHz频带中的载波频率,但是同样可以采用更高或更低的频率,包括其他毫米波或微波频率。
虽然前面的描述集中于耦合设备在传输介质1802上发动导波1820的传送操作,但是相同的耦合器设计也可以被用于接收以便从传输介质1802提取例如由远程传送设备发送的导波。在这种操作模式中,耦合设备把传递来自传送设备的数据的受引导电磁波的一部分去耦合,所述受引导电磁波的部分被约束到传输介质1802的外表面或者被传输介质1802的外表面引导,并且沿着传输介质1802在1822的相反方向上纵向传播。按照与传送互反的方式,天线1804和1806可以操作来接收受引导电磁波的至少一部分,并且将其提供到收发器1808和1810或者其他接收器。虽然收发器1808和1810被示出为分开的设备,但是在一个实施例中,单一收发器被用来生成将由天线1804和1806以适当的相位差辐射的电磁信号,并且还从天线1804和1806接收电磁信号并且组合这些信号以供下变频和/或解调。
考虑图18B,其中所示出的耦合设备包括通过共同的附图标记所标示的结合图18A描述的许多类似特征。在该实施例中,可以控制电磁波1814与1816之间的相位差,以便在沿着传输介质的多个纵向方向当中所选择的一个纵向方向上进行传送,其被约束到传输介质的外表面或者被传输介质的外表面引导以作为受引导电磁波进行传播。在一种操作模式中,所述耦合设备在方向1822上传送受引导电磁波1820。在另一种操作模式中,所述耦合设备在方向1824上传送受引导电磁波1860。
考虑其中天线1804和1806是具有全向辐射图案或者在方向1822和相反方向1824上对称的辐射图案的四分之一波单极天线或其他天线的实例。天线1804和1806间隔开一定距离d,所述距离对应于其共同波长的基本上四分之一。此外,电磁波1814和1816具有共同的波长和基本上正交的相位差(其中电磁波1814关于电磁波1816具有+90度相位偏移)。在这种情况下,组合RF信号具有心形辐射图案,其在方向1824上基本上包括空值或其他局部最小值并且同时在方向1822上组合形成局部最大值或其他波瓣。
在操作中,可以调节电磁波1814和1816的相位,从而使得天线1804和1806在方向1824而不是方向1822上形成受引导电磁波1860。举例来说,可以反转电磁波1814或1816的其中之一的相位,从而使得电磁波1814关于电磁波1816具有-90度相位偏移。在这种情况下,组合RF信号具有相反的心形辐射图案,其在方向1822上基本上包括空值或其他局部最小值并且同时在方向1824上组合形成局部最大值或其他波瓣。
应当提到的是,虽然图18A和18B给出了具有两个天线的线性天线阵列,但是同样可以采用具有更多数目的天线的其他线性和二维阵列,以便沿着传输介质在基本上一个方向上产生受控的波束,从而发动和/或提取受引导电磁波。
现在参照图19A、19B和19C,其中示出了根据这里所描述的各个方面的天线波束图案的示例性、非限制性实施例的图形图。具体来说,其中给出了结合图18A和18B讨论的组合电磁信号的辐射图案,其中共同的单元由共同的附图标记标示。
考虑图19A,在图中给出的实例中,天线1804和1806是具有全向辐射图案或者在方向1902和相反方向1904上对称的辐射图案的四分之一波偶极天线或其他天线的实例。天线1804和1806间隔开一定距离d,所述距离对应于其共同波长的基本上四分之一。此外,天线1804和1806由具有共同波长和基本上正交的相位差(其中天线1804关于天线1806处于+90度相位偏移)。在这种情况下,组合RF信号具有心形辐射图案1906,其在方向1904上基本上包括空值或其他局部最小值并且同时在方向1902上组合形成局部最大值或其他波瓣,以便促进在方向1902上发动受引导电磁波。
考虑图19B,其中给出遵从图19A的讨论的另一个实例。在该例中,调节驱动天线1804和1806的电磁波的相位,从而在方向1904而不是方向1902上形成受引导电磁波。举例来说,可以反转驱动天线1804和1806的其中一个电磁波的相位,从而使得天线1804在关于天线1806的-90度相位偏移下被驱动。在这种情况下,组合RF信号具有相反的心形辐射图案1956,其在方向1902上基本上包括空值或其他局部最小值并且同时在方向1904上组合形成局部最大值或其他波瓣。
考虑图19C,其中给出了对应于具有d和Δφ的不同数值的两元件天线阵列的天线波束图案的另外的实例1975(对应于阵列沿着每一幅曲线图的水平轴对准、在原点处居中并且传输介质处于类似的对准)。这些另外的实例当中的每一个还满足以下条件:在沿着传输介质的一个方向上存在空值或局部最小值,并且在相反方向上存在局部最大值或波瓣。
现在参照图20,其中示出了一种方法的示例性、非限制性实施例的流程图。具体来说,其中给出了用于与结合图1-19给出的一项或多项功能和特征一起使用的一种方法。步骤2002包括生成传递数据的第一RF信号。步骤2004包括生成传递数据的第二RF信号。步骤2006包括经由天线阵列辐射第一电磁信号和第二RF信号以作为组合RF信号,其中所述组合RF信号被被约束到传输介质的外表面或者被传输介质的外表面引导,从而作为受引导电磁波基本上沿着传输介质在单一纵向方向上传播。
虽然为了解释简单起见在图20中分别作为一系列方块示出并且描绘出对应的处理,但是应当理解并且认识到的是,所要求保护的主题内容不受限于所述方块的顺序,这是因为一些方块可以按照与这里所描绘和描述的顺序不同的顺序发生并且/或者与其他方块并发地发生。此外,并不需要所有所示出的方块来实施这里所描述的方法。
现在参照图21,其中示出了根据这里所描述的各个方面的计算环境的方块图。为了提供针对这里所描述的各个实施例的附加情境,图21和后面的讨论意图提供关于可以在其中实施本发明的主题公开内容的各个实施例的适当计算环境2100的简要一般性描述。虽然前面在可以运行在一台或多台计算机上的计算机可执行指令的一般情境中描述了所述实施例,但是本领域技术人员将认识到,所述实施例还可以与其他程序模块相组合以及/或者作为硬件与软件的组合来实施。
通常来说,程序模块包括实施特定任务或者实施特定抽象数据类型的例程、程序、组件、数据结构等等。此外,本领域技术人员将认识到,可以通过其他计算机系统配置来实践本发明的方法,其中包括单处理器或多处理器计算机系统、小型计算机、大型计算机以及个人计算机、手持式计算设备、基于微处理器或可编程的消费电子装置等等,其中的任一项可以可操作地耦合到一个或多个相关联的设备。
这里所使用的处理电路包括处理器以及其他特定于应用的电路,比如专用集成电路、数字逻辑电路、状态机、可编程门阵列或者处理输入信号或数据并且作为响应产生输出信号或数据的其他电路。应当提到的是,在这里与处理器的操作相关联地描述的任何功能和特征同样可以由处理电路实施。
除非上下文明确地另有所指,否则在权利要求中使用的术语“第一”、“第二”、“第三”等等仅仅是为了进行阐明,而不表明或暗示任何时间顺序。举例来说,“第一确定”、“第二确定”和“第三确定”并不表明或暗示第一确定将在第二确定之前做出或者反之亦然。
这里所示出的实施例还可以被实践在分布式计算环境中,其中特定任务由通过通信网络链接在一起的远程处理设备实施。在分布式计算环境中,程序模块可以位于本地存储器存储设备和远程存储器存储设备两者中。
计算设备通常包括多种介质,其中可以包括计算机可读存储介质和/或通信介质,这两个术语在这里被彼此不同地如下使用。计算机可读存储介质可以是能够由计算机访问的任何可用的存储介质,并且包括易失性和非易失性介质、可移除和不可移除介质。作为举例而非限制,计算机可读存储介质可以结合任何用于存储信息的方法或技术来实施,所述信息比如有计算机可读指令、程序模块、结构化数据或无结构数据。
计算机可读存储介质可以包括而不限于:随机存取存储器(RAM)、只读存储器(ROM)、电可擦写可编程只读存储器(EEPROM)、闪存或其他存储器技术,紧致盘只读存储器(CD-ROM)、数字通用盘(DVD)或其他光盘存储装置,磁盒、磁带、磁盘存储装置或其他磁性存储设备,或者可以被用来存储所期望的信息的其他有形和/或非瞬时性介质。在这方面,这里被应用于存储装置、存储器或计算机可读介质的术语“有形”或“非瞬时性”应当被理解成作为修饰语仅排除传播瞬时性信号本身,而不放弃对于不仅传播瞬时性信号本身的所有标准存储装置、存储器或计算机可读介质的权利。
计算机可读存储介质可以由一个或多个本地或远程计算设备例如通过访问请求、查询或者其他数据取回协议来访问,以用于关于由所述介质存储的信息的多种操作。
通信介质通常把计算机可读指令、数据结构、程序模块或者其他结构化或无结构数据具体实现在例如已调数据信号之类的数据信号中,例如载波或其他传输机制,并且包括任何信息递送或传输介质。术语“已调数据信号”或信号指的是其一项或多项特性被设定或改变以便将信息编码在一个或多个信号中的信号。作为举例而非限制,通信介质包括例如有线网络或直接电线连接之类的有线介质,以及例如声学、RF、红外之类的无线介质以及其他无线介质。
再次参照图21,其中示出了用于通过基站(例如基站设备1504、宏蜂窝站点1502或基站1614)或中心局(例如中心局1501或1611)传送和接收信号或者构成其至少一部分的示例性环境2100。示例性环境2100的至少一部分还可以被用于传送设备101或102。所述示例性环境可以包括计算机2102,计算机2102包括处理单元2104、系统存储器2106和系统总线2108。系统总线2108把各个系统组件(其中包括而不限于系统存储器2106)耦合到处理单元2104。处理单元2104可以是多种可以买到的处理器当中的任一种。双微处理器和其他多处理器架构也可以被采用作为处理单元2104。
系统总线2108可以是几种类型的总线结构当中的任一种,其还可以互连到使用多种可以买到的总线架构当中的任一种的存储器总线(具有或不具有存储器控制器)、外围总线以及本地总线。系统存储器2106包括ROM 2110和RAM 2112。基本输入/输出系统(BIOS)可以被存储在例如ROM、可擦写可编程只读存储器(EPROM)、EEPROM之类的非易失性存储器中,所述BIOS包含有助于例如在启动期间在计算机2102内的各个单元之间传输信息的基本例程。RAM 2112还可以包括例如静态RAM之类的高速RAM以用于高速缓存数据。
计算机2102还包括内部硬盘驱动器(HDD)2114(例如EIDE、SATE),所述内部硬盘驱动器2114还可以被配置成用于适当机架(未示出)中的外部使用,并且还包括磁性软盘驱动器(FDD)2116(其例如用以对可移除盘片2118进行读取或写入)和光盘驱动器2120(其例如读取CD-ROM盘2122,或者对例如DVD之类的其他高容量光学介质进行读取或写入)。硬盘驱动器2114、磁盘驱动器2116和光盘驱动器2120可以分别通过硬盘驱动器接口2124、磁盘驱动器接口2126和光学驱动器接口2128连接到系统总线2108。用于外部驱动实现方式的接口2124包括通用串行总线(USB)以及电气和电子工程师协会(IEEE)1394接口技术的至少其中之一或全部二者。这里所描述的实施例还设想到其他外部驱动器连接技术。
所述驱动器及其相关联的计算机可读存储介质提供对于数据、数据结构、计算机可执行指令等等的非易失性存储。对于计算机2102,所述驱动器和存储介质容许按照适当的数字格式存储任何数据。虽然前面关于计算机可读存储介质的描述提到了硬盘驱动器(HDD)、可移除磁盘以及例如CD或DVD之类的可移除光学介质,但是本领域技术人员应当认识到,在所述示例性操作环境中还可以使用可由计算机读取的其他类型的存储介质,比如压缩驱动器、磁盒、闪存卡、卡盒等等,并且任何此类存储介质可以包含用于实施这里所描述的方法的计算机可执行指令。
一定数目的程序模块可以被存储在驱动器和RAM 2112中,其中包括操作系统2130、一个或多个应用程序2132、其他程序模块2134以及程序数据2136。所述操作系统、应用、模块和/或数据的全部或某些部分还可以被高速缓存在RAM 2112中。这里所描述的系统和方法可以利用各种可以买到的操作系统或者操作系统的组合来实施。可以由处理单元2104实施以及通过其他方式执行的应用程序2132的实例包括由传送设备101或102实施的分集选择确定。
用户可以通过一个或多个有线/无线输入设备(例如键盘2138以及鼠标2140之类的定点设备)把命令和信息输入到计算机2102中。其他输入设备(未示出)可以包括麦克风、红外(IR)遥控器、操纵杆、游戏手柄、触笔、触摸屏等等。这些和其他输入设备常常通过可以耦合到系统总线2108的输入设备接口2142连接到处理单元2104,但是也可以通过其他接口连接,比如并行端口、IEEE 1394串行端口、游戏端口、通用串行总线(USB)端口、IR接口等等。
监视器2144或其他类型的显示设备也可以通过例如视频适配器2146之类的接口连接到系统总线2108。还应当认识到,在替换实施例中,监视器2144还可以是用于通过任何通信装置(包括通过因特网和基于云端的网络)接收与计算机2102相关联的显示信息的任何显示设备(例如具有显示器的另一台计算机、智能电话、平板计算机等等)。除了监视器2144之外,计算机通常还包括其他外围输出设备(未示出),比如扬声器、打印机等等。
计算机2102可以通过到一台或多台远程计算机(比如(多台)远程计算机2148)的有线和/或无线通信使用逻辑连接操作在联网环境中。(多台)远程计算机2148可以是工作站、服务器计算机、路由器、个人计算机、便携式计算机、基于微处理器的娱乐电器、对等设备或其他常见网络节点,并且通常包括关于计算机2102所描述的许多或所有单元,但是为了简明起见仅仅示出了存储器/存储设备2150。所描绘出的逻辑连接包括到局域网(LAN)2152和/或例如广域网(WAN)2154之类的更大网络的有线/无线连接。这样的LAN和WAN联网环境在办公室和公司中是常见的,并且促进例如内联网之类的企业范围计算机网络,所有这些网络都可以连接到全球通信网络(例如因特网)。
当被使用在LAN联网环境中时,计算机2102可以通过有线和/或无线通信网络接口或适配器2156连接到局域网2152。适配器2156可以促进到LAN 2152的有线或无线通信,LAN2152还可以包括布置在其上的无线AP以用于与无线适配器2156进行通信。
当被使用在WAN联网环境中时,计算机2102可以包括调制解调器2158,或者可以连接到WAN 2154上的通信服务器,或者具有用于通过WAN 2145(比如通过因特网)建立通信的其他装置。调制解调器2158可以处于内部或外部并且可以是有线或无线设备,其可以通过输入设备接口2142连接到系统总线2108。在联网环境中,关于计算机2102描绘出的程序模块或者其某些部分可以被存储在远程存储器/存储设备2150中。应当认识到,所示出的网络连接仅仅是实例,并且可以使用在计算机之间建立通信链接的其他手段。
计算机2102可以适于与可操作地布置在无线通信中的任何无线设备或实体进行通信,例如打印机、扫描仪、台式和/或便携式计算机、便携式数据助理、通信卫星、与无线可检测标签相关联的任何装备或位置(信息亭、报刊亭、休息室)以及电话。这可以包括无线保真(Wi-Fi)和无线技术。因此,所述通信可以是与传统网络一样的预定义结构,或者简单地是至少两个设备之间的自组织通信。
Wi-Fi可以允许在没有电线的情况下从房间内的躺椅、酒店房间内的床或者上班处的会议室连接到因特网。Wi-Fi是类似于使用在蜂窝电话中的无线技术,其允许例如计算机之类的设备在基站的范围内的任何位置在室内和室外发送和接收数据。Wi-Fi网络使用被称作IEEE 802.11(a、b、g、n、ac、ag等等)的无线电技术来提供安全、可靠、快速的无线连接。Wi-Fi网络可以被用来把计算机彼此连接、连接到因特网以及连接到有线网络(其可以使用IEEE 802.3或以太网)。Wi-Fi网络例如操作在无执照的2.4和5GHz无线电频带内或者利用包含全部两个频带(双频带)的产品进行操作,从而使得所述网络可以提供类似于使用在许多办公室中的基本10BaseT有线以太网网络的真实世界性能。
图22给出了可以实施并且利用这里所描述的所公开的主题内容的一个或多个方面的移动网络平台2210的一个示例性实施例2200。在一个或多个实施例中,移动网络平台2210可以生成和接收由基站(例如基站设备设备1504、宏蜂窝站点1502或基站1614)、中心局(例如中心局1501或1611)或者与所公开的主题内容相关联的传送设备101或102传送和接收的信号。通常来说,无线网络平台2210可以包括例如节点、网关、接口、服务器或不同平台之类的组件,其促进分组交换(PS)(例如互联网协议(IP)、帧中继、异步传输模式(ATM))和电路交换(CS)通信量(例如语音和数据)以及用于联网无线电信的控制生成。作为一个非限制性实例,无线网络平台2210可以被包括在电信运营商网络中,并且可以被视为运营商侧组件,正如在本文中的别处所讨论的那样。移动网络平台2210包括可以接口接收自传统网络的CS通信量的(多个)CS网关节点2222,所述传统网络比如有(多个)电话网络2240(例如公共交换电话网(PSTN)或公共陆地移动网络(PLMN))或者信令系统#7(SS7)网络2270。(多个)电路交换网关节点2222可以对源于这样的网络的通信量(例如语音)进行授权和认证。此外,(多个)CS网关节点2222可以访问通过SS7网络2270生成的移动性(或漫游)数据;例如存储在可以驻留在存储器2230中的访问位置寄存器(VLR)中的移动性数据。此外,(多个)CS网关节点2222与基于CS的通信量和信令以及(多个)PS网关节点2218进行接口。作为一个实例,在3GPP UMTS网络中,(多个)CS网关节点2222可以至少部分地被实现在(多个)网关GPRS支持节点(GGSN)中。应当认识到,(多个)CS网关节点2222、(多个)PS网关节点2218以及(多个)服务节点2216的功能和具体操作由移动网络平台2210对于电信所利用的(多种)无线电技术提供和决定。
除了接收和处理CS交换通信量和信令之外,(多个)PS网关节点2218可以对与所服务的移动设备的基于PS的数据会话进行授权和认证。数据会话可以包括与处于无线网络平台2210外部的网络交换的通信量或(多项)内容,比如(多个)广域网(WAN)2250、(多个)企业网络2270以及(多个)服务网络2280,所述(多个)服务网络2280可以被具体实现在(多个)局域网(LAN)中,并且可以通过(多个)PS网关节点2218与移动网络平台2210接口。应当提到的是,WAN2250和(多个)企业网络2260可以至少部分地实现例如IP多媒体子系统(IMS)之类的(多个)服务网络。基于在(多项)技术资源2217中可用的(多个)无线电技术层,(多个)分组交换网关节点2218可以在建立数据会话时生成分组数据协议情境;还可以生成促进分组化数据的路由的其他数据结构。为此目的,在一个方面中,(多个)PS网关节点2218可以包括隧道接口(例如(多个)3GPP UMTS网络中的隧道端接网关(TTG)(未示出)),其可以促进与例如Wi-Fi网络之类的(多个)不同无线网络的分组化通信。
在实施例2200中,无线网络平台2210还包括(多个)服务节点2216,其基于(多项)技术资源2217内的(多个)可用无线电技术层来传递通过(多个)PS网关节点2218接收到的数据流的各种分组化流动。应当提到的是,对于主要依赖于CS通信的(多项)技术资源2217,(多个)服务器节点可以在不依赖于(多个)PS网关节点2218的情况下递送通信量;举例来说,(多个)服务器节点可以至少部分地具体实现移动交换中心。作为一个实例,在3GPPUMTS网络中,(多个)服务节点2216可以被具体实现在(多个)服务GPRS支持节点(SGSN)中。
对于利用分组化通信的无线电技术,无线网络平台2210中的(多个)服务器2214可以执行许多应用,所述应用可以生成多个不同的分组化数据流或流动,并且管理(例如调度、排入队列、格式化等等)这样的流动。这样的(多个)应用可以包括针对由无线网络平台2210提供的标准服务(例如供应、记账、顾客支持等等)的附加特征。数据流(例如作为语音呼叫或数据会话的一部分的(多项)内容)可以被传递到(多个)PS网关节点2218以用于数据会话的授权/认证和发起,并且随后被传递到(多个)服务节点2216以用于通信。除了应用服务器之外,(多个)服务器2214还可以包括(多个)公用事业服务器,公用事业服务器可以包括供应服务器、操作和维护服务器、可以至少部分地实施证书权威机构和防火墙以及其他安全机制的安全服务器等等。在一个方面中,(多个)安全服务器保护通过无线网络平台2210服务的通信,从而除了(多个)CS网关节点2222和(多个)PS网关节点2218可以担当的授权和认证规程之外还确保网络的操作和数据完整性。此外,(多个)供应服务器可以从(多个)外部网络供应服务,比如由不同服务提供商操作的网络;例如WAN 2250或(多个)全球定位系统(GPS)网络(未示出)。(多个)供应服务器还可以通过(例如由相同的服务提供商部署和操作的)关联到无线网络平台2210的网络来供应覆盖,比如通过提供更多网络覆盖而增强无线服务覆盖的图1中示出的(多个)分布式天线网络。如图7、8和9中示出的转发器设备也改进网络覆盖,以便通过UE 2275增强订户服务体验。
应当提到的是,(多个)服务器2214可以包括被配置成至少部分地授予宏网络平台2210的功能的一个或多个处理器。为此目的,所述一个或多个处理器例如可以执行存储在存储器2230中的代码指令。应当认识到,(多个)服务器2214可以包括按照前文中描述的基本上相同的方式操作的内容管理器2215。
在示例性实施例中2200中,存储器2230可以存储与无线网络平台2210的操作有关的信息。其他操作信息可以包括:通过无线网络平台2210服务的移动设备的供应信息;订户数据库;应用智能;定价方案,例如促销费率、固定费率计划、优惠活动;与对应于不同的无线电或无线技术层的操作的电信协议相一致的(多种)技术规范;等等。存储器2230还可以存储来自(多个)电话网络2240、WAN 2250、(多个)企业网络2270或者SS7网络2260的至少其中之一的信息。在一个方面中,存储器2230例如可以作为数据存储库组件的一部分或者作为远程连接的存储器存储库而被访问。
为了提供针对所公开的主题内容的各个方面的情境,图22和后面的讨论意图提供关于可以在其中实施所公开的主题内容的各个方面的适当环境的简要的一般性描述。虽然前面是在运行在一台和/或多台计算机上的计算机程序的计算机可执行指令的一般情境中描述了本发明的主题内容,但是本领域技术人员将认识到,所公开的主题内容还可以与其他程序模块相组合来实施。一般来说,程序模块包括实施特定任务和/或实施特定抽象数据类型的例程、程序、组件、数据结构等等。
图23描绘出通信设备2300的一个说明性实施例。通信设备2300可以充当例如本发明的主题公开内容所提到的移动设备和建筑物内设备(例如在图15、16A和16B中)之类的设备的一个说明性实施例。
通信设备2300可以包括有线和/或无线收发器2302(在这里称作收发器2302)、用户接口(UI)2304、供电装置2314、位置接收器2316、运动传感器2318、指向传感器2320以及用于管理其操作的控制器2306。仅作为几个例子,收发器2302可以支持短距离或长距离无线接入技术,比如WiFi、DECT或蜂窝通信技术(和分别是特殊兴趣小组和联盟的注册商标)。蜂窝技术例如可以包括CDMA-1X、UMTS/HSDPA、GSM/GPRS、TDMA/EDGE、EV/DO、WiMAX、SDR、LTE以及其他将会出现的下一代无线通信技术。收发器2302还可以适于支持电路交换有线接入技术(比如PSTN)、分组交换有线接入技术(比如TCP/IP、VoIP等等)及其组合。
UI 2304可以包括可按下或触敏小键盘2308,其具有例如滚动球、操纵杆、鼠标或者导览盘之类的导览机制,以用于操纵通信设备2300的操作。小键盘2308可以是通信设备2300的外罩套件的一个集成部分,或者是通过系绳有线接口(比如USB线缆)或者例如支持的无线接口可操作地与之耦合的独立设备。小键盘2308可以代表通常由电话使用的数字小键盘,以及/或者具有字母数字按键的QWERTY小键盘。UI 2304还可以包括显示器2310,比如单色或彩色LCD(液晶显示器)、OLED(有机发光二级管)或者用于向通信设备2300的末端用户传达图像的其他适当的显示器技术。在其中显示器2310是触敏显示器的一个实施例中,小键盘2308的一部分或全部可以通过具有导览特征的显示器2310来呈现。
显示器2310可以使用触摸屏技术以便还充当用于检测用户输入的用户界面。作为触摸屏显示器,通信设备2300可以适于呈现具有图形用户界面(GUI)单元的用户界面,所述图形用户界面(GUI)单元可以由用户通过手指触摸来选择。触摸屏显示器2310可以装备有电容性、电阻性或者其他形式的感测技术,以便检测用户手指的多少表面积被放置在触摸屏显示器的一部分上。这一感测信息可以被用来控制对于用户界面的GUI单元或其他功能的操纵。显示器2310可以是通信设备2300的外罩套件的一个集成部分,或者是通过系绳有线接口(比如线缆)或者无线接口可操作地与之耦合的独立设备。
UI 2304还可以包括音频系统2312,其利用音频技术来传递低音量音频(比如在人耳附近听到的音频)和高音量音频(比如用于免提操作的喇叭扩音器)。音频系统2312还可以包括用于接收末端用户的可听信号的麦克风。音频系统2312还可以被用于语音辨识应用。UI2304还可以包括图像传感器2313,比如用于捕获静止或移动图像的电荷耦合设备(CCD)摄影机。
供电装置2314可以利用常见的电路管理技术,比如可更换和可再充电电池、供电调节技术以及/或者充电系统技术,以用于为通信设备2300的各个组件供应能量,从而促进长距离或短距离便携式通信。替换地或者相组合,所述充电系统可以利用外部电源,比如通过例如USB端口之类的物理接口或者通过其他适当的系连技术所供应的DC电力。
位置接收器2316可以利用例如全球定位系统(GPS)接收器之类的定位技术,其能够帮助GPS基于由GPS卫星的星座生成的信号来识别通信设备2300的位置,从而可以被用于促进例如导航之类的位置服务。运动传感器2318可以利用例如加速度计、陀螺仪之类的运动感测技术或者其他适当的运动感测技术来检测通信设备2300在三维空间中的运动。指向传感器2320可以利用例如磁力计之类的指向感测技术来检测通信设备2300的指向(北、南、西、东以及以度、分或其他适当的指向量度来计量的组合指向)。
通信设备2300还可以使用收发器2302来确定与蜂窝、WiFi、或其他无线接入点的邻近性,这是通过例如利用接收信号强度指标(RSSI)和/或信号到达时间(TOA)或行程时间(TOF)测量之类的感测技术而实现的。控制器2306可以利用例如微处理器、数字信号处理器(DSP)、可编程门阵列、专用集成电路和/或具有相关联的存储存储器(比如闪存、ROM、RAM、SRAM、DRAM或其他存储技术)的视频处理器之类的计算技术来执行计算机指令、控制和处理由通信设备2300的前面提到的组件所提供的数据。
未在图23中示出的其他组件可以被使用在本发明的主题公开内容的一个或多个实施例中。举例来说,通信设备2300可以包括用于添加或移除身份模块(比如订户身份模块(SIM)卡或通用集成电路卡(UICC))的插槽。SIM或UICC卡可以被用于识别订户服务、执行程序、存储订户数据等等。
在本发明的主题说明书中,例如“存储库”、“存储装置”、“数据存储库”、“数据存储装置”、“数据库”之类的术语以及基本上与组件的操作和功能有关的任何其他信息存储组件都指的是“存储器组件”,或者具体实现在“存储器”中的实体或者包括存储器的组件。应当认识到,这里所描述的存储器组件可以是易失性存储器或非易失性存储器,或者可以包括易失性和非易失性存储器全部二者,作为说明而非限制有易失性存储器、非易失性存储器、盘存储装置和存储器存储装置。此外,非易失性存储器可以被包括在只读存储器(ROM)、可编程ROM(PROM)、电可编程ROM(EPROM)、电可檫写ROM(EEPROM)或闪存中。易失性存储器可以包括充当外部高速缓冲存储器的随机存取存储器(RAM)。作为说明而非限制,RAM可以通过许多形式获得,比如同步RAM(SRAM)、动态RAM(DRAM)、同步DRAM(SDRAM)、双倍速率SDRAM(DDR SDRAM)、增强型SDRAM(ESDRAM)、同步链接DRAM(SLDRAM)以及直接Rambus RAM(DRRAM)。此外,这里的系统或方法的所公开的存储器组件意图包括而不限于包括前述和任何其他适当类型的存储器。
此外还应当提到的是,所公开的主题内容可以通过其他计算机系统配置来实践,其中包括单处理器或多处理器计算机系统、小型计算设备、大型计算机以及个人计算机、手持式计算设备(例如PDA、电话、手表、平板计算机、上网本计算机等等)、基于微处理器的或者可编程的消费或工业电子装置等等。所说明的各个方面还可以被实践在分布式计算环境中,其中各项任务由通过通信网络链接在一起的远程处理设备实施;但是本发明的主题公开内容的一些(如果不是所有)方面可以在独立的计算机上被实践。在分布式计算环境中,程序模块既可以位于本地存储器存储设备中也可以位于远程存储器存储设备中。
这里所描述的其中一些实施例还可以采用人工智能(AI)以促进这里所描述的一项或多项特征的自动化。举例来说,人工智能可以被使用在可选的训练控制器230中,从而评估和选择候选频率、调制方案、MIMO模式和/或导波模式以便最大化传输效率。所述实施例(例如结合自动识别在添加到现有通信网络之后提供最大价值/益处的所获取的蜂窝站点)可以采用多种基于AI的方案以用于实施其各个实施例。此外,可以采用分类器来确定所获取的网络的每一个蜂窝站点的排序或优先级。分类器是把输入属性矢量x=(x1,x2,x3,x4,…,xn)映射到所述输入属于某一类别的置信度的函数,也就是说f(x)=confidence(class)。这样的分类可以采用概率和/或基于统计的分析(例如考虑到分析实用工具和成本)以便预测或推断出用户希望自动实施的动作。支持矢量机(SVM)是可以采用的分类器的一个实例。SVM通过在可能输入的空间中找到超曲面(hypersurface)来操作,所述超曲面尝试把触发标准与非触发事件分离。在直观上,这使得分类对于与训练数据接近但是并非完全相同的测试数据是正确的。其他定向(directed)和无定向(undirected)模型分类方法例如包括朴素贝叶斯、贝叶斯网络、决策树、神经网络、模糊逻辑模型,并且可以采用提供不同的独立性模式的概率分类模型。这里所使用的分类还包含被利用来开发优先级模型的统计回归。
很容易认识到的是,其中一个或多个实施例可以采用明确地训练(例如通过通用训练数据)以及隐含地训练(例如通过观测UE行为、运营商优选项、历史信息、接收外来信息)的分类器。举例来说,SVM可以通过学习或训练阶段被配置在分类器构造器和特征选择模块内。因此,(多个)分类器可以被用来自动学习和实施若干功能,其中包括而不限于根据预定标准确定哪些所获取的蜂窝站点将使得最大数目的订户收益,以及/或者哪些所获取的蜂窝站点将对于现有的通信网络覆盖添加最小的价值等等。
在一些实施例中,在本申请中的一些情境中所使用的术语“组件”、“系统”等等意图指代或包括与计算机有关的实体或者与具有一项或多项特定功能的操作装置有关的实体,其中所述实体可以是硬件、硬件与软件的组合、软件或者执行中的软件。作为一个实例,组件可以是而不限于运行在处理器上的进程、处理器、对象、可执行程序、执行线程、计算机可执行指令、程序以及/或者计算机。作为说明而非限制,运行在服务器上的应用和服务器都可以是组件。一个或多个组件可以驻留在进程和/或执行线程内,并且一个组件可以局部化在一台计算机上并且/或者分布在两台或更多台计算机之间。此外,这些组件可以从具有存储在其上的多种数据结构的多种计算机可读介质执行。所述组件可以例如根据具有一个或多个数据分组(例如来自与本地系统、分布式系统中的另一个组件进行交互以及/或者跨越例如因特网之类的网络通过信号与其他系统进行交互的一个组件的数据)的信号通过本地和/或远程进程进行通信。作为另一个实例,组件可以是具有由通过电气或电子电路操作的机械部件提供的特定功能的装置,其由通过处理器执行的软件或固件应用操作,其中所述处理器可以处于所述装置的内部或外部并且执行所述软件或固件应用的至少一部分。作为另一个实例,组件可以是通过不具有机械部件的电子组件提供特定功能的装置,所述电子组件可以在其中包括处理器,以便执行至少部分地授予所述电子组件的功能的软件或固件。虽然各个组件被图示成单独的组件,但是应当认识到,在不背离示例性实施例的情况下,多个组件可以被实施成单个组件,或者单个组件可以被实施成多个组件。
此外,各个实施例可以被实施成一种方法、装置或制造品,其使用标准编程和/或工程技术以产生软件、固件、硬件或者其任意组合,以便控制计算机实施所公开的主题内容。这里所使用的术语“制造产品”意图涵盖可以从任何计算机可读设备或者计算机可读存储/通信介质访问的计算机程序。举例来说,计算机可读存储介质可以包括而不限于磁性存储设备(例如硬盘、软盘、磁条)、光盘(例如紧致盘(CD)、数字通用盘(DVD))、智能卡以及闪存设备(例如卡、棒、键驱动器)。当然,本领域技术人员将认识到,在不背离各个实施例的范围或精神的情况下可以对这种配置作出许多修改。
此外,这里所使用的单词“实例”和“示例性”用以表明充当实例或说明。在这里被描述成“实例”或“示例性”的任何实施例或设计不一定应当被解释成比起其他实施例或设计是优选的或有利的。相反,使用“实例”或“示例性”一词意图以具体的方式给出概念。在本申请中使用的术语“或者”意图表明包含性的“或者”而不是排他性的“或者”。也就是说,除非另行表明或者从上下文可以清楚看出,否则“X采用A或B”意图表明任何自然包含性排列。也就是说,如果X采用A;X采用B;或者X采用A和B全部二者,则在任何前述实例下都满足“X采用A或B”。此外,除非另行表明或者从上下文清楚看出是针对单数形式,否则在本申请和所附权利要求中使用的冠词“一个”和“某一”通常应当被解释成意味着“一个或多个”。
此外,例如“用户装备”、“移动站”、“移动订户站”、“接入终端”、“终端”、“手机”、“移动设备”之类的术语(以及/或者表示类似专有名词的术语)可以指代由无线通信服务的订户或用户利用来接收或传递数据、控制、语音、视频、声音、游戏或者基本上任何数据流或信令流的无线设备。前面的术语在这里并且参照有关的附图可以被互换利用。
此外,除非上下文使得有理由在“用户”、“订户”、“顾客”、“消费者”等术语之间作出具体区分,否则所述术语始终被可互换地采用。应当认识到,这样的术语可以指代人类实体或者通过人工智能(例如至少基于复杂的数学形式体系作出推断的能力)所支持的自动化组件,其可以提供模拟视觉、声音辨识等等。
这里所采用的术语“处理器”可以指代基本上任何计算处理单元或设备,其中包括而不限于包括:单核处理器;具有软件多线程执行能力的单处理器;多核处理器;具有软件多线程执行能力的多核处理器;具有硬件多线程技术的多核处理器;并行平台;以及具有分布式共享存储器的并行平台。此外,处理器可以指代被设计成实施这里所描述的功能的集成电路、专用集成电路(ASIC)、数字信号处理器(DSP)、现场可编程门阵列(FPGA)、可编程逻辑控制器(PLC)、复杂可编程逻辑设备(CPLD)、分立的门或晶体管逻辑、分立的硬件组件或者其任意组合。处理器可以利用纳米尺度架构,比如(而不限于)基于分子和量子点的晶体管、开关和门,以便优化用户装备的空间使用或者增强用户装备的性能。处理器还可以被实施成各个计算处理单元的组合。
这里所使用的例如“数据存储装置”、“数据存储库”、“数据库”之类的术语以及与组件的操作和功能相关的基本上任何其他信息存储组件指的是“存储器组件”或者具体实现在“存储器”中的实体或者包括存储器的组件。应当认识到,这里所描述的存储器组件或计算机可读存储介质可以是易失性存储器或非易失性存储器,或者可以包括易失性和非易失性存储器全部二者。
前面所描述的内容仅仅包括各个实施例的实例。当然不可能出于描述这些实例的目的而描述每一种可设想到的组件或方法组合,但是本领域技术人员可以认识到,本发明的实施例可能有许多另外的组合和排列。相应地,这里所公开并且/或者要求保护的实施例意图涵盖落在所附权利要求的精神和范围内的所有这样的改动、修改和变型。此外,就在具体实施方式部分或权利要求中使用的术语“包含”而言,这样的术语意图是包含性的,其方式类似于在作为连接词被采用在权利要求中的术语“包括”的解释方式。
此外,流程图可以包括“开始”和/或“继续”指示。“开始”和“继续”指示反映出所给出的步骤可以可选地被合并在其他例程中或者通过其他方式与其他例程相结合来使用。在本上下文中,“开始”表明所给出的第一个步骤的开头,并且前面可以存在未明确示出的其他活动。此外,“继续”指示反映出所给出的步骤可以被实施多次,并且/或者后面可以存在未明确示出的其他活动。此外,虽然流程图表明了特定的步骤排序,但是在因果原理得以保持的前提下,其他排序同样是可能的。
同样是可能在这里使用的(多个)术语“可操作地耦合到…”、“耦合到…”和/或“耦合”包括项目之间的直接耦合以及/或者经由一个或更多中间项目的项目之间的间接耦合。这样的项目和中间项目包括而不限于联结、通信路径、组件、电路元件、电路、功能块和/或设备。作为间接耦合的一个实例,从第一项目传递到第二项目的信号可以由一个或更多中间项目进行修改,这是通过修改信号中的信息的形式、性质或格式,同时仍然按照可以由第二项目进行辨识的方式传递信号中的信息的一个或更多单元。在间接耦合的另一个实例中,作为一个或更多中间项目中的动作和/或反应的结果,第一项目中的动作可以导致第二项目上的反应。
虽然在这里说明并描述了具体实施例,但是应当认识到,可以用实现相同或类似目的的任何安排来替代本发明的主题公开内容所描述或示出的实施例。本发明的主题公开内容意图涵盖各个实施例的任何和所有适配或变型。在本发明的主题公开内容中可以使用前述实施例与未在这里具体描述的其他实施例的组合。举例来说,可以把来自一个或多个实施例的一项或多项特征与一个或多个其他实施例的一项或多项特征相组合。在一个或多个实施例中,被肯定引述的特征也可以被否定引述,并且在由或者不由另一个结构和/或功能特征替换的情况下从该实施例排除。关于本发明的主题公开内容的实施例描述的步骤或功能可以按照任意顺序来实施。关于本发明的主题公开内容的实施例描述的步骤或功能可以被独立实施,或者与本发明的主题公开内容的其他步骤或功能以及来自其他实施例或者来自未在本发明的主题公开内容中描述的其他步骤相组合来实施。此外还可以利用比关于一个实施例所描述的所有特征更多或更少的特征。
Claims (15)
1.一种耦合设备,包括:
辐射传递数据的第一射频(RF)信号的第一天线;以及
辐射传递所述数据的第二RF信号的第二天线;
其中,第一天线和第二天线被配置成使得第一RF信号和第二RF信号形成组合RF信号,所述组合RF信号被传输介质的外表面引导以作为受引导电磁波在沿着传输介质的基本上单一纵向方向上传播。
2.根据权利要求1所述的耦合设备,其中,所述传输介质包括电线。
3.根据权利要求1所述的耦合设备,其中,所述受引导电磁波经由至少一种非基本导波模式进行传播。
4.根据权利要求1所述的耦合设备,其中,第一RF信号和第二RF信号在所述单一纵向方向上相长叠加,并且在与所述单一纵向方向相反的方向上至少部分地抵消。
5.根据权利要求1所述的耦合设备,其中,第一RF信号和第二RF信号具有共同的波长和正交相位差,并且其中第一天线与第二天线间隔开一距离,所述距离对应于所述共同波长的基本上四分之一,并且其中第一RF信号和第二RF信号基本上同相。
6.根据权利要求1所述的耦合设备,其中,第一RF信号和第二RF信号具有共同的波长λ和相位差Δφ,并且其中第一天线与第二天线间隔开距离d,并且其中d+λΔφ/2π=λ/2。
7.根据权利要求1所述的耦合设备,其中,第一天线和第二天线是单极天线。
8.根据权利要求7所述的耦合设备,其中,第一RF信号和第二RF信号具有共同的波长,并且其中所述单极天线具有所述共同波长的基本上四分之一的有效长度。
9.根据权利要求1所述的耦合设备,其中,所述组合RF信号包括与所述单一纵向方向基本上对准的局部最大值。
10.根据权利要求1所述的耦合设备,其中,所述组合RF信号包括与所述单一纵向方向基本上相反地对准的局部最小值。
11.一种方法,包括:
由第一天线生成传递数据的第一射频(RF)信号;以及
由第二天线生成传递所述数据的第二RF信号;
其中,第一天线和第二天线被配置成使得第一RF信号和第二RF信号形成组合RF信号,所述组合RF信号被传输介质的外表面引导以作为受引导电磁波在沿着传输介质的基本上单一纵向方向上传播。
12.根据权利要求11所述的方法,其中,所述传输介质包括电线。
13.根据权利要求11所述的方法,其中,所述受引导电磁波经由至少一种非基本导波模式进行传播。
14.根据权利要求11所述的方法,其中,第一RF信号和第二RF信号在所述单一纵向方向上相长叠加,并且在与所述单一纵向方向相反的方向上至少部分地抵消。
15.根据权利要求11所述的方法,其中,第一RF信号和第二RF信号具有共同的波长和正交相位差,并且其中第一天线与第二天线间隔开一距离,所述距离对应于所述共同波长的基本上四分之一,并且其中第一RF信号和第二RF信号基本上同相。
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2015
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KR20170139652A (ko) | 2017-12-19 |
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