CN113759555A - 波导显示器 - Google Patents

波导显示器 Download PDF

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CN113759555A
CN113759555A CN202111078203.9A CN202111078203A CN113759555A CN 113759555 A CN113759555 A CN 113759555A CN 202111078203 A CN202111078203 A CN 202111078203A CN 113759555 A CN113759555 A CN 113759555A
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grating
waveguide
display
light
input
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M·M·波波维奇
J·D·沃德恩
A·J·格兰特
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DigiLens Inc
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    • G—PHYSICS
    • G02—OPTICS
    • G02B—OPTICAL ELEMENTS, SYSTEMS OR APPARATUS
    • G02B27/00—Optical systems or apparatus not provided for by any of the groups G02B1/00 - G02B26/00, G02B30/00
    • G02B27/01—Head-up displays
    • G02B27/017—Head mounted
    • G—PHYSICS
    • G02—OPTICS
    • G02B—OPTICAL ELEMENTS, SYSTEMS OR APPARATUS
    • G02B27/00—Optical systems or apparatus not provided for by any of the groups G02B1/00 - G02B26/00, G02B30/00
    • G02B27/0081—Optical systems or apparatus not provided for by any of the groups G02B1/00 - G02B26/00, G02B30/00 with means for altering, e.g. enlarging, the entrance or exit pupil
    • G—PHYSICS
    • G02—OPTICS
    • G02B—OPTICAL ELEMENTS, SYSTEMS OR APPARATUS
    • G02B27/00—Optical systems or apparatus not provided for by any of the groups G02B1/00 - G02B26/00, G02B30/00
    • G02B27/0093—Optical systems or apparatus not provided for by any of the groups G02B1/00 - G02B26/00, G02B30/00 with means for monitoring data relating to the user, e.g. head-tracking, eye-tracking
    • G—PHYSICS
    • G02—OPTICS
    • G02B—OPTICAL ELEMENTS, SYSTEMS OR APPARATUS
    • G02B27/00—Optical systems or apparatus not provided for by any of the groups G02B1/00 - G02B26/00, G02B30/00
    • G02B27/01—Head-up displays
    • G02B27/017—Head mounted
    • G02B27/0172—Head mounted characterised by optical features
    • G—PHYSICS
    • G02—OPTICS
    • G02B—OPTICAL ELEMENTS, SYSTEMS OR APPARATUS
    • G02B27/00—Optical systems or apparatus not provided for by any of the groups G02B1/00 - G02B26/00, G02B30/00
    • G02B27/01—Head-up displays
    • G02B27/0179—Display position adjusting means not related to the information to be displayed
    • G—PHYSICS
    • G02—OPTICS
    • G02B—OPTICAL ELEMENTS, SYSTEMS OR APPARATUS
    • G02B5/00—Optical elements other than lenses
    • G02B5/18—Diffraction gratings
    • G02B5/1866—Transmission gratings characterised by their structure, e.g. step profile, contours of substrate or grooves, pitch variations, materials
    • G—PHYSICS
    • G02—OPTICS
    • G02B—OPTICAL ELEMENTS, SYSTEMS OR APPARATUS
    • G02B6/00—Light guides; Structural details of arrangements comprising light guides and other optical elements, e.g. couplings
    • G02B6/0001—Light guides; Structural details of arrangements comprising light guides and other optical elements, e.g. couplings specially adapted for lighting devices or systems
    • G02B6/0011—Light guides; Structural details of arrangements comprising light guides and other optical elements, e.g. couplings specially adapted for lighting devices or systems the light guides being planar or of plate-like form
    • G02B6/0013—Means for improving the coupling-in of light from the light source into the light guide
    • G02B6/0015—Means for improving the coupling-in of light from the light source into the light guide provided on the surface of the light guide or in the bulk of it
    • G02B6/0016—Grooves, prisms, gratings, scattering particles or rough surfaces
    • G—PHYSICS
    • G02—OPTICS
    • G02B—OPTICAL ELEMENTS, SYSTEMS OR APPARATUS
    • G02B6/00—Light guides; Structural details of arrangements comprising light guides and other optical elements, e.g. couplings
    • G02B6/0001—Light guides; Structural details of arrangements comprising light guides and other optical elements, e.g. couplings specially adapted for lighting devices or systems
    • G02B6/0011—Light guides; Structural details of arrangements comprising light guides and other optical elements, e.g. couplings specially adapted for lighting devices or systems the light guides being planar or of plate-like form
    • G02B6/0033—Means for improving the coupling-out of light from the light guide
    • G02B6/0035—Means for improving the coupling-out of light from the light guide provided on the surface of the light guide or in the bulk of it
    • G—PHYSICS
    • G02—OPTICS
    • G02B—OPTICAL ELEMENTS, SYSTEMS OR APPARATUS
    • G02B6/00—Light guides; Structural details of arrangements comprising light guides and other optical elements, e.g. couplings
    • G02B6/0001—Light guides; Structural details of arrangements comprising light guides and other optical elements, e.g. couplings specially adapted for lighting devices or systems
    • G02B6/0011—Light guides; Structural details of arrangements comprising light guides and other optical elements, e.g. couplings specially adapted for lighting devices or systems the light guides being planar or of plate-like form
    • G02B6/0033—Means for improving the coupling-out of light from the light guide
    • G02B6/005—Means for improving the coupling-out of light from the light guide provided by one optical element, or plurality thereof, placed on the light output side of the light guide
    • G—PHYSICS
    • G02—OPTICS
    • G02B—OPTICAL ELEMENTS, SYSTEMS OR APPARATUS
    • G02B6/00—Light guides; Structural details of arrangements comprising light guides and other optical elements, e.g. couplings
    • G02B6/0001—Light guides; Structural details of arrangements comprising light guides and other optical elements, e.g. couplings specially adapted for lighting devices or systems
    • G02B6/0011—Light guides; Structural details of arrangements comprising light guides and other optical elements, e.g. couplings specially adapted for lighting devices or systems the light guides being planar or of plate-like form
    • G02B6/0075—Arrangements of multiple light guides
    • G02B6/0076—Stacked arrangements of multiple light guides of the same or different cross-sectional area
    • G—PHYSICS
    • G02—OPTICS
    • G02F—OPTICAL DEVICES OR ARRANGEMENTS FOR THE CONTROL OF LIGHT BY MODIFICATION OF THE OPTICAL PROPERTIES OF THE MEDIA OF THE ELEMENTS INVOLVED THEREIN; NON-LINEAR OPTICS; FREQUENCY-CHANGING OF LIGHT; OPTICAL LOGIC ELEMENTS; OPTICAL ANALOGUE/DIGITAL CONVERTERS
    • G02F1/00—Devices or arrangements for the control of the intensity, colour, phase, polarisation or direction of light arriving from an independent light source, e.g. switching, gating or modulating; Non-linear optics
    • G02F1/29—Devices or arrangements for the control of the intensity, colour, phase, polarisation or direction of light arriving from an independent light source, e.g. switching, gating or modulating; Non-linear optics for the control of the position or the direction of light beams, i.e. deflection
    • G02F1/292—Devices or arrangements for the control of the intensity, colour, phase, polarisation or direction of light arriving from an independent light source, e.g. switching, gating or modulating; Non-linear optics for the control of the position or the direction of light beams, i.e. deflection by controlled diffraction or phased-array beam steering
    • G—PHYSICS
    • G02—OPTICS
    • G02B—OPTICAL ELEMENTS, SYSTEMS OR APPARATUS
    • G02B27/00—Optical systems or apparatus not provided for by any of the groups G02B1/00 - G02B26/00, G02B30/00
    • G02B27/01—Head-up displays
    • G02B27/0101—Head-up displays characterised by optical features
    • G02B2027/0112—Head-up displays characterised by optical features comprising device for genereting colour display
    • G02B2027/0114—Head-up displays characterised by optical features comprising device for genereting colour display comprising dichroic elements
    • G—PHYSICS
    • G02—OPTICS
    • G02B—OPTICAL ELEMENTS, SYSTEMS OR APPARATUS
    • G02B27/00—Optical systems or apparatus not provided for by any of the groups G02B1/00 - G02B26/00, G02B30/00
    • G02B27/01—Head-up displays
    • G02B27/0101—Head-up displays characterised by optical features
    • G02B2027/0123—Head-up displays characterised by optical features comprising devices increasing the field of view
    • G02B2027/0125—Field-of-view increase by wavefront division
    • G—PHYSICS
    • G02—OPTICS
    • G02B—OPTICAL ELEMENTS, SYSTEMS OR APPARATUS
    • G02B27/00—Optical systems or apparatus not provided for by any of the groups G02B1/00 - G02B26/00, G02B30/00
    • G02B27/01—Head-up displays
    • G02B27/017—Head mounted
    • G02B2027/0178—Eyeglass type
    • G—PHYSICS
    • G02—OPTICS
    • G02B—OPTICAL ELEMENTS, SYSTEMS OR APPARATUS
    • G02B27/00—Optical systems or apparatus not provided for by any of the groups G02B1/00 - G02B26/00, G02B30/00
    • G02B27/01—Head-up displays
    • G02B27/0179—Display position adjusting means not related to the information to be displayed
    • G02B2027/0187—Display position adjusting means not related to the information to be displayed slaved to motion of at least a part of the body of the user, e.g. head, eye

Abstract

本公开提出了一种波导显示器。一种光学显示器，包括：包括第一表面和第二表面的第一波导、输入耦合器、折叠光栅和输出光栅。输入耦合器接收来自输入图像节点的准直的第一波长光，使得光经由第一表面和第二表面之间的全内反射在第一波导内行进到折叠光栅。折叠光栅在第一方向上提供光瞳扩展，经由第一表面和第二表面之间的全内反射将光指引到输出光栅。输出光栅在不同于第一方向的第二方向上提供光瞳扩展，并使得光从第一表面或第二表面离开第一波导。输入耦合器、折叠光栅和输出光栅中的至少一个是滚动k向量光栅并且折叠光栅是双重交互光栅。

Description

波导显示器
本申请是国际申请日为2016年10月04日、国家申请号为201680065629.1、发明名称为“波导显示器”的发明专利申请的分案申请。
优先权要求
本申请要求于2015年10月5日提交的标题为“WAVEGUIDE DISPLAY”的美国临时申请序列No.62/284,603以及于2015年10月23日提交的标题为“WAVEGUIDE DISPLAYS”的美国临时申请序列No.62/285,275的优先权，这些申请通过引用整体上被结合于此。
对相关申请的交叉引用
以下专利申请通过引用整体上被结合于此：标题为“COMPACT EDGE ILLUMINATEDDIFFRACTIVE DISPLAY”的美国专利No.9,075,184，标题为“OPTICAL DISPLAYS”的美国专利No.8,233,204，标题为“METHOD AND APPARATUS FOR PROVIDING A TRANSPARENT DISPLAY”的PCT申请No.US2006/043938，标题为“WEARABLE DATA DISPLAY”的PCT申请No.GB2012/000677，标题为“COMPACT EDGE ILLUMINATED EYEGLASS DISPLAY”的美国专利申请No.13/317,468，标题为“HOLOGRAPHIC WIDE ANGLE DISPLAY”的美国专利申请No.13/869,866，以及标题为“TRANSPARENT WAVEGUIDE DISPLAY”的美国专利申请No.13/844,456，标题为“WAVEGUIDE GRATING DEVICE”的美国专利申请No.14/620,969，标题为“ELECTRICALLYFOCUS TUNABLE LENS”的美国临时专利申请No.62/176,572，标题为“WAVEGUIDE DEVICEINCORPORATING A LIGHT PIPE”的美国临时专利申请No.62/177,494，标题为“METHOD ANDAPPARATUS FOR GENERATING INPUT IMAGES FOR HOLOGRAPHIC WAVEGUIDE DISPLAYS”的美国临时专利申请No.62/071,277，标题为“NEAR EYE DISPLAY USGRADIENT INDEX OPTICS”的美国临时专利申请No.62/123,282，标题为“WAVEGUIDE DISPLAY USING GRADIENT INDEXOPTICS”的美国临时专利申请No.62/124,550，标题为“OPTICAL WAVEGUIDE DISPLAYS FORINTEGRATION IN WINDOWS”的美国临时专利申请No.62/125,064，标题为“OPTICALWAVEGUIDE DISPLAYS FOR INTEGRATION IN WINDOWS”的美国临时专利申请No.62/125,066，标题为“HOLOGRAPHIC WAVEGUIDE LIGHT FIELD DISPLAYS”的美国临时专利申请No.62/125,089，标题为“LASER ILLUMINATION DEVICE”的美国专利No.8,224,133，标题为“LASER ILLUMINATION DEVICE”的美国专利No.US8,565,560，标题为“HOLOGRAPHICILLUMINATION SYSTEM”的美国专利No.6,115,142，标题为“CONTACT IMAGE SENSOR USINGSWITCHABLE BRAGG GRATINGS”的PCT申请No.PCT/GB2013/000005，标题为“IMPROVEMENTSTO HOLOGRAPHIC POLYMER DISPERSED LIQUID CRYSTAL MATERIALS AND DEVICES”的PCT申请No.PCT/GB2012/000680，标题为“HOLOGRAPHIC WAVEGUIDE EYE TRACKER”的PCT申请No.PCT/GB2014/000197，标题为“APPARATUS FOR EYE TRACKING”的PCT/GB2013/000210，标题为“APPARATUS FOR EYE TRACKING”的PCT申请No.GB2013/000210，标题为“HOLOGRAPHICWAVEGUIDE OPTICALTRACKER”的PCT/GB2015/000274，标题为“SYSTEM AND METHOD OFEXTENDING VERTICAL FIELD OF VIEW IN HEAD UP DISPLAY USING A WAVEGUIDECOMBINER”的美国专利No.8,903,207，标题为“COMPACT WEARABLE DISPLAY”的美国专利No.8,639,072，标题为“COMPACT HOLOGRAPHIC EDGE ILLUMINATED EYEGLASS DISPLAY”的美国专利No.8,885,112。
背景技术
本公开涉及包括但不限于近眼显示器(near eye display)的显示器，并且更具体地涉及全息波导显示器。
波导光学器件目前正被考虑用于一系列显示器和传感器应用，其中波导将多个光学功能集成到薄、透明、轻质的基板中的能力对于以上应用是至关重要的。这种新做法刺激新产品的发展，包括用于增强现实(AR)和虚拟现实(VR)的近眼显示器、用于航空和公路运输的紧凑型平视显示器(HUD)以及用于生物测量和激光雷达(LIDAR)应用的传感器。已经提出了波导显示器，波导显示器使用衍射光栅来保持眼箱(eye box)大小，同时减小透镜大小。授予St.Leger Searle的美国专利No.4,309,070和授予Upatnieks的美国专利No.4,711,512公开了基板波导平视显示器，其中准直光学系统的光瞳被波导结构有效地扩展。美国专利申请No.13/869,866公开了全息广角显示器，并且美国专利申请No.13/844,456公开了具有上部和下部视场的波导显示器。
波导光学器件中的常见要求是在两个正交方向上提供波束扩展。在显示器应用中，这转化为大的眼箱。虽然全息波导中的波束扩展原理已经被充分确定，但双轴扩展需要分离的光栅层来提供分离的垂直扩展和水平扩展。其中一个光栅(通常是给予第二轴扩展的光栅)也提供显示器的近眼部件，其中衍射光学器件的高透明度和薄、轻质的形状因子可以用于最大化效果。在需要全色和大视场的实际显示应用中，实现双轴扩展所需的层数变得不可接受地大，从而导致增加的厚度重量和雾度(haze)。目前正在开发基于在单层中多路复用两个或更多个光栅或者可以在单层中执行双轴扩展(对于给定的角度范围和波长)的折叠光栅的用于减少层数的解决方案。双轴扩展也是传感器应用(诸如眼睛跟踪器和LIDAR)的波导中的问题。需要低成本、高效率、紧凑的双轴扩展波导。
发明内容
本发明的第一个目标是提供低成本、高效率、紧凑的双轴扩展波导。
在本发明的第一实施例中实现本发明的目标，其中提供了一种光学显示器，包括：包括第一表面和第二表面的第一波导、输入耦合器、折叠光栅以及输出光栅。输入耦合器被配置为接收来自输入图像节点(IIN)的准直的第一波长光并且使得光经由第一表面和第二表面之间的全内反射在第一波导内行进到折叠光栅。折叠光栅被配置为在第一方向上提供光瞳扩展并且经由第一表面和第二表面之间的全内反射将光指引到输出光栅。输出光栅被配置为在不同于第一方向的第二方向上提供光瞳扩展并且使得光从第一表面或第二表面离开第一波导。输入耦合器、折叠光栅或输出光栅中的至少一个是滚动(rolled)k向量光栅。光经历与折叠光栅的双重交互。
在一些实施例中，IIN包括光源、用于显示图像像素的微型显示器以及准直光学器件。IIN投影在微型显示器面板上显示的图像，使得每个图像像素被转换成在第一波导内独特的角度方向。
在一些实施例中，光栅中的至少一个能够在衍射状态和非衍射状态之间切换。
在一些实施例中，光学显示器还包括具有第一表面和第二表面的第二波导、输入耦合器、折叠光栅以及输出光栅，其中输入耦合器被配置为从IIN接收准直的第二波长光。
在一些实施例中，输入耦合器、折叠光栅和输出光栅中的至少一个是基于液晶的光栅。
在一些实施例中，第一方向与第二方向正交。
在一些实施例中，第一方向是水平的而第二方向是垂直的。
在一些实施例中，光学显示器还包括眼睛跟踪器。
在一些实施例中，光学显示器还包括部署在IIN中的动态聚焦透镜。
在一些实施例中，光学显示器还包括部署在第一波导的第一表面或第二表面附近的动态聚焦透镜。
在一些实施例中，第一波导还包括第一光学接口，IIN还包括第二光学接口，其中第一光学接口和第二光学接口能够通过机械机构或磁性机构中的一个解耦。
在一些实施例中，第一波导是一次性的。在一些实施例中，第一表面和第二表面是平坦表面。在一些实施例中，第一表面和第二表面是弯曲表面。在一些实施例中，IIN包括激光扫描仪。
在一些实施例中，显示器提供HMD、HUD、眼睛从属显示器、动态聚焦显示器或光场显示器中的一个。
在一些实施例中，输入耦合器、折叠光栅和输出光栅中的至少一个多路复用颜色或角度中的至少一个。
在一些实施例中，光学显示器还包括波束均化器。
在一些实施例中，显示器包括穿过梯度折射率图像转移波导的至少一个光学件(optical)。
在一些实施例中，光学显示器还包括部署在第一波导和第二波导的输入光栅区域之间的二向色滤光器(dichroic filters)。
在一些实施例中，IIN还包括空间变化数值孔径部件，用于提供沿着与由输入耦合器衍射的视场坐标对应的方向的数值孔径变化。
在一些实施例中，空间变化数值孔径部件具有衍射、双折射、折射或散射特点中的至少一个。
在一些实施例中，视场坐标是显示器的水平视场。
在一些实施例中，通过以下过程来提供空间变化数值孔径：倾斜停止平面使得其法向向量被准直成垂直于包含由输入耦合器衍射的视场坐标的平面中的最高显示场角。
本公开的一个示例性实施例涉及近眼光学显示器。近眼光学显示器包括具有第一表面和第二表面的波导、输入耦合器、折叠光栅以及输出光栅。输入耦合器被配置为接收来自显示器源的准直光并且使得光经由第一表面和第二表面之间的全内反射在波导内行进到折叠光栅。折叠光栅被配置为在第一方向上提供光瞳扩展并且经由第一表面和第二表面之间的全内反射将光指引到输出光栅。输出光栅被配置为在不同于第一方向的第二方向上提供光瞳扩展并且使光从第一表面或第二表面离开波导。
本公开的另一个示例性实施例涉及一种显示信息的方法。该方法包括在具有第一表面和第二表面的波导中接收准直光；经由第一表面和第二表面之间的全内反射将准直光提供给折叠光栅；使用折叠光栅在第一方向上提供光瞳扩展并且经由第一表面和第二表面之间的全内反射将光指引到输出光栅；以及在不同于第一方向的第二方向上提供光瞳扩展并且使光从第一表面或第二表面离开波导。
下面是关于创造性的光学显示器和用于显示信息的方法的各种概念及其实施例的更详细的描述。应当认识到的是，上面介绍的以及下面更详细讨论的各种概念可以以许多方式中的任何方式来实现，因为所公开的概念不限于任何特定的实现方式。提供具体实现和应用的示例主要是出于例示的目的。通过结合附图考虑以下详细描述可以获得对本发明的更完整的理解，其中类似的标记指示类似的部分。为了清楚起见，未详细描述与和本发明相关的技术领域中已知的技术材料有关的细节。
附图说明
图1是一个实施例中的波导显示器的示意性横截面图。
图2是波导显示器的示意性平面图，该图示出了一个实施例中的一个光栅层中的光栅的部署。
图3是波导显示器的示意性平面图，该图示出了一个实施例中的两个光栅层中的光栅的部署。
图4是一个实施例中的每种颜色使用一个波导且每个波导中两个光栅层的彩色波导显示器的示意性横截面图。
图5是一个实施例中的每种颜色使用一个波导且每个波导中一个光栅层的彩色波导显示器的示意性横截面图。
图6是波导显示器的示意性平面图，该图示出了一个实施例中的输入光栅、折叠光栅和输出光栅。
图7是一个实施例中根据本发明的原理的眼睛跟踪近眼显示器的横截面图。
图8是一个实施例中结合动态聚焦透镜的眼睛跟踪近眼显示器的横截面图。
图9是一个实施例中结合动态聚焦透镜的眼睛跟踪近眼显示器的横截面图。
图10A是一个实施例中包括可以与IIN解耦的波导的显示器的第一操作状态的示意性平面图。
图10B是一个实施例中包括可以与IIN解耦的波导的显示器的第二操作状态的示意性平面图。
图11A是一个实施例中提供K向量方向上的逐步变化的滚动K向量光栅。
图11B是一个实施例中提供K向量方向上的连续变化的滚动K向量光栅。
图12A是一个实施例中的波导显示器目镜的正视图。
图12B是一个实施例中的波导显示器目镜的平面图。
图12C是一个实施例中的波导显示器目镜的侧视图。
图12D是一个实施例中的波导显示器目镜的三维视图。
图13A是一个实施例中在摩托车头盔中实现的波导显示器的三维视图。
图13B是一个实施例中在摩托车头盔中实现的波导显示器的另一个三维视图。
图14是一个实施例中包含空间变化数值孔径部件的反射式微型显示器输入图像节点的示意性横截面图。
图15是一个实施例中包含空间变化数值孔径部件的反射式微型显示器输入图像节点的示意性横截面图。
图16是一个实施例中包含空间变化数值孔径部件的透射式微型显示器输入图像节点的示意性横截面图。
图17是一个实施例中包含空间变化数值孔径部件的发射式微型显示器输入图像节点的示意性横截面图。
图18A是一个实施例中基于楔形棱镜的空间变化数值孔径部件的示意性横截面图。
图18B是一个实施例中基于具有一个弯曲表面的楔形棱镜的空间变化数值孔径部件的示意性横截面图。
图18C是一个实施例中基于棱镜阵列的空间变化数值孔径部件的示意性横截面图。
图18D是一个实施例中基于透镜阵列的空间变化数值孔径部件的示意性横截面图。
图19A是一个实施例中基于散射元件阵列的空间变化数值孔径部件的示意性横截面图。
图19B是一个实施例中基于具有连续变化的散射函数的基板的空间变化数值孔径部件的示意性横截面图。
图19C是一个实施例中基于具有连续变化的双折射张量的基板的空间变化数值孔径部件的示意性横截面图。
图19D是一个实施例中基于光栅元件阵列的空间变化数值孔径部件的示意性横截面图。
图20是一个实施例中用于使用倾斜的光瞳平面在光瞳上提供变化的数值孔径的光学布置的示意性横截面图。
图21A是一个实施例中包括可缩回波导的可穿戴式显示器的第一操作状态的三维视图。
图21B是一个实施例中包括可缩回波导的可穿戴式显示器的第二操作状态的三维视图。
图21C是一个实施例中包括可缩回波导的可穿戴式显示器的第三操作状态的三维视图。
图22A是波导部件的正视图，该图示出了一个实施例中的输入光栅、折叠光栅和输出光栅。
图22B是波导部件的正视图，该图示出了一个实施例中的输入光栅、折叠光栅和输出光栅。
图23是波导部件的正视图，该图示出了一个实施例中的输入光栅、折叠光栅和输出光栅。
图24是近眼显示器的三维视图，该图示出了一个实施例中的从IIN和波导部件直到眼箱的射线迹线。
图25A是一个实施例中摩托车显示器的第一操作状态的三维视图。
图25B是一个实施例中摩托车显示器的第二操作状态的三维视图。
具体实施方式
现在将参考附图仅通过示例的方式进一步描述本发明。对于本领域技术人员将清楚的是，本发明可以用以下描述中公开的本发明的一些或全部来实践。出于解释本发明的目的，已经省略或简化了光学设计和视觉显示领域的技术人员已知的光学技术的众所周知的特征，从而不模糊本发明的基本原理。除非另有说明，否则与射线或波束方向有关的术语“轴上”是指平行于与关于本发明描述的光学部件的表面垂直的轴的传播。在下面的描述中，术语光、光线、波束和方向可以互换使用并彼此相关联，以指示电磁辐射沿着直线轨迹的传播方向。术语光和照明可以与电磁波谱的可见光和红外波段相关地使用。以下描述的部分将使用光学设计领域的技术人员通常使用的术语来给出。还应当注意的是，在本发明的以下描述中，短语“在一个实施例中”的重复使用不一定指相同的实施例。
总体上参考附图，示出了根据各种实施例的与近眼显示器或平视显示器系统有关的系统和方法。全息波导技术可以有利地在用于包括军事应用和消费者应用(例如，增强现实眼镜等等)的许多应用的头盔安装显示器或头戴式显示器(HMD)和平视显示器(HUD)的波导中使用。可以在波导中使用可切换布拉格光栅(SBG)，以消除额外的层并减小当前显示系统(包括HMD、HUD和其它近眼显示器)的厚度，并通过平铺(tiling)在微显示器上依次呈现的图像来增加视场。通过将折叠光栅与常规光栅结合使用以在单个波导上在水平和垂直两个方向上都提供光瞳扩展，可以创建更大的出射光瞳。使用本文公开的系统和方法，单个光学波导基板可以生成比在当前波导系统中发现的更宽的视场。衍射光栅可以用于将光线分开并衍射成在不同方向上行进的若干波束，由此分散光线。
本发明中使用的光栅期望地是布拉格光栅(也称为体积光栅)。布拉格光栅具有高效率，其中少量光被衍射到更高阶。可以通过控制光栅的折射率调制来改变衍射阶和零阶中的相对光量，这个特性被用于制作用于在大光瞳上提取光的有损耗波导光栅。一类重要的光栅被称为可切换布拉格光栅(SBG)。通过首先在平行玻璃板之间放置可光聚合单体和液晶材料的混合物的薄膜来制造SBG。一个或两个玻璃板支持电极，电极通常是透明的氧化铟锡膜，用于在膜上施加电场。然后通过用两个相互相干的激光束照射液体材料(通常称为浆汁(syrup))来记录体积相位光栅，这两个相干激光束干涉以形成倾斜的条纹光栅结构。在记录过程中，单体聚合并且混合物经历相位分离(phase separation)，从而创建由液晶微滴密集填充的区域，夹杂有干净(clear)聚合物的区域。交替的液晶富集区域和液晶耗尽区域形成光栅的条纹平面。结果所得的体积相位光栅可以表现出非常高的衍射效率，衍射效率可以通过施加在膜上的电场的量值来控制。当经由透明电极将电场施加到光栅时，LC液滴的自然取向发生改变，从而导致条纹的折射率调制减小，并且全息衍射效率下降到非常低的水平。通常，SBG元件在30μs内切换到干净(clear)。用更长的弛豫时间接通。要注意的是，设备的衍射效率可以借助于所施加的电压在连续范围内进行调整。设备在没有施加电压的情况下表现出接近100％的效率，并且在施加足够高的电压时表现出基本上为零的效率。在某些类型的HPDLC设备中，可以使用磁场来控制LC取向。在某些类型的HPDLC中，LC材料与聚合物的相位分离可以达到不产生可辨别的液滴结构的程度。SBG也可以用作无源光栅。在这种模式下，其主要优点是独特的高折射率调制。
SBG可以用于为自由空间应用提供透射或反射光栅。SBG可以被实现为波导设备，其中HPDLC在波导附近形成波导芯或者消逝耦合层。用于形成HPDLC格子(cell)的平行玻璃板提供全内反射(TIR)光导结构。当可切换光栅以超过TIR条件的角度衍射光时，光被耦合出SBG。波导目前在一系列显示器和传感器应用中是令人感兴趣的。虽然关于HPDLC的早期工作中的大部分都针对反射全息图，但正得到证明透射设备作为光学系统构建块是更多用途的(versatile)。通常，在SBG中使用的HPDLC包含液晶(LC)、单体、光敏引发剂(photoinitiator)染料和共引发剂(coinitiator)。混合物通常包含表面活性剂。专利和科学文献包含许多可以用于制造SBG的材料系统和过程的示例。两项基本专利是：Sutherland的美国专利No.5,942,157和Tanaka等人的美国专利No.5,751,452。这两个文档都描述了适于制造SBG设备的单体和液晶材料组合。透射SBG的已知属性之一是LC分子倾向于垂直于光栅条纹平面对准。LC分子对准的效果是透射SBG高效地衍射P偏振光(即，偏振向量在入射平面中的光)，但对于S偏振光(即，偏振向量与入射平面垂直的光)具有接近零的衍射效率。由于当入射光与反射光之间的夹角小时任何光栅对于P偏振的衍射效率都降至零，因此透射SBG不可以用于近掠(near-grazing)入射。
在图1所示的第一实施例中实现本发明的目标，其中提供了双轴扩展波导显示器100，包括：光源101，微型显示器面板102，以及光耦合到波导104的输入图像节点(IIN)103，其中波导104包括两个光栅层104A、104B。在一些实施例中，波导通过在玻璃或塑料基板之间夹住光栅层以形成其中在外部基板和空气界面处发生全内反射的堆叠而形成。堆叠还可以包括附加层，诸如分束涂层和环境保护层。每个光栅层包含输入光栅105A、105B，折叠光栅出射光瞳扩展器106A、106B以及输出光栅107A、107B，其中字符A和B分别指波导层104A、104B。输入光栅、折叠光栅和输出光栅是全息光栅，诸如可切换或不可切换的SBG。如本文所使用的，在一些实施例中，术语光栅可以涵盖由光栅的集合组成的光栅。一般而言，IIN将微型显示器面板、光源和照亮显示器面板所需的光学部件集成在一起，将反射光分离并将其准直到所需的FOV中。在图1的实施例中以及在下面要描述的实施例中，输入光栅、折叠光栅和输出光栅中的至少一个可以是电可切换的。在许多实施例中，期望所有三种光栅类型都是无源的，即，非切换的。根据一些实施例，IIN投影在微型显示器面板上显示的图像，使得每个显示器像素被转换成基板波导内的唯一角度方向。包含在IIN中的准直光学器件可以包括透镜和反射镜，在一些实施例中可以是衍射透镜和反射镜。
在一些实施例中，IIN可以基于在标题为“HOLOGRAOHIC WIDE ANGLE DISPLAY”的美国专利申请No.13/869,866和标题为“TRANSPARENT WAVEGUIDE DISPLAY”的美国专利申请No.13/844,456中公开的实施例和教导。在一些实施例中，IIN包含用于将光指引到微型显示器上并将反射光朝着波导透射的分束器。在一个实施例中，分束器是记录在HPDLC中的光栅，并使用这种光栅的固有偏振选择性来分离照射显示器的光和从显示器反射出的图像调制光。在一些实施例中，分束器是偏振分束器立方体。在一些实施例中，IIN结合去斑点器(despeckler)。有利地，去斑点器是基于标题为“LASER ILLUMINATION DEVICE”的美国专利No.US8,565,560的实施例和教导的全息波导设备。
光源可以是激光器或LED并且可以包括用于修改照明波束角度特点(characteristic)的一个或多个透镜。图像源可以是微型显示器或基于激光的显示器。LED将提供比激光更好的均匀性。如果使用激光照明，那么存在于波导输出处出现照明条带(banding)的风险。在一些实施例中，波导中的激光照明条带可以使用在标题为“METHODAND APPARATUS FOR GENERATING INPUT IMAGES FOR HOLOGRAPHIC WAVEGFUIDEDISPLAYS”的美国临时专利申请No.62/071,277中公开的技术和教导来克服。在一些实施例中，来自光源101的光被偏振。在一个或多个实施例中，图像源是液晶显示器(LCD)微型显示器或硅基液晶(LCoS)微型显示器。
由射线1000-1003指示经由IIN从源到波导的光路。一旦波导中的TIR路径由射线1004-1005表示，则每个光栅层的输入光栅将光的一部分耦合到这种路径。输出光栅107A、107B分别将来自波导的光衍射到准直光1006、1007的角度范围内，以供眼睛108观看。与显示器的视场对应的角度范围仅由IIN光学器件定义。在一些实施例中，波导光栅可以编码光功率，以调节输出的准直。在一些实施例中，输出图像处于无穷远处。在一些实施例中，输出图像可以在距眼箱几米的距离处形成。通常眼睛位于显示器的出射光瞳或眼箱内。
在与图1所示的实施例类似的一些实施例中，每个光栅层都寻址总视场的一半。通常，折叠光栅以45°时钟化(即，在波导平面中倾斜)，以确保对于折叠光而言足够的角度带宽。但是，本发明的一些实施例可以使用其它时钟角度来满足在显示器的人体工程学设计中可能出现的光栅定位的空间限制。在一些实施例中，输入光栅和输出光栅中的至少一个具有滚动k向量。K向量是垂直于光栅平面(或条纹)对准的向量，它确定对于给定范围的输入角度和衍射角度的光学效率。使K向量滚动允许扩展光栅的角度带宽，而无需增加波导厚度。
在一些实施例中，折叠光栅角度带宽可以通过设计光栅规格(prescription)提供被引导的光与光栅的双重交互来增强。双重交互折叠光栅的示例性实施例在标题为“WAVEGUIDE GRATING DEVICE”的美国专利申请No.14/620,969中公开。
在全息术文献中已经充分确定了可以将多于一个全息规格记录到单个全息层中。用于记录这种多路复用全息图的方法是本领域技术人员众所周知的。在一些实施例中，输入光栅、折叠光栅或输出光栅中的至少一个可以组合两个或更多个角度衍射规格，以扩展角度带宽。类似地，在一些实施例中，输入光栅、折叠光栅或输出光栅中的至少一个可以组合两个或更多个光谱衍射规格，以扩展光谱带宽。例如，可以使用彩色多路复用光栅来衍射两种或更多种原色。
图2是单个光栅层的平面图110，该单个光栅层与图1中使用的类似。光学耦合到IIN 112的光栅层111包括输入光栅113、第一分束器114、折叠光栅115、第二分束器116以及输出光栅117。分束器是部分透射的涂层，分束器通过在波导内提供多条反射路径来均化波导光。每个分束器可以包括多于一个涂层，其中每个涂层被施加到透明基板。从IIN直到眼睛118的典型波束路径由射线1010-1014指示。
图3是两个光栅层配置的平面图110，该两个光栅层配置与图1中使用的类似。光学耦合到IIN 122的光栅层121A、121B包括输入光栅123A、123B，第一分束器124A、124B，折叠光栅125A、125B，第二分束器126A、126B以及输出光栅127A、127B，其中字符A、B是指第一光栅层和第二光栅层，并且两个层的光栅和分束器基本重叠。
在大多数波导配置中，输入光栅、折叠光栅和输出光栅在被透明基板夹住的单层中形成。图1的实施例具有堆叠的两个这种层。在一些实施例中，波导可以仅包括一个光栅层。在图1中未示出基板，其中光栅是切换的，透明电极被施加到夹着切换光栅的基板层的相对表面。在一些实施例中，格子基板可以由玻璃制造。示例性玻璃基板是标准的CorningWillow玻璃基板(折射率1.51)，其厚度可以低至50微米。在其它实施例中，格子基板可以是光学塑料。
在一些实施例中，光栅层可以被分解为分离的层。例如，在一些实施例中，第一层包括折叠光栅，而第二层包括输出光栅。在一些实施例中，第三层可以包括输入光栅。然后，这么多层可以层压在一起，成为单个波导基板。在一些实施例中，光栅层由包括输入耦合器、折叠光栅和输出光栅(或其部分)的多片组成，这些片层压在一起，以形成单个基板波导。这些片可以被光学胶或折射率与这些片匹配的其它透明材料分离。在另一个实施例中，通过创建具有期望的光栅厚度的格子并且针对输入耦合器、折叠光栅和输出光栅中的每一个用SBG材料真空填充每个格子，光栅层可以经由格子制作过程形成。
在一个实施例中，通过定位多个玻璃板来形成格子，在玻璃板之间具有为输入耦合器、折叠光栅和输出光栅定义期望的光栅厚度的间隙。
在一个实施例中，一个格子可以由多个孔制成，使得分离的孔用不同的SBG材料袋填充。然后，任何中间空间可以通过分离材料(例如，胶水、油等等)分离，以定义分离的区域。在一个实施例中，SBG材料可以被旋涂到基板上，然后在材料固化之后被第二基板覆盖。根据一些实施例，通过使用折叠光栅，波导显示器有利地比先前的显示信息的系统和方法需要更少的层。此外，通过使用折叠光栅，光可以在波导内通过全内反射在由波导外表面定义的单个矩形棱镜中行进，同时实现双光瞳扩展。在另一个实施例中，输入耦合器、折叠光栅和输出光栅可以通过使两个光波在基板内以一定角度干涉以创建全息波前来创建，由此创建在波导基板101中以期望角度设定的亮条纹和暗条纹。在一些实施例中，通过在光栅区域上扫描或步进记录激光束，给定层中的光栅以逐步方式被记录。在一些实施例中，使用目前在全息印刷工业中使用的母版制作(mastering)和接触复制过程来记录光栅。
在一个实施例中，被体现为SBG的输入耦合器、折叠光栅和输出光栅可以是记录在全息聚合物分散液晶(HPDLC)(例如，液晶液滴的基质)中的布拉格光栅，但是SBG也可以记录在其它材料中。在一个实施例中，SBG被记录在均匀的调制材料(诸如具有分散在液体聚合物中的固体液晶的基质的POLICRYPS或POLIPHEM)中。SBG本质上可以是切换的或非切换的。在SBG的非切换形式下，由于SBG的液晶成分，SBG相对于常规全息感光聚合物材料具有能够提供高折射率调制的优点。示例性均匀调制液晶-聚合物材料系统在Caputo等人的美国专利申请公开No.US2007/0019152和Stumpe等人的PCT申请No.PCT/EP2005/006950中公开，这两个申请都通过引用整体上被结合于此。均匀调制光栅的特征在于高折射率调制(以及因此具有高衍射效率)和低散射。
在一个实施例中，输入耦合器、折叠光栅和输出光栅是反向模式HPDLC材料。反向模式HPDLC与常规HPDLC的不同之处在于，当没有施加电场时，光栅是无源的，并且当存在电场时，光栅变成衍射的。反向模式HPDLC可以基于在标题为“IMPROVEMENTS TO HOLOGRAPHICPOLYMER DISPERSED LIQUID CRYSTAL MATERIALS AND DEVICES”的PCT申请No.PCT/GB2012/000680中公开的任何配方(recipe)和过程。光栅可以记录在任何上述材料系统中，但是以无源(非切换)模式使用。制造过程与用于切换的制造过程相同，但电极涂覆阶段被省略。鉴于LC聚合物材料系统的高折射率调制，非常期望LC聚合物材料系统。在一些实施例中，光栅被记录在HPDLC中但不是切换的。
在一些实施例中，输入光栅可以由另一种类型的输入耦合器(诸如棱镜或反射表面)代替。在一些实施例中，输入耦合器可以是全息光栅(诸如可切换或不可切换的SBG光栅)。输入耦合器被配置为接收来自显示器源的准直光并且使得光经由第一表面和第二表面之间的全内反射在波导内行进到折叠光栅。输入耦合器可以被取向为正朝着折叠光栅或相对于折叠光栅成一定角度。例如，在一个实施例中，输入耦合器可以被设定为相对于折叠光栅略微倾斜。
在一些实施例中，折叠光栅可以被取向为在对角线方向。在一些实施例中，折叠光栅被配置为在第一方向上提供光瞳扩展并且经由波导内部的全内反射将光引导到输出光栅。
在一个实施例中，每个折叠光栅的纵向边缘相对于输入耦合器的对准轴线倾斜，使得每个折叠光栅被设定在相对于显示器光的传播方向的对角线上。折叠光栅成角度，使得来自输入耦合器的光被重定向到输出光栅。在一个示例中，折叠光栅被设定为相对于从输入耦合器释放显示器图像的方向成四十五度角。这个特征使显示器图像沿着折叠光栅传播以被旋转进入输出光栅。例如，在一个实施例中，折叠光栅使图像旋转90度进入输出光栅。以这种方式，单个波导在水平和垂直两个方向上提供双轴光瞳扩展。在一个实施例中，每个折叠光栅可以具有部分衍射结构。
在一些实施例中，每个折叠光栅可以具有完全衍射结构。在一些实施例中，不同的光栅配置和技术可以被结合在单个波导中。
输出光栅被配置为在不同于第一方向的第二方向上提供光瞳扩展并且使光从第一表面或第二表面离开波导。输出光栅经由全内反射从折叠光栅接收显示器图像并且在第二方向上提供光瞳扩展。在一些实施例中，输出光栅由多层基板组成，由此包括多层输出光栅。因而，不要求光栅在波导内的一个平面中，并且光栅可以相互在顶部堆叠(例如，具有相互在顶部堆叠的光栅的格子)。
在一些实施例中，基板波导上的四分之一波片旋转光线的偏振，以维持与SBG的高效耦合。四分之一波片可以耦合到或粘附到基板波导101的表面。例如，在一个实施例中，四分之一波片是施加到基板波导的涂层。四分之一波片提供光波偏振管理。这种偏振管理可以通过补偿波导中的斜波(skew wave)来帮助光线保持与预期观察轴对准。在一些实施例中，四分之一波片是可选的并且可以增加光学设计的效率。在一些实施例中，波导不包括四分之一波片142。四分之一波片可以被设置为多层涂层。
图1的实施例将通常以单色操作。彩色将包括单色波导的堆叠，单色波导的设计与图1中的设计类似。该设计可以使用如图所示的红色、绿色和蓝色波导层，或者可替代地，使用红色和蓝色/绿色层。在图5的实施例中，双轴扩展波导显示器130包括光源132、微显示器面板131以及光学耦合到红色、绿色和蓝色波导134R、134G、134B的输入图像节点(IIN)133，每个波导包括两个光栅层。为了让波引导可以在每个波导中进行，三个波导通过气隙分离。在一些实施例中，波导被诸如纳米多孔膜之类的低折射率材料分离。由R标记的红色光栅层包含输入光栅135R、136R，折叠光栅出射光瞳扩展器137R、138R以及输出光栅139R、140R。蓝色波导和绿色波导的光栅元件使用相同的数字来标记，其中B、G表示蓝色和红色。由于通过IIN以及红色、绿色和蓝色波导中的每一个波导的光路与图1中所示的那些光路类似，因此它们没有在图4中示出。在一些实施例中，输入光栅、折叠光栅和输出光栅都是无源的，即，非切换的。在一些实施例中，光栅中的至少一个是切换的。在一些实施例中，每层中的输入光栅是可切换的，以避免波导层之间的颜色串扰。在一些实施例中，通过在红色波导和蓝色波导以及蓝色波导和绿色波导的输入光栅区域之间部署二向色滤光器141、142来避免颜色串扰。
在一些实施例中，基于彩色波导可以在每个单色波导中仅使用一个光栅层。在图5中示出的实施例(与图4的实施例类似)中，双轴扩展波导显示器150包括光源132、微型显示器面板131以及光学耦合到红色、绿色和蓝色波导151R、151G、151B的输入图像节点(IIN)133，每个波导包括一个光栅层。由R标记的红色光栅层包含输入光栅152R、折叠光栅出射光瞳扩展器153R和输出光栅154R。蓝色和绿色波导的光栅元件使用相同的数字来标记，其中B、G表示蓝色和红色。在红色波导和蓝色波导以及蓝色波导和绿色波导的输入光栅区域之间部署二向色滤光器155、156，以控制颜色串扰。由于通过IIN以及红色、绿色和蓝色波导中的每一个中的波导的光路类似于图1中所示的那些光路，因此它们没有在图5中示出。
图6是波导显示器中的光栅层160的平面图，图6示出了包括输入光栅163、折叠光栅162和输出光栅163的布局。使用线条对光栅加阴影，其中线条示出光栅条纹的取向，其中输入光栅条纹与所示的笛卡尔参考系的X坐标成90度对准，折叠光栅条纹成45度，输出光栅条纹成0度。
在图7所示的本发明的一个实施例中，提供了一种眼睛跟踪显示器，该眼睛跟踪显示器包括根据本发明的原理的波导显示器和眼睛跟踪器。在一个优选实施例中，眼睛跟踪器是基于标题为“HOLOGRAPHIC WAVEGUIDE EYE TRACKER”的PCT/GB2014/000197、标题为“HOLOGRAPHIC WAVEGUIDE OPTICAL TRACKER”的PCT/GB2015/000274以及标题为“APPARATUS FOR EYE TRACKING”的PCT申请No.GB2013/000210的实施例和教导的波导设备。再次转到图7，眼睛跟踪显示器170包括：基于上述实施例中的任意实施例的双轴扩展波导显示器，该双轴扩展波导显示器包括波导171，波导171包含至少一个结合了输入光栅、折叠光栅和输出光栅的光栅层；IIN 173；包括波导173的眼睛跟踪器；红外检测器174以及红外源175。眼睛跟踪器和显示波导通过气隙或通过低折射材料分离。如在上述参考文献中所解释的，眼睛跟踪器可以包括分离的照明和检测器波导。从红外源到眼睛的光路由射线1033-1035指示，并且来自眼睛的背散射信号由射线1036-1037指示。显示器包括波导966和输入图像节点968。从输入图像节点通过显示波导到眼箱的光路由射线1030-1032指示。
在本发明的一些实施例中，双扩展波导显示器还包括动态聚焦元件。在一些实施例(诸如图8所示的实施例)中，双扩展波导显示器180还包括部署在波导显示器的主表面附近的动态聚焦元件181以及眼睛跟踪器。有利地，动态聚焦元件是LC设备。在一些实施例中，LC设备组合LC层和衍射光学元件。在一些实施例中，衍射光学元件是电可控的基于LC的设备。在一些实施例中，动态聚焦元件部署在波导显示器和眼睛跟踪器之间。在一些实施例中，动态聚焦元件可以部署在距离眼睛最远的显示波导表面附近。在一些实施例(诸如图9所示的实施例)中，双扩展波导显示器190包括部署在IIN内的动态聚焦元件191。动态聚焦设备的效果是提供许多图像表面1040。在光场显示应用中，至少需要四个图像表面。动态聚焦元件可以基于标题为“ELECTRICALLY FOCUS TUNABLE LENS”的美国临时专利申请No.62/176,572的实施例和教导。在一些实施例中，还包括动态聚焦元件和眼睛跟踪器的双扩展波导显示器可以基于在标题为“HOLOGRAPHIC WAVEGUIDE LIGHT FIELD DISPLAYS”的美国临时专利申请No.62/125,089中公开的实施例和教导来提供光场显示器。
在一些实施例中，波导显示器通过光-机械接口耦合到IIN，该光-机械接口允许波导从IIN组件容易地缩回。基本原理在图10A中示出，该图示出了双轴扩展波导显示器200，其包括包含输入光栅202、折叠光栅203和输出光栅204的波导201以及IIN 205。该装置还包括连接到波导的光学链路206、终止光学链路的第一光学接口207以及形成IIN的出口光学端口的第二光学接口208。如图10B中所示的间隙209所指示的那样，第一光学接口和第二光学接口可以解耦。在一些实施例中，光学链路是波导。在一些实施例中，光学链路是弯曲的。在一些实施例中，光学链路是GRIN图像中继设备。在一些实施例中，使用机械机构建立光学连接。在一些实施例中，使用磁性机构建立光学连接。在头盔安装的显示器应用中，将波导从IIN解耦的优点在于将显示器的近眼部分在不使用时移除。在波导包括无源光栅的一些实施例中，近眼光学器件可以是一次性的。
图11例示了与本发明一起使用的滚动K向量光栅。首先参考图11A，在一些实施例中，滚动K向量光栅220被实现为包含分立光栅元件212-215的波导部分，分立光栅元件212-215具有K向量1050-1053。接下来参考图11B，在一些实施例中，滚动K向量光栅220被实现为包含光栅元件222的波导部分，在光栅元件222内，K向量在包括所示方向1050-1053的方向上经历平滑单调变化。
图12A-图12D例示了在一个实施例中用于摩托车头盔安装显示器中的双轴扩展显示器的一个目镜的正视图、平面图、侧视图和三维视图。显示器包括波导231、输入光栅232、折叠光栅233、输出光栅234、用于将显示器附连到头盔的铰链机构235以及波导耦合机构236。图13A-图13B示出了集成在摩托车头盔中的目镜的三维视图。
在本发明的实际实施例中，必须注意确保IIN与波导光学匹配。波导增加了常规光学系统中未遇到的光学接口问题，特别是将输入图像角度内容与波导和输入光栅的角度容量相匹配。光学设计的挑战是将根据场角的IIN孔径变化与滚动K向量输入光栅衍射方向匹配。期望的是，波导应当被设计为使波导厚度尽可能小，同时最大化输入光栅上任何给定点处的场角的扩展，受到由输入光栅的角度带宽以及波导的角度承载能力所强加的限制。根据上面描述的考虑以及早期文档的教导，应当认识到的是，在整个视场上耦合准直的角度图像内容并且没有光瞳上的照明分布的显著不均匀性需要数值孔径(NA)从微型显示器一侧的高NA平滑降至另一侧的低NA的变化。出于解释本发明的目的，NA被定义为与从微型显示器表面上的点相对于垂直于微型显示器的轴线的图像射线锥的最大角度的正弦成比例。其它等效测量可以被用于确定最优的IIN到波导耦合的目的。以这种方式控制NA将确保在LED照明显示器的情况下的高光学效率以及减少的条带和其它照明不均化性。激光照射显示器也将受益于在整个微型显示器上的NA变化的控制，特别是关于均化性。
以下实施例解决使NA变化的问题。在一个实施例中，在IIN内部使用角度选择性涂层、光栅楔、微元件、自由形状元件等等。我们将参考附图中所示的XYZ笛卡尔坐标系。出于解释本发明的目的，Z轴垂直于波导和眼箱平面。Y轴和X轴分别是垂直的和水平的。滚动K向量光栅的K向量在X-Z平面中倾斜。波导中的图像光基本上在X方向上传播。在下面的段落中，我们将描述用于在沿着X方向的微型显示器的横轴上使NA从高到低(或反过来)变化的方案。在一些实施例中，微型显示器是LCoS设备。
在图14所示的一个实施例中，IIN 250包括微型显示器面板251、空间变化NA部件252以及微型显示器光学器件253。微型显示器光学器件接受来自未示出的照明源的光1060，并在由射线1061指示的方向上将光偏转到微型显示器上。从微型显示器反射的光由具有沿着X轴变化的NA角度的发散射线对1062-1064指示。在基于图14的实施例中，空间变化NA部件部署在微型显示器光学器件和微型显示器之间。在一些实施例中，空间变化NA部件部署成与微型显示器光学器件的输出表面相邻，如图15中所示，图15示出了微型显示器261、照明部件262、空间变化NA部件263，以及输入照明和从微型显示器光学器件发射到微型显示器上的照明(如由射线1070、1071所指示的)。从微型显示器反射的光由具有沿着X轴变化的NA角度的发散射线对1072-1074指示。
在图14-图15的实施例中，微型显示器是反射式设备。在一些实施例中，微型显示器是透射设备，通常是透射LCoS设备。在图16的实施例中，IIN 260包括背光261、微型显示器262以及可变NA部件263。由通常在背光上具有均匀NA的射线1071-1073指示的来自背光的光照射微型显示器的背面，并且在传播通过可变NA部件之后被变换成输出图像调制光，该输出图像调制光由具有沿着X轴变化的NA角度的发散射线对1072-1074指示。
在一些实施例中，本发明的原理可以应用于发射式显示器。用于本发明的发射式显示器的示例包括基于LED阵列和发光聚合物阵列的发射式显示器。在图17的实施例中，IIN 265包括发射式微型显示器266和空间变化NA部件267。由通常在显示器的发射表面上具有均匀NA的射线1077-1079所指示的来自微显示器的光照射空间变化NA部件267，并且被变换成输出图像调制光，该输出图像调制光由具有沿着X轴变化的NA角度的发散射线对1080-1082指示。
本发明不假设用于微型显示器光学器件的任何特定设计。在一些实施例中，微型显示器光学器件包括偏振分束器立方体。在一些实施例中，微型显示器光学器件包括已经向其施加了分束器涂层的倾斜板。在一些实施例中，微型显示器光学器件包括波导设备，该波导设备包括充当偏振选择性分束器的SBG，该SBG基于标题为“HOLOGRAPHIC WIDE ANGLEDISPLAY”美国专利申请No.13/869,866和标题为“TRANSPARENT WAVEGUIDE DISPLAY”的美国专利申请No.13/844,456的一些实施例。在一些实施例中，微型显示器光学器件包含用于控制照明光的数值孔径的折射式部件和弯曲反射表面或者衍射光学元件中的至少一个。在一些实施例中，微型显示器光学器件包含用于控制照明光的波长特点的光谱滤光器。在一些实施例中，微型显示器光学器件包含用于控制杂散(stray)光的孔径、掩模、滤光器和涂层。在一些实施例中，微型显示器光学器件结合了水盆(birdbath)光学器件。
接下来我们描述空间变化NA部件的示例性实施例。在一些实施例中，空间变化NA部件具有均匀变化的NA特点。在一些实施例中以逐步方式提供。空间变化NA部件的各种示例性实施例应当仅是例示性的，并且许多修改是可以的(例如，各种元件的大小、尺寸、结构、形状和比例、参数的值、安装布置、材料的使用、取向等等的变化)。例如，元件的位置可以被颠倒或以其它方式变化，并且性质或分立元件的数量或者位置可以被更改或改变。
在诸如图18A所示的实施例的一些实施例中，空间变化NA部件270包括楔271。在诸如图18B所示的实施例的一些实施例中，空间变化NA部件272包括具有弯曲表面273的楔。在诸如图18C所示的实施例的一些实施例中，空间变化NA部件274包括具有不同棱镜角度的棱镜元件(诸如元件275、276)的阵列。在诸如图18D所示的实施例的一些实施例中，空间变化NA部件277包括具有不同孔径和光焦度的透镜(诸如由278、279指示的透镜元件)的阵列。
在诸如图19A所示的实施例的一些实施例中，空间变化NA部件280包括散射元件的阵列，散射元件诸如是提供不同的散射线角度分布(诸如由282A、282B指示的分布)的元件281A、281B。在一些实施例中，散射特性可以由施加到基板的表面纹理提供。在一些实施例中，散射特性可以由基板的整体(bulk)特性提供。在一些实施例中，基板可以包含悬浮在基质中的颗粒，其中基质的折射率与颗粒材料的折射率不同。在一些实施例中，基板可以是PDLC材料。在诸如图19B所示的实施例的一些实施例中，空间变化NA部件283包括具有如由散射线角度分布285A、285B指示的连续变化的散射特点的基板284。散射特性可以由表面或整体介质特点提供。
在诸如图19C所示的实施例的一些实施例中，空间变化NA部件286包括具有如由单轴晶体折射率函数288A、288B表示的空间变化双折射的双折射基板287。在一些实施例中，基板提供双折射的连续变化。在一些实施例中，基板包括各自具有独特双折射的分立元件。在一些实施例中，空间变化NA部件是具有双折射特性的散射基板。在一些实施例中，空间变化NA部件基于使用双折射基板实现的图18A-图18D中的任何实施例。在一些实施例中，整个场上的NA变化使用已包括涂覆有反应性介晶(Mesogen)材料的薄基板的双折射层来执行。反应性介晶是包括液晶单体的可聚合液晶，所述液晶单体包含例如反应性丙烯酸酯端基，其在光引发剂和定向UV光的存在下彼此聚合以形成刚性网。液晶分子的端的相互聚合将它们的取向冻结成三维模式。示例性的反应性介晶材料由Merck KgaA(德国)制造。
在诸如图19D所示的实施例的一些实施例中，空间变化NA部件286包括衍射元件的阵列，每个衍射元件均由独特的K向量和衍射效率角度带宽表征。例如，在该部件的一端处的元件289A具有被配置为提供高NA的k向量K 1和带宽Δθ1，而另一端处的元件289B具有被配置为提供低NA的k向量K 2和带宽Δθ2。在一些实施例中，光栅特点在整个基板上连续变化。在一些实施例中，光栅是记录在HPDLC材料中的布拉格全息图。在一些实施例中，光栅是表面起伏光栅。在一些实施例中，光栅是计算机生成的衍射结构，诸如计算机生成的全息图(CGH)。
在一些实施例中，IIN设计至少部分地通过倾斜停止平面使得其法向向量平行于最高水平场角(而不是平行于光轴)对准来解决NA变化问题。如图20中所示，IIN 287被配置为提供由关于光轴1087对称部署的限制射线1086、1086B定义的半角θ的输出视场。停止平面1088垂直于限制射线1086B。假设未示出的波导输入光栅将水平视场耦合到波导(未示出)中。
如上面所讨论的，在诸如图10所示的实施例的一些实施例中，波导显示器通过光-机械接口耦合到IIN，其中光-机械接口允许波导从IIN组件容易地缩回。图21A示出了包括近眼波导部件和IIN的可移除近眼显示器290。波导部件包括用于耦合到IIN的光-机械接口。示出了波导从IIN组件缩回。图21B示出了波导部件缩回的HMD 296的第二个3D视图。图21C示出了波导部件和IIN连接并准备好使用的HMD 297的3D视图。
图22示出了可以由本发明提供的两个波导光栅布局的示意性正视图。在图22A的实施例中，波导300包括成形波导，该成形波导在由1086指示的单个层中包括输入光栅302、折叠光栅303和输出光栅304。三个光栅的K向量(是在每个光栅内部示出的条纹的法向向量)由1083-1084指示。并不是在每种情况下K向量都被投影在图纸的平面中。波导的整体尺寸为60mm水平×47mm垂直。在图22B的实施例中，波导310包括成形波导，该成形波导在由1090指示的单个层中包括输入光栅313、折叠光栅314和输出光栅315。三个光栅的K向量(是在每个光栅内部示出的条纹的法向向量)由1087-1089指示。在每种情况下，K向量都被投影在图纸的平面中。波导的整体尺寸为75mm水平×60mm垂直。图23示出了可以由本发明提供的另一种一般波导光栅布局。波导320包括矩形波导，该矩形波导在单个层中包括输入光栅322、折叠光栅323和输出光栅324。三个光栅的K向量(是在每个光栅内部示出的条纹的法向向量)由1091-1093指示。在每种情况下，K向量都被投影在图纸的平面中。这种情况下的折叠光栅具有布拉格条纹，该条纹在光栅平面中以45度对准。
图24是一个实施例中包括IIN和波导部件的近显示器的3D例示。显示器330包括IIN 331、在单层中包含输入光栅33、折叠光栅334和输出光栅335的波导332。从入射光瞳2000通过输入光栅、折叠光栅和输出光栅并直到眼箱2005的波导路径由射线2001-2004表示。
图25是一个实施例的3D例示，其中提供了使用具有光-机械接口344的近眼波导343的摩托车HMD 340，其中光-机械接口344用于耦合到形成头盔的一部分的IIN 345。该装置与图21所示的装置相似。图25A示出了第一操作状态341，其中波导部件从IIN组件完全缩回。图25B示出了处于其工作状态342的显示器，其中波导部件连接到IIN。
在一些实施例中，根据本发明原理的双扩展波导显示器可以集成在窗口内，例如用于道路车辆应用的挡风玻璃集成的HUD。在一些实施例中，窗口集成的显示器可以基于标题为“OPTICAL WAVEGUIDE DISPLAYS FOR INTEGRATION IN WINDOWS”的美国临时专利申请No.62/125,064和标题为“OPTICAL WAVEGUIDE DISPLAYS FOR INTEGRATION IN WINDOWS”的美国临时专利申请No.62/125,066中公开的实施例和教导。在一些实施例中，双扩展波导显示器可以包括用于在IIN和波导之间中继图像内容的梯度折射率(GRIN)波导部件。示例性实施例在标题为“NEAR EYE DISPLAY USING GRADIENT INDEX OPTICS”的美国临时专利申请No.62/123,282和标题为“WAVEGUIDE DISPLAY USING GRADIENT INDEX OPTICS”的美国临时专利申请No.62/124,550中公开。在一些实施例中，基于在标题为“WAVEGUIDEDEVICE INCORPORATING A LIGHT PIPE”的美国临时专利申请No.62/177,494中公开的实施例，双扩展波导显示器可以结合用于在一个方向上提供波束扩展的光管。在一些实施例中，IIN中的输入图像源可以是激光扫描仪，如在标题为“COMPACT EDGE ILLUMINATEDDIFFRACTIVE DISPLAY”的美国专利No.9,075,184中所公开的。本发明的实施例可以用于广泛范围的显示器，包括用于AR和VR的HMD、头盔安装的显示器、投影显示器、平视显示器(HUD)、下视显示器(HDD)、自动立体显示器及其它3D显示器。
本公开的一些实施例和教导可以应用在波导传感器中，诸如眼睛跟踪器、指纹扫描仪和LIDAR系统。
应当强调的是，附图是示例性的，并且尺寸已经被夸大。例如，SBG层的厚度已经被极大地被夸大。使用在标题为“IMPROVEMENTS TO HOLOGRAPHIC POLYMER DISPERSEDLIQUID CRYSTAL MATERIALS AND DEVICES”的PCT申请No.PCT/GB2012/000680中公开的材料和工艺，基于任何上述实施例的光学设备可以使用塑料基板来实现。在一些实施例中，双扩展波导显示器可以是弯曲的。
如各种示例性实施例中所示的系统和方法的构造和布置仅仅是例示性的。虽然在本公开中仅详细描述了几个实施例，但是许多修改是可以的(例如，各种元件的大小、尺寸、结构、形状和比例、参数的值、安装布置、材料的使用、颜色、取向等等的变化)。例如，元件的位置可以被颠倒或以其它方式改变，并且性质或分离元件的数量或者位置可以被更改或改变。因而，所有这些修改都意图被包括在本公开的范围内。根据替代实施例，任何处理或方法步骤的次序或顺序都可以变化或重新排序。在不背离本公开的范围的情况下，可以在示例性实施例的设计、操作条件和布置中进行其它替换、修改、改变和省略。

Claims (10)

1.一种光学显示器，包括：
第一波导，具有第一表面和第二表面；
输入耦合器；
折叠光栅；
输出光栅；以及
输入图像节点(IIN)，
其中所述输入耦合器被配置为接收准直的第一波长图像调制光并且使得所述光经由所述第一表面和所述第二表面之间的全内反射在第一波导内行进到折叠光栅，其中所述折叠光栅被配置为在第一方向上提供光瞳扩展并且经由第一表面和第二表面之间的全内反射将所述光指引到输出光栅，
其中所述输出光栅被配置为在不同于所述第一方向的第二方向上提供光瞳扩展并且使得所述光从所述第一表面或所述第二表面离开所述第一波导，
其中所述输入耦合器、所述折叠光栅或所述输出光栅中的至少一个是滚动k向量光栅，以及
其中所述光经历与所述折叠光栅的双重交互。
2.如权利要求1所述的装置，其中所述IIN包括光源、用于显示图像像素的微型显示器以及准直光学器件，并且其中所述IIN投影在所述微型显示器的面板上显示的图像，使得每个图像像素被转换成在所述第一波导内独特的角度方向。
3.如权利要求1所述的装置，其中所述光栅中的至少一个光栅能够在衍射状态和非衍射状态之间切换。
4.如权利要求1所述的装置，还包括具有第一表面和第二表面的第二波导、输入耦合器、折叠光栅以及输出光栅，其中输入耦合器被配置为从所述IIN接收准直的第二波长光。
5.如权利要求1所述的装置，其中所述输入耦合器、所述折叠光栅和所述输出光栅中的至少一个是基于液晶的光栅。
6.其中所述输入耦合器是光栅或棱镜之一。
7.如权利要求1所述的装置，其中所述第一方向与所述第二方向正交。
8.如权利要求1所述的装置，其中所述第一方向是水平的并且所述第二方向是垂直的。
9.如权利要求1所述的装置，还包括眼睛跟踪器。
10.如权利要求1所述的装置，还包括部署在所述IIN中的动态聚焦透镜。
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US11281013B2 (en) 2022-03-22
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US20180284440A1 (en) 2018-10-04
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US11754842B2 (en) 2023-09-12
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