WO2014093661A2 - Crispr-cas systems and methods for altering expression of gene products - Google Patents

Crispr-cas systems and methods for altering expression of gene products Download PDF

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Publication number
WO2014093661A2
WO2014093661A2 PCT/US2013/074743 US2013074743W WO2014093661A2 WO 2014093661 A2 WO2014093661 A2 WO 2014093661A2 US 2013074743 W US2013074743 W US 2013074743W WO 2014093661 A2 WO2014093661 A2 WO 2014093661A2
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Prior art keywords
sequence
crispr
cell
expression
target
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English (en)
French (fr)
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WO2014093661A3 (en
WO2014093661A9 (en
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Feng Zhang
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Massachusetts Institute of Technology
Broad Institute Inc
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Massachusetts Institute of Technology
Broad Institute Inc
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Priority to JP2015547555A priority Critical patent/JP6545621B2/ja
Priority to CN202010072631.XA priority patent/CN111187772B/zh
Priority to KR1020157018654A priority patent/KR20150107739A/ko
Priority to ES13824232.6T priority patent/ES2552535T3/es
Priority to AU2013359238A priority patent/AU2013359238B2/en
Priority to PL13824232T priority patent/PL2764103T3/pl
Priority to RU2015128100A priority patent/RU2687451C1/ru
Priority to BR112015013785A priority patent/BR112015013785A2/pt
Priority to CA2894688A priority patent/CA2894688A1/en
Priority to HK15101515.7A priority patent/HK1201290B/en
Priority to EP13824232.6A priority patent/EP2764103B1/en
Application filed by Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Broad Institute Inc filed Critical Massachusetts Institute of Technology
Priority to DK13824232.6T priority patent/DK2764103T3/en
Priority to CN202410963686.8A priority patent/CN118879746A/zh
Priority to CN201380072715.1A priority patent/CN106170549B/zh
Publication of WO2014093661A2 publication Critical patent/WO2014093661A2/en
Publication of WO2014093661A3 publication Critical patent/WO2014093661A3/en
Publication of WO2014093661A9 publication Critical patent/WO2014093661A9/en
Priority to US14/681,382 priority patent/US20150203872A1/en
Anticipated expiration legal-status Critical
Priority to US15/160,710 priority patent/US20160281072A1/en
Priority to AU2016244244A priority patent/AU2016244244B2/en
Priority to AU2019201608A priority patent/AU2019201608B2/en
Priority to AU2022201052A priority patent/AU2022201052B2/en
Priority to AU2025202729A priority patent/AU2025202729A1/en
Ceased legal-status Critical Current

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Definitions

  • the present invention generally relates to systems, methods and compositions used for the control of gene expression involving sequence targeting, such as genome perturbation or gene-editing, that may use vector systems related to Clustered Regularly Interspaced Short Palindromic Repeats (CRJSPR) and components thereof,
  • sequence targeting such as genome perturbation or gene-editing
  • CRJSPR Clustered Regularly Interspaced Short Palindromic Repeats
  • the CRISPR/Cas or the CRISPR-Cas system does not require the generation of customized proteins to target specific sequences but rather a single Cas enzyme can be programmed by a short RNA molecule to recognize a specific DNA target, in other words the Cas enzyme can be recruited to a specific DNA target using said short RNA molecule.
  • Adding the CRISPR-Cas system to the repertoire of genome sequencing techniques a d analysis methods may significantly simplify the methodology and accelerate the ability to catalog and map genetic factors associated with a diverse range of biological functions and diseases.
  • the invention provides a method of altering or modifying expression of one or more gene products that may comprise introducing into a cell containing and expressing DNA molecules encoding the one or more gene products an engineered, non-naturally occurring CRISPR-Cas system that may comprise a Cas protein and one or more guide RNAs that target the DNA molecules, whereby the one or more guide RNAs target the genomic loci of the DNA molecules encoding the one or more gene products and the Cas protein cleaves the genomic loci, of the DNA molecules encoding the one or more gene products, whereby expression of the one or more gene products is altered or modified; and, wherein the Cas protein and the guide RNA do not naturally occur together.
  • an engineered, non-naturally occurring CRISPR-Cas system that may comprise a Cas protein and one or more guide RNAs that target the DNA molecules, whereby the one or more guide RNAs target the genomic loci of the DNA molecules encoding the one or more gene products and the Cas protein cleaves the genomic loci,
  • the invention comprehends that the expression of two or more gene products may be altered or modified.
  • the guide RNA comprises a guide sequence fused to a tracr sequence.
  • the cell is a eukaryotic cell, in a more preferred embodiment the ceil is a mammalian ceil and in a yet more preferred embodiment the mammalian cell is a human cell.
  • the Cas protein may comprise one or more nuclear localization signal (s) (NLS(s)).
  • the Cas protein is a type II CRISPR system enzyme.
  • the Cas protein is a Cas9 protein.
  • the Cas9 protein is S. pneumoniae, S.
  • the protein may be a Cas9 homo log or ortholog.
  • the Cas protein is codoii-optimized for expression in a eukaryotic cell.
  • the Cas protein directs cleavage of one or two strands at the location of the target sequence.
  • the expression of the gene product is decreased and the gene product is a protein.
  • the invention comprehends that the introducing into the cell is by a delivery system that may comprise viral particles, liposomes, electroporation, microinjection or conjugation.
  • the invention provides a method of altering or modifying expression of one or more gene products comprising introducing into a. cell containing and expressing DNA molecules encoding the one or more gene products an engineered, non-naturally occurring vector system thai may comprise one or more vectors comprising: a) a first regulatory element operably linked to one or more CRISPR-Cas system guide RNAs that hybridize with target sequences in genomic loci of the DN A molecules encoding the one or more gene products, b) a second regulatory element operably linked to a Cas protein, wherein components (a) and (b) are located on same or different vectors of the system, whereby the guide RNAs target the genomic loci of the DNA molecules encoding the one or more gene products and the Cas protein cleaves the genomic loci of the DNA molecules encoding the one or more gene products, whereby expression of the one or more gene products is altered or modified; and, wherein the Cas protein and the guide RNAs do not naturally occur
  • the invention comprehends that the expression of two or more gene products may be altered or modified.
  • the guide RNA comprises a guide sequence fused to a traer sequence.
  • the cell is a eukaryotic cell, in a more preferred embodiment the cell is a mammalian ceil and in a yet more preferred embodiment the mammalia cell is a human cell.
  • the vectors of the system may further comprise one or more ' NLS(s).
  • the Cas protein is a type II CR ISPR system enzyme.
  • the Cas protein is a Cas9 protein.
  • the Cas9 protein is S. pneumoniae, S. pyogenes, or S.
  • thermophilic Cas9 and may include mutated Cas9 derived from these organisms.
  • the protein may be a Cas9 homo log or ortholog.
  • the Cas protein is codon-optimized for expression in a eukaryotic cell.
  • the Cas protein directs cleavage of one or two strands at the location of the target sequence, hi a further aspect of the invention, the expression of the gene product is decreased and the gene product is a protein.
  • the invention comprehends that the introducing into the cell is by a delivery system that may comprise viral particles, liposomes, electroporation, microinjection or conjugation.
  • the invention also provides an engineered, non-naturally occurring vector system that may comprise one or more vectors comprising: a) a first regulatory element operably linked to one or more CRISPR-Cas system guide RNAs that hybridize with target sequences in genomic loci of DNA molecules encoding one or more gene products, b) a second regulatory element operably linked to a Cas protein, wherein components (a) and (b) are located on same or different vectors of the system, whereby the guide RNAs target the genomic loci of the DNA molecules encoding the one or more gene products in a cell and the Cas protein cleaves the genomic loci of the DNA molecules encoding the one or more gene products, whereby expression of the one or more gene products is altered or modified; and, wherein the Cas protein and the guide RNAs do not naturally occur together.
  • the invention comprehends thai the expression of two or more gene products may be altered or modified.
  • the guide RNA comprises a guide sequence fused to a tracr sequence.
  • the cell is a eukaryotic cel l, in a more preferred embodiment t e ceil is a mammalian cell and in a yet more preferred embodiment the mammalian cell is a human cell.
  • the in ven tion also comprehends that the vectors of the system may further comprise one or more NLS(s).
  • the Cas protein is a type II CRISPR system enzyme.
  • the Cas protein is a Cas9 protein.
  • the Cas9 protein is S. pneumoniae, S.
  • the protein may be a Cas9 homolog or ortholog.
  • the Cas protein is coders -optimized for expression in a eukaryotic cell. Irs some embodiments, the Cas protein directs cleavage of one or two strands at the location of the target sequence.
  • the expression of the gene product is decreased and the gene product is a protein.
  • the invention comprehends that the introducing into the cell is by a delivery system that may comprise viral particles, liposomes, electroporation, microinjection or conjugation.
  • the invention provides an engineered, programmable, non ⁇ naturally occurring CRISPR-Cas system that may comprise a Cas protein and one or more guide RNAs that target the genomic loci of DNA molecules encoding one or more gene products in a cel l and the Cas protein cleaves the genomic loci of the DNA molecules encoding the one or more gene products, whereby expression of the o e or more gene products is altered or modified; and, wherein the Cas protein and the guide RNAs do not naturally occur together.
  • the invention comprehends that the expression of two or more gene products may be altered or modified.
  • the guide RNA comprises a guide sequence fused to a tracr sequence.
  • the cell is a eukaryotic cell, in a more preferred embodiment the cell is a mammalian cell and in a yet more preferred embodiment the mammalian cell is a human cell.
  • the CRISPR-Cas system may further comprise o e or more NLS(s).
  • the Cas protein is a type II CRISPR system enzyme.
  • the Cas protein is a Cas9 protein.
  • the Cas9 protein is S, pneumoniae, S. pyogenes, or S. merm.opb.il us Cas9, and may include mutated Cas9 derived from these organisms.
  • the protein may be a Cas9 homolog or ortholog.
  • the Cas protein is codon-optimized for expression in a eukaryotic cell.
  • the Cas protein directs cleavage of one or two strands at the location of the target sequence.
  • the expression of the gene product is decreased and the gene product is a protein.
  • the invention comprehends that the introducing into the cell is by a delivery system that may comprise viral particles, liposomes, eleetroporaiion, microinjection or conjugation.
  • the invention provides a vector system comprising one or more vectors.
  • the system comprises: (a) a first regulatory element operably linked to a tracr mate sequence and one or more insertion sites for inserting one or more guide sequences upstream of the tracr mate sequence, wherein when expressed, the guide sequence directs sequence-specific binding of a CRISPR complex to a target sequence in a eukaryotic cel l, wherein the CRISPR complex comprises a CRISPR enzyme complexed with (1) the guide sequence that is hybridized to the target sequence, and (2) the tracr mate sequence that is hybridized to the tracr sequence; and (b) a second regulatory element operably linked to an enzyme-coding sequence encoding said CRISPR.
  • component (a) further comprises the tracr sequence downstream of the tracr mate sequence under the control of the first regulatory element.
  • component (a) further comprises two or more guide sequences operably linked to the first regulatory element, wherein when expressed, each of the two or more guide sequences direct sequence specific binding of a CRISPR complex to a different target sequence in a eukaryotic cell.
  • the system comprises the tracr sequence under the control of a third regulatory element, such as a polymerase III promoter.
  • the tracr sequence exhibits at least 50%, 60%, 70%, 80%, 90%, 95%, or 99% of sequence complementarity along the length of the tracr mate sequence when optimally aligned. Determining optimal alignment is within the purview of one of skill in the art. For example, there are publ.ical.ly and commercially available alignment algorithms and programs such as, but not limited to, ClustalW, Smith-Waterman in matlab, Bowtie, Geneious, Biopython and SeqMan,
  • the CRISPR complex comprises one or more nuclear localization sequences of sufficient strength to drive accumulation of said CRISPR complex in a detectable amount in the nucleus of a eukaryotic cell.
  • the CRISPR enzyme is a type II CRISPR system enzyme.
  • the CRISPR enzyme is a Cas9 enzyme.
  • the Cas9 enzyme is S. pneumoniae, S. pyogenes, or S. thermophiius Cas9, and may include mutated Cas9 derived from these organisms.
  • the enzyme may be a Cas9 homoiog or orthoiog.
  • the CRISPR enzyme is codon-optimized for expression in a eukaryotic cell. In some embodiments, the CRISPR. enzyme directs cleavage of one or two strands at the location of the target sequence.
  • the first regulatory element is a polymerase III promoter. In some embodiments, the second regulatory element is a polymerase II promoter.
  • the guide sequence is at least 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 25 nucleotides, or between 10-30, or between 15-25, or between 15-20 nucleotides in length.
  • the term "vector" refers to a nucleic acid molecule capable of transporting another nucleic acid to which it has been linked.
  • Vectors include, but are not limited to, nucleic acid .molecules that are single-stranded, double- stranded, or partially double-stranded; nucleic acid molecules that comprise one or more free ends, no free ends (e.g. circular); nucleic acid molecules that comprise DNA, RNA, or both; and other varieties of polynucleotides known in the art.
  • a "plasmid” which refers to a circular double stranded DNA loop into which additional DNA segments can be inserted, such as by standard molecular cloning techniques.
  • Another type of vector is a viral vector, wherein virally-derived DNA or RNA sequences are present in the vector for packaging into a vims (e.g.
  • Viral vectors also include polynucleotides carried by a virus for transfection into a host cell.
  • Certain vectors are capable of autonomous replication in a host cell into which they are introduced (e.g. bacterial vectors having a bacterial origin of replication and episomal mammalian vectors).
  • Other vectors e.g., non-episomal mammalian vectors
  • certain vectors are capable of directing the expression of genes to which they are operatively- 1 inked. Such vectors are referred to herein as "expression vectors," Common expression vectors of utility in recombinant DNA techniques are often in the form of piasmids.
  • Recombinant expression vectors can comprise a nucleic acid of the invention in a form suitable for expression of the maceic acid in a host ceil, which means that the recombinant expression vectors include one or more regulatory elements, which may be selected on the basis of the host eel is to be used for expression, that is operatively-linked to the nucleic acid sequence to be expressed.
  • "operably linked" is intended to mean that the nucleotide sequence of interest is linked to the regulatory element(s) in a manner that allows for expression of the nucleotide sequence (e.g. in an in vitro transcription'translation system or in a host cell when the vector is introduced into the host cell).
  • regulators are intended to include promoters, enhancers, internal ribosomal entry sites (IRES), and other expression control elements (e.g. transcription termination signals, such as polyadenyiation signals and poly-U sequences).
  • IRES internal ribosomal entry sites
  • regulatory elements include those that direct constitutive expression of a nucleotide sequence in many types of host cell and those that direct expression of the nucleotide sequence only in certain host cells (e.g., tissue-specific regulatory sequences).
  • a tissue-specific promoter may direct expression primarily in a desired tissue of interest, such as muscle, neuron, bone, skin, blood, specific organs (e.g. liver, pancreas), or particular cell types (e.g. lymphocytes). Regulatory elements may also direct expression in a temporal-dependent manner, such as in a cell-cycle dependent or developmental stage-dependent manner, which may or may not also be tissue or cell-type specific.
  • a vector comprises one or more pol III promoter (e.g. 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, or more pol III promoters), one or more pol II promoters (e.g. 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, or more pol II promoters), one or more pol I promoters (e.g.
  • pol III promoters include, but are not limited to, U6 and HI promoters.
  • pol II promoters include, but are not limited to, the retroviral Rous sarcoma vims (RSV) LTR promoter (optionally with the RSV enhancer), the cytomegalovirus (CMV) promoter (optional y with the CMV enhancer) [see, e.g., Boshart et ai, Cel l, 41 :521 -530 (1985)], the SV40 promoter, the dihydrofolate reductase promoter, the ⁇ -actin promoter, the phosphoglycerol kinase (PGR) promoter, and the EFl promoter.
  • RSV Rous sarcoma vims
  • CMV cytomegalovirus
  • enhancer elements such as WPRE; CMV enhancers; the R-U5' segment in LTR of HTLV-I (Mol. Cell. Biol., Vol. 8(1), p. 466-472, 1988); SV40 enhancer; and the intron sequence between exons 2 and 3 of rabbit ⁇ -globin (Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA., Vol. 78(3), p. 1527-31, 1 81). It wil l be appreciated by those skilled in the art that the design of the expression vector can depend on such factors as the choice of the host ceil to be transformed, the level of expression desired, etc.
  • a vector can be introduced into host cells to thereby produce transcripts, proteins, or peptides, including fusion proteins or peptides, encoded by nucleic acids as described herein (e.g., clustered regularly interspersed short palindromic repeats (CRISPR) transcripts, proteins, enzymes, mutant forms thereof, fusion proteins thereof, etc.).
  • CRISPR clustered regularly interspersed short palindromic repeats
  • Advantageous vectors include lenti viruses and adeno-associated viruses, and types of such vectors can also be selected for targeting particular types of cells.
  • the invention provides a eukaryotic host ceil comprising (a) a first regulatory element o erably linked to a tracr mate sequence and one or more insertion sites for inserting one or more guide sequences upstream of the tracr mate sequence, wherein when expressed, the guide sequence directs sequence-specific binding of a CRISPR complex to a target sequence in a eukaryotic cell, wherein the CRISPR complex comprises a CRISPR enzyme complexed with (1) the guide sequence that is hybridized to the target sequence, and (2) the tracr mate sequence that is hybridized to the tracr sequence; and/or (b) a second regulatory element operably linked to an enzyme-coding sequence encoding said CRISPR enzyme comprising a nuclear localization sequence
  • the host cell comprises components (a) and (b).
  • component (a), component (b), or components (a) and (b) are stably integrated into a genome of the host eukaryotic cell.
  • component (a) further comprises the tracr sequence downstream of the tracr mate sequence under the control of the first regulatory element.
  • component (a) further comprises two or more guide sequences operably linked to the first regulatory element, wherein when expressed, each of the two or more guide sequences direct sequence specific binding of a CRISPR. complex to a different target sequence in a eukaryotic cell.
  • the eukaryotic host cell further comprises a third regulatory element, such as a polymerase III promoter, operably linked to said tracr sequence.
  • the tracr sequence exhibits at least 50%, 60%, 70%), 80%, 90%, 95%, or 99% of sequence complementarity along the length of the tracr mate sequence when optimally aligned.
  • the enzyme may be a Cas9 homoiog or ortholog.
  • the CRISPR. enzyme is codon -optimized for expression in a eukaryotic cell.
  • the CRIS PR enzyme directs cleavage of one or two strands at the location of the target sequence.
  • the CRISPR enzyme lacks DNA strand cleavage activity.
  • the first regulator)? element is a polymerase III promoter.
  • the second regulatory element is a polymerase II promoter.
  • the guide sequence is at least 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 25 nucleotides, or between 10-30, or between 15-25, or between 15-20 nucleotides in length.
  • the invention provides a non-human eukaryotic organism; preferably a multicellular eukaryotic organism, comprising a eukaryotic host cell according to any of the described embodiments.
  • the invention provides a eukaryotic organism; preferably a multicellular eukaryotic organism, comprising a eukaryotic host cell according to any of the described embodiments.
  • the organism in some embodiments of these aspects may be an animal; for example a mammal. Also, the organism may be an arthropod such as an insect. The organism also may be a plant. Further, the organism may be a fungus,
  • the invention provides a kit compri sing one or more of the components described herein.
  • the kit comprises a vector system and instructions for using the kit.
  • the vector system comprises (a) a first regulatory element operably linked to a tracr mate sequence and one or more insertion sites for inserting one or more guide sequences upstream of the tracr male sequence, wherein when expressed, the guide sequence directs sequence-specific binding of a CRISPR complex to a target sequence in a eukaryotic cell, wherein the CRISPR complex comprises a CRISPR enzyme complexed with (1) the guide sequence that is hybridized to the target sequence, and (2) the tracr mate sequence that is hybridized to the tracr sequence; and/or (b) a second regulatory element operably linked to an enzyme-coding sequence encoding said CRISPR enzyme comprising a nuclear localization sequence.
  • the kit comprises components (a) and (b) located on the same or different vectors of the system .
  • component (a) further comprises the tracr sequence downstream of the tracr mate sequence under the control of the first regulatory element.
  • component (a) further comprises two or more guide sequences operably linked to the first regulator)? element, wherein when expressed, each of the two or more guide sequences direct sequence specific binding of a CRISPR complex to a different target sequence in a eukaryotic cell.
  • the system further comprises a third regulatory element, such as a polymerase HI promoter, operably linked to said tracr sequence.
  • the tracr sequence exhibits at least 50%, 60%, 70%, 80%, 90%, 95%, or 99% of sequence complementarity along the length of the tracr mate sequence when optimally aligned.
  • the CRISPR enzyme comprises one or more nuclear localization sequences of sufficient strength to drive accumulation of said CRISPR enzyme in a detectable amount in the nucleus of a eukaryotic cell.
  • the CR ISPR enzyme is a type II CRISPR system enzyme.
  • the CRISPR enzyme is a Cas9 enzyme.
  • the Cas9 enzyme is S. pneumoniae, S, pyogenes or S.
  • thermophilus Cas9 and may include mutated Cas9 derived from these organisms.
  • the enzyme may be a Cas9 homolog or orthoiog.
  • the CRISPR enzyme is codon-optimized for expression in a eukaryotic cell.
  • the CRISPR enzyme directs cleavage of one or two strands at the location of the target sequence.
  • the CRISPR enzyme Sacks DNA strand cleavage activity.
  • the first regulatory element is a polymerase III promoter.
  • the second regulatory element is a polymerase II promoter.
  • the guide sequence is at least 15, 16, 17, 1 8, 19, 20, 25 nucleotides, or between 10-30, or between 15-25, or between 15-20 nucleotides in length.
  • the invention provides a method of modifying a target polynucleotide in a eukaryotic cell.
  • the method comprises allowing a CRISPR complex to bind to the target polynucleotide to effect cleavage of said target polynucleotide thereby modifying the target polynucleotide, wherein the CRISPR complex comprises a CRISPR enzyme complexed with a guide sequence hybridized to a target sequence within said target polynucleotide, wherein said guide sequence is linked to a tracr mate sequence which in turn hybridizes to a tracr sequence.
  • said cleavage comprises cleaving one or two strands at the location of the target sequence by said CRISPR enzyme. In some embodiments, said cleavage results in decreased transcription of a target gene. In some embodiments, the method further comprises repairing said cleaved target polynucleotide by homologous recombination with an exogenous template polynucleotide, wherein said repair results in a mutation comprising an insertion, deletion, or substitution of one or more nucleotides of said target polynucleotide. In some embodiments, said mutation results in one or more amino acid changes in a protein expressed from a gene comprising the target sequence.
  • the method further comprises delivering one or more vectors to said eukaryotic cell, wherein the one or more vectors drive expression of one or more of: the CRISPR enzyme, the guide sequence linked to the tracr mate sequence, and the tracr sequence.
  • said vectors are delivered to the eukaryotic cell in a subject.
  • said modifying takes place in said eukaryotic cel l in a cell culture.
  • the method further comprises isolating said eukaryotic cell from a subject prior to said modifying.
  • the method further comprises returning said eukaryotic ceil and/or cells derived therefrom to said subject.
  • the invention provides a method of modifying expression of a polynucleotide in a eukaryotic cell.
  • the method comprises allowing a CRISPR complex to bind to the polynucleotide such that said binding results in increased or decreased expression of said polynucleotide; wherein the CRISPR complex comprises a CRISPR enzyme compiexed with a guide sequence hybridized to a target sequence within said polynucleotide, wherein said guide sequence is linked to a tracr mate sequence which in turn hybridizes to a tracr sequence.
  • the method further comprises delivering one or more vectors to said eukaryotic cells, wherein the one or more vectors drive expression of one or more of: the CRISPR enzyme, the guide sequence linked to the tracr mate sequence, and the tracr sequence.
  • the invention provides a method of generating a model eukaryotic cell comprising a mutated disease gene.
  • a disease gene is any gene associated an increase in the risk of having or developing a disease.
  • the method comprises (a) introducing one or more vectors into a eukaryotic cell, wherein the one or more vectors drive expression of one or more of: a CRI SPR enzyme, a guide sequence linked to a tracr mate sequence, and a tracr sequence; and (b) allowing a CRISPR complex to bind to a target polynucleotide to effect cleavage of the target polynucleotide within said disease gene, wherein the CRISPR complex comprises the CRISPR enzyme compiexed with (1) the guide sequence that is hybridized to the target sequence within the target polynucleotide, and (2) the tracr mate sequence that is hybridized to the tracr sequence, thereby generating a model euk
  • said cleavage comprises cleaving one or two strands at the location of the target sequence by said CRISPR enzyme. In some embodiments, said cleavage results in decreased transcription of a target gene. In some embodiments, the method further comprises repairing said cleaved target polynucleotide by homologous recombination with an exogenous template polynucleotide, wherein said repair results in a mutation comprising an insertion, deletion, or substitution of one or more nucleotides of said target polynucleotide. In some embodiments, said mutation results in one or more amino acid changes in a protein expression from a gene comprising the target sequence.
  • the invention provides a method for developing a biologically active agent that modulates a cell signaling event associated with a disease gene.
  • a disease gene is any gene associated an increase in the risk of having or developing a disease.
  • the method comprises (a) contacting a test compound with a model cell of any one of the described embodiments; and (b) detecting a change in a readout that is indicative of a reduction or an augmentation of a cell signaling event associated with said mutation in said disease gene, thereby developing said biologically active agent that modulates said cell signaling event associated with said disease gene.
  • the invention provides a recombinant polynucleotide comprising a guide sequence upstream of a tracr mate sequence, wherein the guide sequence when expressed directs sequence-specific binding of a CRISPR complex to a corresponding target sequence present in a eukaryotic cell.
  • the target sequence is a viral sequence present in a eukaryotic cell.
  • the target sequence is a proto-oncogene or an oncogene.
  • the invention provides for a method of selecting one or more cell(s) by introducing one or more mutations in a gene in the one or more cell is), the method comprising: introducing one or more vectors into the cell (s). wherein the one or more vectors drive expression of one or more of: a CR ISPR enzyme, a guide sequence linked to a tracr mate sequence, a tracr sequence, and an editing template; wherein the editing template comprises the one or more mutations that abolish CRISPR enzyme cleavage; allowing homologous recombination of the editing template with the target polynucleotide in the cell(s) to be selected; allowing a CRISPR complex to bind to a target polynucleotide to effect cleavage of the target polynucleotide within said gene, wherein the CRISPR complex comprises the CRISPR enzyme complexed with (1) the guide sequence that is hybridized to the target sequence within the target polynucleotide, and (2) the
  • the CR1SPR enzyme is a type ⁇ CRISPR system enzyme.
  • the CRISPR enzyme is a Cas9 protein.
  • the Cas9 protein is S. pneumoniae, S. pyogenes, or S. thermophilus Cas9, and may include mutated Cas9 derived from these organisms.
  • the enzyme may be a Cas9 homo log or ortholog.
  • the enzyme is codon-optimized for expression in a eukaryotic cell.
  • the enzyme directs cleavage of one or two strands at the location of the target sequence.
  • the CRISPR enzyme is Cas9.
  • the cell to be selected may be a eukaryotic cell. Aspects of the invention allow for selection of specific cells without requiring a selection marker or a two-step process that may include a counter-selection system.
  • aspects of the invention comprehend site-specific gene knockout in the endogenous genome:
  • the present invention is advantageous over using site-specific nuclease technologies based on zinc finger and TAL effectors as it does not require elaborate design and may be used to simultaneously knockout multiple genes within the same genome.
  • the invention comprehends site-specific genome editing.
  • the present invention is advantageous over using natural or artificial site-specific nucleases or recombinases as it may be able to introduce site-specific double strand breaks to facilitate homologous recombination at the targeted genome loci.
  • the invention comprehends DNA sequence-specific interference.
  • the invention may be used to inactivate the genome of deleterious DNA-based organisms, such as microbes, viruses, or even cancerous cells, by directly introducing breaks at specific sites in the genome of these organisms.
  • the invention provides methods and compositions for multiplexed genome engineering as the CR ISPR-Cas system of the invention can be easil targeted to multiple sites in the genome through the use of multiple sequence-specific CRISPR spacer elements or guide sequences.
  • FIG. 1 shows a schematic model of the CRISPR system.
  • the Cas9 nuclease from Streptococcus pyogenes (yellow) is targeted to genomic DNA by a synthetic guide RNA (sgRNA) consisting of a 20-nt guide sequence (blue) and a scaffold (red).
  • the guide sequence base-pairs with the DNA target (blue), directly upstream of a requisite 5'-NGG protospacer adjacent motif (PA ; magenta), and Cas9 mediates a double-stranded break (DSB) ⁇ 3 bp upstream of the PAM (red triangle).
  • sgRNA synthetic guide RNA
  • PA magenta
  • DSB double-stranded break
  • Figure 2A-F shows an exemplary CRISPR system, a possible mechanism of action, an example adaptation for expression in eukaryotic ceils, and results of tests assessing nuclear localization and CRISPR activity.
  • Figure 2C discloses SEQ ID NQS 23-24, respectively, in order of appearance.
  • Figure 2E discloses SEQ ID NOS 25-27, respectively, in order of appearance.
  • Figure 2.F discloses SEQ ID NOS 28-32, respectively, in order of appearance.
  • Figure 3A-D shows results of an evaluation of SpCas9 specificity for an example target.
  • Figure 3 A discloses SEQ ID NOS 33, 26 and 34-44, respectively, in order of appearance.
  • Figure 3C discloses SEQ ID NO: 33.
  • Figure 4A-G shows an exemplary vector system and results for its use in directing homologous recombination in eukaryotic cells.
  • Figure 4E discloses SEQ ID NO: 45
  • Figure 4F discloses SEQ ID NOS 46-47, respectively, in order of appearance.
  • Figure 4G discloses SEQ ID NOS 48-52, respectively, in order of appearance,
  • Figure 5 provides a table of protospacer sequences (SEQ ID NOS 16, 15, 14, 53-58, 18, 17 and 59-63, respectively, in order of appearance) and summarizes modification efficiency results for protospacer targets designed based on exemplar S. pyogenes and 5.
  • thermophilus CRISPR systems with corresponding PAMs against loci in human and mouse genomes. Cells were transfected with Cas9 and either pre-crRN A/ tracr N A or chimeric RNA, and analyzed 72 hours after transfection.
  • Percent indels are calculated based on Surveyor assay results from indicated cell lines (N :::: 3 for all protospacer targets, errors are S.E.M., N,D, indicates not detectable using the Surveyor assay, and N.T. indicates not tested in this study).
  • Figure 6A-C shows a comparison of different tracrRNA transcripts for Cas9- mediated gene targeting.
  • Figure 6A discloses SEQ ID NOS 64-65, respectively, in order of appearance.
  • Figure 7 shows a schematic of a surveyor nuclease assay for detection of double strand break-induced micro-insertions and --deletions.
  • Figure 8A-B shows exemplary bicistronic expression vectors for expression of CRISPR system elements in eukaryotic cells.
  • Figure 8A discloses SEQ ID NOS 66-68, respectively, in order of appearance.
  • Figure 8B discloses SEQ ID NOS 69-71 , respectively, in order of appearance,
  • Figure 9A-C shows histograms of distances between adjacent S. pyogenes SF370 locus 1 PAM (NGG) ( Figure 9A) and S. thermophilus LMD9 locus 2 PAM ( NAGAAW) ( Figure 9B) in the human genome; and distances for each PAM by chromosome (Chr) ( Figure 9C).
  • Figure 10A-D show r s an exemplary CRISPR system, an example adaptation for expression in eukaryotic cells, and results of tests assessing CRISPR activity.
  • Figure 1GB discloses SEQ ID NOS 72-73, respectively, in order of appearance.
  • Figure IOC discloses SEQ ID NO: 74,
  • Figure 11A-C shows exemplary manipulations of a CRISPR system for targeting of genomic loci in mammalian cells.
  • Figure 1 1 A discloses SEQ ID NO: 75.
  • Figure 11B discloses SEQ ID NOS 76-78, respectively, in order of appearance.
  • Figure 12A-B shows the results of a Northern blot analysis of crRNA processmg in mammalian cells.
  • Figure 12A discloses SEQ ID NO: 79.
  • Figure 13A-B shows an exemplary selection of protospacers in the human PVALB and mouse Th loci.
  • Figure 13 A discloses SEQ ID NO: 80.
  • Figure 13B discloses SEQ ID NO: 81.
  • Figure 14 shows example protospacer and corresponding PAM sequence targets of the S. thermophilus CRISPR system in the human EMX1 locus.
  • Figure 14 discloses SEQ ID NO: 74.
  • Figure 15 provides a table of sequences (SEQ ID NOS 82-93, respectively, in order of appearance) for primers and probes used for Surveyor, RFLP, genomic sequencing, and Northern blot assays.
  • Figure 16A-C shows exemplary ma ipulation of a CRISPR system with chimeric R As and results of SURVEYOR assays for system activity in eukaryotic cells.
  • Figure 16A discloses SEQ ID NO: 94.
  • Figure 17A-B shows a graphical representation of the results of SURVEYOR assays for CRISPR system activity in eukaryotic ceils.
  • Figure 18 shows an exemplary visualization of some S. pyogenes Cas9 target sites in the human genome using the UCSC genome browser.
  • Figure 18 discloses SEQ ID NOS 95-173, respectively, in order of appearance.
  • Figure 19A-0 shows a circular depiction of the phylogenetic analysis revealing fi ve families of Cas9s, including three groups of large Cas9s (-1400 amino acids) and two of small Cas9s ( ⁇ 1 100 amino acids).
  • Figure 20A-F shows the linear depiction of the phylogenetic analysis revealing five families of Cas9s, including three groups of large Cas9s (-1400 amino acids) and two of small Cas9s ( ⁇ 1100 amino acids).
  • Figure 21A-D shows genome editing via homologous recombination, (a) Schematic of SpCas9 nickase, with D10A mutation in the RuvC I catalytic domain, (b) Schematic representing homologous recombination (HR) at the human EMX1 locus using either sense or antisense single stranded oligonucleotides as repair templates. Red arrow above indicates sgRNA cleavage site; PCR primers for genotyping (Tables J and ) are indicated as arrows in right panel.
  • Figure 21C discloses SEQ ID NOS 174-176, 1 74, 177 and 176, respectively, in order of appearance, (c) Sequence of region modified by HR.
  • d SURVEYOR assay for wild type (wt) and nickase (DIOA) SpCas9-mediated indels at the ⁇ target 1 locus (n ⁇ -3). Arrows indicate positions of expected fragment sizes.
  • Figure 22A-B shows single vector designs for SpCas9.
  • Figure 22A discloses SEQ ID NO:
  • Figure 22B discloses SEQ ID NO: 181.
  • polynucleotide refers to a polymeric form of nucleotides of any length, either deoxyribonucleotides or ribonucleotides, or analogs thereof.
  • Polynucleotides may have any three dimensional structure, and may perform any function, known or unknown.
  • polynucleotides coding or non-coding regions of a gene or gene fragment, loci (locus) defined from linkage analysis, exons, introns, messenger RNA (mRNA), transfer RNA, ribosomal RNA, short interfering RNA (siRNA), short-hairpin RNA (shRNA), micro-RNA (miRNA), ribozymes, cDNA, recombinant polynucleotides, branched polynucleotides, plasmids, vectors, isolated DNA of any sequence, isolated RNA of any sequence, nucleic acid probes, and primers.
  • loci locus defined from linkage analysis, exons, introns, messenger RNA (mRNA), transfer RNA, ribosomal RNA, short interfering RNA (siRNA), short-hairpin RNA (shRNA), micro-RNA (miRNA), ribozymes, cDNA, recombinant polynucleotides, branched poly
  • a polynucleotide may comprise one or more modified nucleotides, such as methylated nucleotides and nucleotide analogs. If present, modifications to the nucleotide structure may be imparted before or after assembly of the polymer. The sequence of nucleotides may be interrupted by non nucleotide components. A polynucleotide may be further modified after polymerization, such as by conjugation with a labeling component.
  • chimeric RNA refers to the polynucleotide sequence comprising the guide sequence, the tracr sequence and the tracr mate sequence.
  • guide sequence refers to the about 20bp sequence within the guide RNA that specifies the target site and may be used interchangeably with the terms “guide” or “spacer”.
  • traer mate sequence may also be used interchangeably with the term “direct repeat(s)”.
  • An exemplary CRISPR-Cas system is illustrated in Figure 1.
  • wild type is a term of the art understood by skilled persons and means the typical form of an organism, strain, gene or characteristic as it occurs in nature as distinguished from mutant or variant forms.
  • variable should be taken to mean the exhibition of qualities that have a pattern that deviates from what occurs in nature.
  • nucleic acid molecules or polypeptides mean that the nucleic acid molecule or the polypeptide is at least substantially free from at least one other component with which they are naturally associated in nature and as found in nature.
  • Complementarity refers to the ability of a nucleic acid to form hydrogen bond(s) with another nucleic acid sequence by either traditional Watson-Crick or other non-traditional types.
  • a percent complementarity indicates the percentage of residues in a nucleic acid molecule which can form hydrogen bonds (e.g., Watson-Crick base pairing) with a second nucleic acid sequence (e.g., 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10 out of 10 being 50%, 60%, 70%, 80%, 90%», and 100% complementary).
  • Perfectly complementary means that all the contiguous residues of a nucleic acid sequence will hydrogen bond with the same number of contiguous residues in a second nucleic acid sequence.
  • Substantially complementary refers to a degree of complementarity that is at least 60%, 65%, 70%, 75%, 80%, 85%, 90%, 95%, 97%, 98%, 99%, or 100% over a region of 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21, 22, 23, 24, 25, 30, 35, 40, 45, 50, or more nucleotides, or refers to two nucleic acids that hybridize under stringent conditions.
  • stringent conditions for hybridization refer to conditions under which a nucleic acid having complementarity to a target sequence predominantly hybridizes with the target sequence, and substantially does not hybridize to non-target sequences. Stringent conditions are generally sequence-dependent, and vary depending on a number of factors. In general, the longer the sequence, the higher the temperature at which the sequence specifically hybridizes to its target sequence. Non-limiting examples of stringent conditions are described in detail in Tijssen (1993), Laboratory Techniques In Biochemistry And Molecular Biology- Hybridization With Nucleic Acid Probes Part I, Second Chapter “Overview of principles of hybridization and the strategy of nucleic acid probe assay", Elsevier, N,Y,
  • Hybridization refers to a reaction in which one or more polynucleotides react to form a complex tha is stabilized via hydrogen bonding between the bases of the nucleotide residues.
  • the hydrogen bonding may occur by Watson Crick base pairing, Hoogstein binding, or in any other sequence specific manner.
  • the complex may comprise two strands forming a duplex structure, three or more strands forming a multi stranded complex, a single self hybridizing strand, or any combination of these.
  • a hybridization reaction may constitute a step in a more extensive process, such as the initiation of PGR, or the cleavage of a polynucleotide by an enzyme.
  • a sequence capable of hybridizing with a given sequence is referred to as the "complement" of the given sequence.
  • expression refers to the process by which a polynucleotide is transcribed from a DNA template (such as into and mRNA or other RNA transcript) and/or the process by which a transcribed mRNA is subsequently translated into peptides, polypeptides, or proteins.
  • Transcripts and encoded polypeptides may be collectively referred to as "gene product.” If the polynucleot de is deri ved from genomic DNA, expression may include splicing of the mRNA in a cukaryotie cell.
  • polypeptide refers to polymers of amino acids of any length.
  • the polymer may he linear or branched, it may comprise modified amino acids, and it may be interrupted by non amino acids.
  • the terms also encompass an amino acid polymer that has been modified; for example, disulfide bond formation, glycosyiation, iipidation, acetylation. phosphorylation, or any other manipulation, such as conjugation with a labeling component.
  • amino acid includes natural and/or unnatural or synthetic amino acids, including glycine and both the D or L optical isomers, and amino acid analogs and peptidomimetics.
  • the terms "subject,” “individual,” and “patient” are used interchangeably herein to refer to a vertebrate, preferably a mammal, more preferably a human. Mammals include, but are not limited to, murines, simians, humans, farm animals, sport animals, and pets. Tissues, cells and their progeny of a biological entity obtained in vivo or cultured in vitro are also encompassed.
  • the terms "therapeutic agent”, “therapeutic capable agent” or “treatment agent” are used interchangeably and refer to a molecule or compound that confers some beneficial effect upon administration to a subject.
  • the beneficial effect includes enablement of diagnostic determinations; amelioration of a disease, symptom, disorder, or pathological condition; reducing or preventing the onset of a disease, symptom, disorder or condition; and generally counteracting a disease, symptom, disorder or pathological condition.
  • treatment or “treating,” or “palliating” or “ameliorating” are used interchangeably. These terms refer to an approach for obtaining beneficial or desired results including but not limited to a therapeutic benefit and/or a prophylactic benefit.
  • therapeutic benefit is meant any therapeutically relevant improvement in or effect on one or more diseases, conditions, or symptoms under treatment.
  • the compositions may be administered to a subject at risk of developing a particular disease, condition, or symptom, or to a subject reporting one or more of the physiological symptoms of a disease, even though the disease, condition, or symptom may not have yet been manifested.
  • the term "effective amount” or “therapeutically effective amount” refers to the amount of an agent that is sufficient to effect beneficial or desired results.
  • the therapeutical ly effective amount may vary depending upon one or more of: the subject and disease condition being treated, the weight and age of the subject, the severity of the disease condition, the manner of administration and the like, which can readily be determined by one of ordinary skill in the art.
  • the term also applies to a dose that will provide an image for detection by any one of the imaging methods described herein.
  • the specific dose may vary depending on one or more of: the particular agent chosen, the dosing regimen to be followed, whether it is administered in combination with other compounds, timing of administration, the tissue to be imaged, and the physical delivery system in which it is carried,
  • Vectors can be designed for expression of CRISPR transcripts (e.g. nucleic acid transcripts, proteins, or enzymes) in prokaryotic or eukaryotic cells.
  • CRISPR transcripts e.g. nucleic acid transcripts, proteins, or enzymes
  • CRISPR transcripts can be expressed in bacterial cells such as Escherichia coli, insect cells (using haeulovirus expression vectors), yeast cells, or mammalian cells. Suitable host cel ls are discussed further in Goeddel, GENE EXPRESSION TECHNOLOGY: METHODS IN ENZYMOLOGY 185, Academic Press, San Diego, Calif. (1990).
  • the recombinant expression vector can be transcribed and translated in vitro, for example using T7 promoter regulatory sequences and T7 polymerase.
  • Vectors may be introduced and propagated in a prokaryote.
  • a prokaryote is used to amplify copies of a vector to be Introduced into a eukaryotic celi or as an intermediate vector in the production of a vector to be introduced into a eukaryotic cel l (e.g. amplifying a plasmid as part of a viral vector packaging system).
  • a prokaryote is used to amplify copies of a vector and express one or more nucleic acids, such as to provide a source of one or more proteins for delivery to a host cell or host organism.
  • Fusion vectors add a number of amino acids to a protein encoded therein, such as to the amino terminus of the recombinant protein.
  • Such fusion vectors may serve one or more purposes, such as: (i) to increase expression of recombinant protein; (ii) to increase the solubility of the recombinant protein; and (iii) to aid in the purification of the recombinant protein by acting as a ligand in affinity purification.
  • a proteolytic cleavage site is introduced at the junction of the fusion moiety and the recombmant protein to enable separation of the recombinant protein from the fusion moiety subsequent to purification of the fusion protein.
  • Such enzymes, and their cognate recognition sequences include Factor Xa, thrombin and enterokinase.
  • Example fusion expression vectors include pGEX (Pharmacia Biotech Inc; Smith and Johnson, 1988.
  • pMAL New England Biolabs, Beverly, Mass.
  • pR!T5 Pharmacia, Piscataway, N.J.
  • GST glutathione S-transferase
  • suitable inducible non-fusion E. co!i expression vectors include pTrc (Amrami et al, (1988) Gene 69:301 -315) and pET l i d (Studier et al, GENE EXPRESSION TECHNOLOGY: METHODS IN ENZYMOLOGY 185, Academic Press, San Diego, Calif. (1990) 60-89).
  • a vector is a yeas'; expression vector.
  • yeast Saccharomyces cerivisae examples include pYepSecl (Baldari, et al., 1987. EMBO J. 6: 229-234), pMFa (Kuijan and Herskowitz, 1982. Cell 30: 933-943), pJRY88 (Schultz et al., 1987. Gene 54: 113-123), pYES2 (Invitrogen Corporation, San Diego, Calif.), and picZ (InVitrogen Corp, San Diego, Calif.).
  • a vector drives protein expression in insect cells using baculovirus expression vectors.
  • Baculovirus vectors available for expression of proteins in cultured insect ceils include the pAc series (Smith, et al., 1983. Mol. Cell. Biol. 3: 2156-2165) and the pVL series (Lucklow and Summers, 1989. Virology 170: 31-39).
  • a vector is capable of driving expression of one or more sequences in mammalian cells using a mammalian expression vector.
  • mammalian expression vectors include pCDM8 (Seed, 1987. Nature 329: 840) and pMT2PC (Kaufman, et al., 1987. EMBO J. 6: 187- 195).
  • the expression vector's control functions are typically provided by one or more regulatory elements.
  • commonly used promoters are derived from polyoma, adenovirus 2, cytomegalovirus, simian virus 40, and others disclosed herein and known in the art.
  • the recombinant mammalian expression vector is capable of directing expression of the nucleic acid preferentially in a particular cell type (e.g., tissue-specific regulatory elements are used to express the nucleic acid).
  • tissue-specific regulatory elements are known in the art.
  • suitable tissue-specific promoters include the albumin promoter (liver-specific; Pinkert, et al., 1987. Genes Dev. 1 : 268-277), lymphoid-speeific promoters (Calame and Eaton, 1988. Adv. Immunol. 43: 235-275), in particular promoters of T cell receptors (Winoto and Baltimore, 1989. EMBO J.
  • y- regulated promoters are also encompassed, e.g., the murine hox promoters (Kessel and Gruss, 1990. Science 249: 374-379) and the a-fetoprotein promoter (Campes and Tilghman, 1989. G .'"k'v Dev. 3: 537-546).
  • a regulatory element is operably linked to one or more elements of a CRISPR system so as to drive expression of the one or more elements of the CRISPR system.
  • CRISPRs Clustered Regularly Interspaced Short Palindromic Repeats
  • SP!DRs SPacer Interspersed Direct Repeats
  • SSRs interspersed short sequence repeats
  • the CRISPR loci typically differ from other SSRs by the structure of the repeats, which have been termed short regularly spaced repeats (SRSRs) (Janssen et al., OMICS J. imeu. Biol., 6:23-33 [2002]; and Mojica et al., Mol. Microbiol., 36:244-246 [2000]).
  • SRSRs short regularly spaced repeats
  • the repeats are short elements that occur in clusters that are regularly spaced by unique intervening sequences with a substantially constant length (Mojica et al., [2000], supra).
  • the repeat sequences are highly conserved between strains, the number of interspersed repeats and the sequences of the spacer regions typically differ from strain to strain (van Embden et al., J.
  • CRISPR loci have been identified in more than 40 prokaryotes (See e.g., Jansen et al., Mol. Microbiol, 43:1565-1575 [2002]; and Mojica et al, [2005]) including, but not limited to Aeropyrum, Pyrobaculum, Sulfolobus, Archaeoglobus, Halocarcula, Methanobacterium, Methanococcus, Methanosarcina, Methanopyrus, Pyrococcus, Picrophilus, Thermoplasma, Corynebacterium, Mycobacterium, Streptomyces, Aquifex, Porphyromonas, Chlorobium, Thermus, Bacillus, Listeria, Staphylococcus, Clostridium, Thermoanaerobacter, Mycoplasma, Fusobacterium, Azarcus, Chromobacterium, Neisseria, Nitrosomonas
  • CRISPR system refers col lectively to transcripts and other elements involved in the expression of or directing the activity of CRISPR-associated (“Cas") genes, including sequences encoding a Cas gene, a tracr (trans -activating CRISPR) sequence (e.g. tracrRNA or an active partial tracrRNA), a tracr-mate sequence (encompassing a "direct repeat” and a tracrRNA-processed partial direct repeat in the context of an endogenous CRISPR system), a guide sequence (also referred to as a "spacer” in the context of an endogenous CRISPR system), or other sequences and transcripts from a CRISPR locus.
  • a tracr trans -activating CRISPR
  • tracr-mate sequence encompassing a "direct repeat” and a tracrRNA-processed partial direct repeat in the context of an endogenous CRISPR system
  • guide sequence also referred to as a "spacer” in the context of an endogenous C
  • one or more elements of a CRISPR system is derived from a type I, type II, or type III CRISPR system. In some embodiments, one or more elements of a CRISPR system is derived from a particular organism comprising an endogenous CRISPR system, such as Streptococcus pyogenes. In general, a CRISPR system is characterized by elements that promote the formation of a CRISPR complex at the site of a target sequence (also referred to as a protospaeer in the context of an endogenous CRISPR system).
  • target sequence refers to a sequence to which a guide sequence is designed to have complementarity, where hybridization between a target sequence and a guide sequence promotes the formation of a CRISPR complex. Full complementarity is not necessarily required, provided there is sufficient complementarity to cause hybridization and promote formation of a CRISPR complex.
  • a target sequence may comprise any polynucleotide, such as DNA or KNA polynucleotides.
  • a target sequence is located in the nucleus or cytoplasm of a cel l.
  • the target sequence may be within an organelle of a eukaryotic cell, for example, mitochondrion or chloroplast.
  • a sequence or template that may be used for recombination into the targeted locus comprising the target sequences is referred to as an "editing template” or “editing polynucleotide” or “editing sequence”.
  • an exogenous template polynucleotide may he referred to as an editing template.
  • the recombination is homologous recombination.
  • 0075j typically, in the context of an endogenous CRISPR system, formation of a CRISPR complex (comprising a guide sequence hybridized to a target sequence and complexed with one or more Cas proteins) results in cleavage of one or both strands in or near (e.g. within 1 , 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 20, 50, or more base pairs from) the target sequence.
  • the tracr sequence which may comprise or consist of all or a portion of a wild- type tracr sequence (e.g.
  • a CRISPR complex may also form part, of a CRISPR complex, such as by hybridization along at least a portion of the tracr sequence to all or a portion of a tracr mate sequence that is operably linked to the guide sequence.
  • the tracr sequence has sufficient complementarity to a tracr mate sequence to hybridize and participate in formation of a CRISPR complex. As with the target sequence, it is believed that complete complementarity is not needed, provided there is sufficient to be functional.
  • the tracr sequence has at least 50%, 60%, 70%, 80%, 90%, 95% or 99% of sequence com lementarity along the length of the tracr mate sequence when optimally aligned.
  • one or more vectors driving expression of one or more elements of a CRISPR system are introduced into a host cell such that expression of the elements of the CRISPR system direct formation of a CRISPR complex at one or more target sites.
  • a Cas enzyme, a guide sequence linked to a tracr-mate sequence, and a tracr sequence could each be operably linked to separate regulator ⁇ 7 elements on separate vectors.
  • two or more of the elements expressed from the same or different regulatory elements may be combined in a single vector, with one or more additional vectors providing any components of the CRISPR system not included in the first vector.
  • CRISPR system elements that are combined in a single vector may be arranged in any suitable orientation, such as one element located 5 " with respect to ("upstream” of) or 3' with respect to ("downstream” of) a second element.
  • the coding sequence of one element may be located on the same or opposite strand of the coding sequence of a second element, and oriented in the same or opposite direction.
  • a single promoter drives expression of a transcript encoding a CRISPR.
  • a vector comprises one or more insertion sites, such as a restriction endormclease recognition sequence (also referred to as a "cloning site").
  • one or more insertion sites are located upstream and/or downstream of one or more sequence elements of one or more vectors.
  • a vector comprises an msertion site upstream of a tracr mate sequence, and optionally downstream of a regulatory element operably linked to the tracr mate sequence, such that following insertion of a guide sequence into the insertion site and upon expression the guide sequence directs sequence-specific binding of a CRJSPR. complex to a target sequence in a eukaryotic cell.
  • a vector comprises two or more insertion sites, each insertion site being located between two tracr mate sequences so as to allow insertion of a guide seq uence at each site.
  • the two or more guide sequences may comprise two or more copies of a single guide sequence, two or more different guide sequences, or combinations of these.
  • a single expression construct may be used to target CRISPR activity to multiple different, corresponding target sequences within a cell.
  • a single vector may comprise about or more than about 1 , 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 15, 20, or more guide sequences. In some embodiments, about or more than about 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, or more such guide-sequence-containing vectors may be provided, and optionally delivered to a cell.
  • a vector comprises a regulatory element operably linked to an enzyme-coding sequence encoding a CRISPR enzyme, such as a Cas protein.
  • Cas proteins include Casl, CasI B, Cas2, Cas3, Cas4, Cas5, Cas6, Cas7, Cas8, Cas9 (also known as Csnl and Csxl2), CaslO, Csyl, Csy2, Csy3, Csel, Cse2, Cscl, Csc2, Csa5, Csn2, Csm2, Csm3, Csm4, Csm5, Csm6, Cmrl, Cmr3, Cmr4, Cmr5, Cmr6, Csbl, Csb2, Csb3, Csxl7, Csxl4, CsxlO, Csxl6, CsaX, Csx3, Csxl, CsxlS, Csfl, Csf2, Csf3,
  • the unmodified CRISPR. enzyme has DNA cleavage activity, such as Cas9.
  • the CRISPR enzyme is Cas9, and may be Cas9 from S. pyogenes or S. pneumoniae.
  • the CRISPR enzyme directs cleavage of one or both strands at the location of a target sequence, such as within the target sequence and/or within the complement of the target sequence.
  • the CRISPR enzyme directs cleavage of one or both strands within about 1 , 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 15, 20, 25, 50, 100, 200, 500, or more base pairs from the first or last nucleotide of a target sequence.
  • a vector encodes a CRISPR enzyme that is mutated to with respect to a corresponding wild-type enzyme such that the mutated CRISPR enzyme lacks the ability to cleave one or both strands of a target polynucleotide containing a target sequence.
  • D10A aspartate-to-alanine substitution
  • pyogenes converts Cas9 from a nuclease that cleaves both strands to a nickase (cleaves a single strand).
  • Other examples of mutations that render Cas9 a nickase include, without limitation, H840A, N854A, and N863A.
  • niekases may be used for genome editing via homologous recombination,
  • Figure 21 shows genome editing via homologous recombination.
  • a Cas9 nickase may be used in combination with guide sequence(s), e.g., two guide sequences, which target respectively sense and antisense strands of the DNA target. This combination allows both strands to be nicked and used to induce NHEJ.
  • guide sequence(s) e.g., two guide sequences, which target respectively sense and antisense strands of the DNA target.
  • This combination allows both strands to be nicked and used to induce NHEJ.
  • Applicants have demonstrated (data not shown) the efficacy of two nickase targets (i.e., sgRNAs targeted at the same location but to different strands of DNA) in inducing mutagenic NHEJ.
  • a single ickase (Cas9-D10A with a single sgRNA) is unable to induce NHEJ and create indels but Applicants have shown that double nickase (Cas9-D10A and two sgRNAs targeted to different stra ds at the same location) can do so in human embryonic stem cells (hESCs).
  • the efficiency is about 50% of nuclease (i.e., regular Cas9 without D10 mutation) in hESCs.
  • two or more catalytic domains of Cas9 may be mutated to produce a mutated Cas9 substantially lacking all DNA cleavage activity.
  • a D10A mutation is combined with one or more of H840A, N854A, or N863A mutations to produce a Cas9 e zyme substantially lacking ail DNA cleavage activity.
  • a CRISPR enzyme is considered to substantially lack all DNA cleavage activity when the DNA cleavage activity of the mutated enzyme is less tha about 25%, 10%, 5%, 1%, 0.1%, 0.01%, or lower with respect to its non-mutated form.
  • Other mutations may be useful; where the Cas9 or other CRISPR enzyme is from a species other than S. pyogenes, mutations in corresponding amino acids may be made to achieve similar effects.
  • an enzyme coding sequence encoding a CRISPR. enzyme is codon optimized for expression in particular cells, such as eukaryotic cells.
  • the eukaryotic cells may be those of or derived from a particular organism, such as a mammal, i cluding but not limited to human, mouse, rat, rabbit, dog, or non-human primate.
  • codon optimization refers to a process of modifying a nucleic acid sequence for enhanced expression in the host cells of interest by replacing at least one codon (e.g.
  • Codon bias differences in codon usage between organisms
  • mRNA messenger RNA
  • tRNA transfer RNA
  • genes can be tailored for optimal gene expression in a given organism based on codon optimization.
  • Codon usage tables are readily available, for example, at the "Codon Usage Database", and these tables can be adapted in a number of ways. See Nakamura, Y., et al. ''Codon usage tabul ated from the international DNA sequence databases: status for the year 20Q0"Nuel. Acids Res. 28:292 (2000).
  • Computer algorithms for codon optimizing a particular sequence for expression in a particular host cell are also available, such as Gene Forge ( Aptagen; Jacobus, PA), are also available.
  • one or more codons e.g. 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 10, 15, 20, 25, 50, or more, or all codons
  • one or more codons e.g. 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 10, 15, 20, 25, 50, or more, or all codons
  • a guide sequence is any polynucleotide sequence having sufficient complementarity with a target polynucleotide sequence to hybridize with the target sequence and direct sequence-specific binding of a CRISPR complex to the target sequence.
  • the degree of com lementarity between a guide sequence and its corresponding target sequence when optimally aligned using a suitable alignment algorithm, is about or more than about 50%, 60%, 75%, 80%, 85%, 90%, 95%, 97.5%, 99%, or more.
  • Optimal alignment may be determined with the use of any suitable algorithm for aligning sequences, non-limiting example of which include the Smith-Waterman algorithm, the Needleman-Wimsch algorithm, algorithms based on the Burrows-Wheeler Transform (e.g. the Burrows Wheeler Aligner), ClustalW, Clustai X, BLAT, Novoalign (Novocraft Technologies, ELAND (I!fumma, San Diego, CA), SOAP (available at soap.genomics.org.cn), and Maq (available at maq.sourceforge.net).
  • Burrows-Wheeler Transform e.g. the Burrows Wheeler Aligner
  • ClustalW Clustai X
  • BLAT BLAT
  • Novoalign Novocraft Technologies
  • SOAP available at soap.genomics.org.cn
  • Maq available at maq.sourceforge.net.
  • a guide sequence is about or more than about 5, 10, 1 1 , 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21, 22, 23, 24, 25, 26, 27, 28, 29, 30, 35, 40, 45, 50, 75, or more nucleotides in length. In some embodiments, a guide sequence is less than about 75, 50, 45, 40, 35, 30, 25, 20, 15, 12, or fewer nucleotides in length. The ability of a guide sequence to direct sequence- specific binding of a CR1SPR complex to a target sequence may be assessed by any suitable assay.
  • the components of a CRJSPR system sufficient to form a CRISPR complex, including the guide sequence to be tested, may be provided to a host cell having the corresponding target sequence, such, as by transfection with vectors encoding the components of the CRISPR sequence, followed by an assessment of preferential cleavage within the target sequence, such as by Surveyor assay as described herein.
  • cleavage of a target polynucleotide sequence may be evaluated in a test tube by providing the target sequence, components of a CRISPR complex, including the guide sequence to be tested and a control guide sequence different from the test guide sequence, and comparing binding or rate of cleavage at the target sequence between the test and control guide sequence reactions.
  • Other assays are possible, and will occur to those skilled in the art.
  • a guide sequence may be selected to target any target sequence.
  • the target sequence is a sequence within a genome of a cell.
  • Exemplary target sequences include those that are unique in the target genome.
  • a unique target sequence in a genome may include a Cas9 target site of the form M MM MM MM MNNNNNNNNNNNNXGG where NNNNNNNNNNXGG (N is A , G, T, or C; and X can be anything) has a single occurrence in the genome.
  • a unique target sequence in a genome may include an S.
  • a unique target sequence in a genome may include a Cas9 target site of the form MMMMMMMMNNNNNNNNNNNNXXAGAAW (SEQ ID NO: 1 ) where NNNNNNNNNNXXAGAAW (SEQ ID NO: 2) (N is A, G, T, or C; X can be anything; and W is A or T) has a single occurrence in the genome.
  • a unique target sequence in a genome may include an S. thermophilus CRISPR1 Cas9 target site of the form MMMMMM MMMNNNNNNNNNNNXXAGAAW (SEQ ID NO: 3) where ⁇ m NNXXAGAAW (SEQ ID NO: 4) (N is A, G, T, or C; X can be anything; and W is A or T) has a single occurrence in the genome.
  • S. thermophilus CRISPR1 Cas9 target site of the form MMMMMM MMMNNNNNNNNNNNNNXXAGAAW (SEQ ID NO: 3) where ⁇ m NNXXAGAAW (SEQ ID NO: 4) (N is A, G, T, or C; X can be anything; and W is A or T) has a single occurrence in the genome.
  • S. thermophilus CRISPR1 Cas9 target site of the form MMMMMM MMMNNNNNNNNNNNXXAGAAW (SEQ ID NO: 3) where ⁇ m
  • a unique target sequence in a genome may include a Cas9 target site of the form MMMMMMMMNNNNNNNNNNNNXGGXG where NNNNNNNNNNXGGXG (N is A, G, T, or C; and X can be anything) has a single occurrence in the genome.
  • a unique target sequence in a genome may include an S. pyogenes Cas9 target site of the form MMM MM MMMMNNNNNNNNNNNXGGXG where NNNNNNNNNNNXGGXG (N is A, G, T, or C; and X can be anything) has a single occurrence in the genome.
  • M may be A, G, T, or C, and need not be considered in identifying a sequence as unique.
  • a guide sequence is selected to reduce the degree of secondary structure within the guide sequence.
  • Secondary structure may be determined by any suitable polynucleotide folding algorithm. Some programs are based on calculating the minimal Gibbs free energy. An example of one such algorithm is mFold, as described by Zuker and Stiegler (Nucleic Acids Res. 9 (1981), 133-148). Another example folding algorithm is the online webserver RNAfoId, developed at Institute for Theoretical Chemistry at the University of Vienna, using the centroid structure prediction algorithm (see e.g. A.R. Gruber et al, 2008, Cell 106(1): 23-24; and PA Carr and GM Church, 2009, Nature Biotechnology 27(12): 1151 -62). Further algorithms may be found in U.S. application Serial No. 61/836,080 (attorney docket 44790.1 3.2022; Broad Reference B1-2013/004A); incorporated herein by reference.
  • a tracr mate sequence includes any sequence that has sufficient complementarity with a tracr sequence to promote one or more of: (1) excision of a guide sequence flanked by tracr mate sequences in a cell containing the corresponding tracr sequence; and (2) formation of a CRISPR complex at a target sequence, wherein the CRISPR complex comprises the tracr mate sequence hybridized to the tracr sequence.
  • degree of complementarity is with reference to the optimal alignment of the tracr mate sequence and tracr sequence, along the length of the shorter of the two sequences.
  • Optimal alignment may be determined by any suitable alignment algorithm, and may further account for secondary structures, such as self-complementarity within either the tracr sequence or tracr mate sequence.
  • the degree of complementarity between the tracr sequence and tracr mate sequence along the length of the shorter of the two when optimally aligned is about or more than about 25%, 30%, 40%», 50%, 60%», 70%, 80%», 90%, 95%, 97.5%, 99%, or higher.
  • Example illustrations of optimal alignment between a tracr sequence and a tracr mate sequence are provided in Figures 10B and I IB.
  • the tracr sequence is about or more than about 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 25, 30, 40, 50, or more nucleotides in length.
  • the tracr sequence and tracr mate sequence are contained within a single transcript, such that hybridization between the two produces a transcript having a secondary structure, such as a hairpin.
  • Preferred loop forming sequences for use in hairpin structures are four nucleotides in length, and most preferably have the sequence GAAA. However, longer or shorter loop sequences may be used, as may alternative sequences.
  • the sequences preferably include a nucleotide triplet (for example, AAA), and an additional nucleotide (for example C or G).
  • loop forming sequences include CAAA and AAAG.
  • the transcript or transcribed polynucleotide sequence has at least two or more hairpins.
  • the transcript has two, three, four or five hairpins.
  • the transcript has at most five hairpins.
  • the single transcript further includes a transcription termination sequence; preferably this is a polyT sequence, for example six T nucleotides. An example illustration of such a hairpin structure is provided in the lower portion of Figure 1 IB, where the portion of the sequence 5' of the final "N" and upstream of the loop corresponds to the tracr mate sequence, and the portion of the sequence 3' of the loop corresponds to the tracr sequence.
  • single polynucleotides comprising a guide sequence, a tracr mate sequence, and a tracr sequence are as follows (listed 5' to 3'), where "N" represents a base of a guide sequence, the first block of lower case letters represent the tracr mate sequence, and the second block of lower case letters represent the tracr sequence, and the final poly-T sequence represents the transcription terminator: (I)
  • sequences (1) to (3) are used in combination with Cas9 from S. thermophilus CR1SPR1.
  • sequences (4) to (6) are used in combination with Cas9 from S. pyogenes.
  • the tracr sequence is a separate transcript from a transcript comprising the tracr mate sequence (such as illustrated in the top portion of Figure 1 IB).
  • the CRISPR enzyme is part of a fusio protein comprising one or more heterologous protein domains (e.g. about or more than about 1 , 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, or more domains in addition to the CRISPR enzyme).
  • a CRISPR enzyme fusion protein may comprise any additional protein sequence, and optionally a linker sequence between any two domains.
  • epitope tags include istidine (His) tags, V5 tags, FLAG tags, influenza hemagglutinin (HA) tags, Myc tags, VSV-G tags, and thioredoxin (Trx) tags.
  • reporter genes include, but are not limited to, glutathione-S-transferase (GST), horseradish peroxidase (HRP), chloramphenicol acetyltransferase (CAT) beta-galactosidase, beta-glucuronidase, luciferase, green fluorescent protein (GFP), HcRed, DsRed, cyan fluorescent protein (CFP), yellow fluorescent protei (YFP), and autofluorescent proteins including blue fluoresce t protein (BFP).
  • GST glutathione-S-transferase
  • HRP horseradish peroxidase
  • CAT chloramphenicol acetyltransferase
  • beta-galactosidase beta-galactosidase
  • beta-glucuronidase beta-galactosidase
  • luciferase green fluorescent protein
  • GFP green fluorescent protein
  • HcRed HcRed
  • DsRed cyan fluorescent
  • a CRISPR enzyme may be fused to a gene sequence encoding a protein or a fragment of a protein that bind DNA molecules or bind other cellular molecules, includi g but not limited to maltose binding protein (MBP), S-tag, Lex A DNA binding domain (DBD) fusions, GAL4 DNA binding domain fusions, and herpes simplex virus (HSV) BP 16 protein fusions. Additional domains that may form part of a fusion protein comprising a CRISPR enzyme are described in US2Q110059502, incorporated herein by reference. In some embodiments, a tagged CRISPR enzyme is used to identify the location of a target sequence.
  • MBP maltose binding protein
  • DBD Lex A DNA binding domain
  • HSV herpes simplex virus
  • a reporter gene which includes but is not limited to glutathione-S-transferase (GST), horseradish peroxidase (HRP), chloramphenicol acetyltransferase (CAT) beta-galactosidase, beta-glucuronidase, luciferase, green fluorescent protem (GFP), HcRed, DsRed, cyan fluorescent protein (CFP), yellow fluorescent protein (YFP), and autofluorcsccnt proteins including blue fluorescent protein (BFP), may be introduced into a cell to encode a gene product which serves as a marker by which to measure the alteration or modification of expression of the gene product.
  • GST glutathione-S-transferase
  • HRP horseradish peroxidase
  • CAT chloramphenicol acetyltransferase
  • CAT chloramphenicol acetyltransferase
  • beta-galactosidase beta-galactosidas
  • the DNA molecule encoding the gene product may be introduced into the cell via a vector.
  • the gene product is luciferase.
  • the expression of the gene product is decreased.
  • the invention provides methods comprising delivering one or more polynucleotides, such as or one or more vectors as described herein, one or more transcripts thereof, and/or one or proteins transcribed therefrom, to a host cell.
  • the invention serves as a basic platform for enabling targeted modification of DNA -based genomes. It can interface with many devlivery systems, including but not limited to viral, liposome, electroporation, microinjection and conjugation.
  • the invention further provides cells produced by such methods, and organisms (such as animals, plants, or fungi) comprising or produced from such cells.
  • a CRISPR enzyme in combination with (and optionally complexed with) a guide sequence is delivered to a cell.
  • Non-viral vector delivery systems include DNA plasmids, RNA (e.g. a transcript of a vector described herein), naked nucleic acid, and nucleic acid complexed with a delivery vehicle, such as a liposome.
  • Viral vector delivery systems include DNA and RNA viruses, which have either episomal or integrated genomes a ter delivery to the cell.
  • Methods of non-viral delivery of nucleic acids include lipofection, nucleofection, microinjection, biolistics, virosomes, liposomes, immunoliposomes, polycation or lipid:nucleic acid conj ugates, naked DNA, artificial virions, and agent-enhanced uptake of DN A.
  • Lipofection is described in e.g., U.S. Pat. Nos. 5,049,386, 4,946,787; and 4,897,355) and lipofection reagents are sold commercially (e.g., TransfectamTM and LipofectmTM).
  • Cationic and neutral lipids that are suitable for efficient receptor-recognition lipofection of polynucleotides include those of Feigner, WO 91/17424; WO 91/16024. Delivery can be to cells (e.g. in vitro or ex vivo administration) or target tissues (e.g. in vivo administration).
  • lipid:nucleic acid complexes including targeted liposomes such as immunolipid complexes
  • Boese et al Cancer Gene Ther. 2:291 -297 (1995); Behr et al, Bioconjugate Chem. 5:382-389 (1994); Remy et al., Bioconjugate Chem. 5:647-654 (1994); Gao et al., Gene Therapy 2:710-722 (1995); Ahmad et ai., Cancer Res. 52:4817-4820 (1992); U.S. Pat. Nos. 4,186,183, 4,217,344, 4,235,871, 4,261,975, 4,485,054, 4,501 ,728, 4,774,085, 4,837,028, and 4,946,787).
  • RNA or DNA viral based systems for the delivery of nucleic acids take advantage of highly evolved processes for targeting a virus to specific cells in the body and trafficking the viral payload to the nucleus.
  • Viral vectors can be administered directly to patients (in vivo) or they can be used to treat cells in vitro, and the modified cells may optionally be administered to patients (ex vivo).
  • Conventional viral based systems could include retroviral, lenti virus, adenoviral, adeno-associated and herpes simplex virus vectors for gene transfer. Integration in the host genome is possible with the retrovirus, ientivirus, and adeno-associated virus gene transfer methods, often resulting in long term expression of the inserted transgene.
  • Retroviral vectors are retroviral vectors that are able to transduce or infect non-dividing ceils and typically produce high viral titers. Selection of a retroviral gene transfer system would therefore depend on the target tissue. Retroviral vectors are comprised of cis-acting long terminal repeats with packaging capacity for up to 6-10 kb of foreign sequence. The minimum cis-acting LTRs are sufficient for replication and packaging of the vectors, which are then used to integrate the therapeutic gene into the target ceil to provide permanent transgene expression.
  • Widely used retroviral vectors include those based upon murine leukemia vims (MuLV), gibbon ape leukemia virus (GaLV), Simian Immuno deficiency vims (SIV), human immuno deficiency vims (HIV), and combinations thereof (see, e.g., Buchscher et al, J. Virol. 66:2731 -2739 (1992); Johann et al., I. Virol. 66: 1635-1640 ( 1992); Sommnerfelt et al., Virol. 176:58-59 (1990); Wilson et al., J. Virol. 63:2374-2378 (1989); Miller et al, J. Virol.
  • adenoviral based systems may be used.
  • Adenoviral based vectors are capable of very high transduction efficiency in many cell types and do not require cell division. With such vectors, high titer and levels of expression have been obtained. This vector can be produced in large quantities in a relatively simple system.
  • Adeno-associated virus vectors may also be used to transduce cells with target nucleic acids, e.g., in the in vitro production of nucleic acids and peptides, and for in vivo and ex vivo gene therapy procedures (see, e.g., West et al, Virology 160:38-47 (1987); U.S. Pat. No. 4,797,368; WO 93/24641; otin, Human Gene Therapy 5:793-801 (1994); Muzyczka, .1. Clin. Invest. 94: 1351 (1994). Construction of recombinant AAV vectors are described in a number of publications, including U.S. Pat. No.
  • Packagmg ceils are typically used to form vims particles that are capable of infecting a host cell.
  • Such cells include 293 cells, which package adenovirus, and ⁇ 2 cells or PA317 cells, which package retrovirus.
  • Viral vectors used in gene therapy are usually generated by producing a cell line that packages a nucleic acid vector into a viral particle.
  • the vectors typically contain the minimal viral sequences required for packaging and subsequent integration into a host, other viral sequences being replaced by an expression cassette for the polynucieotide(s) to be expressed.
  • the missing viral functions are typically supplied in trans by the packaging cell line.
  • AAV vectors used in gene therapy typically only possess ITR sequences from the AAV genome which are required for packaging and integration into the host genome.
  • Viral DNA is packaged in a cell line, which contains a helper plasmid encoding the other AAV genes, namely rep and cap, but lacking ITR sequences.
  • the cell line may also be infected with adenovirus as a helper.
  • the helper virus promotes replication of the AAV vector and expression of AAV genes from the helper plasmid.
  • the helper plasmid is not packaged in significant amounts due to a lack of ITR sequences. Contamination with adenovirus can be reduced by, e.g., heat treatment to which adenovirus is more sensitive than AAV. Additional methods for the delivery of nucleic acids to cells are known to those skilled in the art. See, for example, US20030087817, incorporated herein by reference.
  • a host cell is transiently or non-transiently transfected with one or more vectors described herein.
  • a ceil is transfected as it naturally occurs in a subject.
  • a cell that is transfected is taken from a subject.
  • the cell is derived from cells taken from a subject, such as a ceil line. A wide variety of cell lines for tissue culture are known in the art.
  • cell lines include, but are not limited to, C8161 , CCRF-CEM, MOLT, mI CD-3, NHDF, HeLa-S3, Huh l, i !uhA Huh7, HUVEC, HASMC, HEKn, HEKa, MiaPaCell, Panel , PC-3, TFI, CTLL-2, CiR, Rat6, CV l , RPTE, A10, T24, J82, A375, ARH-77, Calul, SW480, SW620, SKOV3, SK-UT, CaCo2, P388D1, SEM-K2, WEHI-231, HB56, TIB55, Jurkat, J45.01, LRMB, Bci-I, BC-3, IC21, DLD2, Raw264.7, NRK, NRK-52E, MRC5, MEF, Hep G2, HeLa B, HeLa T4, COS, COS-1 , COS-6, COS-M6A, BS-
  • a cell transfected with one or more vectors described herein is used to establish a new cell line comprising one or more vector-derived sequences
  • a cell transiently transfected with the components of a CRISPR system as described herein such as by transient transfection of one or more vectors, or transfection with RNA
  • RNA transient transfection of one or more vectors, or transfection with RNA
  • cells transiently or non-transiently transfected with one or more vectors described herein, or cell lines derived from such ceils are used in assessing one or more test compounds.
  • aspects of the invention relate to the generation of isogenic lines of mammalian cells for the study of genetic variations in disease.
  • a further aspect of the invention relates to the generation of genetically-modified animal models, either transgenic or viral -mediated delivery.
  • the invention also comprehends genome modification of microbes, cells, plants, animals or synthetic organisms for the generation of biomedically, agriculturally, and industrially useful products.
  • the invention comprehends gene therapy.
  • the invention may be used as a biological researc tool, for understanding the genome, e.g. gene knockout studies.
  • the inventions relates to many other methods and compositions that depend on the basic ability of editing and rewriting the DNA content of genomes, as well as targeted inactivation of DNA- based organisms.
  • the invention also may be used as therapeutic for targeting specific strains of bacterial infections, viral infection, etc.
  • one or more vectors described herein are used to produce a non-human transgenic animal or transgenic plant.
  • the transgenic animal is a mammal, such as a mouse, rat, or rabbit.
  • the organism or subject is a plant.
  • the organism or subject or plant is algae.
  • Methods for producing transgenic plants and animals are known in the art, and general ly begin with a method of cell transfection, such as described herein.
  • Transgenic animals are also provided, as are transgenic plants, especially crops and algae. The transgenic animal or plant may he useful in applications outside of providing a disease model.
  • transgenic plants especially pulses and tubers, and animals, especially mammals such as livestock (cows, sheep, goats and pigs), but also poultry and edible insects, are preferred.
  • Transgenic algae or other plants such as rape may be particularly useful in the production of vegetable oils or biofuels such as alcohols (especially methanol and ethaiiol), for instance. These may be engineered to express or overexpress high levels of oil or alcohols for use in the oil or biofuel industries.
  • alcohols especially methanol and ethaiiol
  • the invention provides for methods of modifying a target polynucleotide in a eukaryotic cell, which may be in vivo, ex vivo or in vitro.
  • the method comprises sampling a cell or population of cells from a human or non- human animal or plant (including micro-algae), and modifying the cell or cells. Culturing may occur at any stage ex vivo. The cell or cells may even be re -introduced into the non-human animal or plant (including micro-algae).
  • the invention provides for methods of modifying a target polynucleotide in a eukaryotic cell.
  • the method comprises allowing a CRISPR complex to bind to the target polynucleotide to effect cleavage of said target polynucleotide thereby modifying the target polynucleotide, wherein the CRISPR. complex comprises a CRISPR enzyme complexed with a guide sequence hybridized to a target sequence within said target polynucleotide, wherein said guide sequence is linked to a tracr mate sequence which in turn hybridizes to a tracr sequence.
  • the invention provides a method of modifying expression of a polynucleotide in a eukaryotic cell.
  • the method comprises allowing a CRISPR complex to bind to the polynucleotide such that said binding results in increased or decreased expression of said polynucleotide; wherein the CRISPR complex comprises a CRISPR enzyme complexed with a guide sequence hybridized to a target sequence within said polynucleotide, wherei said guide sequence is linked to a tracr mate sequence which i turn hybridizes to a tracr sequence.
  • pathogens are often host-specific.
  • Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. lycopersici causes tomato wilt but attacks only tomato
  • Plants have existing and induced defenses to resist most pathogens. Mutations and recombination events across plant generations lead to genetic variability that gives rise to susceptibility, especial!)? as pathogens reproduce with more frequency than plants.
  • there can be non-host resistance e.g., the host and pathogen are incompatible.
  • Horizontal Resistance e.g., partial resistance against all races of a pathogen, typically controlled by many genes
  • Vertical Resistance e.g., complete resistance to some races of a pathogen but not to other races, typically controlled by a few genes.
  • Plant and pathogens evolve together, and the genetic changes in one balance cha ges i other.
  • breeders combine most useful genes for Yield, Quality, Uniformity, Hardiness, Resistance.
  • the sources of resistance genes include native or foreign Varieties, Heirloom Varieties, Wild Plant Relatives, and Induced Mutations, e.g., treating plant material with mutagenic agents.
  • the invention provides kits containing any one or more of the elements disclosed in the above methods and compositions.
  • the kit comprises a vector system and instructions for using the kit.
  • the vector system comprises (a) a first regulatory element operably linked to a iracr mate sequence and one or more insertion sites for inserting a guide sequence upstream of the tracr mate sequence, wherein when expressed, the guide sequence directs sequence-specific binding of a CRISPR complex to a target sequence in a eukaryotic cell, wherein the CRISPR comple comprises a CRISPR enzyme complexed with (1) the guide sequence that is hybridized to the target sequence, and (2) the tracr mate sequence that is hybridized to the tracr sequence; and/or (b) a second regulatory element operably linked to an enzyme-coding sequence encoding said CRISPR enzyme comprising a nuclear localization sequence.
  • Elements may be provided individually or in combinations, and may be provided in any suitable container, such as a vial, a bottle, or a tube.
  • the kit includes instructions in one or more languages, for example in more tha one language.
  • a kit comprises one or more reage ts for use in a process utilizing one or more of the elements described herein.
  • Reagents may be provided in any suitable container.
  • a kit may provide one or more reaction or storage buffers.
  • Reagents may be provided in a form that is usable in a particular assay, or in a form that requires addition of one or more other components before use (e.g. in concentrate or lyophilizcd form).
  • a buffer can be any buffer, including but not limited to a sodium carbonate buffer, a sodium bicarbonate buffer, a borate buffer, a Tris buffer, a MOPS buffer, a HEPES buffer, and combinations thereof.
  • the buffer is alkaline.
  • the buffer has a pH from about 7 to about 10.
  • the kit comprises one or more oligonucleotides corresponding to a guide sequence for insertion i to a vector so as to operably link the guide sequence and a regulatory element.
  • the kit comprises a homologous recombination template polynucleotide.
  • the invention provides methods for using one or more elements of a CRISPR system.
  • the CRISPR complex of the invention provides an effective means for modifying a target polynucleotide.
  • the CRISPR complex of the Invention has a wide variety of utility including modifying (e.g., deleting, inserting, translocating, inactivating, activating) a target polynucleotide in a multiplicity of cell types.
  • modifying e.g., deleting, inserting, translocating, inactivating, activating
  • the CRISPR complex of the invention has a broad spectrum of applications in, e.g., gene therapy, drug screening, disease diagnosis, and prognosis.
  • An exemplary CRISPR comple comprises a CR1SPR enzyme eomple ed with a guide sequence hybridized to a target sequence within the target polynucleotide.
  • the guide sequence is linked to a tracr mate sequence, which in turn hybridizes to a tracr sequence.
  • the target polynucleotide of a CRISPR complex can be any polynucleotide endogenous or exogenous to the eukaryotic cel l.
  • the target polynucleotide can be a polynucleotide residing in the nucleus of the eukaryotic celi.
  • the target polynucleotide can be a sequence coding a gene product (e.g., a protein) or a non-coding sequence (e.g., a regulator polynucleotide or a junk DNA).
  • the target sequence should be associated with a PAM (protospacer adjacent motif); that is, a short, sequence recognized by the CRISPR complex.
  • PAM protospacer adjacent motif
  • the precise sequence and length requirements for the PAM differ depending on the CRISPR enzyme used, but PAMs are typically 2-5 base pair sequences adjacent the protospacer (that is, the target sequence) Examples of PAM sequences are given in the examples section below, and the skilled person will be able to identify further PAM sequences for use with a given CRISPR enzyme.
  • the target polynucleotide of a CRISPR complex may include a number of disease- associated genes and polynucleotides as well as signaling biochemical pathway-associated genes and polynucleotides as listed in US provisional patent applications 61/736,527 and 61/748,427 having Broad reference BI-2011/008/WSGR Docket No. 44063-701.101 and BI ⁇ 201 1/008/WSGR Docket No. 44063-701 .102 respectively, both entitled SYSTEMS METHODS AND COMPOSITIONS FOR SEQUENCE MANIPULATION filed on December 12, 2012 and January 2, 2013, respectively, the contents of all of which are herein incorporated by reference in their entirety.
  • target polynucleotides include a sequence associated with a signaling biochemical pathway, e.g., a signaling biochemical pathway-associated gene or polynucleotide.
  • target polynucleotides include a disease associated gene or polynucleotide.
  • a "disease-associated" gene or polynucleotide refers to any gene or polynucleotide which is yielding transcription or translation products at an abnormal level or in an abnormal form in cells derived from a disease-affected tissues compared with tissues or cel ls of a non disease control.
  • a disease-associated gene also refers to a gene possessing Sunation(s) or genetic variation that is directly responsible or is in linkage disequilibrium with a gene(s) thai is responsible for the etiology of a disease.
  • the transcribed or translated products may be known or unknown, and may be at a normal or abnormal level.
  • Parkinson's Disease x-Synuclein DJ-1 ; LRR 2; Parkin; PINK1
  • BCL7A BCL7
  • BCL7A BCL7
  • Leukemia TALI
  • oncology TCL5, SCL, TAL2, FLT3, NBS1 , NBS, ZNFN1A1, IK1, LYF1, diseases and disorders HOXD4, HOX4B.
  • RASK2 B-ceil non-Hodgkin lymphoma
  • GMPS GMPS, AF10, ARHGEF12, LARG, KIAA0382, CALM, CLTH, CEBPA, CEBP, CHIC 2, BTL, FLT3, KIT, PBT, LPP, NPMl , NUP214, D9S46E, CAN, CAIN, RUN 1, CBFA2, AM , WHSC 1L1 , NSD3, FLT3, AF1Q, NPMl , NUMA 1, ZNF145, PLZF, PML, MYL, STAT5B, AFIO, CALM, CLTH, ARL11, ARLTS1, P2RX7, P2X7, BCR, CML, PHL, ALL, GRAF, NF1 , VRNF, WSS, NFNS, PTPN 11, PTP2C, SHP2, NS1 , BCL2, CCND1 , PRAD1 , BCL1, TCRA, GATA1, GF1 , ERYF1 , NFE1, ABLL NQO
  • Inflammation and AIDS KIR3DLI, NKAT3, NKBI, AMB11, IR3DS1, IFNG, CXCL12, immune related SDF1; Autoimmune lymphoproiiferative syndrome (TNFRSF6,, ⁇ ' ⁇ , diseases and disorders FAS, CD95, ALPSIA); Combined immunodeficiencY, (IL2RG,
  • SCIDXl SCIDX, IMD4
  • HIV-1 CCL5, SCYA5, D17S136E, TCP2248
  • HIV susceptibility or infection HIV susceptibility or infection
  • CF CF, MRP7
  • Glycogen storage diseases SLC2A2, GLUT2, G6PC, G6PT, G6PT1, GAA, LAMP2, LAMPB, AGL, GDE, GBE1, GYS2, PYGL, PFKM
  • Hepatic adenoma 142330 (TCF1 , HNFI A, MODY3), Hepatic failure, early onset, and neurologic disorder (SCOD1 , SCOl).
  • CIP Hepatic lipase deficiency
  • CTNNB1 Hepatic lipase deficiency
  • PDGFR L Hepatoblastoma
  • PDGRL Hepatoblastoma
  • PRLTS PRLTS
  • AXI 1 ⁇
  • CTNNB1 TP53, P53, LFS1, IGF2R, MPRJ, MET, CASP8, MCH5;
  • Medullary cystic kidney disease (UMOD, HNFJ, FJHN, MCKD2, ADMCKD2); Phenylketonuria (PAH, P U 1, QD R, DHPR, PTS); Polycystic kidney and hepatic disease (FCYT, PKHDl, ARPKD, PKDl, PKD2, PKD4, PKDTS, PR CSH, G19P1, PCLD, SEC63).
  • DMD Muscular / Skeletal Becker muscular dystrophy
  • DMD Muscular / Skeletal Becker muscular dystrophy
  • DMD Duchenne Muscular diseases and disorders Dystrophy
  • LMNA Emery-Dreifuss muscular dystrophy
  • LGMD2I LAMA2, LAMM, LARGE, KIAA0609, MDC I D, FCMD, TTID, MYOT, CAPN3, CANP3, DYSF, LGMD2B, SGCG, LGMD2C, DMDA1 , SCG3, SGCA, ADL, DAG2, LGMD2D, DMDA2, SGCB, LGMD2E, SGCD, SGD, LGMD2F, CMD1 L, TCAP, LGMD2G, CMD1 N, TRIM32, HT2A, LGMD2H, FKRP, MDC1C. LGMD2I, TTN.
  • LRP5 BMND1, LRP7, LR3, OPPG, VBCH2, CLC 7, CLC7, OPTA2, OSTM1, GL, TCIRG1, T1RC7, OC1 16, OPTB1
  • Muscular atrophy VAPB, VA
  • Neurological and ALS SOD1, ALS2, STEX, FUS, TARDBP, VEGF (VEGF-a, VEGF-b, neuronal diseases and VEGF-c); Alzheimer disease (APP, AAA, CVAP, AD1, APOE, AD2, disorders PSEN2, AD4, STM2, APBB2, FE65L1, NOS3, PLAU, UR , ACE,
  • SERPINA7 [seipiii peptidase inhibitor, clade A (alpha- 1 antiproteinase, antitrypsin), member 7];” AND “SERPINA6 (serpin peptidase inhibitor, clade A. (alpha- 1 antiproteinase, antitrypsin), member 6)
  • Trpal Pome; Cgrp; Of; Pica; Era; Nr2b; TRPM5; Prkaca;
  • Prkacb Prka l a
  • Prkar2a Prkacb
  • Wnt2b Wnt3a; Wnt4; Wnt5a; Wnt6; WntTb; Wnt8b;
  • Embodiments of the invention also relate to methods and compositions related to knocking out genes, amplifying genes and repairing particular mutations associated with DNA repeat instability and neurological disorders (Robert. D. Wells, Tetsuo Ashizawa, Genetic Instabilities and Neurological Diseases, Second Edition, Academic Press, Oct 13, 201 1 - Medical). Specific aspects of tandem repeal sequences have been found to be responsible for more than twenty human diseases (New insights into repeat instability: role of RNA'DNA hybrids, Mclvor EI, Polak U, Napieraia M. RNA Biol. 2010 Sep-Oct;7(5):551-8). The CRISPR- Cas system may be harnessed to con'ect these defects of genomic instability,
  • a further aspect of the invention relates to utilizing the CRISPR-Cas system for correcting defects in the EMP2A and EMP2B genes that have been identified to be associated with Lafora disease.
  • Lafora disease is an autosomal recessive condition which is characterized by progressive myoclonus epilepsy which may start as epileptic seizures in adolescence. A few cases of the disease may be caused by mutations in genes yet to be identified. The disease causes seizures, muscle spasms, difficulty walking, dementia, and eventually death. There is currently no therapy that has proven effective against disease progression.
  • the CRISP R-Cas system may be used to correct ocular defects that arise from several genetic mutations further described in Genetic Diseases of the Eye, Second Edition, edited by Elias I. Traboulsi, Oxford University Press, 2012.
  • the genetic brain diseases may include but are not limited to Adrenoleukodystrophy, Agenesis of the Corpus Callosum, Aicardi Syndrome, Alpers' Disease, Alzheimer's Disease, Barth Syndrome, Batten Disease, CADASIL, Cerebellar Degeneration, Fabry's Disease, Gerstmann-Straussler-Scheinker Disease, Huntington's Disease and other Triplet Repeat Disorders, Leigh's Disease, Lesch-Nyhan Syndrome, Menkes Disease, Mitochondrial Myopathies and NINDS Colpocephaly. These diseases are further described on the website of the National Institutes of Health under the subsection Genetic Brain Disorders.
  • the condition may be neoplasia.
  • the genes to be targeted are any of those listed in Table A (in this case PTEN asn so forth).
  • the condition may be Age-related Macular Degeneration.
  • the condition may be a Schizophrenic Disorder.
  • the condition may be a Trinucleotide Repeat Disorder.
  • the condition may be Fragile X Syndrome.
  • the condition may be a Secretase Related Disorder.
  • the conditio may be a Prion - related disorder.
  • the condition may be ALS.
  • the condition may be a dmg addiction. In some embodiments, the co dition may be Autism. In some embodiments, the condition may be Alzheimer's Disease. In some embodiments, the condition may be inflammation. In some embodiments, the condition may be Parkinson's Disease.
  • proteins associated with Parkinson's disease include but are not limited to a-synuclein, DJ-1, LRRK2, PINK! , Parkin, UCHL1, Synphilin-1, and NURRl .
  • Examples of addiction-related proteins may include ABAT for example,
  • inflammation-related proteins may include the monocyte chemoattractant protein- 1 (MCP1) encoded by the Ccr2 gene, the C-C chemokine receptor type 5 (CCR5) encoded by the Ccr5 gene, the IgG receptor ⁇ (FCGR2b, also termed CD32) encoded by the Fcgr2b gene, or the Fc epsilon R ig (FCER lg) protein encoded by the Fcerlg gene, for example.
  • MCP1 monocyte chemoattractant protein- 1
  • CCR5 C-C chemokine receptor type 5
  • FCGR2b also termed CD32
  • FCER lg Fc epsilon R ig
  • cardiovascular diseases associated proteins may include IL1B (interleukirs 1, beta), XDH (x an thine dehydrogenase), TP53 (tumor protein p53), PTG1S (prostagla din 12 (prostacyclin) synthase), MB (myoglobin), IL4 (interleukiii 4), ANGPTl (angiopoietin 1 ), ABCG8 (ATP-binding cassette, sub-family G (WHITE), member 8), or CTS (cathepsiii K), for example.
  • IL1B interleukirs 1, beta
  • XDH x an thine dehydrogenase
  • TP53 tumor protein p53
  • PTG1S prostagla din 12 (prostacyclin) synthase)
  • MB myoglobin
  • IL4 interleukiii 4
  • ANGPTl angiopoietin 1
  • ABCG8 ATP-binding cassette, sub-family G
  • Examples of A lzheimer's disease associated proteins may include the very low density lipoprotein receptor protein (VLDLR) encoded by the VLDLR gene, the ubiquitin-iike modifier activating enzyme 1 (UBA1) encoded by the UBA.1 gene, or the NEDD8-aetivating enzyme El catalytic subunit protem (UBEIC) encoded by the UBA3 gene, for example.
  • VLDLR very low density lipoprotein receptor protein
  • UBA1 ubiquitin-iike modifier activating enzyme 1
  • UBA3 NEDD8-aetivating enzyme El catalytic subunit protem
  • proteins associated Autism Spectrum Disorder may include the benzodiazepine receptor (peripheral ) associated protein 1 (BZRAPl ) encoded by the BZRAP! gene, the AF4/FMR2 family member 2 protein (AFF2) encoded by the AFF2 gene (also termed MFR2), the fragile X mental retardation autosomal homolog 1 protein (FXRl ) encoded by the FXR 1 gene, or the fragile X mental retardation autosomal homolog 2 protein (FXR2) encoded by the FXR2 gene, for example.
  • BZRAPl benzodiazepine receptor
  • AFF2 AF4/FMR2 family member 2 protein
  • FXRl fragile X mental retardation autosomal homolog 1 protein
  • FXR2 fragile X mental retardation autosomal homolog 2 protein
  • proteins associated Macular Degeneration may include the ATP-binding cassette, sub-family A (ABC1) member 4 protein (ABCA4) encoded by the ABCR gene, the apo lipoprotein E protein (APOE) encoded by the APOE gene, or the chemokine (C-C motif) Ligand 2 protein (CCL2) encoded by the CCL2 gene, for example.
  • ABC1 sub-family A
  • APOE apo lipoprotein E protein
  • CCL2 Ligand 2 protein
  • proteins associated Schizophrenia may include R.G1 , ErbB4, CPLXl, TPHl, TPH2, NRXNl, GSK3A, BDNF, DISCI, GS 3B, and combmations thereof.
  • proteins involved in tumor suppression may include ATM (ataxia telangiectasia mutated), ATR (ataxia telangiectasia and Rad3 related), EGFR (epidermal growth factor receptor), ERBB2 (v-erb-b2 erythroblastic leukemia viral oncogene homolog 2), ERBB3 (v-erb-b2 erythroblastic leukemia viral oncogene homolog 3), ERBB4 (v-erb-b2 erythroblastic leukemia viral oncogene homolog 4), Notch 1, Notch2, Notch 3, or Notch 4, for example.
  • ATM ataxia telangiectasia mutated
  • ATR ataxia telangiectasia and Rad3 related
  • EGFR epidermal growth factor receptor
  • ERBB2 v-erb-b2 erythroblastic leukemia viral oncogene homolog 2
  • ERBB3 v-erb-b2 erythroblastic leukemia viral
  • proteins associated with a secretase disorder may include PSENEN (presenilin enhancer 2 homolog (C. elegans)), CTSB (cathepsiii B), PSEN1 (preseiiilin 1), APP (amyloid beta (A4) precursor protein), APHI B (anterior pharynx defective 1 homolog B (C. elegans)), PSEN2 (presenilin 2 (Alzheimer disease 4)), or BACE1 (beta-site APP-cleaving enzyme 1), for example.
  • proteins associated with Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis may include SODl (superoxide dismutase 1 ), ALS2 (amyotrophic lateral sclerosis 2), FUS (fused in sarcoma), TARDBP (TAR DNA binding protein), VAGFA (vascular endothelial growth factor A), VAGFB (vascular endothelial growth factor B), and VAGFC (vascular endothelial growth factor C), and any combination thereof,
  • proteins associated with prion diseases may include SODl (superoxide dismutase 1), ALS2 (amyotrophic lateral sclerosis 2), FUS (fused in sarcoma), TARDBP (TAR DNA binding protein), VAGFA (vascular endothelial growth factor A), VAGFB (vascular endothelial growth factor B), and VAGFC (vascular endothelial growth factor C), and any combination thereof.
  • proteins related to neurodegenerative conditions in prion disorders may include A2M (Alpha-2-Macroglobulin), AATF (Apoptosis antagonizing transcription factor), ACPP (Acid phosphatase prostate), ACTA2 (Actin alpha 2 smooth muscle aorta), ADAM22 (ADAM metallopeptidase domain), ADORA3 (Adenosine A3 receptor), or ADRA 1D (Alpha-I D adrenergic receptor for A lpha- ID adrenoreeeptor), for example.
  • A2M Alpha-2-Macroglobulin
  • AATF Apoptosis antagonizing transcription factor
  • ACPP Acid phosphatase prostate
  • ACTA2 Actin alpha 2 smooth muscle aorta
  • ADAM22 ADAM metallopeptidase domain
  • ADORA3 Adosine A3 receptor
  • ADRA 1D Alpha-I D adrenergic receptor for A lpha- ID a
  • proteins associated with Immunodeficiency may include A2M [alpha-2- macroglobulin]; AANAT [arylalkylamine N -acet l transferase] ; ABCA! [ATP -binding cassette, sub-family A (ABCl ), member ! ]; ABCA2 [ATP-binding cassette, sub-family A (ABCl ), member 2]; or ABCA3 [ATP-binding cassette, sub-family A (ABCl), member 3]; for example.
  • proteins associated with Trinucleotide Repeat Disorders include A (androgen receptor), FMR1 (fragile X mental retardation 1), HTT (lumtingtin), or DMP (dystrophia myotonica-protein kinase), FXN (frataxin), ATXN2 (ataxin 2), for example.
  • proteins associated with Neurotransmission Disorders include SST (somatostatin), NQSl (nitric oxide synthase 1 (neuronal)), ADRA2A (adrenergic, a!pha-2A-, receptor), ADRA2C (adrenergic, alpha-2C-, receptor), TACR1 (tachykinin receptor 1), or HTR2c (5-hydroxytryptamine (serotonin) receptor 2C), for example.
  • neurodevelopn ental-associated sequences include A2BP1 [ataxin 2- binding protein 1], AADAT [aminoadipate aminotransferase], AANAT [arylalkylamine N- acetyltransferase], ABAT [4-aminobtityrate aminotransferase], ABCA1 [ATP-hmdmg cassette, sub-family A (ABC1), member 1], or ABC A i 3 [ATP-binding cassette, sub-family A (ABC1), member 13], for example.
  • A2BP1 ataxin 2- binding protein 1
  • AADAT aminoadipate aminotransferase
  • AANAT arylalkylamine N- acetyltransferase
  • ABAT 4-aminobtityrate aminotransferase
  • ABCA1 ATP-hmdmg cassette, sub-family A (ABC1), member 1]
  • ABC A i 3 ATP-binding cassette, sub-family A
  • FIG. 1 Aieardi-Goutieres Syndrome; Alexander Disease; Allan- Hern don- Dudiey Syndrome; POLG-Reiated Disorders; Alpha-Mannosldosis (Type II and III); Alstrom Syndrome; Angelman; Syndrome; Ataxia-Telangiectasia; Neuronal Ceroid-Lipofuscinoses; Beta- Thalassemia; Bilateral Optic Atrophy and (Infantile) Optic Atrophy Type 1; Retinoblastoma (bilateral); Canavan Disease; Cerebrooculofacioskeletal Syndrome 1 [COFSJ ]; Cerebrotcndinous Xanthomatosis; Cornelia de Lange Syndrome; MAPT-Reiated Disorders; Genetic Prion Diseases; Dravet Syndrome; Early-Onset Familial Alzheimer Disease; Friedreich Ataxia [FRDA]; Fryns Syndrome; Fucosidosis; Fukuyama Congenital Muscular Dyst
  • the present system can be used to target any polynucleotide sequence of interest.
  • Some examples of conditions or diseases that might be useful ly treated using the present system are included in the Tables above and examples of genes currently associated with those conditions are also provided there. However, the genes exemplified are not exhaustive.
  • Example 1 CRISPR Complex Activity in the Nucleus of a Eukaryotic Cell
  • An example type II CRISPR system is the type II CRISPR locus from Streptococcus pyogenes SF370, which contains a cluster of four genes Cas9, Cas l, Cas2, and Csn l, as well as two non-coding RNA elements, tracrRNA and a characteristic array of repetitive sequences (direct repeats) interspaced by short stretches of non-repetitive sequences (spacers, about 30bp each).
  • DSB targeted DNA double-strand break
  • Figure 2A First, two non-coding RNAs, the pre-crRNA array and tracrRNA, are transcribed from the CRISPR locus.
  • tracrRNA hybridizes to the direct repeats of pre- crRNA, which is then processed into mature crRNAs containing individual spacer sequences.
  • the mature crRNA rtracrRN A complex directs Cas9 to the DNA target consisting of the protospacer and the corresponding PAM via heterodupiex formation between the spacer region of the crRNA and the protospacer DNA.
  • Cas9 mediates cleavage of target DNA upstream of PAM to create a DSB within the protospacer ( Figure 2A),
  • This example describes an example process for adapting this RNA-programmable nuclease system to direct CR ISPR complex activity in the nuclei of eukaryotic cells.
  • HEK Human embryonic kidney
  • HEK 293 FT Human embryonic kidney (HEK) cell line HEK 293 FT (Life Technologies) was maintained in Duibecco's modified Eagle's Medium (DMEM) supplemented with 10% fetal bovine seram (HyClone), 2mM GlutaMAX (Life Technologies), lOOU/mL penicillin, and IQOjtg mL streptomycin at 37°C with 5% CO2 incubation.
  • DMEM Duibecco's modified Eagle's Medium
  • Mouse neuro2A (N2A) cell line was maintained with DMEM supplemented with 5% fetal bovine serum (HyCSone), 2mM GlutaMAX (Life Technologies), lOOU/mL penicillin, and 100 ⁇ / ⁇ streptomycin at 37°C with 5% C0 2 .
  • HEK 293FT or N2A cells were seeded into 24-well plates (Corning) one day prior to transfection at a density of 200,000 ceils per well. Cells were transfected using Lipofectamine
  • HEK 293FT or N2A cells were transfected with plasmid DNA as described above.
  • the cells were incubated at 37°C for 72 hours before genomic DNA extraction.
  • the genomic region surrounding a CR!SPR target site for each gene was PGR amplified, and products were purified using QiaQuick Spin Column (Qiagen) following manufacturer's protocol.
  • a total of 4()()ng of the purified PGR products were mixed with 2 ⁇ 1 10X Taq polymerase PCR buffer (Enzymatics) and ultrapure water to a final volume of 20 ⁇ 1, and subjected to a re-annealing process to enable heteroduplex formation: 95°C for 10m in, 95°C to 85°C ramping at - 2°C/s, 85°C to 25°C at - 0.25°C/s, and 25°C hold for 1 minute.
  • HEK 293 FT and N2A ceils were transfected with plasmid DNA, and incubated at 37°C for 72 hours before genomic DNA extraction as described above.
  • the target genomic region was PCR amplified using primers outside the homology arms of the homologous recombination (HR) template.
  • PCR products were separated on a 1% agarose gel and extracted with MinElute Gel Extraction Kit (Qiagen), Purified products were digested with Hindll i (Fermentas) and analyzed on a 6% Novex TBE poly-acrylamide gel (Life Technologies).
  • RNA secondary structure prediction was performed using the online webserver RNAfold developed at Institute for Theoretical Chemistry at the University of Vienna, using the eentroid structure prediction algorithm (see e.g. A.R. Gruber et al, 2008, Cell 106( 1 ): 23-24; and PA Carr and GM Church, 2009, Nature Biotechnology 27(12): 1151-62).
  • HEK 293FT cells were maintained and transfected as stated above. Cells were harvested by trypsinization followed by washing in phosphate buffered saline (PBS). Total cell RNA was extracted with TRI reagent (Sigma) following manufacturer's protocol. Extracted total RNA was quantified using Naonodrop (Thermo Scientific) and normalized to same concentration.
  • RNAs were mixed with equal volumes of 2X loading buffer (Ambion), heated to 95°C for 5 min. chilled on ice for 1 mm, and then loaded onto 8% denaturing poiyacrylamide gels (SequaGel, National Diagnostics) after pre -running the gel for at least 30 minutes. The samples were electrophoresed for 1.5 hours at 40 W limit. Afterwards, the RNA was transferred to Hyboiid N+ membrane (GE Healthcare) at 300 mA in a semi-dry transfer apparatus (Bio-rad) at room temperature for 1 .5 hours. The RNA was crosslinked to the membrane using autocrosslink button on Stratagene IJY Crossliiiker the Stratalmker (Stratagene).
  • the membrane was pre-hybridized in ULTRAhyb-Oligo Hybridization Buffer (Ambion) for 30 min wit rotation at 42°C, and probes were then added and hybridized overnight. Probes were ordered from IDT and labeled with [gamma- "' P] ATP (Perkin Elmer) with T4 polynucleotide kinase (New England Biolabs). The membrane was washed once with pre-warmed (42°C) 2xSSC, 0,5% SDS for 1 min followed by two 30 minute washes at 2°C, The membrane was exposed to a phosphor screen for one hour or overnight at room temperature and then scanned with a phosphorimager (Typhoon).
  • CRISPR locus elements including tracrRNA, Cas9, and leader were PGR amplified from Streptococcus pyogenes SF370 genomic DNA with flanking homo fogy arms for Gibson Assembly. Two Bsal type IIS sites were introduced in between two direct repeats to facilitate easy insertion of spacers ( Figure 8). PGR products were cloned into EcoRV-digested pACYC184 downstream of the tet promoter using Gibson Assembly Master Mix (NEB). Other endogenous CRISPR system elements were omitted, with the exception of the last 50bp of Csn2.
  • Oligos Integrated DNA Technology
  • pDCGOO i&al-digested vector
  • T7 ligase Enzymatics
  • Challenge plasmids containing spacers with PAM [00152] expression in mammalian cells expression constructs illustrated in Figure 6A, with functionality as determined by results of the Surveyor assay shown in Figure 6B. Transcription start sites are marked as +1, and transcription terminator and the sequence probed by northern blot are also indicated. Expression of processed tracrRN A was also confirmed by Northern blot.
  • Figure 6C shows results of a Northern blot analysis of total RNA extracted from 293 FT cells transfected with U6 expression constructs carrying long or short tracrRNA, as well as SpCas9 and DR-EMX1(1)-DR.
  • Left and right panels are from 293FT cells transfected without or with SpRNase III, respectively.
  • U6 indicate loading control blotted with a probe targeting human U6 snRNA.
  • Transfection of the short tracrRNA expression construct led to abundant levels of the processed form of tracrRNA (-75bp). Very low amounts of long tracrRNA are detected on the Northern blot.
  • RNA polymerase Ill-based U6 promoter was selected to drive the expression of tracrRNA ( Figure 2C).
  • a U6 promoter-based construct was developed to express a pre-crRNA array consisting of a single spacer flanked by two direct repeats (DRs, also encompassed by the term "tracr-mate sequences"; Figure 2C).
  • the initial spacer was designed to target a 33-base-pair (bp) target site (30-bp protospacer plus a 3 -bp CRISPR motif (PAM) sequence satisfying the NGG recognition motif of Cas9) in the human EMXl locus ( Figure 2C), a key gene in the development of the cerebral cortex.
  • bp 33-base-pair
  • PAM 3 -bp CRISPR motif
  • HE 293FT cells were transfected with combinations of CRISPR components. Since DSBs in mammalian nuclei are partially repaired by the non-homologous end joining (NHEJ) pathway, which leads to the formation of indels, the Surveyor assay was used to detect potential cleavage activity at the target EMXl locus ( Figure 7) (see e.g. Guschin et al 2010, Methods Moi Biol 649: 247). Co-transfection of all four CRISPR.
  • NHEJ non-homologous end joining
  • Figure 12 provides an additional Northern blot analysis of crR A processing in mammalian cells.
  • Figure 12A illustrates a schematic showing the expression vector for a single spacer flanked by two direct repeats (DR-EMXl(l)-DR). The 30bp spacer targeting the human EMXl locus protospacer 1 (see Figure 6) and the direct repeat sequences are shown in the sequence beneath Figure 12A. The line indicates the region whose reverse-complement sequence was used to generate Northern blot probes for EMX1(1) crRNA detection.
  • Figure 12B shows a Northern blot analysis of total RNA extracted from 293FT cells transfected with U6 expression constructs carrying DR-EMX 1(1 )-DR.
  • DR-EMX1 (1 )-DR was processed into mature crRNAs only in the presence of SpCas9 and short tracrRNA and was not dependent on the presence of SpRNase III.
  • the mature crRNA detected from transfected 293FT total RNA is ⁇ 33bp and is shorter than the 39-42bp mature crRNA from S. pyogenes.
  • Figure 2 illustrates the bacterial CRISPR system described in this example.
  • Figure 2A il lustrates a schematic showing the CRISPR locus 1 from Streptococcus pyogenes SF370 and a proposed mechanism of CRISPR-mediated DNA cleavage by this system.
  • Mature crRNA processed from the direct repeat-spacer array directs Cas9 to genomic targets consisting of complimentary protospacers and a protospacer-adjacent motif (PAM).
  • PAM protospacer-adjacent motif
  • Cas9 mediates a double-strand break in the target DNA.
  • Figure 2B illustrates engineering of S.
  • FIG. 2C illustrates mammalian expression of SpCas9 and SpRNase ⁇ driven by the constitutive EFla promoter and tracrRNA and pre-crRNA array (DR-Spacer-DR) driven by the RNA Pol3 promoter U6 to promote precise transcription initiation and termination.
  • DR-Spacer-DR pre-crRNA array
  • FIG. 2D illustrates surveyor nuclease assay for SpCas9-mediated minor insertions and deletions.
  • SpCas9 was expressed with and without SpRNase III, tracrRNA, and a pre-crRNA array carrying the EMX1- target spacer.
  • Figure 2E illustrates a schematic representation of base pairing between target locus and EMXl -targeting crRNA, as well as an example chromatogram showing a micro deletion adjacent to the SpCas9 cleavage site.
  • Figure 2F illustrates mutated alleles identified from sequencing analysis of 43 clonal amplicons showing a variety of micro insertions and deletions. Dashes indicate deleted bases, and non-aligned or mismatched bases indicate insertions or mutations. Scale bar ::: ⁇ .
  • a chimeric crRNA-tracrRNA hybrid design was adapted, where a mature crRNA (comprising a guide sequence) may be fused to a partial tracrRNA via a stem-loop to mimic the natural crRNA :tracrRN A duplex.
  • a bicistronic expression vector was created to drive co -expression of a chimeric RNA and SpCas9 in transfected cells.
  • the bicistronic vectors were used to express a pre-crRNA (DR-guide sequence-DR) with SpCas9, to induce processing into crRNA with a separately expressed tracrRNA (compare Figure 1 I B top and bottom).
  • Figure 8 provides schematic illustrations of bicistronic expression vectors for pre-crRNA array ( Figure 8A) or chimeric crR A (represented by the short line downstream of the guide sequence insertion site and upstream of the EFla promoter in Figure 8B) with hSpCas9, showing location of various elements and the point of guide sequence insertion.
  • the expanded sequence around the location of the guide sequence insertion site in Figure 8B also shows a partial DR sequence (GTTTTAGAGCTA) (SEQ ID NO: 11) and a partial tracrRNA sequence (TAGCAAGTTAAAATAAGGCTAGTCCGTTTTT) (SEQ ID NO: 12).
  • Guide sequences can be inserted between Bbsl sites using annealed oligonucleotides.
  • FIG. 13 illustrates the selection of some additional targeted protospacers in human PVALB ( Figure 13 A) and mouse Th ( Figure 13B) loci. Schematics of the gene loci and the location of three protospacers within the last exon of each are provided. The underlined sequences include 30bp of protospacer sequence and 3bp at the 3' end corresponding to the PAM sequences.
  • Protospacers on the sense and anti-sense strands are indicated above and below the DNA sequences, respectively.
  • a modification rate of 6.3% and 0.75% was achieved for the human PVALB and mouse Th loci respectively, demonstrating the broad applicability of the CRISPR system in modifying different loci across multiple organisms (Figure 5). While cleavage was only detected with one out of three spacers for each locus using the chimeric constructs, all target sequences were cleaved with efficiency of indcl production reaching 27% when using the co- expressed pre-erRNA arrangement ( Figures 6 and 13).
  • Figure 11 provides a further illustration that SpCas9 can be reprogrammed to target multiple genomic loci in mammalian cells.
  • Figure 11A provides a schematic of the human ⁇ locus showing the location of five protospaeers, indicated by the underlined sequences.
  • Figure 11 B provides a schematic of the pre-crRNA/trcrRNA complex showing hybridization between the direct repeat region of the pre-erRNA and tracrRNA (top), and a schematic of a chimeric RNA design comprising a 20bp guide sequence, and tracr mate and tracr sequences consisting of partial direct repeat and tracrRNA sequences hybridized in a hairpin structure (bottom).
  • RNA Since the secondary structure of RNA can be crucial for intermolecular interactions, a structure prediction algorithm based on minimum free energy and Boltzmann-wcighted structure ensemble was used to compare the putative secondary structure of ail guide sequences used in the genome targeting experiment (see e.g. Gruber et al., 2008, Nucleic Acids Research, 36: WTO). Analysis revealed that in most cases, the effective guide sequences in the chimeric crRNA context were substantial ly free of secondary structure motifs, whereas the ineffective guide sequences were more likely to form internal secondary structures that could prevent base pairing with the target protospacer DNA. It is thus possible that variability in the spacer secondary structure might impact the efficiency of CRISPR-mediated interference when using a chimeric crRNA..
  • FIG 22 illustrates single expression vectors incorporating a U6 promoter linked to an insertion site for a guide oligo, and a Cbh promoter linked to SpCas9 coding sequence.
  • the vector shown in Figure 22b includes a tracrRNA coding sequence linked to an HI promoter.
  • Figure 3A illustrates results of a Surveyor nuclease assay comparing the cleavage efficiency of Cas9 when paired with different mutant chimeric RNAs.
  • Single-base mismatch up to 12-bp 5' of the PAM substantially abrogated genomic cleavage by SpCas9, whereas spacers with mutations at farther upstream positions retained activity against the original protospacer target ( Figure 3B).
  • SpCas9 has single-base specificity within the last 12-bp of the spacer. Furthermore, CRISPR is able to mediate genomic cleavage as efficiently as a pair of TALE nucleases (TALEN) targeting the same EMXl protospacer.
  • an aspartate-to-alanine substitution (D I OA) in the RuvC I catalytic domain of SpCas9 was engineered to convert the nuclease into a nickase (SpCas9n; illustrated in Figure 4A) (see e.g. Sapranausaks et al, 2011, Nucleic Acids Research, 39: 9275; Gasiunas et al, 2012, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA, 109:E2579), such that nicked genomic DNA undergoes the high-fidelity homo logy-directed repair (HDR). Surveyor assay confirmed that SpCas9n does not generate indels at the EMXl protospacer target.
  • D I OA aspartate-to-alanine substitution
  • Figure 4C provides a schematic il lustration of the HR strategy, with relative locations of recombination points and primer annealing sequences (arrows).
  • SpCas9 and SpCas9n indeed catalyzed integration of the HR template into the EMXl locus.
  • PCR. amplificatio of the target region followed by restriction digest with Hindlli revealed cleavage products corresponding to expected fragment sizes (arrows in restriction fragment length polymorphism gel analysis shown in Figure 4D), with SpCas9 and SpCas9n mediating similar levels of HR efficiencies.
  • Applicants further verified HR using Sanger sequencing of genomic amplicons (Figure 4E).
  • RNA to program sequence-specific DNA cleavage defines a new class of genome engineering tools for a variety of research and industrial applications.
  • CRISPR system can he further improved to increase the efficiency and versatility
  • Optimal Cas9 activity may depend on the availability of free Mg" at levels higher than that present in the mammalian nucleus (see e.g. Jinek et al., 2012, Science, 337:816), and the preference for an NGG motif immediately downstream of the protospacer restricts the ability to target on average every 12-bp in. the human genome ( Figure 9, evaluating both plus and minus strands of human chromosomal sequences).
  • FIG. 10 illustrates adaptation of the Type II CRISPR system from CRISPR 1 of Streptococcus thermophilus LMD-9 for heterologous expression in mammalian cells to achieve CRISP R-mediated genome editing.
  • Figure 10A provides a Schematic il lustration of CRISPR 1 from S. thermophilus LMD-9.
  • Figure 10B illustrates the design of an expression system for the S. thermophilus CRISPR system. Human codon-optimized hStCas9 is expressed using a constitutive EFla promoter. Mature versions of tracrRNA and crRNA are expressed using the U6 promoter to promote precise transcription initiation.
  • FIG. 1 A single base indicated by the lower case "a" in the crRNA sequence is used to remove the polyU sequence, which serves as a RNA polIII transcriptional terminator.
  • Figure IOC provides a schematic showing guide sequences targeting the human EMX1 locus.
  • Figure 10D shows the results of hStCas9-mediated cleavage in the target locus using the Surveyor assay.
  • RNA guide spacers 1 and 2 induced 14% and 6.4%, respectively.
  • Statistical analysis of cleavage activity across biological replica at these two protospacer sites is also provided in Figure 5.
  • Figure 14 provides a schematic of additional protospacer and corresponding PAM sequence targets of the S. thermophilus CRISPR system in the human ⁇ locus. Two protospacer sequences are highlighted and their corresponding PAM sequences satisfying NNAGAAW motif are indicated by underlining 3' with respect to the corresponding highlighted sequence. Both protospacers target the anti-sense strand.
  • a software program is designed to identify candidate CRISPR target sequences on both strands of an input DNA sequence based on desired guide sequence length and a CRISPR motif sequence (PAM) for a specified CRISPR enzyme.
  • PAM CRISPR motif sequence
  • target sites for Cas9 from S. pyogenes, with PAM sequences NGG may be identified by searching for 5'-N x -NGG-3' both on the input sequence and on the reverse-complement of the input.
  • target sites for Cas9 of S. thermophilus CRISPR 1, with PAM sequence NNAGAAW may be identified by searching for 5 ' -N X -NN AG AA W-3 ' both on the input sequence and on the reverse-complement of the input.
  • target sites for Cas9 of S. thermophilus CRISPR3, with PAM sequence NGGNG may be identified by searching for 5'-N x -NGGNG-3 ' both on the input sequence and on the reverse-complement of the input.
  • the value "x" in N x may be fixed by the program or specified by the user, such as 20.
  • the program filters out sequences based on the number of times they appear in the relevant reference genome.
  • the filtering step may be based on the seed sequence.
  • results are filtered based on the number of occurrences of the seed:PAM sequence in the relevant genome. The user may be al lowed to choose the length of the seed sequence.
  • the user may also be allowed to specify the number of occurrences of the seed:PAM sequence in a genome for purposes of passing the filter.
  • the default is to screen for unique sequences. Filtration level is altered by changing both the length of the seed sequence and the number of occurrences of the sequence in the genome.
  • the program may in addition or alternatively provide the sequence of a guide sequence complementary to the reported target sequencers ) by providing the reverse complement of the identified target sequence(s).
  • An example visualization of some target sites in the human genome is provided in Figure 18.
  • FIG. 16a illustrates a schematic of a bicistronic expression vector for chimeric RNA and Cas9. Cas9 is driven by the CBh promoter and the chimeric RNA is driven by a U6 promoter.
  • the chimeric guide RNA consists of a 20bp guide sequence (Ns) joined to the tracr sequence (running from the first "U" of the lower strand to the end of the transcript), which is truncated at various positions as indicated.
  • Protospacer IDs and their corresponding genomic target, protospacer sequence, PAM sequence, and strand location are provided in Table D.
  • Guide sequences were designed to be complementary to the entire protospacer sequence in the case of separate transcripts in the hybrid system, or only to the underlined portion in the case of chimeric RNAs, Table D:
  • chiRNA (+n) indicate that up to the +n nucleotide of wild-type tracrRNA is included i the chimeric RNA construct, with values of 48, 54, 67, and 85 used for n.
  • Chimeric RJMAs containing longer fragments of wild-type tracrRNA (chiRNA(+67) and chiRNA(+85)) mediated DNA. cleavage at all three EMX l target sites, with chiRNA(+85) in particular demonstrating significantly higher levels of DNA cleavage than the corresponding crRNA ' tracrRNA hybrids that expressed guide and tracr sequences in separate transcripts ( Figures 16b and 17a), Two sites in the PVALB locus that yielded no detectable cleavage using the hybrid system (guide sequence and tracr sequence expressed as separate transcripts) were also targeted using chiRNAs. chiRNA(+67) and chiRNA(+85) were able to mediate significant cleavage at the two PVALB protospacers ( Figures 16c and 17b).
  • the CRISPR-Cas system is an adaptive immune mechanism against invading exogenous DNA employed by diverse species across bacteria and archaea.
  • the type II CRISPR- Cas9 system consists of a set of genes encoding proteins responsible for the "acquisition" of foreign DNA into the CRISP R locus, as well as a set of genes encoding the "execution” of the DNA cleavage mechanism; these include the DNA nuclease (Cas9), a no -coding transactivating cr-RNA (tracrRNA), and an array of foreign DNA-derived spacers flanked by direct repeats (crR As).
  • the tracRNA and crRNA duplex guide the Cas9 nuclease to a target DNA sequence specified by the spacer guide sequences, and mediates double-stranded breaks in the DNA near a short sequence motif in the target DN A that is required for cleavage and specific to each CRISPR-Cas system.
  • the type II CRISPR-Cas systems are found throughout the bacterial kingdom and highly diverse in in Cas9 protein sequence and size, tracrRNA and crRNA direct repeat sequence, genome organization of these elements, and the motif requirement for target cleavage.
  • One species may have multiple distinct CRISPR-Cas systems.
  • Applicants analyzed Cas9 orthologs to identify the relevant PAM sequences and the corresponding chimeric guide RNA. Having an expanded set of PAMs provides broader targeting across the genome and also significant!)? increases the number of unique target sites and provides potential for identifying novel Cas9s with increased levels of specificity in the genome.
  • the specificity of Cas9 orthologs can be evaluated by testing the ability of each Cas9 to tolerate mismatches between the guide RNA and its DNA target. For example, the specificity of SpCas9 has been characterized by testing the effect of mutations in the guide RNA on cleavage efficiency. Libraries of guide RNAs were made with single or multiple mismatches between the guide sequence and the target DNA. Based on these findings, target sites for SpCas9 can be selected based on the following guidelines:
  • Example 7 Engineering of Plants (Micro-algae) using Cas9 to target and manipulate plant genes
  • Method 1 Applicants deliver Cas9 and guide RNA using a vector that expresses Cas9 under the control of a constitutive promoter such as Hsp70A-R.bc S2 or Beta2 -tubulin.
  • a constitutive promoter such as Hsp70A-R.bc S2 or Beta2 -tubulin.
  • Method 2 Applicants deliver Cas9 and T7 polymerase using vectors that expresses Cas9 and T7 polymerase under the control of a constitutive promoter such as Hsp70A ⁇ R.bc S2 or Beta2 -tubulin.
  • Guide RNA will be delivered using a vector containing T7 promoter driving the guide RNA.
  • Method 3 Applicants deliver Cas9 mRNA and in vitro transcribed guide RNA to algae cells, RNA can be in vitro transcribed , Cas9 mRNA will consist of the coding region for Cas9 as well as 3'UTR from Co l to ensure stabilization of the Cas9 mRNA.
  • Ci GGGAAAAGATCGAGAA ATC C f jAC ⁇ TCXXX ATCX XX " ⁇ ( ⁇ AC GTGGGi C ' ( " ! ' ( " ! '
  • gaaatTAATACGACTCACTATA NNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNN
  • Chlamydomonas reinhardtii strain CC-124 and CC-125 from the Chlamydomonas Resource Center will be used for effectroporation. Electroporation protocol follows standard recommended protocol from the Gene Art Chlamydomonas Engineering kit.
  • Applicants generate a line of Chiamydomonas reinhardtii that expresses Cas9 constitutively. This can he done by using pChlamyl (linearized using Pvui) and selecting for hygromycin resistant colonies. Sequence for pChlamyl containing Cas9 is below. In this way to achieve gene knockout one simply needs to deliver RNA for the guideRNA. For homologous recombination Applicants deliver guideRNA as well, as a linearized homologous recombination template.
  • RNA length is measured by a ruler mechanism anchored at the precursor processing site.
  • CRISPR clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeat

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