CN101139355A - 用于填充橡胶的封端巯基硅烷偶联剂 - Google Patents
用于填充橡胶的封端巯基硅烷偶联剂 Download PDFInfo
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- CN101139355A CN101139355A CNA2007101424877A CN200710142487A CN101139355A CN 101139355 A CN101139355 A CN 101139355A CN A2007101424877 A CNA2007101424877 A CN A2007101424877A CN 200710142487 A CN200710142487 A CN 200710142487A CN 101139355 A CN101139355 A CN 101139355A
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- silane
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- rubber
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- 229920001971 elastomer Polymers 0.000 title abstract description 83
- 239000005060 rubber Substances 0.000 title abstract description 83
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- 239000007822 coupling agent Substances 0.000 title description 11
- 125000004435 hydrogen atom Chemical group [H]* 0.000 claims abstract description 7
- 229910000077 silane Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 121
- BLRPTPMANUNPDV-UHFFFAOYSA-N Silane Chemical compound [SiH4] BLRPTPMANUNPDV-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 112
- 125000000217 alkyl group Chemical group 0.000 claims description 12
- 229910052799 carbon Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 12
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- 125000002769 thiazolinyl group Chemical group 0.000 claims description 7
- 125000003118 aryl group Chemical group 0.000 claims description 6
- 125000003710 aryl alkyl group Chemical group 0.000 claims description 5
- 125000002915 carbonyl group Chemical group [*:2]C([*:1])=O 0.000 claims description 4
- 125000002813 thiocarbonyl group Chemical group *C(*)=S 0.000 claims description 3
- 238000002156 mixing Methods 0.000 abstract description 37
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- 238000005859 coupling reaction Methods 0.000 abstract description 5
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- KOUKXHPPRFNWPP-UHFFFAOYSA-N pyrazine-2,5-dicarboxylic acid;hydrate Chemical compound O.OC(=O)C1=CN=C(C(O)=O)C=N1 KOUKXHPPRFNWPP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 39
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- 125000000524 functional group Chemical group 0.000 description 23
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- 150000003839 salts Chemical class 0.000 description 21
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- 239000000463 material Substances 0.000 description 12
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- KAKZBPTYRLMSJV-UHFFFAOYSA-N Butadiene Chemical compound C=CC=C KAKZBPTYRLMSJV-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 10
- XDTMQSROBMDMFD-UHFFFAOYSA-N Cyclohexane Chemical compound C1CCCCC1 XDTMQSROBMDMFD-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 10
- XLOMVQKBTHCTTD-UHFFFAOYSA-N Zinc monoxide Chemical compound [Zn]=O XLOMVQKBTHCTTD-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 10
- 238000009835 boiling Methods 0.000 description 10
- 239000006227 byproduct Substances 0.000 description 10
- 239000006229 carbon black Substances 0.000 description 10
- 235000019241 carbon black Nutrition 0.000 description 10
- 239000003054 catalyst Substances 0.000 description 10
- 239000003153 chemical reaction reagent Substances 0.000 description 10
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- 238000005809 transesterification reaction Methods 0.000 description 10
- XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N water Substances O XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 10
- WFDIJRYMOXRFFG-UHFFFAOYSA-N Acetic anhydride Chemical compound CC(=O)OC(C)=O WFDIJRYMOXRFFG-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 9
- PNEYBMLMFCGWSK-UHFFFAOYSA-N aluminium oxide Inorganic materials [O-2].[O-2].[O-2].[Al+3].[Al+3] PNEYBMLMFCGWSK-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 9
- 125000002496 methyl group Chemical group [H]C([H])([H])* 0.000 description 9
- 239000012434 nucleophilic reagent Substances 0.000 description 9
- 239000003921 oil Substances 0.000 description 9
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- 238000012545 processing Methods 0.000 description 9
- ZRALSGWEFCBTJO-UHFFFAOYSA-N Guanidine Chemical compound NC(N)=N ZRALSGWEFCBTJO-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 8
- 241001441571 Hiodontidae Species 0.000 description 8
- 150000003566 thiocarboxylic acids Chemical class 0.000 description 8
- 239000004636 vulcanized rubber Substances 0.000 description 8
- 239000004594 Masterbatch (MB) Substances 0.000 description 7
- 150000001340 alkali metals Chemical class 0.000 description 7
- 229910052801 chlorine Inorganic materials 0.000 description 7
- 238000001816 cooling Methods 0.000 description 7
- SBZXBUIDTXKZTM-UHFFFAOYSA-N diglyme Chemical compound COCCOCCOC SBZXBUIDTXKZTM-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 7
- 239000000523 sample Substances 0.000 description 7
- 229920003048 styrene butadiene rubber Polymers 0.000 description 7
- 239000000725 suspension Substances 0.000 description 7
- 125000003396 thiol group Chemical group [H]S* 0.000 description 7
- SMDVDXOWTRMZKF-UHFFFAOYSA-N C1C[SiH2]SC1 Chemical compound C1C[SiH2]SC1 SMDVDXOWTRMZKF-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 6
- RRHGJUQNOFWUDK-UHFFFAOYSA-N Isoprene Chemical group CC(=C)C=C RRHGJUQNOFWUDK-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 6
- 241001597008 Nomeidae Species 0.000 description 6
- 150000007513 acids Chemical class 0.000 description 6
- 239000002826 coolant Substances 0.000 description 6
- 230000000704 physical effect Effects 0.000 description 6
- BDERNNFJNOPAEC-UHFFFAOYSA-N propan-1-ol Chemical compound CCCO BDERNNFJNOPAEC-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 6
- PIZNQHDTOZMVBH-UHFFFAOYSA-N thionylimide Chemical compound N=S=O PIZNQHDTOZMVBH-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 6
- GWIKYPMLNBTJHR-UHFFFAOYSA-M thiosulfonate group Chemical group S(=S)(=O)[O-] GWIKYPMLNBTJHR-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 description 6
- 150000003606 tin compounds Chemical class 0.000 description 6
- 150000003609 titanium compounds Chemical class 0.000 description 6
- 229910052723 transition metal Inorganic materials 0.000 description 6
- 238000004073 vulcanization Methods 0.000 description 6
- QTBSBXVTEAMEQO-UHFFFAOYSA-M Acetate Chemical compound CC([O-])=O QTBSBXVTEAMEQO-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 description 5
- 150000001266 acyl halides Chemical class 0.000 description 5
- 125000001931 aliphatic group Chemical group 0.000 description 5
- 150000001412 amines Chemical class 0.000 description 5
- 238000007098 aminolysis reaction Methods 0.000 description 5
- 239000003963 antioxidant agent Substances 0.000 description 5
- 230000003078 antioxidant effect Effects 0.000 description 5
- DKVNPHBNOWQYFE-UHFFFAOYSA-N carbamodithioic acid Chemical compound NC(S)=S DKVNPHBNOWQYFE-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 5
- 239000000460 chlorine Substances 0.000 description 5
- LSXWFXONGKSEMY-UHFFFAOYSA-N di-tert-butyl peroxide Chemical compound CC(C)(C)OOC(C)(C)C LSXWFXONGKSEMY-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 5
- 125000004119 disulfanediyl group Chemical group *SS* 0.000 description 5
- 239000012990 dithiocarbamate Substances 0.000 description 5
- DUYAAUVXQSMXQP-UHFFFAOYSA-N ethanethioic S-acid Chemical class CC(S)=O DUYAAUVXQSMXQP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 5
- 125000001495 ethyl group Chemical group [H]C([H])([H])C([H])([H])* 0.000 description 5
- 238000004817 gas chromatography Methods 0.000 description 5
- 239000005457 ice water Substances 0.000 description 5
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- 229910052753 mercury Inorganic materials 0.000 description 5
- 239000012764 mineral filler Substances 0.000 description 5
- 239000012299 nitrogen atmosphere Substances 0.000 description 5
- 229920002857 polybutadiene Polymers 0.000 description 5
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- XTHFKEDIFFGKHM-UHFFFAOYSA-N Dimethoxyethane Chemical compound COCCOC XTHFKEDIFFGKHM-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 4
- IAZDPXIOMUYVGZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N Dimethylsulphoxide Chemical compound CS(C)=O IAZDPXIOMUYVGZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 4
- DGAQECJNVWCQMB-PUAWFVPOSA-M Ilexoside XXIX Chemical compound C[C@@H]1CC[C@@]2(CC[C@@]3(C(=CC[C@H]4[C@]3(CC[C@@H]5[C@@]4(CC[C@@H](C5(C)C)OS(=O)(=O)[O-])C)C)[C@@H]2[C@]1(C)O)C)C(=O)O[C@H]6[C@@H]([C@H]([C@@H]([C@H](O6)CO)O)O)O.[Na+] DGAQECJNVWCQMB-PUAWFVPOSA-M 0.000 description 4
- CHJJGSNFBQVOTG-UHFFFAOYSA-N N-methyl-guanidine Natural products CNC(N)=N CHJJGSNFBQVOTG-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 4
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- 235000007164 Oryza sativa Nutrition 0.000 description 4
- XBDQKXXYIPTUBI-UHFFFAOYSA-M Propionate Chemical compound CCC([O-])=O XBDQKXXYIPTUBI-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 description 4
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- WJEIYVAPNMUNIU-UHFFFAOYSA-N [Na].OC(O)=O Chemical compound [Na].OC(O)=O WJEIYVAPNMUNIU-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 4
- KXKVLQRXCPHEJC-UHFFFAOYSA-N acetic acid trimethyl ester Natural products COC(C)=O KXKVLQRXCPHEJC-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 4
- 230000002378 acidificating effect Effects 0.000 description 4
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- 125000001797 benzyl group Chemical group [H]C1=C([H])C([H])=C(C([H])=C1[H])C([H])([H])* 0.000 description 4
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- DOIRQSBPFJWKBE-UHFFFAOYSA-N dibutyl phthalate Chemical compound CCCCOC(=O)C1=CC=CC=C1C(=O)OCCCC DOIRQSBPFJWKBE-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 4
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- QSHDDOUJBYECFT-UHFFFAOYSA-N mercury Chemical compound [Hg] QSHDDOUJBYECFT-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 4
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- QIQXTHQIDYTFRH-UHFFFAOYSA-N octadecanoic acid Chemical compound CCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCC(O)=O QIQXTHQIDYTFRH-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 4
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- JFNLZVQOOSMTJK-KNVOCYPGSA-N norbornene Chemical compound C1[C@@H]2CC[C@H]1C=C2 JFNLZVQOOSMTJK-KNVOCYPGSA-N 0.000 description 1
- XNJGLSDTGOHPBZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N o-(1-triethoxysilylbutan-2-yl) ethanethioate Chemical compound CCO[Si](OCC)(OCC)CC(CC)OC(C)=S XNJGLSDTGOHPBZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- WQZUKOYQSSSMBL-UHFFFAOYSA-N o-(10-triethoxysilyldecan-2-yl) ethanethioate Chemical compound CCO[Si](OCC)(OCC)CCCCCCCCC(C)OC(C)=S WQZUKOYQSSSMBL-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- BQXZKHYBQNQQHL-UHFFFAOYSA-N o-(10-triethoxysilyldecyl) ethanethioate Chemical compound CCO[Si](OCC)(OCC)CCCCCCCCCCOC(C)=S BQXZKHYBQNQQHL-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- LNEPUQCXRWFYJZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N o-(2-methyl-4-triethoxysilylbutan-2-yl) ethanethioate Chemical compound CCO[Si](OCC)(OCC)CCC(C)(C)OC(C)=S LNEPUQCXRWFYJZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- VRLXDBAWJNGTSJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N o-(2-triethoxysilylethyl) ethanethioate Chemical compound CCO[Si](OCC)(OCC)CCOC(C)=S VRLXDBAWJNGTSJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
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- 238000005457 optimization Methods 0.000 description 1
- 150000007524 organic acids Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- TWNQGVIAIRXVLR-UHFFFAOYSA-N oxo(oxoalumanyloxy)alumane Chemical compound O=[Al]O[Al]=O TWNQGVIAIRXVLR-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 239000012188 paraffin wax Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000002245 particle Substances 0.000 description 1
- RFPMGSKVEAUNMZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N pentylidene Chemical group [CH2+]CCC[CH-] RFPMGSKVEAUNMZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 150000002978 peroxides Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- XCRBXWCUXJNEFX-UHFFFAOYSA-N peroxybenzoic acid Chemical compound OOC(=O)C1=CC=CC=C1 XCRBXWCUXJNEFX-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229920001568 phenolic resin Polymers 0.000 description 1
- RGCLLPNLLBQHPF-HJWRWDBZSA-N phosphamidon Chemical compound CCN(CC)C(=O)C(\Cl)=C(/C)OP(=O)(OC)OC RGCLLPNLLBQHPF-HJWRWDBZSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229920000570 polyether Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 239000011148 porous material Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000001556 precipitation Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000003825 pressing Methods 0.000 description 1
- 150000003141 primary amines Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- VVWRJUBEIPHGQF-UHFFFAOYSA-N propan-2-yl n-propan-2-yloxycarbonyliminocarbamate Chemical compound CC(C)OC(=O)N=NC(=O)OC(C)C VVWRJUBEIPHGQF-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 125000001436 propyl group Chemical group [H]C([*])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])[H] 0.000 description 1
- 230000001698 pyrogenic effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000005855 radiation Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000002994 raw material Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000009257 reactivity Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000012763 reinforcing filler Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000011160 research Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000004044 response Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000010057 rubber processing Methods 0.000 description 1
- FPQLAGZIFPNCND-UHFFFAOYSA-N s-(2-triethoxysilylethyl) ethanethioate Chemical compound CCO[Si](OCC)(OCC)CCSC(C)=O FPQLAGZIFPNCND-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- WHALSQRTWNBBCV-UHFFFAOYSA-N s-aminosulfanylthiohydroxylamine Chemical compound NSSN WHALSQRTWNBBCV-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 150000003335 secondary amines Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 238000010008 shearing Methods 0.000 description 1
- 150000003376 silicon Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 229910052814 silicon oxide Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- APSBXTVYXVQYAB-UHFFFAOYSA-M sodium docusate Chemical compound [Na+].CCCCC(CC)COC(=O)CC(S([O-])(=O)=O)C(=O)OCC(CC)CCCC APSBXTVYXVQYAB-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 description 1
- 241000894007 species Species 0.000 description 1
- 230000002269 spontaneous effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000003860 storage Methods 0.000 description 1
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- FDDDEECHVMSUSB-UHFFFAOYSA-N sulfanilamide Chemical compound NC1=CC=C(S(N)(=O)=O)C=C1 FDDDEECHVMSUSB-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 125000000475 sulfinyl group Chemical group [*:2]S([*:1])=O 0.000 description 1
- 229940124530 sulfonamide Drugs 0.000 description 1
- VKHQYTLHHOQKSC-UHFFFAOYSA-N sulfosulfamic acid Chemical compound OS(=O)(=O)NS(O)(=O)=O VKHQYTLHHOQKSC-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 150000003463 sulfur Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- QAOWNCQODCNURD-UHFFFAOYSA-N sulfuric acid Substances OS(O)(=O)=O QAOWNCQODCNURD-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- DHCDFWKWKRSZHF-UHFFFAOYSA-N sulfurothioic S-acid Chemical compound OS(O)(=O)=S DHCDFWKWKRSZHF-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 238000010189 synthetic method Methods 0.000 description 1
- 150000003512 tertiary amines Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 238000007669 thermal treatment Methods 0.000 description 1
- 229950000898 thiambutosine Drugs 0.000 description 1
- 239000004408 titanium dioxide Substances 0.000 description 1
- 125000003944 tolyl group Chemical group 0.000 description 1
- 230000001988 toxicity Effects 0.000 description 1
- 231100000419 toxicity Toxicity 0.000 description 1
- 230000009466 transformation Effects 0.000 description 1
- 229920006031 tri-component-copolymer Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 239000013638 trimer Substances 0.000 description 1
- YUYCVXFAYWRXLS-UHFFFAOYSA-N trimethoxysilane Chemical compound CO[SiH](OC)OC YUYCVXFAYWRXLS-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 238000010792 warming Methods 0.000 description 1
- 229910052725 zinc Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000011701 zinc Substances 0.000 description 1
- MBBWTVUFIXOUBE-UHFFFAOYSA-L zinc;dicarbamodithioate Chemical compound [Zn+2].NC([S-])=S.NC([S-])=S MBBWTVUFIXOUBE-UHFFFAOYSA-L 0.000 description 1
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Abstract
本发明描述了新的封端巯基硅烷,其中硫醇官能团的氢原子已被取代。本发明包括封端巯基硅化合物的制备方法及其在填充橡胶中的应用。所述封端巯基硅烷的独特之处在于,在填料与有机聚合物进行混合时,它们对与聚合物的偶联反应保持惰性。所述封端巯基硅烷化合物的偶联反应可通过加入合适的解封剂而触发。
Description
本申请是申请日为1998年8月21日、申请号为98801562.5、发明题目为“用于填充橡胶的封端巯基硅烷偶联剂”的进入中国国家阶段的PCT发明申请的分案申请。
发明领域
本发明涉及潜在的硫硅烷偶联剂,即,它们处于减活性态直到有用时才将其活化。本发明还涉及包含无机填料和这些硅烷偶联剂的橡胶的制备方法、以及硅烷的制备方法。
发明背景
关于含硫偶联剂在橡胶中的应用,大多数已有技术涉及,含有一个或多个下述种类化学键的硅烷:S-H(巯基)、S-S(二硫化物或多硫化物)、或C=S(硫代羰基)。巯基硅烷基本上可在较低的加入量下产生优异的偶联作用;但其与有机聚合物的化学反应性很强在加工和早期固化(早期硫化)时会产生不可接受的高粘度。其气味则加重了它不受欢迎的程度。结果,现已发现活性较差的其它偶联剂。因此,应该在偶联性能及其相关最终性能、加工性能、与所需加入量之间达成一种折中方案,但这肯定会需要基本上比巯基硅烷所需要高的偶联剂加入量,而且常需要涉及不够优化的加工条件,这两者都导致成本升高0。
已有技术公开了酰基硫代烷基硅烷,如CH3C(=O)S(CH2)1-3Si(OR)3[M.G.Voronkov等人的Inst.Org.Khim.,Irkutsk,Russia]和HO(=O)CH2CH2C(=O)S(CH2)3Si(OC2H5)3[R.Bell等人的美国专利№3922436]。在日本专利JP 63270751A2中,Takeshita和Sugawara公开了由通式CH2=C(CH3)3C(=O)S(CH2)1-6Si(OCH3)3表示的化合物在轮胎胎面组合物中的应用,但这些化合物不够理想,因为硫代酯羰基的α、β不饱和度易在配合过程中或储存过程中非所需地进行聚合。
作为已有技术,Yves Bomal和Olivier Durel在澳大利亚专利AU-A-10082/97中公开了通式R1 nX3-nSi-(Alk)m(Ar)p-S(C=O)-R所示结构的硅烷的应用,其中R1为苯基或烷基;X为卤素、烷氧基、环烷氧基、酸基、或OH;Alk为烷基;Ar是芳基:R为烷基、链烯基、或芳基;n为0-2;且m和p分别为0或1,但不能同时为0。但是,该已有技术规定,式(1P)结构的组分必须与官能化硅氧烷一起使用。此外,该已有技术既没有公开或提示具有式(1P)的化合物作为潜在巯基硅烷偶联剂的应用,也没有以任何方式公开或提示这些化合物在作为潜在巯基硅烷源应用时所产生的优点。
Ahamd等人的美国专利№4519430和Shippy等人的美国专利№4184998公开了用异氰酸酯将巯基硅烷进行封端以形成可加入轮胎组合物中的固体,其中硫醇可在加热时反应进入轮胎中,这发生在加工的任何时候,因为这是一种热作用机理。硅烷的作用是避免巯基硅烷的硫气味,而不是为了提高轮胎的加工性能。还有,所用异氰酸酯在用于制备硅烷时,和在橡胶加工过程中释放毒性。
Porchet等人的美国专利№3957718公开了包含二氧化硅、酚醛塑料或氨基塑料、和硅烷,如黄原酸酯、硫代黄原酸酯、和二硫代氨基甲酸酯的组合物;但该已有技术既没有公开或提示这些硅烷作为潜在巯基硅烷偶联剂的应用,也没有公开或提示它们作为潜在巯基硅烷源进行应用的优点。因此,仍然有对巯基硅烷的优点但没有本文所述缺点的有效潜在偶联剂的需求。
发明概述
本发明的硅烷是巯基硅烷衍生物,其中巯基基团是封端的(“封端巯基硅烷”),即,巯基氢原子被另一基团(下文称作“封端基团”)置换。具体地说,本发明硅烷是封端巯基硅烷,其中封端基团包含通过单键直接化学键接到硫上的不饱和杂原子或碳原子。该封端基团可选地被一种或多种羧酸酯或羧酸官能团所取代。本文还介绍了这些硅烷在制备无机填充橡胶中的应用,其中可通过制备过程中使用解封剂进行解封。还介绍了这些硅烷的制备方法。
发明详述
硅烷结构
封端巯基硅烷可由结构式(1-2)来表示:
[[(ROC(=O))p-(G)j]k-Y-S]r-G-(SiX3)s(1)
[(X3Si)q-G]a-[Y-[S-G-SiX3]b]c (2)
其中Y为多价的(Q)zA(=E),优选自
-C(=NR)-;-SC(=NR)-;-SC(=O)-;(-NR)C(=O)-;(-NR)C(=S)-;-OC(=O)-;-OC(=S)-;
-C(=O)-;-SC(=S)-;-C(=S)-;-S(=O)-;-S(=O)2-;-OS(=O)2-;(-NR)S(=O)2-;-SS(=O)-
-OS(=O)-;(-NR)S(=O)-;-SS(=O)2-;(-S)2P(=O)-;-(-S)P(=O)-;-P(=O)(-)2;(-S)2P(=S)-;
-(-S)P(=S)-;-P(=S)(-)2;(-NR)2P(=O)-;(-NR)(-S)P(=O)-;(-O)(-NR)P(=O)-;(-O)(-S)P(=O)-
(-O)2P(=O)-;-(-O)P(=O)-;-(-NR)P(=O)-;(-NR)2P(=S)-;(-NR)(-S)P(=S)-;(-O)(-NR)P(=S)-
(-O)(-S)P(=S)-;(-O)2P(=S)-;-(-O)P(=S)-;和-(-NR)P(=S)-;
在每一情况下,连接到不饱和杂原子(E)上的原子(A)被连接到硫上,然后通过基团G键接到硅原子上;
每个R独立地选自氢原子、具有或不具有不饱和度的直链、环状或支链烷基、链烯基、芳基和芳烷基,其中每个R包含1-18个碳原子;
每个G独立地为通过烷基、烯基、芳基或芳烷基进行取代而得到的一价或多价基团,其中G可包含1-18个碳原子,但G不应使得硅烷含有α,β-不饱和羰基(其中包括邻近硫代羰基的碳碳双键),而且G为一价时(即如果p=0),G可以是氢原子;
X独立地为选自-Cl、-Br、RO-、RC(=O)O-、R2C=NO-、R2NO-或R2N-、-R、-(OSiR2)t(OSiR3)的基团,其中每个R和G如上,且至少一个X不是-R;
Q为氧原子、硫原子或(-NR-);
A为碳原子、硫原子、磷原子、或磺酰基;
E为氧原子、硫原子或NR;
p为0-5;r为1-3;z为0-2;q为0-6;a为0-7;b为1-3;j为0-1,但仅当p为1时,j才为0;c为1-6,优选1-4;t为0-5;s为1-3;k为1-2,但必须满足:(A)A为碳原子、硫原子或磺酰基时,(i)a+b=2且(ii)k=1;(B)A为磷原子时,a+b=3,除非(i)c>1且(ii)b=1,此时a=c+1;和(C)A为磷原子时,k为2。
本文所用的“烷基”包括直链、支链和环状烷基,“烯基”包括含有一个或多个碳碳双键的直链、支链和环状烯基。烷基具体包括甲基、乙基、丙基、异丁基;芳烷基具体包括苯基、甲苯基和苯乙基。本文所用的“环状烷基”或“环状烯基”还包括双环或多环结构,以及进一步被烷基取代的环状结构。其代表例包括降冰片基、降冰片烯基、乙基降冰片基、乙基降冰片烯基、乙基环己基、乙基环己烯基、和环己基环己基。
在本发明硅烷中,官能团(-YS-)的代表例包括:硫代羧酸酯-C(=O)-S-(具有这种官能团的任何硅烷为“硫代羧酸酯硅烷”);二硫代羧酸酯-C(=S)-S-(具有这种官能团的任何硅烷为“二硫代羧酸酯硅烷”);硫代碳酸酯-O-C(=O)-S-(具有这种官能团的任何硅烷为“硫代碳酸酯硅烷”);二硫代碳酸酯,-S-C(=O)-S-和-O-C(=S)-S-(具有这种官能团的任何硅烷为“二硫代碳酸酯硅烷”);三硫代碳酸酯,-S-C(=S)-S-(具有这种官能团的任何硅烷为“三硫代碳酸酯硅烷”);二硫代氨基甲酸酯,N-C(=S)-S-(具有这种官能团的任何硅烷为“二硫代氨基甲酸酯硅烷”);硫代磺酸酯,-S(=O)2-S-(具有这种官能团的任何硅烷为“硫代磺酸酯硅烷”);硫代硫酸酯,-O-S(=O)2-S-(具有这种官能团的任何硅烷为“硫代硫酸酯硅烷”);硫代氨基磺酸酯,(-N-)S(=O)2-S-(具有这种官能团的任何硅烷为“硫代氨基磺酸酯硅烷”);硫代亚磺酸酯,C-S(=O)2-S-(具有这种官能团的任何硅烷为“硫代亚磺酸酯硅烷”);硫代亚硫酸酯,-O-S(=O)-S-(具有这种官能团的任何硅烷为“硫代亚硫酸酯硅烷”);硫代氨基亚硫酸酯,-N-S(=O)-S-(具有这种官能团的任何硅烷为“硫代氨基亚硫酸酯硅烷”);硫代磷酸酯,P(=O)(O-)2(S-)(具有这种官能团的任何硅烷为“硫代磷酸酯硅烷”);二硫代磷酸酯,P(=O)(O-)(S-)2或P(=S)(O-)2(S-)(具有这种官能团的任何硅烷为“二硫代磷酸酯硅烷”);三硫代磷酸酯,P(=O)(S-)3或P(=S)(O-)(S-)2(具有这种官能团的任何硅烷为“三硫代磷酸酯硅烷”);四硫代磷酸酯,P(=S)(S-)3(具有这种官能团的任何硅烷为“四硫代磷酸酯硅烷”);硫代氨基磷胺酯,P(=O)(-N-)(S-)(具有这种官能团的任何硅烷为“硫代氨基磷胺酯硅烷”);二硫代氨基磷胺酯,P(=S)(-N-)(S-)(具有这种官能团的任何硅烷为“二硫代氨基磷胺酯硅烷”);硫代氨基磷酸酯,(-N-)P(=O)(O-)(S-)(具有这种官能团的任何硅烷为“硫代氨基磷酸酯硅烷”);二硫代氨基磷酸酯,(-N-)P(=O)(S-)2或(-N-)P(=S)(O-)(S-)(具有这种官能团的任何硅烷为“二硫代氨基磷酸酯硅烷”);三硫代氨基磷酸酯,(-N-)P(=S)(S-)2(具有这种官能团的任何硅烷为“三硫代氨基磷酸酯硅烷”)。
本发明的新型硅烷是这样一些硅烷,其中Y基团为:
-C(=NR)-;
-SC(=NR)-;-SC(=O)-;-OC(=O)-;-S(=O)-;-S(=O)2-;-OS(=O)2-;-(NR)S(=O)2-;-SS(=O)-;
-OS(=O)-;-(NR)S(=O)-;-SS(=O)2-;(-S)2P(=O)-;-(-S)P(=O)-;-P(=O)(-)2;(-S)2P(=S)-;
-(-S)P(=S)-;-P(=S)(-)2;(-NR)2P(=O)-;(-NR)(-S)P(=O)-;(-O)(-NR)P(=O)-;(-O)(-S)p(=O)-;
(-O)2P(=O)-;-(-O)P(=O)-;-(-NR)P(=O)-;(-NR)2P(=S)-;(-NR)(-S)P(=S)-;(-O)(-NR)P(=S)-;
(-O)(-S)P(=S)-;(-O)2P(=S)-;-(-O)P(=S)-;和-(-NR)P(=S)-。
特别优选的是-OC(=O)-、-SC(=O)-、-S(=O)-、-OS(=O)-、-(-S)P(=O)-和-P(=O)(-)2。
在另一种新型硅烷中,Y为RC(=O)-,其中R具有连接到羰基上的伯碳原子,且为C2-C12烷基、更优选C6-C8烷基。
另一优选的新结构是X3SiGSC(=O)GC(=O)SGSiX3,其中G为二价烃。
G的例子包括-(CH2)n-,其中n为1-12,二亚乙基环己烷、1,2,4-三亚乙基环己烷和二亚乙基苯。在每个分子中,G基团碳原子的总数优选3-8,更优选6-14。在封端巯基硅烷中,这种碳原子数有助于无机填料在有机聚合物中的分散,因此可提高固化填充橡胶的综合性能。
优选的R基团为C1-C4烷基和H。
X的具体例子为甲氧基、乙氧基、异丁氧基、丙氧基、异丙氧基、乙酰氧基和肟基。甲氧基、乙酰氧基和乙氧基是优选的。至少一个X必须是活性的(即,可水解的)。
在优选实施方案中,p为0-2;X为RO-或RC(=O)O-;R为氢原子、苯基、异丙基、环己基或异丁基;G为取代苯基或C2-C12取代直链烷基。在最优选实施方案中,p为O;X为乙氧基且G为C3-C12烷基衍生基团。
本发明硅烷的代表例包括:硫代乙酸(2-三乙氧基甲硅烷基-1-乙基)酯、硫代乙酸(2-三甲氧基甲硅烷基-1-乙基)酯、硫代乙酸(2-(甲基二甲氧基甲硅烷基)-1-乙基)酯、硫代乙酸(3-三甲氧基甲硅烷基-1-丙基)酯、硫代乙酸(三乙氧基甲硅烷基甲基)酯、硫代乙酸(三甲氧基甲硅烷基甲基)酯、硫代乙酸(三异丙氧基甲硅烷基甲基)酯、硫代乙酸(甲基二乙氧基甲硅烷基甲基)酯、硫代乙酸(甲基二甲氧基甲硅烷基甲基)酯、硫代乙酸(甲基二异丙氧基甲硅烷基甲基)酯、硫代乙酸(二甲基乙氧基甲硅烷基甲基)酯、硫代乙酸(二甲基甲氧基甲硅烷基甲基)酯、硫代乙酸(二甲基异丙氧基甲硅烷基甲基)酯、硫代乙酸(2-三异丙氧基甲硅烷基-1-乙基)酯、硫代乙酸(2-(甲基二乙氧基甲硅烷基)-1-乙基)酯、硫代乙酸(2-(甲基二异丙氧基甲硅烷基)-1-乙基)酯、硫代乙酸(2-(二甲基乙氧基甲硅烷基)-1-乙基)酯、硫代乙酸(2-(二甲基甲氧基甲硅烷基)-1-乙基)酯、硫代乙酸(2-(二甲基异丙氧基甲硅烷基)-1-乙基)酯、硫代乙酸(3-三乙氧基甲硅烷基-1-丙基)酯、硫代乙酸(3-三异丙氧基甲硅烷基-1-丙基)酯、硫代乙酸(3-甲基二乙氧基甲硅烷基-1-丙基)酯、硫代乙酸(3-甲基二甲氧基甲硅烷基-1-丙基)酯、硫代乙酸(3-甲基二异丙氧基甲硅烷基-1-丙基)酯、(1-(2-三乙氧基甲硅烷基-1-乙基)-4-硫代乙酰基环己烷、(1-(2-三乙氧基甲硅烷基-1-乙基)-3-硫代乙酰基环己烷、2-三乙氧基甲硅烷基-5-硫代乙酰基降冰片烯、2-三乙氧基甲硅烷基-4-硫代乙酰基降冰片烯、2-(2-三乙氧基甲硅烷基-1-乙基)-5-硫代乙酰基降冰片烯、2-(2-三乙氧基甲硅烷基-1-乙基)-4-硫代乙酰基降冰片烯、1-(1-氧杂-2-硫杂-5-三乙氧基甲硅烷基戊基)苯甲酸、硫代乙酸(6-三乙氧基甲硅烷基-1-己基)酯、硫代乙酸(1-三乙氧基甲硅烷基-5-己基)酯、硫代乙酸(8-三乙氧基甲硅烷基-1-辛基)酯、硫代乙酸(1-三乙氧基甲硅烷基-7-辛基)酯、硫代乙酸(6-三乙氧基甲硅烷基-1-己基)酯、硫代乙酸(1-三乙氧基甲硅烷基-5-辛基)酯、硫代乙酸(8-三甲氧基甲硅烷基-1-辛基)酯、硫代乙酸(1-三甲氧基甲硅烷基-7-辛基)酯、硫代乙酸(10-三乙氧基甲硅烷基-1-癸基)酯、硫代乙酸(1-三乙氧基甲硅烷基-9-癸基)酯、硫代乙酸(1-三乙氧基甲硅烷基-2-丁基)酯、硫代乙酸(1-三乙氧基甲硅烷基-3-丁基)酯、硫代乙酸(1-三乙氧基甲硅烷基-3-甲基-2-丁基)酯、硫代乙酸(1-三乙氧基甲硅烷基-3-甲基-3-丁基)酯、硫代辛酸(3-三甲氧基甲硅烷基-1-丙基)酯、硫代棕榈酸(3-三乙氧基甲硅烷基-1-丙基)酯、硫代辛酸(3-三乙氧基甲硅烷基-1-丙基)酯、硫代苯甲酸(3-三乙氧基甲硅烷基-1-丙基)酯、硫代-2-乙基己酸(3-三乙氧基甲硅烷基-1-丙基)酯、硫代乙酸(3-甲基二乙酰氧基甲硅烷基-1-丙基)酯、硫代乙酸(3-三乙酰氧基甲硅烷基-1-丙基)酯、硫代乙酸(2-甲基二乙酰氧基甲硅烷基-1-乙基)酯、硫代乙酸(2-三乙酰氧基甲硅烷基-1-乙基)酯、硫代乙酸(1-甲基二乙酰氧基甲硅烷基-1-乙基)酯、硫代乙酸(1-三乙酰氧基甲硅烷基-1-乙基)酯、三硫代磷酸三-(3-三乙氧基甲硅烷基-1-丙基)酯、二硫代膦酸(双-(3-三乙氧基甲硅烷基-1-丙基)甲基)酯、二硫代膦酸(双-(3-三乙氧基甲硅烷基-1-丙基)乙基)酯、硫代次膦酸(3-三乙氧基甲硅烷基-1-丙基二甲基)酯、硫代次膦酸(3-三乙氧基甲硅烷基-1-丙基二乙基)酯、四硫代磷酸三-(3-三乙氧基甲硅烷基-1-丙基)酯、三硫代膦酸(双-(3-三乙氧基甲硅烷基-1-丙基)甲基)酯、三硫代膦酸(双-(3-三乙氧基甲硅烷基-1-丙基)乙基)酯、二硫代次膦酸(3-三乙氧基甲硅烷基-1-丙基二甲基)酯、二硫代次膦酸(3-三乙氧基甲硅烷基-1-丙基二乙基)酯、三硫代磷酸三-(3-甲基二甲氧基甲硅烷基-1-丙基)酯、二硫代磷酸(双-(3-甲基二甲氧基甲硅烷基-1-丙基)甲基)酯、二硫代膦酸(双-(3-甲基二甲氧基甲硅烷基-1-丙基)乙基)酯、二硫代次膦酸(3-甲基二甲氧基甲硅烷基-1-丙基二甲基)酯、二硫代次膦酸(3-甲基二甲氧基甲硅烷基-1-丙基二乙基)酯、硫代硫酸(3-三乙氧基甲硅烷基-1-丙基甲基)酯、(3-三乙氧基甲硅烷基-1-丙基甲烷)硫代磺酸酯、(3-三乙氧基甲硅烷基-1-丙基乙烷)硫代磺酸酯、(3-三乙氧基甲硅烷基-1-丙基苯)硫代磺酸酯、(3-三乙氧基甲硅烷基-1-丙基甲苯)硫代磺酸酯、(3-三乙氧基甲硅烷基-1-丙基萘)硫代磺酸酯、(3-三乙氧基甲硅烷基-1-丙基二甲苯)硫代磺酸酯、甲基硫代硫酸三乙氧基甲硅烷基甲基酯、三乙氧基甲硅烷基甲基甲烷硫代磺酸酯、三乙氧基甲硅烷基甲基乙烷硫代磺酸酯、三乙氧基甲硅烷基甲基苯硫代磺酸酯、三乙氧基甲硅烷基甲基甲苯硫代磺酸酯、三乙氧基甲硅烷基甲基萘硫代磺酸酯、三乙氧基甲硅烷基甲基二甲苯硫代磺酸酯。
也可使用各种封端巯基硅烷的混合物,其中,因为不同合成方法而导致各种硅烷分布的混合物,或者封端巯基硅烷的混合物因其不同封端或离去官能团而加以利用。另外在本文中,应该理解,这些封端巯基硅烷的部分水解产物(即封端巯基硅氧烷)也可包括在封端巯基硅烷中,其中这些水解产物是大多数封端巯基硅烷制备方法的副产物,或在储存封端巯基硅烷时,尤其在潮湿条件下产生的。
如果是液体,硅烷可载负于载体上,如多孔聚合物、炭黑或二氧化硅上,这样它可作为固态形式传输到橡胶中。在优选方式中,载体可以是用于橡胶的无机填料的一部分。
硅烷的制备
制备封端巯基硅烷的方法可包括:将含硫硅烷中的硫酯化以及通过合适离去基团的取代或碳碳双键的加成作用,将硫酯基团直接加入硅烷中。用于说明硫酯硅烷制备合成步骤的例子包括:反应1),巯基硅烷与对应于所需产物中硫酯基团的酸酐之间的反应;反应2),巯基硅烷的碱金属盐与合适的酸酐或酰基卤之间的反应;反应3),巯基硅烷与酯之间的酯转移反应,可视需要选用任何合适的催化剂,如酸、碱、锡化合物、钛化合物、过渡金属盐、或一种酯的对应酸的盐;反应4)硫酯硅烷与另一酯的酯基转移反应可视需要选用任何合适的催化剂,如酸、碱、锡化合物、钛化合物、过渡金属盐、或该酯的对应酸的盐;反应5),1-硅杂-2-硫杂环戊烷或1-硅杂-2-硫杂环己烷与酯的酯转移反应,可视需要选用任何合适的催化剂,如酸、碱、锡化合物、钛化合物、过渡金属盐、或该酯的对应酸的盐;反应6),在紫外线、热、或合适游离基引发剂的催化下,硫代酸在烯烃官能团硅烷的碳碳双键上的游离基加成反应,其中如果硫代酸为硫代羧酸,那么这两种反应物相互接触方式应保证,无论是何种试剂加入另一试剂中,基本上都能反应,随后加成反应得以进行;和反应7)硫代酸的碱金属盐与卤烷基硅烷之间的反应。
酰基卤包括,(但不限于):有机酰基卤、以及无机酰基卤,如POT3、SOT2、SO2T2、COT2、CST2、PST3和PT5,其中T为卤根离子。酸酐包括,(但不限于):有机酸酐(及其硫类似物)、以及无机酸酐,如SO3、SO2、P2O5、P2S5、H2S2O7、CO2、COS和CS2。
用于说明硫代羧酸酯官能团硅烷制备合成步骤的例子包括:反应8),巯基硅烷与所需产物中硫酸羧酸酯基团对应的羧酸酐之间的反应;反应9),巯基硅烷的碱金属盐与合适的羧酸酐或酰基卤之间的反应;反应10),巯基硅烷与羧酸酯的酯基转移反应可视需要选用任何合适的催化剂,如酸、碱、锡化合物、钛化合物、过渡金属盐、或羧酸酯的对应酸的盐;反应11),可视需要选用任何合适的催化剂,如酸、碱、锡化合物、钛化合物、过渡金属盐、或酯的对应酸的盐,进行硫代羧酸官能团硅烷与另一酯的酯基转移反应;反应12),可选通过使用任何合适的催化剂,如酸、碱、锡化合物、钛化合物、过渡金属盐、或羧酸酯的对应酸的盐,进行1-硅杂-2-硫杂环戊烷或1-硅杂-2-硫杂环己烷与该羧酸酯的酯基转移反应;反应13),在紫外线、热、或合适游离基引发剂的催化下,硫代羧酸在烯烃官能团硅烷的碳碳双键上的自由基加成反应;和反应14),硫代羧酸的碱金属盐与卤烷基硅烷之间的反应。
反应1和8通过蒸馏巯基硅烷与酸酐、以及可选溶剂的混合物来进行。该混合物的合适沸点为60-200℃,优选70-170℃,可任选50-250℃。在该工艺的化学反应中,巯基硅烷的巯基基团被酯化成硫酯硅烷类似物,同时释放当量的相应酸。酸通常比酸酐更易挥发蒸馏除去较多的挥发性酸而驱动反应。对于更易挥发的酸酐,如乙酸酐,蒸馏优选在常压下进行,以达到足以使反应完成的温度。对于挥发性较差的物质,可在工艺中使用溶剂,如甲苯、二甲苯、甘醇二甲醚、二甘醇二甲醚以限制反应温度。另外,该方法可在减压下进行。使用多至两倍过量或更多的酸酐是有益的、多余的酸酐可在蒸馏出由酸和非硅烷酯组成的所有更易挥发的反应副产物之后,由混合物中蒸馏出来。过量的酸酐可用于推动反应完成,并有助于将副产物从反应混合物中驱逐出来。反应完成之后,应该继续进行蒸馏,以将剩余的酸酐驱逐出来。产物可视需要进行蒸馏。
反应2和9可分两步进行。第一步包括将巯基硅烷转化成相应的金属衍生物。碱金属衍生物,尤其是钠或钾和锂的衍生物是优选的。所述金属衍生物可通过向巯基硅烷中加入碱金属或衍生自碱金属的强碱而得到。反应可在室温下进行。合适的碱包括碱金属烷氧化物、酰胺、氢化物、硫醇化物。碱金属有机金属试剂也是有效的。作为另一选择,Grinard试剂可产生镁衍生物。溶剂,如甲苯、二甲苯、苯、脂族烃、醚和醇可用于制备碱金属衍生物。一旦制备出碱金属衍生物,必须去除其中的任何醇。这可通过蒸馏或蒸发步骤来完成。醇,如甲醇、乙醇、丙醇、异丙醇、丁醇、异丁醇和叔丁醇可通过与苯、甲苯、二甲苯或脂族烃的共沸蒸馏而去除。甲苯和二甲苯是优选的;甲苯是最优选的。在总的工艺中,第二步是在搅拌下,在-20℃至混合物沸点下,优选在0℃至室温下,向该溶液中加入酰氯或酸酐。产物可通过去除盐和溶剂而分离出来。它可蒸馏纯化。
反应3和10在可任选的溶剂和/或催化剂的存在下,通过蒸馏巯基硅烷与酯的混合物而进行。混合物的合适沸点在100℃以上。在该工艺的化学反应中,巯基硅烷的巯基基团被酯化成硫酯硅烷类似物,同时释放当量的相应醇。反应可通过蒸馏去除作为更易挥发物质、或作为与酯的共沸物的醇来推动。对于更易挥发的酯,蒸馏适于在常压下进行,以达到足以使反应完成的温度。对于挥发性较差的酯,可在工艺中使用溶剂,如甲苯、二甲苯、甘醇二甲醚、二甘醇二甲醚以限制反应温度。另外,该方法可在减压下进行。使用最多两倍过量或更多的酯是有用的,它可在蒸馏出所有醇副产物之后由混合物中蒸馏出来。过量的酯可用于推动反应完成,并有助于将醇副产物从反应混合物中驱逐出来。反应完成之后,继续进行蒸馏,以将剩余的酯驱逐出来。产物可视需要进行蒸馏。
反应4和11,通过蒸馏硫酯硅烷与其它酯以及任选的溶剂和/或催化剂的混合物而进行。混合物的合适沸点在80℃以上,优选在100℃以上。反应温度优选不超过250℃。在该工艺的化学反应中,硫酯硅烷的硫酯基团通过酯基转移反应变成新的硫酯硅烷,同时释放当量的新酯。这种新硫酯硅烷一般是反应体系中最不易挥发的物质;但新酯却比其它反应物更易挥发。反应可通过蒸馏去除新酯来推动。蒸馏可在常压下进行,以达到足以使反应完成的温度。对于只含挥发性较差的物质的体系,可在工艺中使用溶剂,如甲苯、二甲苯、甘醇二甲醚、二甘醇二甲醚以限制反应温度。另外,该方法可在减压下进行。使用最多两倍过量或更多的其它酯是有用的,它可在蒸馏出所有的新酯副产物之后,由混合物中蒸馏出来。过量的其它酯可用于推动反应完成,并有助于将作为副产物的其它酯从反应混合物中驱逐出来。反应完成之后,继续进行蒸馏,以将剩余的所述新酯驱逐出来。产物可视需要进行蒸馏。
反应5和12可在催化剂的存在下,通过加热1-硅杂-2-硫杂环戊烷或1-硅杂-2-硫杂环己烷与酯的混合物而进行。视需要,该混合物可用溶剂,优选其沸点与所需温度相当的溶剂进行加热或回流。可在减压下使用其沸点高于所需反应温度的溶剂,其中可通过调节压力将沸点降低到所需的反应温度。混合物的温度为80-250℃,优选100-200℃。可在工艺中使用溶剂,如甲苯、二甲苯、脂族烃、和二甘醇二甲醚来调节温度。另外,该方法可在减压回流条件下进行。最优选的条件是:在没有溶剂的情况下,优选在惰性气氛下,通过使用酯的相应酸的钠、钾、或锂盐作为催化剂,于120-170℃下加热1-硅杂-2-硫杂环戊烷或1-硅杂-2-硫杂环己烷与酯的混合物20-100小时。在该工艺的化学反应中,1-硅杂-2-硫杂环戊烷或1-硅杂-2-硫杂环己烷上通过酯在其硫-硅键上的加成而进行酯基转移。其产物为原1-硅杂-2-硫杂环戊烷或1-硅杂-2-硫杂环己烷的硫酯硅烷类似物。可任选使用最多两倍过量或更多的酯来推动反应完成。反应完成之后,蒸馏去除过量的酯。产物可视需要进行蒸馏纯化。
反应6和13可通过加热或回流烯烃官能团硅烷与硫代酸的混合物来进行。反应13的情况以前在美国专利№3692812和G.A.Gornowicz等人的J.Org.Chem.(1968),33(7),2918-24中公开过。非催化反应可在低至105℃的温度下进行,但往往失败。温度升高反应越易成功;当温度超过160℃时,成功的可能性变得相当高。通过紫外线辐射或催化剂,反应可保证进行并最大限度反应完全。有了催化剂,反应可在低于90℃的温度下进行。合适的催化剂为游离基引发剂,如过氧化物,优选有机过氧化物、和偶氮化合物。过氧化物引发剂的例子包括过酸,如过苯甲酸和过乙酸;过酸的酯类;氢过氧化物,如叔丁基化过氧氢;过氧化物,如过氧化二叔丁基;和过缩醛和过缩酮,如1,1-双(叔丁基过氧基)环己烷、或其它任何过氧化物。偶氮引发剂的例子包括偶氮二异丁腈(AIBN)、1,1’-偶氮二(环己烷碳腈)(VAZO;DuPont产品)、和偶氮叔丁烷。反应可在催化剂的存在下,通过加热烯烃官能团硅烷与硫代酸的混合物来进行。优选在等摩尔或近等摩尔的基础上进行整个反应,这样可取得最高的转化率。反应是强放热的,因此随着反应的开始和迅速进行,温度会迅速升高至回流,然后进行剧烈回流。对于大量反应物来说,这种剧烈反应可产生有害的沸溢现象。同时,不受控制的反应也会导致副反应、污染和产量损失。可这样有效地控制反应:向反应混合物中加入部分一种试剂,用催化剂引发反应,进行反应直到反应大部分完全,然后加入剩余的试剂,可单个加入也可作为多种添加剂加入。不完全加入试剂的起始浓度和加料速率以及随后的加入次数,取决于所用催化剂的种类和数量、反应规模、原料的性质、以及反应装置吸收和散发热量的能力。控制反应的第二种方式包括,在连续加入催化剂的同时,将一种试剂连续加入另一种试剂中。无论连续加入或顺序加入,催化剂可单独加入和/或与一种或两种试剂、或其混合物进行预混。对于其中包括硫代乙酸和含端碳碳双键的烯烃官能团硅烷的反应来说,这两种方法是优选的。第一种方法包括,首先将烯烃官能团硅烷的温度升至160-180℃,或回流,温度、二者取低者。第一部分硫代乙酸的加入速率应使得可以保持即便剧烈但可控制的回流状态。对于沸点为100以上-120℃的烯烃官能团硅烷来说,这种回流作用主要来自相对烯烃官能团硅烷沸点较低的硫代乙酸(88-92℃,取决于纯度)。加完之后,回流速率迅速减退。通常随着反应的引发,可在几分钟内再次加速,尤其使用沸点在120℃以上的烯烃官能团硅烷时。如果没有在10-15分钟内引发,可通过加入催化剂进行引发。优选的催化剂为过氧化二叔丁基。催化剂的合适用量为催化剂所加混合物总重的0.2-2%,优选0.5-1%。反应通常在几分钟内引发,这可由回流速率的升高而表现出来。回流温度随着反应的进行而逐渐升高。当加入下一份硫代乙酸时,重复前述的步骤顺序。对于约1-4公斤的总反应量来说,硫代乙酸的优选加入次数为2次,其中总硫代乙酸的约三分之一第一次加入,剩余的第二次加入。对于约4-10公斤的总重来说,优选总共加入三次,其分布为:第一次加入时使用总数的约20%,第二次加入时使用约30%,剩余的第三次使用。对于包括硫代乙酸和烯烃官能团硅烷的较大规模反应来说,优选进行总共三次以上的硫代乙酸加入过程,更优选倒序加入各种试剂。首先,将全部的硫代乙酸进行回流。然后连续向硫代乙酸中加入烯烃官能团硅烷,加入速率应使得反应速率平稳但却剧烈。催化剂,优选过氧化二叔丁基可在反应过程中分小份加入,或以连续流体的形式加入。最好随着反应的进行逐步提高催化剂的加入速率,这样可在最低量的所需催化剂下,达到最高的产物收率。所用催化剂的总量应该为所用试剂总重的0.5-2%。无论使用何种方法,反应之后都要进行真空汽提以去除挥发物和未反应的硫代乙酸和硅烷。产物可蒸馏纯化。
反应7和14可分两步进行。第一步包括硫代酸的盐的制备。碱金属衍生物是优选的,其中钠衍生物是最优选的。这些盐可以以溶剂中的溶液形式而得到,其中盐易于溶于这些溶剂,但也可以是盐作为固体在溶剂中的悬浮液,其中这些盐仅微溶于所述溶剂。可以使用醇,如丙醇、异丙醇、丁醇、异丁醇和叔丁醇,优选甲醇和乙醇,因为碱金属盐微溶于其中。在所需产物为烷氧基硅烷时,优选使用硅烷烷氧基的相应醇以防止硅酯的酯基转移。另外,可以使用非质子溶剂。合适溶剂的例子为:醚或聚醚,如甘醇二甲醚、二甘醇二甲醚和二噁烷;N,N’-二甲基甲酰胺;N,N’-二甲基乙酰胺;二甲基亚砜;N-甲基吡咯烷酮;或六甲基磷酰胺。一旦制备出硫代酸的溶液、悬浮液、或其混合形式,第二步便是将其与合适的卤烷基硅烷进行反应。这可通过在相当于溶剂液态范围的温度下,搅拌卤烷基硅烷与硫代酸的盐的溶液、悬浮液、或其混合形式的混合物来实现,其中反应时间应足以使反应基本上完成。优选的温度是盐可明显溶于所述溶剂之温度,且反应能够以可接受的速率进行而不会出现过多的副反应。对于从氯烷基硅烷(其中氯原子不是烯丙基位或苄基位的)开始进行的反应来说,温度优选60-160℃。反应时间可从1个或几个小时至几天。对于其中含4个或更少碳原子的醇溶剂来说,最优选温度为回流温度或近似回流温度。如果使用二甘醇二甲醚作为溶剂,最优选温度为70-120℃,这取决于所用的硫代酸盐。如果卤烷基硅烷为溴烷基硅烷或氯烷基硅烷(氯原子是烯丙基位或苄基位的),这时相对非烯丙基位或苄基位氯烷基硅烷的合适温度来说,以温度下降30-60℃为宜,因为溴基团的活性较大。溴烷基硅烷比氯烷基硅烷优选,因为其活性较大、所需温度较低、且作为副产物的碱金属卤化物易于过滤或离心处理。但这种优选可以被氯烷基硅烷的低成本所抵消,尤其对于在烯丙基或苄基位上包含卤素的那些。对于直链氯烷基乙氧基硅烷与硫代羧酸钠之间反应形成硫代羧酸酯乙氧基硅烷的反应来说,优选使用乙醇回流10-20小时(如果产物中可接受5-20%的巯基硅烷的话)。否则,二甘醇二甲醚则是极好的选择,这时反应优选在80-120℃下进行1-3小时。反应完成之后,应去除盐和溶剂,然后可通过蒸馏以达到较高的纯度。
如果在反应7和14中所用的硫代酸盐不是市售的,那么可通过以下方法A和方法B的一种或两种方法将其制备出来。方法A包括,向硫代酸中加入碱金属或衍生自碱金属的碱。反应可在室温下进行。合适的碱包括碱金属烷氧化物、氢化物、碳酸盐、和碳酸氢盐。可以使用溶剂,如甲苯、二甲苯、苯、脂族烃、醚和醇来制备碱金属衍生物。在方法B中,酰氯或酸酐可通过与碱金属硫化物或氢硫化物的反应而直接转化成硫代酸的盐。水合或部分含水的碱金属硫化物或氢硫化物是易得的,但优选无水或几乎无水的碱金属硫化物或氢硫化物。可以使用含水物质,但产量有所损失,且产生硫化氢作为副产物。该反应包括,向碱金属硫化物和/或氢硫化物的溶液或悬浮液中加入酰氯或酸酐,然后在室温至溶剂回流温度下,加热足够时间以使反应基本上完成,这可通过形成副产物盐而表现出来。
如果在制备硫代酸的碱金属盐时存在醇,无论其是用作溶剂,还是通过例如硫代酸与碱金属烷氧化物间的反应形成的,如果希望其产物在巯基硅烷中含量较低,则最好将其去除。这时,有必要在硫代酸的盐与卤烷基硅烷进行反应之前去除醇。这可通过蒸馏或蒸发来进行。醇,如甲醇、乙醇、丙醇、异丙醇、丁醇、异丁醇和叔丁醇优选通过与苯、甲苯、二甲苯、或脂族烃进行共沸蒸馏而去除。甲苯和二甲苯是优选的。
应用本文所述的封端巯基硅烷可用作有机聚合物(即,橡胶)和无机填料的偶联剂。封端巯基硅烷的独特之处在于,可高效利用其巯基基团,而不会象通常使用巯基硅烷那样产生各种不利的副作用,如加工粘度高、填料分散性不够理想、早期固化(早期熟化)、和气味。产生这些优点的原因在于,作为封端基团的巯基基团在开始时是非活性的。封端基团基本上可在橡胶配料期间防止硅烷偶联到有机聚合物上。一般来说,在配料工艺阶段,只能发生硅烷-SiX3基团与填料间的反应。因此,基本上可防止填料与聚合物在混合时的偶联作用,这样可降低非所需的早期固化(早期熟化)和相应非所需的粘度升高。由于避免了早期固化,人们可获得较好的固化填充橡胶性能,如高模量与耐磨性的综合性能。
使用时,一种或多种封端巯基硅烷可在填料配料到有机聚合物之前、之中或之后与有机聚合物进行混合。优选在填料配合到有机聚合物之前或之中加入硅烷,因为这些硅烷有助于提高填料的分散性。硅烷在所得混合物中的总量应该为每100重量份有机聚合物约0.05-25重量份(phr),更优选1-10phr。填料的用量可以是约5-100phr,更优选25-80phr.
当需要混合物进行反应以将填料偶联到聚合物上时,向混合物中加入解封剂以将封端巯基硅烷解封。解封剂的加入量可以是约0.1-5phr,更优选0.5-3phr。如果混合物中存在(通常如此)醇或水,可以使用催化剂(如,叔胺、Lewis酸或三醇)进行引发,并降低解封剂的水解或醇解损失,以释放出相应的巯基硅烷。另外,解封剂可以是含有一个特别不安定氢原子的亲核试剂,该氢原子可转移到原封端基团的部位上以形成巯基硅烷。因此,通过封端基团的受体分子,亲核试剂上的氢原子可与封端巯基硅烷的封端基团进行交换,以形成巯基硅烷和含有原封端基团的亲核试剂的相应衍生物。封端基团这种由硅烷向亲核试剂的转移作用可通过,例如形成比起始反应物(封端巯基硅烷和亲核试剂)更加热力学稳定的产物(巯基硅烷和包含封端基团的亲核试剂)而推动。例如,如果亲核试剂是具有N-H键的胺,那么通过封端基团由封端巯基硅烷的转移作用,可得到巯基硅烷和所用相应封端基团的几种酰胺之一。例如,由胺解封的羧基封端基团可得到酰胺,由胺解封的磺酰基封端基团可得到磺酰胺,由胺解封的亚硫酰基封端基团可得到亚磺酰胺,由胺解封的膦酰基封端基团可得到膦酰胺,由胺解封的次膦酰基封端基团可得到次膦酰胺。不管起始存在于封端巯基硅烷中是何种封端基团,也不管所用是何种解封剂,重要的是,在橡胶混炼胶工艺的所需时间点上,开始基本上非活性的(从偶联到有机聚合物的角度上看)封端巯基硅烷能够基本上转化成活性巯基硅烷。值得注意的是,如果只需部分解封封端巯基硅烷以控制特定配方的硫化度,可以使用部分量的(即,化学计量不足的)亲核试剂。
水通常作为水合物存在于无机填料中,或以羟基形式键接到填料上。解封剂可以有效包装形式加入,或者在混炼胶工艺的任何其它阶段以单组分的形式加入。亲核试剂的例子包括任何伯胺或仲胺、或具有C=N双键的胺,如亚胺或胍;前提是,所述胺具有至少一个N-H(氮-氢)键。在Rubber Chemicals(橡胶化学品),J.Van Alphen,Plasticsand Rubber Research Institute TNO,Delft,Holland,1973中,列举了本领域熟知可用作橡胶处理剂组分的胍、胺和亚胺的许多特定例。其例子包括N,N’-二苯基胍、N,N’,N”-三苯基胍、N,N’-二-邻-甲苯基胍、邻-双胍、六亚甲基四胺、环己基乙胺、二丁胺、和4,4’-二氨基二苯基甲烷。可以使用任何常用于将酯进行酯基转移的酸催化剂,如Bronsted或Lewis酸。
橡胶组合物不必是,但优选不是任何官能化硅氧烷,尤其是在此将其作为参考并入本发明的澳大利亚专利AU-A10082/97所描述的那些硅氧烷。最优选橡胶组合物没有官能化硅氧烷。
实际上,硫化橡胶制品通常可这样制备:按照步骤顺序,热机械混合橡胶和各种成分;然后通过橡胶混炼胶的成形和固化,形成硫化产品。首先,对于橡胶与各种成分(通常不包括硫和硫化促进剂(统称为“固化剂”))的前述混合来说,橡胶与各种成分通常在合适的混合器中,在至少一个,常常(在二氧化硅填充低滚动阻力轮胎时)两个热机械预混步骤中进行混合。这种预混称作非生产性混合或非生产性混合步骤或阶段。这种预混通常在高至140-200℃,往往高至150-180℃的温度下进行。在预混步骤之后,在有时称作生产混合步骤的最终混合步骤中,通常在50-130℃的温度下,将解封剂(在本发明的情况下)、固化剂、以及可能的一种或多种其它成分与橡胶混炼胶或组合物进行混合,该温度低于预混步骤所用的温度,这样可防止或延缓硫固化橡胶的早期固化(有时称作橡胶组合物的早期硫化)。有时称作橡胶混炼胶或组合物的橡胶混合物,例如可冷却(有时在前述各混合步骤之间的中间研磨混合步骤之后或之中)至约50℃或更低。在需要进行模塑和固化橡胶时,将橡胶放入至少约130℃至最高约200℃的合适模具中,然后通过巯基硅烷上的巯基基团以及橡胶混合物中的任何其它游离硫源来硫化橡胶。
“热机械混合”是指,橡胶混炼胶、或橡胶组合物和各种橡胶配料成分在高剪切条件下混入橡胶混合物中,通过混合可在橡胶混合器中自发加热,这归因于橡胶混合物中的剪切和相关的摩擦作用。在混合和固化工艺的各步骤中可发生几种化学反应。
第一种反应相对较快,本文认为其发生在填料和封端巯基硅烷的SiX3基团之间。这种反应可在较低温度,例如约120℃下进行。本文认为,第二和第三种反应是巯基硅烷的解封、以及有机硅烷(解封后)的硫部分与可硫化橡胶之间在高温,如约140℃下的反应。
可以使用另一种硫源,例如元素硫S8的形式。本文认为硫给体是一种可在140-190℃的温度下释放出游离或元素硫的含硫化合物。这种硫给体可以是,例如,(但不限于),在其多硫化物桥中具有至少两个相连硫原子的多硫化物硫化促进剂和有机硅烷多硫化物。游离硫源在混合物中的加入量可加以控制、或相对独立于前述封端巯基硅烷而进行选择。因此,例如,硫源的加入量方面以及相对其它成分在橡胶混合物中的加入顺序方面,硫源均可独立决定。
烷基硅烷通常以烷基硅烷与封端巯基硅烷1/50-1/2的摩尔比,加入偶联剂体系(封端巯基硅烷加上其它游离硫源和/或硫化促进剂)中,这样可更好地控制橡胶组合物的加工和熟化。
橡胶组合物可通过包括按顺序进行的步骤来制备:
(A)在至少一个预混步骤中进行热机械混合,该混合步骤温度为140-200℃,或140-190℃,总的混合时间为2-20分钟,或4-15分钟;
(i)100重量份的至少一种硫可硫化橡胶,选自共轭二烯均聚物和共聚物、以及至少一种共轭二烯与芳族乙烯基化合物的共聚物,(ii)5-100,优选25-80phr(相对每100份橡胶的份数)的颗粒填料,其中填料优选包含1-85%重量的炭黑;(iii)0.05-20重量份至少一种封端巯基硅烷的填料。
(B)然后在50-130℃的温度下,在最终的热机械混合步骤中,向其中混入约为填料重量0.05-20份的至少一种解封剂和0-5phr的固化剂,其中混合时间应足以混合橡胶,优选1-30分钟,更优选1-3分钟;和根据需要进行下步;
(C)在130-200℃的温度下固化所述混合物约5-60分钟。
该方法还包括,制备有胎面的轮胎组装件或硫可硫化橡胶的组装件,然后在130-200℃的温度下硫化该组件,其中所述胎面由本发明制备的橡胶组合物组成。
合适的有机聚合物和填料是本领域熟知的,而且在许多教科书中有描述,其两个例子包括The Vanderbilt Rubber Handbook (Vanderbilt橡胶手册);R,F.Ohm,ed.;R.T.Vanderbilt Company,Inc.,Norwalk,CT;1990和Manual For The Rubber Industry(橡胶 工业手册);T.Kempermann,S.Koch,J.Summer,eds;Bayer AG,Leverkusen,Germany;1993。合适聚合物的代表例包括:溶解苯乙烯-丁二烯橡胶(SSBR)、苯乙烯-丁二烯橡胶(SBR)、天然橡胶(NR)、聚丁二烯(BR)、乙烯-丙烯共聚物和三元共聚物(EP、EPDM)、以及丙烯腈-丁二烯橡胶(NBR)。橡胶组合物包含至少一种以二烯为基础的弹性体或橡胶。合适的共轭二烯为异戊二烯和1,3-丁二烯,合适的乙烯基芳族化合物为苯乙烯和α-甲基苯乙烯。因此,橡胶为硫固化橡胶。这种以二烯为基础的弹性体或橡胶可选自,例如至少一种顺-1,4-聚异戊二烯橡胶(天然和/或合成,优选天然橡胶)、乳液聚合制备的苯乙烯/丁二烯共聚物橡胶、有机溶液聚合制备的苯乙烯/丁二烯橡胶、3,4-聚异戊二烯橡胶、异戊二烯/丁二烯橡胶、苯乙烯/异戊二烯/丁二烯三元共聚物橡胶、顺-1,4-聚丁二烯、中乙烯基含量聚丁二烯橡胶(35-50%的乙烯基)、高乙烯基含量聚丁二烯橡胶(50-75%的乙烯基)、苯乙烯/异戊二烯共聚物、乳液聚合制备的苯乙烯/丁二烯/丙烯腈三聚物橡胶丁二烯/丙烯腈共聚物橡胶。可以使用的乳液聚合苯乙烯/丁二烯(E-SBR)具有20-28%的相对常规含量的键接苯乙烯;或在某些用途中可以使用具有中等至较高键接苯乙烯含量,即30-45%键接苯乙烯含量的E-SBR。作为可用于本发明的以二烯为基础的橡胶,也可使用在三元共聚物中包含2-40%重量的键接丙烯腈的乳液聚合制备的苯乙烯/丁二烯/丙烯腈三元共聚物橡胶。
溶液聚合制备的SBR(S-SBR)的键接苯乙烯含量为5-50%,优选9-36%。聚丁二烯弹性体的常规特征在于,例如具有至少90%重量的顺-1,4-丁二烯含量。
合适填料的代表例包括金属氧化物,如二氧化硅(焦化的和沉淀的)、二氧化钛、硅铝酸盐和矾土、包括粘土和滑石的含硅物质、和炭黑。颗粒沉淀二氧化硅有时可用于此,尤其在将二氧化硅与硅烷结合使用时。有时,可以使用二氧化硅与炭黑的混合物作为包括轮胎胎面的各种橡胶制品的增强填料。矾土可单独使用或与二氧化硅结合使用。本文中的术语“矾土”是指氧化铝、或Al2O3。填料可以是水合的或无水的。矾土在橡胶组合物中的应用,例如可在美国专利№5116886和EP 631982中找到。
封端巯基硅烷可与填料颗粒进行预混或预反应,也可在橡胶和填料加工或混合步骤中加入橡胶混合物中。如果在橡胶和填料混合或加工步骤中,硅烷和填料分开加入橡胶混合物,可以认为封端巯基硅烷随后与填料就地结合。
硫化橡胶组合物应该包含足够量的填料,以产生一定的高模量和高耐磨性。填料的混合重量可以低至约5-100phr,但更优选25-85phr。
沉淀二氧化硅可优选作为填料。该二氧化硅的特征在于,其BET表面积优选40-600米2/克,更优选50-300米2/克,这是使用氮气测得的。用于测量表面积的BET法在Journal of American Chemical Sociaty(美国化学学志),第60卷,304页(1930)上有描述。该二氧化硅通常还具有这样一个特征,其邻苯二甲酸二丁酯(DBP)的吸收值为100-350,更优选150-300。另外,可以预期,二氧化硅以及前述矾土和硅铝酸盐的CTAB表面积为100-220。CTAB表面积是外表面积,可通过pH值为9的鲸蜡基三甲基溴化铵进行评估。该方法描述于ASTM D 3849。
汞孔隙率表面积是通过汞孔隙率仪测得的比表面积。有关该技术是,在热处理去除挥发物之后,汞渗透到样品的孔隙中。合适的设定条件为:使用100毫克的样品、在2小时内于105℃和大气压下去除挥发物、在常压至2000巴的压力下进行测量。这种评估可按照Winslow,Shapiro在ASTM公告,39页(1995)中所描述的方法或按照DIN 66133进行。对于这种评估,可以使用CARLO-ERBA孔隙率仪2000。二氧化硅的平均汞孔隙率比表面积应该为100-300米2/克。
按照这种汞孔隙率评估方法,本文认为,二氧化硅、矾土和硅铝酸盐的平均孔径分布为:5%或更少的孔的直径小于约10纳米、60-90%的孔的直径为10-100纳米、10-30%的孔的直径为100-1000纳米、且5-20%的孔的直径大于约1000纳米。
可以预期,二氧化硅的平均基本颗粒尺寸,通过电子显微镜测得例如为0.01-0.05μm,当然二氧化硅颗粒的尺寸可以更小或更大。可以考虑在本发明中使用各种市售二氧化硅,如来自PPG Industries的HI-SIL牌号下的HI-SIL 210、243等;得自Rhone-Poulenc的二氧化硅,如ZEOSIL 1165MP;得自Degussa的二氧化硅,如VN2和VN3等;以及得自Huber的二氧化硅,如HUBERSIL 8745。
在同时含有硅填料,如二氧化硅、矾土和/或硅铝酸盐以及炭黑强化颜料的橡胶组合物中,如果需要用二氧化硅强化颜料来起主要强化作用,那么通常优选该硅填料与炭黑的重量比至少为3/1,优选至少10/1,因此其范围为3/1-30/1。填料可由15-95%重量的沉淀二氧化硅、矾土和/或硅铝酸盐,以及相应的5-85%重量的炭黑组成,其中所述炭黑的CTAB值为80-150。另外,该填料可由60-95%重量的所述二氧化硅、矾土和/或硅铝酸盐,以及相应的40-5%重量的炭黑组成。硅填料和炭黑可以进行预混、或在制造硫化橡胶时进行混合。
橡胶组合物可通过橡胶混炼胶领域所已知的各种方法进行配合,如将各种硫可硫化组分与各种常用添加剂进行混合,例如,硫之类的固化助剂、活化剂、延迟剂和促进剂、油之类的加工助剂、包括增粘树脂的树脂、二氧化硅、增塑剂、填料、颜料、脂肪酸、氧化锌、蜡、抗氧化剂和抗臭氧化剂、胶溶剂、和炭黑之类的增强物质。根据可硫化剂和硫化物质(橡胶)的用途,可以选择上述添加剂,然后以常规量进行使用。
硫化可在辅助硫化剂的存在下进行。硫化剂的合适例子包括,例如元素硫(游离硫)或硫给体硫化剂,例如,氨基二硫化物、多硫化物、或通常在最终生产性的橡胶组合物混合步骤中加入的硫-烯烃加成物。硫化剂(本领域常用的)在使用或加入生产性混合步骤时的量为0.4-3phr,在某些情况下,甚至可高达8phr,其中1.5-2.5phr,有时2-2.5phr是优选的。
本发明可以使用硫化促进剂,即辅助硫给体。较适合的可以是,例如苯并噻唑、二硫化烷基秋兰姆、胍衍生物和硫代氨基甲酸酯之类的硫化促进剂。这种促进剂的例子包括(但不限于):巯基苯并噻唑、二硫化四甲基秋兰姆、二硫化苯并噻唑、二苯胍、二硫代氨基甲酸锌、二硫化烷基酚、黄原酸丁基锌、N-二环己基-2-苯并噻唑亚磺酰胺、N-环己基-2-苯并噻唑亚磺酰胺、N-氧联二亚乙基苯并噻唑-2-亚磺酰胺、N,N-二苯硫脲、二硫代氨基甲酰亚磺酰胺、N,N-二异丙基苯并噻唑-2-亚磺酰胺、锌-2-巯基甲苯咪唑、二硫代双(N-甲基哌嗪)、二硫代双(N-β-羟基乙基哌嗪)和二硫代双(二苄基胺)。其它的辅助硫给体可以是,例如秋兰姆和吗啉衍生物。这些给体的例子包括(但不限于):二硫化二吗啉、四硫化二吗啉、二硫化四甲基秋兰姆、苯并噻唑-2,N-二硫代酰吗啉、硫塑料、六硫化二亚戊基秋兰姆、和二硫化己内酰胺。
促进剂可用于控制硫化所需的时间和/或温度,还可提高硫化橡胶的性能。在一个实施方案中,可以使用单一的促进剂体系,即主促进剂。通常优选的是,所用主促进剂的总用量为0.5-4phr,优选0.8-1.5phr.可以使用主促进剂与次促进剂的混合物以活化和提高硫化橡胶的性能,其中次促进剂的用量较少(0.05-3phr)。可以使用延迟促进剂。也可使用硫化延迟剂。合适种类的促进剂为胺、二硫化物、胍、硫脲、噻唑、秋兰姆、亚磺酰胺、二硫代氨基甲酸酯和黄原酸盐。主促进剂优选亚磺酰胺。如果使用次促进剂,那么次促进剂优选胍、二硫代氨基甲酸酯或秋兰姆化合物。
如果使用的话,增粘树脂的常用量为0.5-10phr,优选1-5phr。加工助剂的常用量为1-50phr。这些加工助剂可包括,例如芳族加工油、环烷基加工油、和/或石蜡加工油。抗氧化剂的常用量为1-5phr。抗氧化剂的代表例为二苯基-对苯二胺、和The Vanderbilt Rubber Handbook(Vanderbilt橡胶手册)(1978),344-346页上所公开的其它抗氧化剂。抗臭氧化剂的常用量为1-5phr。如果使用,脂肪酸的常用量为0.5-3phr,其中包括硬脂酸。氧化锌的常用量为2-5phr。蜡的常用量为1-5phr。通常使用微晶蜡。胶溶剂的常用量为0.1-1phr。胶溶剂通常为,例如五氯苯硫酚和二硫化二苯酰氨基二苯。
本发明橡胶组合物可用于各种用途。例如,它可用于各种轮胎混炼胶。这些轮胎可通过各种已知方法进行制造、成形、模塑和固化,这对本领域熟练技术人员是显而易见的。
本文所引用的所有参考文件只要与本发明相关,都可并入本发明。
本发明可通过参考以下实施例得到更好的理解,除非另有所指,其中的份数和百分数都是以重量为基础计。
实施例1硫代乙酸(3-(甲基二乙酰氧基甲硅烷基)-1-丙基)酯的 制备
将5升烧瓶装配上连接有冷凝器和蒸馏头的15-板Oldershaw蒸馏柱(28毫米的板直径),其中蒸馏头能够控制和调节回流比。使用电热夹套加热烧瓶,其中电热夹套通过连接到温度电子调节器上的控制器进行调节。还可控制蒸馏头处的蒸汽温度。在氮气气氛下保持该体系。通过置于冷阱和蒸馏头之间的排泄阀,可提高对真空度的控制能力。
将738.1克3-(甲基二甲氧基甲硅烷基)-1-丙基硫醇和1892.2克乙酸酐加入该5升烧瓶中。搅拌加热该混合物,直到开始从蒸馏头处收集到第一滴液体,这时将收集速率调节至1-2滴/秒。以足够的速率给烧瓶供热,以保持回流比不低于8∶1,但不要太快而引起柱泛液现象。收集温度迅速稳定在54℃。提高并调节收集速率,以保持收集温度不超过55℃,直到总共收集506克无色透明液体。馏出物具有乙酸甲酯的气味,与含水碳酸钠不混溶且呈反应惰性。进一步蒸馏,并于54℃下收集,同时温度逐渐升高且收集速率逐渐降低,直到在115-120℃下保持稳定的收集。收集到650克无色透明液体,该液体具有乙酸和乙酸甲酯的气味,而且在与含水碳酸钠一起时剧烈冒泡。冷却后,向5升烧瓶的内容物中加入另外361克乙酸酐,然后再开始蒸馏。最终在140℃下稳定收集,生成493克馏出物。将5升烧瓶中的温度升至180℃,然后停止加热。通过气味可在馏出物中检测出乙酸和乙酸酐。其与含水碳酸钠的反应类似于前述样品。在真空下,收集馏出物的最终样品。调节真空并保持真空度以满足在接近冷却水的温度上收集馏出物,其中以可通过使用排泄阀所述冷却水去除冷凝器的热量。在该步骤中,将5升烧瓶中的温度限制在150℃。逐渐打开排泄阀。收集另外428克馏出物。最终的馏出物具有乙酸酐的气味。这时,慢慢升高5升烧瓶中的温度,在低于0.7kPa的压力下进行产物分馏。起始的12克馏分是在低于1滴/秒的条件下收集的,其中回流比大于10∶1。作为第二馏分,950克无色透明液体基本上是在较快的速率下收集到的,其中回流比大于5∶1。当5升烧瓶中的温度达到180℃时,终止蒸馏。得到170克深棕色粘稠残余物。第二馏分是纯度为98.5%的产物(GC);蒸馏后产率为83%。
实施例2硫代乙酸(3-(三甲氧基甲硅烷基)-1-丙基)酯的制备
所用装置与实施例1的相同。将1074克3-(三甲氧基甲硅烷基)-1-丙基硫醇和561.4克乙酸酐加入5升烧瓶中。抽空该体系,然后在几乎关闭的位置上使用排泄阀,连续产生真空。将5升烧瓶中的温度逐渐升高到120℃,这时开始收集30℃以下的冷凝物。继续蒸馏,直到在155℃的5升烧瓶中再也收集不到任何物质,这时停止加热,得到184克具有明显乙酸甲酯气味的无色透明液体。其比重为0.898,而且与含水碳酸钠有不利反应,这些都表明可能存在占主要部分的甲醇。现在将5升烧瓶中的温度逐渐升高到195℃,得到另外总共266克的馏出物。继续蒸馏,同时将5升烧瓶慢慢加热至225℃,然后打开排泄阀。在最高104℃的蒸馏头温度下,收集到379克无色透明液体。GC分析表明,起始硅烷和产物硅烷都是馏出物中的主要组分,其中有少量可通过气味测出的乙酸。
将5升烧瓶的内容物倒入32盎司(947毫升)瓶中,并在氮气下储存。将馏出物装入该5升烧瓶中,然后打开排泄阀进行再蒸馏。大量的第一馏分包含占大多数的起始封端巯基硅烷。在70℃下,收集到75克无色透明的第二馏分。该馏分为纯度大于90%的产物(GC);蒸馏产率为6%。该产物还包含具有甲氧基-Si和乙酰氧基-Si基团、以及SiOSi交联衍生物。
实施例3具有乙酰氧基-Si基团和SiOSi交联键的硫代乙酸(3- (三甲氧基甲硅烷基)-1-丙基)酯衍生物的制备
所用装置与实施例1的相同。将1775克3-(三甲氧基甲硅烷基)-1-丙基硫醇加入5升烧瓶中。总共4719克乙酸酐称出待与巯基硅烷进行反应,其中1002克与巯基硅烷一起加入5升烧瓶中。逐渐加热5升烧瓶,直到在54℃的蒸馏头温度下可稳定收集馏出物。总共收集到840克馏出物,通过NMR分析,发现其中包含摩尔比为100/2/2.7的乙酸甲酯、乙酸和甲醇。将另外2015克乙酸酐加入冷却的5升烧瓶中,然后重新蒸馏,得到923克馏出物。加入701克乙酸酐,重复该步骤3次,得到834克馏出物。现在开始在蒸馏头上施加真空。调节真空并保持真空度以满足在接近冷却水的温度上收集馏出物,其中所述冷却水可通过排泄阀用于去除冷凝器的热量。在该步骤中,将5升烧瓶中的温度限制在170℃。随着收集速率开始下降,逐渐打开排泄阀。收集到另外896克馏出物,这时蒸馏柱和蒸馏头中的任何残留液体都已蒸发出去。最终馏出物的GC分析表明,基本上没有蒸馏出挥发性低于乙酸的任何物质。烧瓶的内容物冷却成粘稠深棕色油,然后将其储存在氮气下。
实施例53-(丙酰基硫基)-1-丙基三甲氧基硅烷的制备
在氮气气氛下,将816克3-巯基-1-丙基三甲氧基硅烷、甲醇钠的25%重量甲醇溶液871克、和1724克甲苯加入5升烧瓶中。搅拌该混合物,出现微桃色。蒸馏甲醇-甲苯共沸物,以去除烧瓶中的甲醇,这时烧瓶的内容物变成无色。随着蒸馏头温度由63℃升至108℃,出现高流量的馏出物,这表明甲醇已从烧瓶中完全去除。继续搅拌,冷却烧瓶的内容物,然后将其放入冰水浴中。在连续搅拌下,在冰水浴中,逐滴和/或分成小部分地加入361克丙酰氯,直到反应完成。从搅拌混合物中周期性地取出等分试样,然后放到pH纸上。碱性读数表示反应完全。最终混合物为氯化钠在产物甲苯溶液中的白色悬浮液。过滤该混合物,然后将溶剂从滤液中去除,得到浅棕色产物。气相色谱表明,其中有5%的3-巯基-1-丙基三甲氧基硅烷、25%的3-(甲基巯基)-1-丙基三甲氧基硅烷、70%的3-(乙酰基硫代)-1-丙基三甲氧基硅烷(产物)。于1-2克粉状甲醇钠中进行闪蒸,得到无色产物。加入甲醇钠是为了保证中和所有残留的酸性物质。进一步视需要进行分馏,得到GC纯度超过98%的产物。
实施例63-(丙酰基硫基)-1-丙基三甲氧基硅烷的制备
在氮气气氛下,将1035克3-巯基-1-丙基三甲氧基硅烷、甲醇钠的25%重量甲醇溶液1098克、和1764克甲苯加入5升烧瓶中。搅拌该混合物,产生微桃色。将烧瓶放入64℃的水浴中。通过在部分真空下蒸馏掉甲醇-甲苯共沸物,去除烧瓶中的甲醇。保持真空,使蒸馏头处的温度保持在30-35℃,这时收集到由甲苯-甲醇共沸物组成的1500毫升馏出物。这时,烧瓶的内容物变成无色。另外加入429克甲苯,然后重新蒸馏。随着蒸馏头温度由35℃升至55℃,出现高流量的馏出物,而且在冷凝器中出现液体表面张力的变化,这些都表明甲醇已从烧瓶中完全去除。烧瓶的内容物已变成粘稠液体。继续搅拌,冷却烧瓶的内容物。将烧瓶放入冰水浴中,结果出现粘稠膏体。在连续搅拌下,在冰水浴中,逐滴和/或分成小部分加入457克丙酰氯,直到反应完成。从搅拌混合物中周期性地取出等分试样。碱性读数表示反应完全。最终混合物为氯化钠在产物甲苯溶液中的白色悬浮液。过滤该混合物,然后将溶剂从滤液中去除,得到近乎无色的产物。气相色谱表明,其中有3%重量的3-巯基-1-丙基三甲氧基硅烷、1%重量的3-(甲基巯基)-1-丙基三甲氧基硅烷、和96%重量的3-(乙酰基硫基)-1-丙基三甲氧基硅烷(产物)。加入1-2克粉状甲醇钠进行闪蒸,得到无色产物。加入甲醇钠是为了保证中和所有残留的酸性物质。进一步视需要进行分馏,得到GC纯度超过98%的产物。
实施例73-(苯甲酰基硫基)-1-丙基三乙氧基硅烷的制备
在氮气气氛下,将763克3-巯基-1-丙基三乙氧基硅烷、和乙醇钠的21%重量甲醇溶液1013克加入5升烧瓶中。在最高45℃下,在48kPa下,从该混合物中蒸馏出870克乙醇。在氮气气氛下,向烧瓶的内容物中加入1550克甲苯。通过在最高48kPa的绝对压力下,在最高60℃下蒸馏甲醇-甲苯共沸物,以去除烧瓶中的甲醇。保持真空,使蒸馏头处的温度保持在30-40℃。随着蒸馏头温度由35℃升至60℃,出现高流量的馏出物,而且在冷凝器中出现液体表面张力的变化,这些都表明甲醇已从烧瓶中完全去除。在该步骤结束时,烧瓶的内容物已变成透明的橙色液体。
继续搅拌,冷却烧瓶的内容物至室温。逐滴和/或以足够慢的速率分成小部分地加入418克苯甲酰氯,以防温度升至50℃以上。加完苯甲酰氯之后,继续搅拌一天。开始时,剧烈搅拌以破碎混合物中的大块和消除不均匀性。所得最终混合物为氯化钠在产物的甲苯溶液中的白色悬浮液。过滤该混合物,然后将溶剂从滤液中去除,得到浅黄棕色产物,它在pH纸上反应呈酸性。将足够的粉状乙醇钠搅拌到产物中以中和所有酸性物质。在低于0.7kPa的压力下,闪蒸得到浅桃色产物,气相色谱表明,其中含有分别约10%的苯甲酸乙酯和1-硅杂-2-硫杂-1,1-二乙氧基环戊烷,这是由于蒸馏时的碱催化分解作用而形成的。进行第二次闪蒸,结果去除了作为前馏分的30%产物。其中不存在任何碱或酸。第二馏分为GC纯度超过98%的浅桃色产物。
实施例82-(乙酰基硫基)-1-乙基三乙氧基硅烷的制备
将2513克乙烯基三乙氧基硅烷加入5升烧瓶中,然后在搅拌下进行回流。蒸馏掉25毫升前馏分以去除挥发性杂质。停止加热,然后在几分钟内,加入总共两部分的1005克硫代乙酸中的第一部分335克,其加入速率应使得回流平缓。根据需要进行加热直到加入完毕,以保持回流。从冷凝器处,加入0.8克过氧化二叔丁基,导致反应立即进行,这可由回流速率的升高而看出。切断加热套的电源。回流时,温度在几分钟内升至近160℃,这时回流减慢,然后开始冷却烧瓶中的浅黄色内容物。
当烧瓶中的内容物达到150℃时,按照类似于第一次加入时的方式,另外加入670克硫代乙酸。收集20毫升前馏分,再加入1.6克过氧化二叔丁基。可以看出,回流速率在几分钟内略有升高。10-15分钟之后,烧瓶达到最高温度155℃,然后开始冷却。在150℃时,通过加热套保温1小时。在氮气下,冷却烧瓶。气相色谱分析表明,其中含有2%重量的硫代乙酸、16%的乙烯基三乙氧基硅烷、5%重量的1-(乙酰基硫基)-1-乙基三乙氧基硅烷(α加成物)、68%重量的2-(乙酰基硫代)-1-乙基三乙氧基硅烷(β加成物)、和9%重量的余量物质(主要为重物)。
实施例93-(辛酰基硫基)-1-丙基三乙氧基硅烷的制备
向配有机械搅拌器、加料漏斗、热电偶、加热套、氮气入口和温度控制器的12升3颈园底烧瓶中,加入1021克3-巯基丙基三乙氧基硅烷(SILQUESTA-1891硅烷,得自位于Greenwich,CT的Witco Corp.的子公司Osi Specialties,Inc.)、以及433克三乙胺和3000毫升己烷。在冰浴中冷却该溶液,然后在2小时内,通过加料漏斗加入693克辛酰氯。加完酰氯之后,使用压力式过滤器将混合物过滤2次以去除盐,首先通过0.1μm过滤器,然后通过0.01μm过滤器。真空去除溶剂。真空蒸馏残留的黄色液体,得到1349克辛酰基硫基丙基三乙氧基硅烷,一种浅黄色透明液体。产率为87%。
实施例103-(乙酰基硫基)-1-丙基三乙氧基硅烷的制备
本实施例说明,使用对应于该硅烷烷氧基的醇作为溶剂,由硫代羧酸的盐制备硫代羧酸烷氧基硅烷的过程。向配有磁力搅拌棒、温度探头/控制器、加热套、加料漏斗、冷凝器、和氮气入口的250毫升3颈园底烧瓶中,加入乙醇钠的21%重量乙醇溶液63克。慢慢加入15克硫代乙酸,将温度保持在65℃以下。冷却溶液至室温,然后通过加料漏斗加入48克氯丙基三乙氧基硅烷。加完之后,将溶液加热至70℃达24小时,这时形成白色固体。对溶液的气相色谱分析表明,乙酰基硫基丙基三乙氧基硅烷的产率为78%。
实施例11乙酰基硫基甲基三乙氧基硅烷的制备
本实施例说明,通过使用非质子溶剂,由硫代羧酸的盐制备硫代羧酸酯烷氧基硅烷的过程。向配有磁力搅拌棒、温度探头/控制器、加热套、加料漏斗、冷凝器、氮气入口和冰水浴的1升3颈园底烧瓶中,加入88克粉状乙醇钠和600毫升二甘醇二甲醚。冷却溶液至8℃,然后通过加料漏斗加入105克硫代乙酸,同时保持温度在60℃以下。将溶液冷却至35℃,然后通过加料漏斗加入250克氯甲基三乙氧基硅烷。加完之后,将溶液加热至70℃,可在120℃时观察到短暂放热。将溶液在70℃下再加热3小时。首先通过0.1μm压力式过滤器,然后通过0.01μm过滤器,过滤所形成的白色固体,得到黑色透明溶液。减压去除溶剂,然后真空蒸馏残留液体,得到163克无色透明液体,产率为55%。
实施例12实施例1-4的硅烷在低滚动阻力轮胎胎面配方中的应 用
使用一种如表1所述的低滚动阻力客车轮胎胎面配方以及一种混合方法来评估本发明硅烷的代表例。实施例1中的硅烷按照如下方式,在腔容积为103立方英寸(1690毫升)的“B”Banbury(FarrellCorp.)混合器中进行混合。混合器在开启时,速度为120rpm,且充满冷却水。将橡胶聚合物加入混合器中,然后夯实混合30秒。加入一半二氧化硅和所有硅烷,其中部分二氧化硅约35-40克是在乙烯-醋酸乙烯酯共聚物(EVA)袋中,然后夯实混合30秒。加入EVA袋中的剩余二氧化硅和油,然后夯实混合30秒。将混合器喉部三次除尘,并且将混合物每次夯实混合15秒。为了在约1分钟内将橡胶母炼胶升温至160-165℃,将混合器的混合速率升至160或240rpm.倒出母炼胶(从混合器取出),在设定温度约50-60℃的辊式捏合机中制成片材,然后冷却至室温。
将橡胶母炼胶加入速度为120rpm且充满冷却水的混合器中,然后夯实混合30秒。加入剩余的各成分,然后夯实混合30秒。将混合器喉部除尘,并且将混合器的速率升至160或240rpm,这样内容物可在约2分钟内达到160-165℃。混合橡胶母炼胶8分钟,然后调节BANBURY混合器的速度以将温度保持在160-165℃。倒出母炼胶(从混合器取出),在设定温度约50-60℃的辊式捏合机中制成片材,然后冷却至室温。
在加热至50-60℃的6英寸×13英寸(15厘米×33厘米)双辊捏合机中,将橡胶母炼胶和各种有效成分进行混合。将硫和促进剂加入橡胶母炼胶中,在辊式捏合机中充分混合,然后制成片材。在片材固化之前,将其冷却至室温24小时。在Monsanto R-100摆动盘流变计和Monsanto M1400 Mooney粘度计上,测量其流变性能。用于测量机械性能的样品切自160℃下固化35分钟的6毫米板,或切自160℃下固化25分钟的2毫米板。
将实施例2-4的硅烷配合到按照前述工艺的轮胎胎面配方中。将实施例1-4中制备的硅烷的性能与非硅烷偶联剂(硅烷α)、以及另两种硅烷的性能进行比较,其中一种硅烷是已有技术的双(3-三乙氧基甲硅烷基-1-丙基)四硫化物(TESPT,硅烷β),另一种硅烷是3-三乙氧基甲硅烷基-1-丙基硫醇(TESPM,硅烷γ),它是本发明代表例硅烷失去其羧基封端基团而得到的产物。该工艺的结果列于下表2。
表1-低滚动阻力胎面配方
PHR 成分
75 SSBR(12%苯乙烯,46%烯基,Tg为42℃)
25 BR(98%的顺式,Tg为104℃)
80 氧化硅(150-190米2/克,ZEOSIL 1165MP,
Rhone-Poulence)
32.5 芳族加工油(高粘度,Sundex 8125,Sun)
2.5 氧化锌(KADOX 720C,Zinc Corp)
1 硬脂酸(INDUSTRENE,Witco)
2 6PPD抗臭氧化剂(SANTOFLEX 6PPD,Flexsys)
1.5 微晶蜡(M-4067,Schumann)
3 N330炭黑(Engineered Carbons)
1.4 硫(#104,Sunbelt)
1.7 CBS促进剂(SANTOCURE,Flexsys)
2 DPG促进剂(PERKACIT DPG-G,Flexsys)
以下试验是按照以下方法(在所有实施例中)进行的:Mooney早期硫化@135℃(ASTM方法,D1646);Mooney粘度@100℃(ASTM方法,D1646);摆动盘流变计(ODR)@149℃,弧度1°(ASTM方法,D2084);物理性能,固化t90@149℃(ASTM方法,D412和D224)(G’和G”,单位为达因/平方厘米);DIN磨损,立方厘米(DIN方法53516);和热成形(ASTM方法,D623).
表2-低滚动阻力客车轮胎胎面配方中代表性硅烷的各种性能
硅烷 | α | β | Ex.4 | Ex.3 | Ex.1 | Ex.2 | γ | γ |
加入量 | --- | 7.4 | 7.4 | 7.4 | 7.4 | 8.3 | 3.18 | 6.35 |
在100℃下的Mooney | ||||||||
粘度ML1+4 | 130 | 67 | 65 | 58 | 73 | 63 | 74 | 121 |
在135℃下的Mooney早期硫化 | ||||||||
MS1+,t3,分钟MS1+,t18, | 9.511.0 | 6.710.1 | 4.35.9 | 6.37.8 | 2.23.2 | 6.37.7 | 6.38.4 | 2.83.7 |
ODR@149℃,弧度1°,30分钟计时器 | ||||||||
ML,dN-MMH,dN-Mts1,分钟t90,分钟 | 26.944.55.410.5 | 8.530.84.817.8 | 8.531.02.58.0 | 7.231.43.88.0 | 9.334.81.68.1 | 7.830.53.87.5 | 11.527.83.815.3 | 14.833.92.015.0 |
物理性能,固化t90@149℃ | ||||||||
硬度,Shore A伸长率,%100%模量,kg/cm2200%模量,kg/cm2300%模量,kg/cm2拉伸强度,kg/cm2 | 6690010.515.524.6137.1 | 5740019.056.9128.0208.1 | 5954019.049.2101.2234.8 | 6052018.346.496.3218.0 | 6249022.559.8116.0237.6 | 6045023.266.1129.4222.9 | 5236015.545.0104.8139.2 | 过早硫化未固化 |
动态性能@0.15%应变,10Hz,扭力模式(第二次撞击) | ||||||||
G′@0℃,x107G′@60℃,x107G″@0℃,x107G″@60℃,x106Tan delta@0℃Tan delm@60℃比率,0℃/60℃ | 26.812.72.8711.20.10700.08761.22 | 5.922.761.262.480.21240.092.36 | 9.224.261.814.000.19680.09392.10 | 9.423.891.843.850.19520.09881.98 | 1.265.362.144.940.1690.0921.84 | 6.413.021.32.710.2020.0892.25 | 3.171.755.692.130.2020.1211.67 | |
热成形,100℃环境,18.5%压缩,143psi(99KPa)负荷,25分钟 | ||||||||
DeltaT,℃永久变形,%***9%脱层 | 66*** | 136.3 | 2210.9 | 198.8 | 188.0 | 176.9 |
实施例13-实施例1硅烷在改变DPG含量而活化的低滚动阻力轮 胎配方中的应用
在三种N,N’-二苯胍(DPG)含量下,使用低滚动阻力客车轮胎胎面配方和混合工艺来评估实施例1硅烷。结果列于表3中。
表3DPG对低滚动阻力客车轮胎胎面配方的配合和固化性能的影响
试验 | A | B | C | |
phr DPG在100℃下的Mooney粘度ML1+4 | 2.0075 | 0.5--- | 1.25--- | |
在135℃下的Mooney早期硫化MvMS1+,t3,分钟MS1+,t18,分钟 | 412.53.6 | ---15.324.1 | ---6.28.3 | |
ODR@149℃,弧度1°,30分钟计时器 | ||||
ML,dN-MMH,dN-Mts1,分钟t90,分钟 | 9.835.71.88.0 | 9.428.88.022.5 | 8.633.43.411.8 | |
物理性能,固化t90@149℃ | ||||
硬度,Shore A伸长率,%100%模量,kg/cm2200%模量,kg/cm2300%模量,kg/cm2拉伸强度,kg/cm2DIN磨损,毫米3 | 6355021.155.5106.923685 | 5962019.042.980.9209.569 | 6256022.555.5106.2234.172 | |
动态性能@10Hz,0.15%应变,扭力模式 | ||||
G′@0℃,X107G′@60℃,X107G″@0℃,X107G″@60℃,X106Tan delta@0℃Tan delta@60℃比率,0℃/60℃ | 14.86.2323.06.550.15510.10531.47 | 14.15.9726.47.300.18720.11891.57 | 12.65.6422.16.010.17530.10351.69 |
实施例14-鞋底混炼胶组合物
配方:60Budene 1207BR、40SMR5L NR、45ZEOSIL 1165MP二氧化硅、5CALSOL 5550加工油、3CARBOWAX 3350PEG、5KADOX720C氧化锌、1INDUSTRENE R硬脂酸、1BHT抗氧化剂、1SUNOLITE240蜡、1.9Rubbermaker硫104、1.3MBTS、0.5MBT、0.2TMTM、Silane-SILQUEST A-1289硅烷(TESPT)或乙酰基硫基丙基三乙氧基硅烷(简写为Acetyl)。每种组分的量以phr计。术语“添加硫”或
“添加S”是指,加入辅助硫以使乙酰基硫代丙基三乙氧基硅烷中的硫量相当于TESPT所能产生的硫量。结果在下表4中给出。
表4
硅烷 | 无 | TESPT | TESPT | Acetyl | Acetyl | Acetyl | Acetyl | ||
添加硫 | ------ | 2 | 4 | 2 | X2 | ---4 | X4 | ||
Mooney早期硫化@135℃ | |||||||||
MVMS1+,t3,分钟MS1+,t18,分钟Mooney粘度@100℃ML1+4 | 515.05.896 | 424.35.378 | 404.35.376 | 366.98.274 | 337.48.871 | ||||
ODR@149℃,弧度1°,12分钟计时器 | |||||||||
ML,dN-mMH,dN-mts1,分钟t90,分钟 | 19.759.73.55.7 | 14.957.42.85.6 | 14.054.22.85.9 | 12.252.04.37.5 | 11.552.83.87.1 | 10.449.34.78.2 | 10.249.84.48.2 | ||
物理性能,固化t90@149℃ | |||||||||
硬度,Shore A伸长率,%100%模量,kg/cm2200%模量,kg/cm2300%模量,kgm/m2拉伸强度,kg/cm2DIN磨损,毫米Akron磨损,毫米3 | 6763019.736.658.3187.0860.46 | 6757023.950.686.5204.6750.48 | 6657025.354.191.4222.2670.35 | 6654026.756.297.7201.1740.39 | 6644026.759.1103.3174.4710.41 | 6650026.755.596.3189.8650.45 | 6646027.459.8105.5189.1730.44 |
实施例15-低滚动阻力轮胎配方
将以下硅烷在低滚动阻力轮胎配方中进行试验:TESPT(A)、TESPM(B)、3-乙酰基硫基-1-丙基三甲氧基硅烷(C)、3-乙酰基硫基-1-丙基三乙氧基硅烷(D)、3-辛酰基硫基-1-丙基三乙氧基硅烷(E)、3-棕榈酰基硫基-1-丙基三乙氧基硅烷(F)、3-乙基己酰基-1-丙基三乙氧基硅烷(G)、3-丙酰基硫基-1-丙基三甲氧基硅烷(H)、3-苯甲酰基硫基-1-丙基三乙氧基硅烷(I)、乙酰基硫基甲基三乙氧基硅烷(J)、乙酰基硫基乙基三甲氧基硅烷(K)、乙酰基硫基乙基三乙氧基硅烷(L)、乙酰基硫基乙基甲基二甲氧基硅烷(M)、乙酰基硫基辛基三甲氧基硅烷(N)、乙酰基硫基辛基三乙氧基硅烷(O)、乙酰基硫基环己基乙基三甲氧基硅烷(P)、和乙酰基硫基降冰片基乙基三甲氧基硅烷(Q)。其配方为(以phr计量):75SOLFLEX1216SSBR、25Budene 1207BR、80ZEOSIL 1165MP二氧化硅、32.5SUNDEX 3125加工油、2.5KADOX 720C氧化锌、1.0INDUSTRENER硬脂酸、2.0SANTOFLEX 13抗臭氧化剂、1.5M4067微蜡、3.0N330炭黑、1.4Rubbermaker硫104、1.7CBS、2.0DPG、如上述各硅烷。
表5
硅烷 | A | B | B | C | C | D | D | E | E | F | F | G | H | H | |
添加S | X | X | X | X | X | X | |||||||||
加入量 | 7.0 | 6.36 | 6.36 | 6.33 | 6.33 | 7.45 | 7.45 | 9.69 | 9.69 | 12.67 | 12.67 | 9.62 | 6.7 | 6.7 | |
Mooney粘度@100℃ | |||||||||||||||
ML1+4 | 94 | 74 | 74 | 72 | -- | 62 | -- | 55 | -- | 50 | -- | 52 | 66 | -- | |
Mooney早期硫化@135℃ | |||||||||||||||
MS1+,t3,分钟MS1+,t18,分钟 | 6.28.9 | 9.912.6 | 9.011.5 | 6.99.3 | 7.510.2 | 6.37.6 | 6.37.8 | 10.411.7 | 9.611.7 | 13.014.6 | 11.913.9 | 16.819.0 | 8.39.9 | 7.79.6 | |
ODR@149℃,弧度1°,30分钟计时器 | |||||||||||||||
ML,dN-mMH,dN-mts1,分钟t90,分钟 | 9.631.84.517.6 | 8.129.55.410.4 | 8.134.55.114.1 | 8.732.04.111 | 8.536.74.511.5 | 7.929.93.68.0 | 7.733.93.57.5 | 6.727.85.611.3 | 6.832.35.59.8 | 5.726.87.012.3 | 5.730.76.811.0 | 5.531.69.114.1 | 8.230.14.59.5 | 7.934.64.49.0 | |
物理性能,固化t90@149℃ | |||||||||||||||
硬度,Shore A伸长率,%100%模量,kg/cm2200%模量,kg/cm2300%模量,kg/cm2拉伸强度,kg/cm2DIN磨损,毫米3 | 5742020.458.4123.7210.971 | 5856016.940.184.4210.369 | 6044022.559.8123.0211.676 | 6466017.638.773.8225.0114 | 6657022.554.8105.5250.397 | 5963015.534.571.7223.6131 | 6054019.049.9104.1236.290 | 5360014.134.577.3227.899 | 5549017.649.205.5213.792 | 5174012.727.455.5205.3-- | 5461015.536.671.0186.3-- | 5660015.535.969.6175.8157 | 5861016.238.080.2234.1127 | 6054020.452.7108.3244.794 | |
热成形@100℃,17.5%压缩,99KPa静态,25分钟试验 | |||||||||||||||
Delta T,℃永久变形,% | 13.36.2 | 18.910.5 | 13.36.3 | 32.225.3 | 18.312.3 | 21.114.5 | 13.39.8 | 12.25.0 | 8.94.6 | ---- | ---- | 10.57.0 | 18.911.0 | 12.27.7 | |
动态性能@0.15%应变,10·z,扭力模式 | |||||||||||||||
G′@0℃,达因/厘米2X107G′@60℃,达因/厘米2X107G″@0℃,达因/厘米2X107G″@60℃,达因/厘米2X106Tan delta@0℃Tan delta@60℃比率,0℃/60℃ | 6.733.001.462.930.2160.0982.22 | 12.85.132.445.230.1910.1021.88 | 12.45.152.434.470.1960.0872.26 | 20.18.733.398.350.1680.0961.75 | 16.62.677.065.330.1610.0752.15 | 12.85.102.475.790.1920.1141.68 | 10.41.934.053.210.1850.0792.34 | 4.802.440.982.140.2050.0882.33 | 4.620.822.001.270.1770.0642.77 | 6.402.421.272.340.1990.0972.05 | 5.931.132.171.230.1910.0573.35 | 9.291.883.643.080.2020.0852.39 | 10.14.182.074.620.2050.1101.86 | 9.541.763.722.720.1840.0732.52 |
表5(继续)
硅烷 | I | J | K | K | L | L | M | M | N | N | O | O | P | Q | ||||
添加S | X | X | X | X | X | |||||||||||||
加入量 | 9.1 | 6.7 | 5.96 | 5.96 | 7.08 | 7.08 | 5.54 | 5.54 | 8.19 | 8.19 | 9.31 | 9.31 | 8.14 | 8.46 | ||||
Mooney粘度@100℃ | ||||||||||||||||||
ML1+4 | 55 | 69 | 73 | -- | 63 | -- | 71 | -- | 65 | -- | 54 | -- | 52 | 63 | ||||
Mooney早期硫化@135℃ | ||||||||||||||||||
MS1+,t3,分钟MS1+,t18,分钟 | 11.513.5 | 2.53.5 | 4.65.6 | 4.35.6 | 4.55.3 | 4.65.6 | 4.75.8 | 4.96.1 | 9.412.6 | 8.911.9 | 11.513.2 | 11.213.3 | 8.910.7 | 9.511.3 | ||||
ODR@149℃,弧度1°,30分钟计时器 | ||||||||||||||||||
ML,dN-mMH,dN-mts1分钟t90,分钟 | 6.235.06.311.3 | 8.832.51.917.0 | 9.529.82.816.8 | 9.034.12.815.3 | 6.827.52.811.3 | 7.731.32.89.5 | 9.433.93.013.5 | 9.338.12.911.8 | 8.634.55.312.0 | 8.537.04.811.9 | 6.730.75.610.3 | 6.634.75.910.9 | 7.038.44.810.5 | 6.837.65.510.0 | ||||
物理性能,固化t90@149℃ | ||||||||||||||||||
硬度,Shor A伸长率,%100%模量,kg/cm2200%模量,kg/cm2300%模量,kg/cm2拉伸强度,kg/cm2DIN磨损,毫米3 | 6256019.047.8107.5210.9133 | 6144019.051.3109.0198.288 | 6150019.043.684.4184.9113 | 6547020.451.3105.5208.1103 | 5658014.833.769.699.0133 | 5856017.642.991.4234.896 | 6653021.147.187.9196.9101 | 6553022.555.5105.5225.796 | 6164017.641.580.9227.1100 | 6359021.152.7100.5241.994 | 5758015.534.571.7203.2113 | 5853018.346.492.8208.197 | 6764021.148.586.5219.4141 | 6658022.552.794.2210.9132 | ||||
热成形@100℃,17.5%压缩,99KPa静态负荷,25分钟试验 | ||||||||||||||||||
DeltaT,℃永久变形,% | 12.87.9 | 15.610.8 | 21.713.7 | 16.18.7 | 28.923.2 | 16.711.2 | 25.017.3 | 16.79.2 | 21.116.8 | 15.612.6 | 14.411.0 | 10.07.5 | 17.212.7 | 15.010.8 | ||||
动态性能@0.15%应变,10Hz,扭力模式 | ||||||||||||||||||
G′@0℃达因/厘米2x107G″@60℃达因/厘米2x107G″@0℃,达因/厘米2x107G″@60℃,达因/厘米2x107Tan deIta@0℃Tan delta@60℃比率,0℃/60℃ | 17.92.996.386.830.1670.1071.56 | 10.82.163.924.870.2010.1241.67 | 18.26.603.279.410.1800.1431.26 | 16.12.705.865.920.1670.1011.65 | 10.14.302.125.320.2100.1241.69 | 8.941.733.652.920.1930.0802.41 | 27.79.544.3314.00.1560.1471.06 | 22.23.397.799.170.1530.1181.30 | 14.95.722.935.750.1970.1011.95 | 12.42.334.853.620.1870.0752.49 | 10.24.252.064.060.2020.0962.10 | 8.101.552.802.440.1920.0872.21 | 27.63.7210.812.40.1350.1151.18 | 23.83.599.049.610.1510.1061.42 |
Claims (1)
1.一种结构式X3SiGSC(=O)GC(=O)SGSiX3的硅烷,其中
每个R独立地选自氢原子、直链、环状或支链烷基、烯基、芳基和芳烷基,其中每个R包含1-18个碳原子;
每个G独立地为由烷基、烯基、芳基或芳烷基衍生得到的二价基团,其中G可包含1-18个碳原子,但G不应使得硅烷含有α,β-不饱和羰基,其中包括邻近硫代羰基的碳碳双键;
X独立地为选自-Cl、-Br、RO-、RC(=O)O-、R2C=NO-、R2NO-或R2N-、-R、-(OSiR2)t(OSiR3)的一个基团,其中每个R和G如所述,且至少一个X不是-R;
t为0-5。
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DE102023200077A1 (de) | 2023-01-05 | 2024-07-11 | Continental Reifen Deutschland Gmbh | Kautschukmischung und Reifen |
DE102023201616A1 (de) | 2023-02-22 | 2024-08-22 | Continental Reifen Deutschland Gmbh | Schwefelvernetzbare Kautschukmischung, Vulkanisat der Kautschukmischung und Fahrzeugreifen |
WO2024182417A1 (en) | 2023-02-28 | 2024-09-06 | Bridgestone Americas Tire Operations, Llc | Tire tread rubber composition and related methods |
WO2024182408A1 (en) | 2023-02-28 | 2024-09-06 | Bridgestone Americas Tire Operations, Llc | Tire tread rubber composition and related methods |
FR3146476A1 (fr) | 2023-03-09 | 2024-09-13 | Compagnie Generale Des Etablissements Michelin | Une composition de caoutchouc |
US20240326514A1 (en) | 2023-03-30 | 2024-10-03 | The Goodyear Tire & Rubber Company | Tire comprising a tread |
EP4438673A1 (de) | 2023-03-31 | 2024-10-02 | Continental Reifen Deutschland GmbH | Kautschukmischung und reifen |
EP4438674A1 (de) | 2023-03-31 | 2024-10-02 | Continental Reifen Deutschland GmbH | Kautschukmischung und reifen |
EP4438675A1 (de) | 2023-03-31 | 2024-10-02 | Continental Reifen Deutschland GmbH | Kautschukmischung und reifen |
US20240343892A1 (en) | 2023-04-14 | 2024-10-17 | The Goodyear Tire & Rubber Company | Rubber composition including biodegradable oil |
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1998
- 1998-08-21 KR KR1020067013055A patent/KR100825539B1/ko not_active IP Right Cessation
- 1998-08-21 KR KR1019997003423A patent/KR100674059B1/ko not_active IP Right Cessation
- 1998-08-21 WO PCT/US1998/017391 patent/WO1999009036A1/en active IP Right Grant
- 1998-08-21 PT PT98941025T patent/PT958298E/pt unknown
- 1998-08-21 AT AT98941025T patent/ATE239737T1/de not_active IP Right Cessation
- 1998-08-21 DE DE69814353T patent/DE69814353T3/de not_active Expired - Lifetime
- 1998-08-21 CN CNB988015625A patent/CN100376585C/zh not_active Expired - Lifetime
- 1998-08-21 AU AU89179/98A patent/AU8917998A/en not_active Abandoned
- 1998-08-21 CN CNA2007101424877A patent/CN101139355A/zh active Pending
- 1998-08-21 US US09/284,841 patent/US6414061B1/en not_active Expired - Lifetime
- 1998-08-21 EP EP98941025A patent/EP0958298B2/en not_active Expired - Lifetime
- 1998-08-21 EP EP02019729.9A patent/EP1270581B1/en not_active Expired - Lifetime
- 1998-08-21 ES ES02019729.9T patent/ES2458563T3/es not_active Expired - Lifetime
- 1998-08-21 JP JP51363999A patent/JP2001505225A/ja not_active Withdrawn
- 1998-08-21 BR BRPI9806096-1A patent/BR9806096B1/pt not_active IP Right Cessation
- 1998-08-21 ES ES98941025T patent/ES2199454T5/es not_active Expired - Lifetime
- 1998-08-21 EP EP06004389A patent/EP1679315A1/en not_active Withdrawn
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1999
- 1999-02-05 US US09/245,454 patent/US6204339B1/en not_active Expired - Lifetime
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2001
- 2001-11-09 US US09/986,511 patent/US6683135B2/en not_active Expired - Lifetime
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2003
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2004
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2006
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2008
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Cited By (4)
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CN103804725A (zh) * | 2012-11-07 | 2014-05-21 | 东洋橡胶工业株式会社 | 轮胎部件及其制造方法 |
CN103804725B (zh) * | 2012-11-07 | 2016-10-26 | 东洋橡胶工业株式会社 | 轮胎部件及其制造方法 |
CN111138471A (zh) * | 2019-12-18 | 2020-05-12 | 怡维怡橡胶研究院有限公司 | 一种硫代酸根封端巯基硅烷偶联剂及其合成方法和应用 |
CN111233916A (zh) * | 2020-02-06 | 2020-06-05 | 南京曙光精细化工有限公司 | 长碳链含硫硅烷偶联剂及其制备方法和应用 |
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