CN115356905A - 波导单元格中全息光栅高吞吐量记录的系统和方法 - Google Patents

波导单元格中全息光栅高吞吐量记录的系统和方法 Download PDF

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CN115356905A
CN115356905A CN202210504551.6A CN202210504551A CN115356905A CN 115356905 A CN115356905 A CN 115356905A CN 202210504551 A CN202210504551 A CN 202210504551A CN 115356905 A CN115356905 A CN 115356905A
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J·D·沃德恩
A·J·格兰特
M·M·波波维奇
R·莫拉德
S·M·威廉姆斯
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Abstract

本发明涉及波导单元格中全息光栅高吞吐量记录的系统和方法，其中能够使用许多不同的方法和系统来在波导单元格中记录全息体积光栅。一个实施例包括全息记录系统，该全息记录系统包括被配置为发射记录光束的至少一个激光源，以及被配置为在第一位置和第二位置之间移动的可移动平台，其中，当可移动平台处于第一位置时，所述至少一个激光源被配置为朝着一个或多个站的第一集合发射一个或多个记录光束的第一集合，并且当可移动平台处于第二位置时，所述至少一个激光源被配置为朝着一个或多个站的第二集合发射一个或多个记录光束的第二集合。

Description

波导单元格中全息光栅高吞吐量记录的系统和方法
本申请是申请日为2018年8月29日、申请号为201880085894.5、发明名称为“波导单元格中全息光栅高吞吐量记录的系统和方法”的发明专利申请的分案申请。
技术领域
本发明一般而言涉及用于记录光栅的过程和装置，并且更具体而言涉及用于在波导单元格中记录全息体积光栅的过程和装置。
背景技术
波导可以称为具有限制和引导波的能力的结构(即，限制波可以在其中传播的空间区域)。一个子类包括光波导，它是能够引导电磁波的结构，通常是那些在可见光谱中的电磁波。波导结构可以被设计成使用许多不同的机构来控制波的传播路径。例如，可以将平面波导设计成利用衍射光栅衍射入射光并将入射光耦合到波导结构中，使得入射耦合光可以经由全内反射(“TIR”)在平面结构内继续传播。
制造波导可以包括允许在波导内记录全息光学元件的材料系统的使用。一类这样的材料包括聚合物分散的液晶(“PDLC”)混合物，它是包含可光聚合单体和液晶的混合物。这样的混合物的另一个子类包括全息聚合物分散的液晶(“HPDLC”)混合物。可以将诸如体积相光栅之类的全息光学元件，通过用两个相互相干的激光束照明材料记录在这种液体混合物中。在记录过程期间，单体聚合和混合物进行光聚合诱导的相分离，从而创建液晶微滴密集填充的区域，其间散布着透明聚合物区域。交替的富含液晶区域和缺乏液晶区域形成光栅的条纹平面。
可以考虑将诸如上述的波导光学器件用于一系列显示器和传感器应用。在许多应用中，包含一个或多个编码多种光学功能的光栅层的波导可以使用各种波导体系架构和材料系统来实现，从而在增强现实(“AR”)和虚拟现实(“VR”)的近眼显示器、航空和公路运输的紧凑型平视显示器(“HUD”)以及用于生物识别和激光雷达(“LIDAR”)应用的传感器领域实现新的创新。
发明内容
一个实施例包括一种全息记录系统，该全息记录系统包括被配置为发射记录光束的至少一个激光源、被配置为容纳波导单元格的第一集合的一个或多个站的第一集合、被配置为容纳波导单元格的第二集合的一个或多个站的第二集合，以及被配置为在第一位置和第二位置之间移动的可移动平台，其中，当可移动平台处于第一位置时，至少一个激光源被配置为朝着一个或多个站的第一集合发射一个或多个记录光束的第一集合，并且当可移动平台处于第二位置时，至少一个激光源被配置为朝着一个或多个站的第二集合发射一个或多个记录光束的第二集合。
在另一个实施例中，全息记录系统还包括多个反射镜，其中，当可移动平台处于第一位置时，至少一个激光源被配置为通过使用多个反射镜指引一个或多个记录光束的第一集合来朝着一个或多个站的第一集合发射一个或多个记录光束的第一集合。
在另一个实施例中，其中一个或多个记录光束的第一集合包括第一记录光束和第二记录光束。
在又一个实施例中，至少一个激光源包括第一激光源和第二激光源，并且当可移动平台处于第一位置时，第一激光源被配置为朝着一个或多个站的第一集合发射第一记录光束，并且第二激光源被配置为朝着一个或多个站的第二集合发射第二记录光束。
在又一个实施例中，全息记录系统还包括分束器，其中至少一个激光源被配置为通过朝着分束器发射初始光束来发射第一和第二记录光束。
在又一个实施例中，一个或多个站的第一集合包括第一站，并且当可移动平台处于第一位置时，至少一个激光源被配置为朝着第一站发射第一和第二记录光束。
在又一个实施例中，一个或多个站的第一集合包括第一站和第二站，并且当可移动平台处于第一位置时，至少一个激光源被配置为朝着第一站发射第一记录光束并且朝着第二站发射第二记录光束。
在另一个附加实施例中，全息记录系统还包括安装在可移动平台上的分束器，其中当可移动平台处于第一位置时，至少一个激光源被配置为通过朝着分束器发射初始光束来发射第一和第二记录光束。
在另一个附加实施例中，全息记录系统还包括安装在可移动平台上的一对分束器以及固定分束器，其中一个或多个站的第一集合包括第一站和第二站，一个或多个记录光束的第一集合包括第一、第二、第三和第四记录光束，并且当可移动平台处于第一位置时，至少一个激光源被配置为朝着第一站发射第一和第二记录光束并且朝着第二站发射第三和第四记录光束，其中使用一对分束器和固定分束器形成第一、第二、第三和第四记录光束。
在另一个实施例中，全息记录系统还包括分束器，其中至少一个激光源被配置为通过朝着分束器发射初始光束来发射第一和第二记录光束。
在另一个实施例中，一个或多个站的第一集合包括第一站，并且当可移动平台处于第一位置时，至少一个激光源被配置为朝着第一站发射第一和第二记录光束。
在又一个实施例中，一个或多个站的第一集合包括第一站和第二站，并且当可移动平台处于第一位置时，至少一个激光源被配置为朝着第一站发射第一记录光束并且朝着第二站发射第二记录光束。
在又一个实施例中，全息记录系统还包括安装在可移动平台上的分束器，其中当可移动平台处于第一位置时，至少一个激光源被配置为通过朝着分束器发射初始光束来发射第一和第二记录光束。
在又一个附加实施例中，全息记录系统还包括安装在可移动平台上的一对分束器以及固定分束器，其中一个或多个站的第一集合包括第一站和第二站，一个或多个记录光束的第一集合包括第一、第二、第三和第四记录光束，并且当可移动平台处于第一位置时，至少一个激光源被配置为朝着第一站发射第一和第二记录光束并且朝着第二站发射第三和第四记录光束，其中使用一对分束器和固定分束器形成第一、第二、第三和第四记录光束。
在又一个附加实施例中，站的第一和第二集合内的每个站包括用于滤除环境光的滤光器。
另一个实施例包括一种方法，该方法包括使用至少一个激光源发射一个或多个记录光束的第一集合、使用安装在可移动平台上的至少一个光学部件朝着容纳在一个或多个站的第一集合中的一个或多个波导单元格的第一集合指引发射的一个或多个记录光束的第一集合、在一个或多个波导单元格的第一集合中记录一个或多个体积光栅的第一集合、重新定位可移动平台、使用至少一个激光源发射一个或多个记录光束的第二集合、使用安装在可移动平台上的至少一个光学部件朝着容纳在一个或多个站的第二集合中的一个或多个波导单元格的第二集合发射一个或多个记录光束的第二集合，并在一个或多个波导单元格的第二集合中记录一个或多个体积光栅的第二集合。
在又一个实施例中，一个或多个记录光束的第一集合包括第一记录光束和第二记录光束。
在又一个附加实施例中，至少一个激光源包括第一激光源和第二激光源，并且第一记录光束由第一激光源发射并且第二记录光束由第二激光源发射。
在又一个附加实施例中，通过朝着分束器发射初始光束来形成第一和第二记录光束。
在又一个实施例中，一个或多个波导单元格的第一集合包括第一波导单元格，并且所发射的第一和第二记录光束朝着第一波导单元格被指引。
在又一个实施例中，一个或多个波导单元格的第一集合包括第一波导单元格和第二波导单元格，并且所发射的第一记录光束朝着第一波导单元格被指引，并且所发射的第二记录光束朝着第二波导单元格被指引。
在另一个附加实施例中，通过朝着安装在可移动平台上的分束器发射初始光束来形成第一和第二记录光束。
在另一个附加实施例中，至少一个光学部件包括第一安装的分束器和第二安装的分束器，一个或多个波导单元格的第一集合包括第一波导单元格和第二波导单元格，通过朝着固定分束器发射初始记录光束以形成第一记录光束和第二记录光束、朝着第一安装的分束器指引第一记录光束以形成第一记录子光束和第二记录子光束并朝着第二安装的分束器指引第二记录光束以形成第三记录子光束和第四记录子光束来使用至少一个激光源发射一个或多个记录光束的第一集合，并且通过朝着第一波导单元格指引第一和第三记录子光束并朝着第二波导单元格指引第二和第四记录子光束来朝着一个或多个波导单元格的第一集合指引所发射的一个或多个记录光束的第一集合。
在又一个附加实施例中，使用单光束干涉过程来记录一个或多个体积光栅的第一集合。
另一个附加实施例包括一种全息记录系统，其包括：激光源；第一、第二、第三和第四站，其中每个站包括曝光堆叠和波导单元格载物台，其中波导单元格载物台被构造为容纳波导单元格、定位波导单元格，使得波导单元格的表面平行于曝光堆栈的表面，并在考虑微移动的同时维持波导单元格的位置；一对固定分束器；安装在轨道上的可移动平台，其中可移动平台被构造为沿着轨道在第一位置和第二位置之间移动；安装在可移动平台上的三个分束器，其中当可移动平台处于第一位置时，激光源被配置为通过朝着一对固定分束器发射第一初始记录光束以形成三个记录光束的第一集合并将三个记录光束的第一集合朝着三个安装的分束器指引以形成六个记录子光束的第一集合来同时发射六个记录子光束的第一集合，将六个记录子光束的第一集合中的三个记录子光束朝着第一站指引，并将六个记录子光束的第一集合中的其它三个记录子光束朝着第二站指引，并且当可移动平台位于第二位置时，激光源被配置为通过朝着一对固定分束器发射第二初始记录光束以形成三个记录光束的第二集合并将三个记录光束的第二集合朝着三个安装的分束器指引以形成六个记录子光束的第二集合来同时发射六个记录子光束的第二集合，将六个记录子光束的第二集合中的三个记录子光束朝着第三站指引，并将六个记录子光束的第二集合中的其它三个记录子光束朝着第四站指引。
附加的实施例和特征部分地在下面的描述中阐述，并且在阅读说明书时对于本领域技术人员将部分地变得显而易见，或者可以通过实施本发明而获悉。通过参考构成本公开的一部分的说明书和附图的其余部分，可以实现对本发明的本质和优点的进一步理解。
附图说明
参考以下附图将更充分地理解本描述，这些附图和数据图作为本发明的示例性实施例呈现，并且不应解释为对本发明范围的完整阐述。对于本领域技术人员将显而易见的是，本发明可以用以下描述中公开的本发明的一些或全部来实践。
图1A概念性地图示了根据本发明实施例的波导单元格的剖面图。
图1B概念性地图示了根据本发明实施例的具有锥形剖面的波导单元格。
图1C概念性地图示了根据本发明实施例的波导单元格的顶视图。
图2A-2D概念性地图示了根据本发明各种实施例的两束记录过程。
图3概念性地图示了根据本发明实施例的利用振幅光栅的单束记录过程。
图4概念性地图示了根据本发明实施例的利用单个激光源的记录系统的图。
图5概念性地图示了根据本发明实施例的被配置为容纳曝光堆叠的站的等距视图。
图6概念性地图示了根据本发明实施例的具有标记的曝光区域的波导单元格。
图7概念性地图示了根据本发明实施例的曝光堆叠。
图8概念性地图示了根据本发明实施例的用于容纳波导单元格的载物台组件。
图9A和9B概念性地图示了根据本发明实施例的载物台组件的旋转台。
图10A和10B概念性地图示了根据本发明实施例的固定的载物台组件。
图11A概念性地图示了根据本发明实施例的利用单个激光源和可移动平台的记录系统的顶视图。
图11B概念性地图示了根据本发明实施例的利用单个激光源和可移动平台的记录系统的等距视图。
具体实施方式
为了描述实施例，已经省略或简化了光学设计和视觉显示领域的技术人员已知的光学技术的一些众所周知的特征，以免模糊本发明的基本原理。除非另有说明，否则关于光线或光束方向的术语“同轴”是指与垂直于关于本发明描述的光学组件的表面的轴平行的传播。在下面的描述中，术语光、光线、光束和方向可以互换使用并且彼此相关联，以指示光能沿着直线轨迹的传播方向。将使用光学设计领域的技术人员通常采用的术语来呈现以下描述的部分。为了说明的目的，应该理解的是，为了清楚起见，除非另有说明，否则附图不是按比例绘制的。此外，为了清楚起见，每个附图中的每个元素可以与附图中每个其它元素不适当地成比例。
现在转向附图，图示了用于在波导单元格中记录全息光栅的系统和方法。根据本发明的各种实施例，可以以许多不同的方式来实现用于在光学记录介质中记录光学元件(诸如但不限于体积光栅)的系统。在许多实施例中，记录系统被配置为将体积光栅记录在波导单元格的光学记录介质中。在另外的实施例中，通过将记录介质暴露于使用至少一个激光源形成的干涉图案来记录体积光栅。在一些实施例中，记录系统被配置为同时记录多个体积光栅。多个体积光栅可以记录在一个波导单元格中或跨多个波导单元格记录。在若干实施例中，多个体积光栅被记录在波导单元格的堆叠中。
取决于具体应用，可以使用不同类型的曝光源，并且可以相应地对其进行配置。此外，所利用的曝光源的数量也可以变化。在一些实施例中，使用多个曝光源来同时记录多个体积光栅。在多个实施例中，记录系统被配置为结合束分离器和反射镜来使用单个激光源，以同时记录多个体积光栅。记录系统还可以被配置为使用可移动平台来记录体积光栅的集合。在这样的实施例中，(一个或多个)曝光源被配置为朝着波导单元格的第一集合指引记录光束以记录体积光栅的第一集合。然后可以将系统配置为使用可移动平台在系统内重新定位(一个或多个)部件，这可以允许将来自(一个或多个)曝光源的记录光束朝着波导单元格的第二集合指引以便记录体积光栅的第二集合。在若干实施例中，可以将递送到任何给定波导单元格的曝光配置为具有一个或多个在记录平面上空间地变化的曝光能量、曝光持续时间和/或曝光开/关时间表。下面进一步详细讨论用于在波导单元格中记录光学元件的这些配置以及附加的系统和方法。
波导单元格
波导单元格可以被定义为包含未固化和/或未曝光的光学记录材料的设备，其中可以记录诸如但不限于光栅的光学元件。在许多实施例中，可以通过将光学记录材料暴露于电磁辐射的某些波长来将光学元件记录在波导单元格中。通常，构造波导单元格，使得光学记录材料被夹在两个基板之间，从而产生三层波导单元格。取决于应用，可以以多种配置来构造波导单元格。在一些实施例中，波导单元格包含多于三层。在多个实施例中，波导单元格包含可以用于各种目的的不同类型的层。例如，波导单元格可以包括保护性盖层、偏振控制层和对准层。
各种材料和形状的基板可以用于波导单元格的构造。在许多实施例中，基板是由透明材料制成的板，诸如但不限于玻璃和塑料。取决于应用，可以使用不同形状的基板，诸如但不限于矩形和曲线形状。基板的厚度也可以取决于应用而变化。基板的形状常常可以确定波导的整体形状。在多个实施例中，波导单元格包含两个具有相同形状的基板。在其它实施例中，基板具有不同的形状。如可以容易地认识到的，基板的形状、维度和材料可以变化并且可以取决于给定应用的具体要求。
在许多实施例中，珠子或其它颗粒分散在整个光学记录材料中，以帮助控制光学记录材料层的厚度并帮助防止两个基板彼此塌陷。在一些实施例中，波导单元格由夹在两个平面基板之间的光学记录层构成。取决于所使用的光学记录材料的类型，由于一些光学记录材料的粘度以及光学记录层缺乏界定周边的缘故，难以实现厚度控制。在多个实施例中，珠子是相对不可压缩的固体，这可以允许构造具有一致厚度的波导单元格。珠子的尺寸可以确定单个珠子周围区域的局部最小厚度。照此，可以选择珠子的维度以帮助获得期望的光学记录层的厚度。珠子可以由多种材料中的任何一种制成，包括但不限于玻璃和塑料。在若干实施例中，选择珠子的材料，使得其折射率基本上不影响光在波导单元格内的传播。
在一些实施例中，构造波导单元格，使得两个基板平行或基本平行。在这样的实施例中，相对相似尺寸的珠子可以分散在整个光学记录材料中，以帮助在整个层中获得均匀的厚度。在其它实施例中，波导单元格具有锥形剖面。可以通过在光学记录材料上分散不同尺寸的珠子来构造锥形波导单元格。如以上所讨论的，珠子的尺寸可以确定光学记录材料层的局部最小厚度。通过将珠子以增加尺寸的图案分散在整个材料层上，当将材料夹在两个基板之间时，可以形成光学记录材料的锥形层。
根据本发明各种实施例的波导单元格可以结合多种光敏材料。在许多实施例中，波导单元格结合有全息聚合物分散的液晶混合物作为光学记录介质。根据本发明各种实施例的HPDLC混合物一般包括液晶(“LC”)、单体、光引发剂染料和共引发剂。混合物(常常称为浆料)常常还包含表面活性剂。为了描述本发明，将表面活性剂定义为降低总液体混合物的表面张力的任何化学试剂。在HPDLC混合物中使用表面活性剂是已知的，并且可以追溯到HPDLC的最早研究。例如，R.L Sutherland等人的论文，SPIE第2689卷、第158-169页，1996中描述了一种HPDLC混合物，该混合物包括单体、光引发剂、共引发剂、扩链剂和可向其添加表面活性剂的LC，该论文的公开内容通过引用并入本文。Natarajan等人在Journal ofNonlinear Optical Physics and Materials第5卷第1期，第89-98页，1996中也提到了表面活性剂，其公开内容通过引用并入本文。此外，Sutherland等人的美国专利No.7,018,563讨论了用于形成聚合物分散的液晶光学元件的全息聚合物分散的液晶材料，其具有至少一种丙烯酸单体、至少一种类型的液晶材料、光引发剂染料、共引发剂和表面活性剂。美国专利No.7,018,563的公开内容通过引用整体并入本文。
专利和科学文献包含许多可以用于制造结合体积光栅的波导的材料系统和过程的示例，这些示例包括研究配制这种材料系统以实现高衍射效率、快速响应时间、低驱动电压等。Sutherland的美国专利No.5,942,157和Tanaka等人的美国专利No.5,751,452都描述了适合于制造结合了体积光栅的波导的单体和液晶材料的组合。可以在1990年代初的论文中找到配方的示例。这些材料中许多都使用丙烯酸酯单体，包括：
·R.L.Sutherland等人，Chem.Mater5,1533(1993)描述了丙烯酸酯聚合物和表面活性剂的使用，其公开内容通过引用并入本文。具体而言，配方包括交联多官能丙烯酸酯单体；扩链剂N-乙烯基吡咯烷酮、LC E7、光引发剂玫瑰红孟加拉和共引发剂N-苯基甘氨酸。在某些变体中添加了表面活性剂辛酸。
·Fontecchio等人，SID 00Digest第774-776页，2000年描述了用于反射式显示应用的可UV固化的HPDLC，包括多官能丙烯酸酯单体、LC、光引发剂、共引发剂、和链终止剂量，其公开内容通过引用并入本文。
·Y.H.Cho等人，Polymer International，48，第1085-1090页，1999年公开了包括丙烯酸酯的HPDLC配方，其公开内容通过引用并入本文。
·Karasawa等人，Japanese Journal of Applied Physics，第36卷，第6388-6392页，1997年描述了各种官能次序的丙烯酸酯，其公开内容通过引用并入本文。
·T.J.Bunning等人，Polymer Science:Part B:Polymer Physics，第35卷，第2825-2833年，1997年也描述了多官能丙烯酸酯单体，其公开内容通过引用并入本文。
·G.S.lannacchione等人，Europhysics Letters第36(6)卷，第425-430页，1996年描述了包括五丙烯酸酯单体、LC、扩链剂、共引发剂和光引发剂的PDLC混合物，其公开内容通过引用并入本文。
丙烯酸酯具有快速动力学、与其它材料的良好混合以及与成膜过程的相容性好的优点。由于丙烯酸酯是交联的，因此它们倾向于机械文件且柔软。例如，官能度为2(di)和3(tri)的氨基甲酸酯丙烯酸酯已被广泛用于HPDLC技术。还使用了更高官能的材料，诸如五角形和六角形官能杆。虽然上面结合具有具体组分的HPDLC混合物作为波导单元格中的光学记录材料的适当用途进行了讨论，但是光学记录材料的具体配制可以在很大范围内变化，并且可以取决于给定应用的具体要求。这些考虑因素可以包括衍射效率(“DE”)、雾度、耐日光照射、透明性和开关要求。
可以使用多种不同的方法来构造波导单元格。在许多实施例中，通过用能够充当光学记录介质的光学记录材料涂覆第一基板来构造波导单元格。在多个实施例中，使用旋涂或喷涂将光学记录材料沉积到基板上。可以结合第二基板层以形成波导单元格，使得光学记录材料被夹在两个基板之间。在若干实施例中，第二基板可以是涂覆在暴露层上的薄保护膜。在各种实施例中，基板被用于制造单元格，然后将其填充光学记录材料。可以使用多种不同的方法来完成填充过程，诸如，但不限于真空填充方法。在另外的实施例中，可以添加对准层和/或偏振层。
在图1A中概念性地图示了根据本发明实施例的波导单元格100的剖面图。如图所示，波导单元格100包括光学记录材料层102，其可以用作光学元件(诸如但不限于光栅)的记录介质。光学记录材料102可以是多种化合物、混合物或溶液中的任何一种，诸如但不限于以上各节中描述的HPDLC混合物。在说明性实施例中，光学记录材料102被夹在两个平行玻璃板104、106之间。在其它实施例中，以非平行配置来布置基板。图1B概念性地图示了根据本发明实施例的利用珠子110、112和114的锥形波导单元格108的剖面图。如图所示，珠子110、112和114的尺寸不同并且分散在被两个玻璃板118、120夹在中间的整个光学记录材料116中。在构造波导单元格期间，光学记录层的区域的局部厚度受到那个特定区域中的珠子的尺寸的限制。通过将珠子以尺寸增加的次序分散在整个光学记录材料上，当将基板放置成与珠子接触时，可以构造锥形波导单元格。如以上所讨论的，在波导单元格中使用的基板的厚度和形状可以变化。在许多实施例中，基板是矩形形状。在一些实施例中，波导单元格的形状是曲线分量的组合。图1C概念性地图示了根据本发明实施例的具有曲线形状的波导单元格122的顶视图。
虽然图1A-1C图示了具体的波导单元格构造和布置，但是波导单元格可以以许多不同配置进行构建，并且可以取决于给定应用的具体要求而使用多种不同的材料。例如，基板可以由透明塑料聚合物代替玻璃制成。此外，波导单元格的形状和尺寸可以很大地变化，并且可以由各种因素来确定，诸如但不限于波导的应用、人体工程学考虑和经济因素。
体积Bragg光栅
根据本发明的各种实施例，能够表现出不同光学特性的许多不同类型的光栅可以被记录在光学记录材料中。在许多波导应用中，出于各种目的和功能而实现了衍射光栅。如可以容易地认识到的，所选择的光栅的类型可以取决于给定应用的具体要求。可以记录在波导单元格中的一种类型的光栅是体积Bragg光栅。体积Bragg光栅是透明介质，由于介质折射率的周期性变化，该透明介质可以衍射以特定角度入射的特定波长的光。入射在光栅上的光的衍射可以通过光和光栅的特点来确定。体积Bragg光栅可以具有高效率，而几乎没有光被衍射成更高的阶数。可以通过控制光栅的折射率调制来改变衍射和零阶光的相对量。利用波导内的体积Bragg光栅，可以以受控的方式影响波导内的光的传播以实现各种效果。
取决于具体的应用，可以将体积Bragg光栅构造成具有期望的特点。在多个实施例中，体积Bragg光栅被设计为透射光栅。在其它实施例中，体积Bragg光栅被设计为反射光栅。在透射光栅中，满足Bragg条件的入射光被衍射，使得衍射光在入射光未进入的一侧离开光栅。对于反射光栅，衍射光在与入射光进入的光栅的同一侧出射。体积光栅也可以被设计为具有相对于光栅表面倾斜(tilt)和/或倾斜(slant)的条纹，这可以影响衍射/反射的角度。虽然以上讨论将光栅结构表示为或者透射或者反射，但根据标准光栅等式，两种类型的光栅的行为相同。
一类Bragg光栅元件包括可开关Bragg光栅(“SBG”)。SBG是衍射设备，其可以通过在HPDLC混合物中记录体积相光栅来形成。SBG可以通过首先在玻璃板或基板之间放置可光聚合单体和液晶材料混合物的薄膜来制造。在许多情况下，玻璃板处于平行配置。用于制作和填充玻璃单元格的技术在液晶显示器工业中是众所周知的。一块或两块玻璃板可以支撑电极，通常是透明的氧化锡膜，用于在整个膜上施加电场。SBG可以被实现为波导设备，其中HPDLC混合物在波导附近形成波导芯或消逝耦合层。用于形成HPDLC单元格的玻璃板可以提供全内反射光导结构。当可开关光栅以超过TIR条件的角度衍射光时，光从SBG耦合出来。可以通过用具有空间周期性强度调制的干涉曝光进行光聚合诱导相分离，将SBG中的光栅结构记录在HPDLC材料的膜中。诸如但不限于控制辐射强度、HPDLC材料的组分体积分数和曝光温度等因素，可以确定结果所得的光栅形态和性能。在记录处理期间，单体聚合并且混合物进行相分离。LC分子聚集形成离散的或聚结的液滴，这些液滴周期性地分布在光学波长范围内的聚合物网络中。交替的富含液晶区域和缺乏液晶区域形成光栅的条纹平面，这可产生具有强光学偏振的布拉格衍射，该强光学偏振由液滴中LC分子的朝向顺序引起。
体积相光栅可以表现出非常高的衍射效率，这可以通过施加在薄膜上的电场的强度来控制。在经由透明电极将电场施加到光栅的情况下，LC液滴的自然朝向可能改变，从而导致条纹的折射率调制降低，并且全息图衍射效率降低到非常低的水平。通常，电极被配置为使得所施加的电场垂直于基板。在许多实施例中，电极由铟锡氧化物(“ITO”)制成。在没有施加电场的OFF状态下，液晶的非凡轴通常对齐垂直于条纹。因此，光栅对P-偏振光表现出高折射率调制和高衍射效率。在对HPDLC施加电场的情况下，光栅切换到ON状态，其中液晶分子的非凡轴对齐平行于所施加的电场并因此对齐垂直于基板。在ON状态下，光栅对S-偏振光和P-偏振光两者都表现出较低的折射率调制和较低的衍射效率。因此，光栅区域不再衍射光。根据HPDLC设备的功能，每个光栅区域可以分成多个光栅元件，诸如，例如像素矩阵。通常，在一个基板表面上的电极是均匀且连续的，而相对的基板表面上的电极是根据多个可选择性开关的光栅元件而构图的。
通常，SBG元件在30μs内清零，并用更长的驰豫时间接通。要注意的是，设备的衍射效率可以借助于所施加的电压在连续范围内来调整。在许多情况下，设备在不施加电压的情况下表现出接近100％的效率，而在施加足够高的电压时则表现出基本上零效率。SBG也可以通过反向模式操作来制造和实现。在此类情况下，当施加的电压为零时，光栅处于其非衍射(清澈)状态，而当跨电极施加电压时，光栅切换到其衍射状态。在某些类型的HPDLC设备中，可以使用磁场来控制LC朝向。在一些HPDLC应用中，LC材料与聚合物的相分离可以达到不产生可辨别的液滴结构的程度。SBG也可以用作无源光栅。在这个模式下，其主要优点是独特的高折射率调制。SBG还可以被用于为自由空间应用提供透射或反射光栅。
可以在波导中为各种不同目的实现体积Bragg光栅，诸如但不限于重定向光并防止光透射。体积Bragg光栅也可以被用于提供光束扩展。例如，在许多波导应用中，体积Bragg光栅被用于提供在两个正交方向上的光束扩展。在显示应用中，这转化为大眼动范围。因此，通过有效扩展准直光学系统的出射光瞳，体积Bragg光栅可以被用于保留眼动范围尺寸，同时减小透镜尺寸。出射光瞳可以被定义为虚拟孔径，只有通过这个虚拟孔径的光线才能进入用户的眼睛。
在许多实施例中，体积Bragg光栅被实现为用于通过在波导的TIR条件内以一定角度衍射光而将光耦合到波导中的输入光栅。类似地，体积Bragg光栅也可以被实现为输出光栅，用于通过以超过TIR条件的角度衍射光将光耦合出波导。体积Bragg光栅也可以被实现为折叠光栅。在一些实施例中，折叠光栅的Bragg条纹相对于其它光栅的Bragg条纹在对角线方向上定向。取决于折叠光栅的朝向，光可以在与折叠光栅交互后朝着具体方向被指引。在许多实施例中，折叠光栅的纵向边缘倾斜于输入耦合器的对准轴，使得折叠光栅相对于显示光的传播方向设置在对角线上。折叠光栅可以成一定角度，使得来自输入耦合器的光被重定向到输出光栅。在一些实施例中，将折叠光栅设置为相对于光从输入光栅释放的方向成四十五度角。这个特征可以使沿着折叠光栅传播的显示图像转入输出光栅。例如，在若干实施例中，折叠光栅使图像被旋转90度进入输出光栅。在各种实施例中，每个折叠光栅可以具有部分衍射结构。在多个实施例中，每个折叠光栅可以具有全衍射结构。
可以将不同的光栅配置和技术结合到单个波导中。折叠光栅可以被配置为在一个方向上提供光瞳扩展，并经由波导内部的TIR将光指引到输出光栅。输出光栅可以被配置为在与第一方向不同的第二方向上提供光瞳扩展，并使光从波导离开波导。以这种方式，单个波导可以在水平和垂直方向上提供光瞳扩展。如可以容易地认识到的，可以以许多不同的配置来实现体积Bragg光栅，诸如但不限于具有空间变化的K向量的光栅和多路复用的光栅。在许多应用中，使用能够双轴光瞳扩展的双光栅结构来实现波导。
由于在体积Bragg光栅中发生衍射的波长和角度的有限范围，可以采用若干方法来增加光栅的衍射带宽。在许多实施例中，记录系统被配置为记录具有带有在空间上变化的K向量的条纹的体积光栅。可以将K向量(在文献中也称为光栅向量)定义为正交于相关光栅条纹平面的向量，它可以确定给定范围的输入角和衍射角的光学效率。每个K向量都与边缘倾斜角(如Kogelnik理论所定义的)相关。在多个实施例中，K向量在其中变化的平面与波导或光栅元件不在平面内。可以以多种不同的方式来实现变化的条纹倾斜角或滚动的K向量。在一些实施例中，光栅的条纹被设计为跨光栅以渐进的方式变化。在其它实施例中，串行放置离散光栅的不同集合。带有滚动的K向量的光栅可以通过多种方式实现。在许多实施例中，滚动的K向量被设计为使得每个光栅段的峰衍射效率针对那个位置处的其对应输出角度被优化。在其它实施例中，每个光栅在不同位置处的峰衍射效率与在那个位置处其对应的输出角度偏移，从而扩展了光栅的有效角度带宽。通过引入这种偏移量，可以提高眼动范围的均匀性。在一些实施例中，与仅匹配不同位置处的峰衍射效率相比，偏移量可以将总图像亮度提高两倍。
在许多实施例中，条纹的不同集合被叠加或重叠，从而创建了在相同体积内具有多个光栅的多路复用的光栅，该光栅可以独立工作并且彼此不干扰。例如，如果两个体积光栅以相同的入射角针对两个不同的Bragg波长记录在同一设备中，那么该设备可以将两个所选择的波长衍射到不同输出方向，具有有限的串扰。通过组合相似处方的两个光栅，多路复用可以被用于产生改进的角度剖面，以扩展衍射效率角度带宽，并在出射光瞳和视场上提供更好的亮度均匀性和色彩平衡。多路复用还可以被用于对两个不同的衍射处方进行编码，可以将其设计为将光投射到区域的不同视场中，或将两种不同波长的光衍射到区域的给定视场中。可以采取步骤以确保在记录期间光栅之间没有导致不等的衍射效率和回放时光栅之间的串扰的竞争。多路复用还可以提供减少波导结构中层数的显著好处。在一些实施例中，输入、折叠或输出光栅中的至少一个可以组合两个或更多个角衍射处方以扩展角带宽。类似地，在若干实施例中，输入、折叠或输出光栅中的至少一个可以组合两个或更多个光谱衍射处方以扩展光谱带宽。例如，可以使用颜色多路复用的光栅来衍射两个或更多个原色。
虽然上面讨论了具体的光栅结构，但是本领域普通技术人员将认识到的是，根据本发明各种实施例的记录系统可以被配置为记录任何种类的体积光栅，包括但不限于以上描述的那些。
记录体积光栅
根据本发明的各种实施例，可以使用许多不同的方法将体积光栅记录在波导单元格中。可以使用任何数量和类型的电磁辐射源来实现光学记录材料中光学元件的记录。取决于应用，可以将(一个或多个)曝光源和/或记录系统配置为使用变化的曝光功率和持续时间来记录光学元件。如以上关于SBG所讨论的，用于记录体积光栅的技术可以包括使用两个相互相干的激光束对光学记录材料进行曝光，其中两个光束的叠加沿着干涉图案形成周期性的强度分布。光学记录材料可以形成表现出与周期性强度分布匹配的折射率调制图案的光栅结构。在HPDLC混合物中，光强度分布导致单体扩散和聚合到高强度区域，同时液晶扩散到暗区域。这种相分离产生交替的富含液晶的区域和耗尽液晶的区域，这些区域形成光栅的条纹平面。取决于记录光束如何被配置，光栅结构可以形成有倾斜或非倾斜的条纹。图2A-2D概念性地图示了根据本发明的各种实施例的双束记录过程。如图所示，可以使用两种方法来创建两种不同类型的Bragg光栅-即，透射光栅200和反射光栅201。取决于两个记录光束202、203如何被定位，干涉图案204可以将或者透射或者反射光栅记录在光学记录材料205中。可以在条纹的朝向上看到两种类型的光栅之间的差异(即，反射体积光栅的条纹通常基本上平行于基板的表面，而透射光栅的条纹通常基本上垂直于基板的表面)。在回放期间，入射在透射光栅200上的光束206可以导致被透射的衍射光束207。另一方面，入射在反射光栅201上的光束208可以导致被反射的光束209。
用于在光学记录材料中记录体积光栅的另一种方法包括使用单光束在光学记录材料上形成干涉图案。这可以通过使用母版光栅来实现。在许多实施例中，母版光栅是体积光栅。在一些实施例中，母版光栅是振幅光栅。在与母版光栅交互后，单个光束会发生衍射。一阶衍射和零阶光束可以重叠以产生干涉图案，然后可以将光学记录材料曝光以形成期望的体积光栅。在图3中概念性地图示了根据本发明的实施例的利用振幅光栅的单光束记录过程。如图所示，来自单个激光源(未示出)的光束300被指引通过振幅光栅301。在与光栅302交互后，光束300可以像例如在光线与振幅光栅的黑色阴影区域交互的情况下那样衍射，或者光束300可以像例如在光线与振幅光栅的交叉影线区域交互的情况下那样通过振幅光栅传播而没有作为零阶光束的实质性偏离。一阶衍射光束304和零阶光束306可以重叠以产生干涉图案，该干涉图案暴露出波导单元格的光学记录层308。在说明性实施例中，间隔块310位于光栅302和光学记录层308之间，以便更改两个部件之间的距离。
虽然在图2A-2D和3中讨论并示出了记录体积光栅的具体方法，但是根据本发明的各种实施例的记录系统可以被配置为实现用于记录体积光栅的多种方法中的任何一种，诸如但不限于通用光刻技术。
记录系统配置
可以以许多不同的方式来配置用于在波导单元格中记录体积光栅的记录系统。在多个实施例中，记录系统包括至少一个曝光源和被配置为容纳包含波导单元格的曝光堆叠的多个站。曝光源可以源自任何适当的电磁辐射源，这可以取决于所使用的光敏材料的类型。在一些实施例中，电磁辐射源是激光源。在若干实施例中，站和曝光堆叠被配置为使得递送到任何给定的波导单元格的曝光具有在整个记录平面上空间变化的曝光能量、曝光持续时间和/或曝光开/关时间表中的一个或多个。在操作期间，(一个或多个)激光源可以输出适当波长的光，以便暴露容纳在站中的波导单元格，以在波导单元格内形成体积光栅。可以使用各种方法来记录体积光栅，诸如以上各节中所述的。例如，在许多实施例中，使用单光束记录方法以及主光栅。在其它实施例中，使用两束记录方法。
取决于应用和波导单元格，可以在单个波导单元格中记录一个或多个体积光栅。在许多实施例中，可以使用一个或多个激光源在单个波导单元格中同时记录至少三个体积光栅。在一些实施例中，可以使用一个或多个激光源来同时曝光驻留在一个或多个站中的至少两个波导单元格。在另外的实施例中，(一个或多个)激光源可以被用于同时在多个波导单元格中的每一个中记录至少三个体积光栅。如可以容易地认识到的，暴露的波导单元格的数量和每个波导单元格同时记录的体积光栅的数量可以变化很大，并且可以取决于给定应用的具体要求。此外，所使用的曝光源的数量和类型可以取决于若干因素而变化，诸如但不限于空间和功率要求。例如，在要同时记录大量光栅的实施例中，可以使用高功率激光源或多个激光源来提供足够的曝光功率。在利用单个激光源记录多个光栅和/或曝光多个波导单元格的实施例中，可以使用分束器创建子光束，该子光束可以允许在不同区域中同时曝光。记录系统还可以包括反射镜和其它光学元件，以操纵和指引来自(一个或多个)激光源的光进入(一个或多个)期望的工作站。在一些实施例中，初始光束被扩展以覆盖适当的曝光区域。
图4图示了根据本发明实施例的利用单个激光源402的记录系统400的图。如图所示，起始光束404朝着用于创建三个子光束408的分束器406被指引。使用反射镜412将子光束408朝着站410指引。在说明性实施例中，三个子光束408被用于在容纳在站410中的单个波导单元格中记录三个体积光栅。如可以容易地认识到的，这些概念性元件可以使用允许固定光学元件以实现这种记录系统所需的任何合适的光学框架、可移动适配器、曝光板等来实现。此外，虽然图4图示了具体的记录系统配置，但是根据本发明的各种实施例，可以实现任何配置。例如，在一些记录系统中，创建多于三个子光束并将它们跨多个站指引。在若干实施例中，利用多个激光源。此外，可以以多种不同方式中的任何一种来操纵光束的传播路径。例如，虽然图4示出了被设计为将记录光束跨平面表面指引的记录系统，但记录系统也可以被配置为指引光束在3D空间中传播。在此类配置中，可以实现紧凑的设计以及其它过程效率的提高。
站配置
由于体积光栅的特征尺寸，记录过程在定位和水平调节中可以要求高精确度。照此，用新的波导单元格替换暴露的波导单元格并且在替换的波导单元格中记录体积光栅可以是时间和/或资源密集的。在许多实施例中，容纳曝光堆叠的站被实现为允许快速地曝光多个波导单元格。在一些实施例中，站被配置为允许交换波导单元格，从而允许用未暴露的波导单元格替换暴露的波导单元格。在这些实施方式中，可以移除波导单元格并用另一个波导单元格替换该波导单元格，而对系统的其余部分几乎没有干扰。这可以以多种方式实现。在若干实施例中，每个站包含可以容纳波导单元格的底座或凹口，从而允许互换(swap)波导单元格。在多个实施例中，可以结合附加部件以对准波导单元格。例如，可以在站中实现被设计为保持波导单元格的(一个或多个)边缘的安装边缘，以促进波导单元格的对准。在各种实施例中，可以从站移除底座或凹口。在若干实施例中，站被配置为允许整个曝光堆叠被移除和互换。在多个实施例中，载物台组件被实现为容纳波导单元格。载物台组件可以被配置为相对于曝光堆叠将波导单元格定位在期望的位置。在这样的实施例中，可以容易地实现波导单元格的互换，同时维持波导单元格的定位的一致性。
图5概念性地图示了根据本发明实施例的容纳曝光堆叠的站500。在说明性实施例中，站500被配置为使用安装凹口502容纳单个曝光堆叠。站500包括激光管504和反射镜506，用于将传入的光朝着曝光堆叠指引。如可以容易地认识到的，曝光堆叠相对于光束在其上行进的轴的朝向可以决定容纳曝光堆叠的站是否包括附加的反射镜以改变记录光束在其上传播的轴。虽然图5图示了具体的站配置，但是根据本发明的各种实施例，可以以各种不同的方式来配置站。例如，在一些实施例中，站被配置为容纳多个曝光堆叠。考虑到波导单元格的光敏性质，可以使用诸如但不限于滤光器的覆盖物来防止环境光进入站。在若干实施例中，覆盖物包括至少一个切口，该切口用于允许光通过，以暴露波导单元格的(一个或多个)期望的区域。
曝光堆叠可以包括被设计为操纵从(一个或多个)激光源传入波导单元格的曝光区域的光的各种部件。曝光区域是波导单元格上光要曝光的指定区域。如可以容易地认识到的，曝光区域的尺寸和形状可以变化，并且在很大程度上可以取决于要写入的体积光栅。例如，在一些应用中，需要不同曝光级别的不同类型的体积光栅被记录在同一个波导单元格中。在许多实施例中，记录系统被配置为用不同级别的功率和/或持续时间的光来曝光每个单独的曝光区域，这可以具体地针对将要记录的体积光栅的类型来裁剪。图6概念性地图示了根据本发明实施例的具有用于三个光栅的标记的曝光区域的波导单元格600。波导单元格600具有曲线形状并且被设计为实现输入光栅、折叠光栅和输出光栅。在说明性实施例中，示出了用于输入光栅602、折叠光栅604和输出光栅606的曝光区域。虽然图6图示了具有具体曝光区域的具体波导单元格，但是根据本发明的各种实施例，波导单元格可以具有任意数量的任何形状和尺寸的曝光区域。
曝光堆叠可以用部件的不同组合来构造。在许多实施例中，曝光堆叠包括主光栅和波导单元格。在一些实施例中，主光栅是振幅光栅。在另外的实施例中，主光栅是由透明层和定义光栅结构的铬层组成的铬母版。在记录期间，可以使用各种光学部件(诸如但不限于反射镜和分束器)将来自一个或多个激光源的光朝着曝光堆叠指引。在单光束记录系统中，单光束朝着曝光堆叠中的主光栅被指引。在与主光栅交互后，光束会发生衍射，并且一阶衍射和零阶光束可以形成干涉图案，其使波导单元格暴露，以形成体积光栅。
记录系统可以被配置为以各种不同的方式定位主光栅。在多个实施例中，主光栅位于曝光堆叠内，使得主光栅的表面平行于波导单元格的表面。在一些实施例中，主光栅被定位成与波导单元格的光学记录层的表面平行。主光栅与波导单元格/光学记录层的表面之间的偏移量可以取决于若干考虑因素而变化，诸如但不限于要形成的光栅的维度。在若干实施例中，主光栅与波导单元格直接接触。在其它实施例中，曝光堆叠内的材料的不同层将光学记录层与主光栅分开。如可以容易地认识到的，主光栅和波导单元格的位置可以变化并且可以取决于给定应用的具体要求。例如，在各种实施例中，光学记录材料是封装在两个玻璃基板之间的FIPDLC混合物。因此，在此类实施例中，在记录过程期间，在主光栅和光学记录层之间至少存在玻璃层。在若干实施例中，曝光堆叠包括保护层，诸如但不限于玻璃板，其可以被放置成与主光栅相邻，以帮助防止对光栅的机械损坏。在各种实施例中，可以在各个层之间使用光学油以帮助提供折射率的连续性。
在一些情况下，曝光光学记录材料的光可以在光学记录材料的表面处部分反射。反射的光通常可以在主光栅的表面处行进并反射第二次。在第二次反射之后，光然后可以行进回来并曝光光学记录材料。这种二次曝光通常是不期望的，因为它会导致所需光栅的降级(例如，光栅折射率调制对比度的降低)和/或伪光栅的形成。照此，在一些实施例中，附加材料层被添加并定位在主光栅和光学记录层之间，以帮助防止反射光的曝光。在许多实施例中，附加层是玻璃层。利用附加层，可以控制主光栅和波导单元格之间的距离。通过增加这个距离，在光学记录层的表面以一定角度反射的光可以在第二次反射之前进一步行进，从而改变反射光将入射在光学记录层上的位置。系统可以被设计为使得这个位置在光学记录层的无关紧要的区域中。在若干实施例中，这个位置根本不在光学记录层上。
在图7中概念性地图示了根据本发明实施例的曝光堆叠700的剖面图。在说明性实施例中，曝光堆叠700被配置用于单光束记录过程。如图所示，曝光堆叠700可以包括主光栅702、保护玻璃层704、隔板706以及在两个玻璃板710之间具有光学记录层708的波导单元格。隔板706可以被用于增加主光栅702和光学记录层708之间的距离，同时保持两个部件的表面平行。附加距离可以帮助减少/防止来自初始曝光的反射光产生的不必要曝光。在说明性实施例中，主光栅702是使用具有定义光栅结构(未示出)的玻璃层712和铬层714的铬母版实现的振幅光栅。在记录过程期间，来自激光源的光可以朝着主光栅被指引。在与光栅表面交互后，光会发生衍射。一阶衍射和零阶光束可以组合以形成干涉图案，该干涉图案暴露光学记录层708(类似于图3中所示的过程)。虽然图7图示了具体的曝光堆叠配置，但是根据本发明的各种实施例，可以实现许多配置。例如，在利用载物台组件的实施例中，波导单元格由载物台组件保持并且可以分开定位。在许多实施例中，附加层的材料被选择为具有相似或匹配的折射率，以防止曝光光束的任何不想要的折射。在另外的实施例中，在各个层之间添加光学油以进一步改善折射率的匹配。在一些实施例中，将全息光学记录材料涂覆到基板上，然后将其在卷对卷全息制造过程中递送到上述的站和曝光堆叠。
容纳波导单元格的载物台
在许多实施例中，曝光系统利用站内的波导单元格载物台以期望的方式定位波导单元格。在一些实施例中，载物台组件被设计为以这样一种方式提供定位波导单元格所需的功能性和可调性，使得波导单元格的一个面抵靠曝光堆叠的水平表面保持。在若干实施例中，波导单元格的面抵靠曝光堆叠的母版保持。载物台组件可以被配置为相对于母版的特征将波导单元格定位到期望的朝向。载物台组件也可以被设计为容纳特定类型的波导单元格。在多个实施例中，载物台组件包括用于容纳波导单元格的保持器子组件。在各种实施例中，保持器子组件被定制为保持具体性质的波导单元格。在多个实施例中，保持器子组件被设计为允许波导单元格以一致的方式被互换和重新定位。
图8概念性地图示了根据本发明实施例的用于容纳波导单元格的载物台组件。如图所示，载物台组件800包括基础部件802、XY线性平移载物台804和旋转载物台806。旋转载物台806可以包括叉形子组件808和容纳波导单元格812的保持器子组件810。在多个实施例中，基础部件802的一端被设计为固定到曝光系统的站。最后，可以实现XY线性平移载物台804，以允许波导单元格810跨平面定位。结合旋转载物台806的功能，载物台组件800可以被配置为允许将波导单元格定位在三维空间中。
图9A和9B概念性地图示了根据本发明实施例的载物台组件的旋转载物台。图9A示出了旋转载物台900的透视图，其包括叉形子组件902和保持器子组件904。如图所示，旋转载物台900可以被配置为允许波导单元格906跨若干旋转轴定位。在说明性实施例中，叉形子组件902和保持器子组件904被配置为允许安装的波导单元格906绕彼此垂直的两个轴908、910旋转。旋转载物台900可以被构造为使得保持器子组件904绕位于叉形子组件中的精密硬件912枢转，而叉形子组件902绕球轴承引导件914枢转。每个轴的旋转范围可以取决于给定应用的具体要求。这两个子组件902、904的组合可以允许波导单元格906保持平行于曝光堆叠的底表面，而与曝光堆叠的标称位置和/或由于环境干扰导致的系统的任何位置变化(诸如但不限于热变化)无关。在许多实施例中，旋转载物台900可以被配置为允许波导单元格906的平面内旋转。在说明性实施例中，旋转载物台900被配置为允许波导单元格906绕通过波导单元格906的维度中心918的轴916旋转。这个移动可以允许在波导单元格906和曝光过程中利用的母版的特征之间发生“间距匹配”。
图9B示出了旋转载物台900的侧视图。如图所示，旋转载物台900还可以被构造为提供叉形子组件902的向上的预载荷，其可以被用于维持波导单元格906的顶表面与曝光堆叠的底表面之间的恒定的不确定对准。波导单元格906和曝光堆叠之间的接触力可以由用于向上加载叉形子组件902的弹簧的弹簧常数k决定。向上旋转的这个范围922可以通过系统的设计来机械地限制。
载物台组件可以取决于给定应用的具体要求以各种方式实现。在多个实施例中，载物台组件被构造为在维持重新定位波导单元格的能力的同时安装到站。图10A和10B概念性地图示了根据本发明实施例的固定的载物台组件。如图所示，载物台组件1000通过基础部件1004固定到站的固定部件1002。在所示的实施例中，载物台组件1000包括叉形子组件1006和保持器子组件1008，其能够相对于切口1012定位波导单元格1010，在切口1012上可以容纳曝光堆叠。载物台组件可以被设计为在考虑到由于各种环境因素(诸如但不仅限于热变化和机械干扰)引起的曝光系统的微移动的同时维持位置。
循环暴露的实施例
在许多实施例中，记录系统包括可移动平台。在另外的实施例中，可移动平台可以重新定位光学部件，诸如但不限于反射镜，以将光束或(一个或多个)子光束重定向到不同的站集合。如以上所讨论的，站可以被配置为换出波导单元格。这种“热互换”形式以及多个工作站和可移动平台的实现允许记录系统连续操作，以在无限数量的波导单元格中记录体积光栅。在许多实施例中，波导单元格的互换是手动完成的。在其它实施例中，自动化系统互换波导单元格。如可以容易地认识到的，可移动平台和其重新定位的(一个或多个)部件的确切配置可以取决于给定应用的具体要求。例如，在一些实施例中，单个激光源被用于暴露容纳在第一站集合中的波导单元格的第一集合。然后可移动平台可以重新定位反射镜，这可以改变激光源的传播路径，然后记录容纳在第二站集合中的体积光栅的第二集合。在第二曝光集合期间，可以将波导单元格的第一集合交换为要容纳在第一站集合中的新的未曝光波导单元格的集合。然后可移动平台可以重新定位反射镜以指引(一个或多个)记录光束以暴露第一站集合中的新的波导单元格的集合。在这个配置中，可以以循环方式执行在多个波导单元格中的体积光栅的记录。虽然讨论了两阶段的循环曝光配置，但是可以将记录系统配置为以不同数量的阶段执行不同的曝光循环，这可以取决于工作站的数量和系统的物理约束。
图11A和11B分别概念性地图示了根据本发明实施例的利用单个激光源1102和可移动平台1104的记录系统1100的顶视图和等距视图。在操作期间，源自激光源1102的光束1106可以通过分束器1108以形成三个子光束1110。分束器可以以若干不同方式实现。在许多实施例中，部分反射镜被用作分束器。光束扩展部件1112可以被用于操纵子光束1110的尺寸并使其准直。在说明性实施例中，该系统被设计为将子光束1110朝着安装在可移动平台1104上的分束器1114和反射镜1116指引。安装在可移动平台1104上的分束器1114还可以将三个子光束1110拆分为六个子光束，这些子光束由分束器1114和反射镜1116指引，以将三个体积光栅同时记录到两个波导单元格中的每一个上。如图所示，可移动平台1104可以被定位成使得安装的分束器1114和反射镜1116可以一次将六个子光束重定向到两个不同站的集合中。在站1118内，还实现了反射镜以将入射光束重定向到曝光堆叠。一旦针对两个波导单元格的记录过程完成，可移动平台1104就可以沿着轨道1120行进以重新定位分束器1114和反射镜1116，以将子光束指引到另外两个站中。通过在不同站中进行记录的时段期间用未曝光的波导单元格替换曝光的波导单元格，可以以循环的方式继续该过程。在一些实施例中，站1118包括片材覆盖物，以帮助减少/防止环境光影响曝光堆叠。覆盖物可以包括被设计为允许传入的曝光光束通过的切口。
虽然图11A和11B概念性地图示了具体的记录系统，但是根据本发明的各种实施例，可以实现许多不同配置中的任何一种。例如，取决于给定应用的具体要求，可以实现任何数量的站。在一些实施例中，实现了九个站。在一些实施例中，附图中所示的站和曝光堆叠可以包含用于输入和提取诊断激光束和反射光的端口，以用于监视全息曝光过程。在若干实施例中，站被定位在3D空间中并且可移动平台被配置为在3D空间中移动以相应地重定向记录光束。
虽然上面讨论了用于在波导单元中记录全息光栅的具体系统和方法，但是根据本发明的许多不同实施例，可以实现许多不同的配置。因此，应当理解的是，在不脱离本发明的范围和精神的情况下，可以以不同于具体描述的方式来实践本发明。因此，本发明的实施例在所有方面都应当被认为是说明性而非限制性的。因而，本发明的范围不应当由所示的实施例来确定，而应当由所附权利要求书及其等同物来确定。

Claims (20)

1.一种全息记录系统，包括：
至少一个激光源，被配置为发射记录光束；
一个或多个站的第一集合，被配置为容纳波导单元格的第一集合；
一个或多个站的第二集合，被配置为容纳波导单元格的第二集合；以及
可移动平台，被配置为在第一位置和第二位置之间移动，其中：
当可移动平台处于第一位置时，所述至少一个激光源被配置为朝着一个或多个站的第一集合发射一个或多个记录光束的第一集合；以及
当可移动平台处于第二位置时，所述至少一个激光源被配置为朝着一个或多个站的第二集合发射一个或多个记录光束的第二集合。
2.如权利要求1所述的全息记录系统，还包括多个反射镜，其中，当可移动平台处于第一位置时，所述至少一个激光源被配置为通过使用所述多个反射镜指引一个或多个记录光束的第一集合来朝着一个或多个站的第一集合发射一个或多个记录光束的第一集合。
3.如权利要求1所述的全息记录系统，其中一个或多个记录光束的第一集合包括第一记录光束和第二记录光束。
4.如权利要求3所述的全息记录系统，其中：
所述至少一个激光源包括第一激光源和第二激光源；以及
当可移动平台处于第一位置时，第一激光源被配置为朝着一个或多个站的第一集合发射第一记录光束，并且第二激光源被配置为朝着一个或多个站的第二集合发射第二记录光束。
5.如权利要求3所述的全息记录系统，还包括分束器，其中所述至少一个激光源被配置为通过朝着分束器发射初始光束来发射第一记录光束和第二记录光束。
6.如权利要求3所述的全息记录系统，其中：
一个或多个站的第一集合包括第一站；以及
当可移动平台处于第一位置时，所述至少一个激光源被配置为朝着第一站发射第一记录光束和第二记录光束。
7.如权利要求3所述的全息记录系统，其中：
一个或多个站的第一集合包括第一站和第二站；以及
当可移动平台处于第一位置时，所述至少一个激光源被配置为朝着第一站发射第一记录光束并且朝着第二站发射第二记录光束。
8.如权利要求7所述的全息记录系统，还包括安装在可移动平台上的分束器，其中，当可移动平台处于第一位置时，所述至少一个激光源被配置为通过朝着分束器发射初始光束来发射第一记录光束和第二记录光束。
9.如权利要求1所述的全息记录系统，还包括安装在可移动平台上的一对分束器以及固定分束器，其中：
一个或多个站的第一集合包括第一站和第二站；
一个或多个记录光束的第一集合包括第一、第二、第三和第四记录光束；以及
当可移动平台处于第一位置时，至少一个激光源被配置为朝着第一站发射第一记录光束和第二记录光束并且朝着第二站发射第三和第四记录光束，其中使用所述一对分束器和固定分束器形成第一、第二、第三和第四记录光束。
10.如权利要求1所述的全息记录系统，其中在站的第一集合和第二集合内的每个站包括用于滤除环境光的滤光器。
11.一种用于记录体积光栅的方法，该方法包括：
使用至少一个激光源发射一个或多个记录光束的第一集合；
使用安装在可移动平台上的至少一个光学部件朝着容纳在一个或多个站的第一集合中的一个或多个波导单元格的第一集合指引发射的一个或多个记录光束的第一集合；
在一个或多个波导单元格的第一集合中记录一个或多个体积光栅的第一集合；
重新定位可移动平台；
使用至少一个激光源发射一个或多个记录光束的第二集合；
使用安装在可移动平台上的至少一个光学部件朝着容纳在一个或多个站的第二集合中的一个或多个波导单元格的第二集合发射一个或多个记录光束的第二集合；以及
在一个或多个波导单元格的第二集合中记录一个或多个体积光栅的第二集合。
12.如权利要求11所述的方法，其中一个或多个记录光束的第一集合包括第一记录光束和第二记录光束。
13.如权利要求12所述的方法，其中：
所述至少一个激光源包括第一激光源和第二激光源；以及
第一记录光束由第一激光源发射并且第二记录光束由第二激光源发射。
14.如权利要求12所述的方法，其中通过朝着分束器发射初始光束来形成第一记录光束和第二记录光束。
15.如权利要求12所述的方法，其中：
一个或多个波导单元格的第一集合包括第一波导单元格；以及
所发射的第一记录光束和第二记录光束朝着第一波导单元格被指引。
16.如权利要求12所述的方法，其中：
一个或多个波导单元格的第一集合包括第一波导单元格和第二波导单元格；以及
所发射的第一记录光束朝着第一波导单元格被指引，并且所发射的第二记录光束朝着第二波导单元格被指引。
17.如权利要求16所述的方法，其中通过朝着安装在可移动平台上的分束器发射初始光束来形成第一记录光束和第二记录光束。
18.如权利要求11所述的方法，其中：
所述至少一个光学部件包括第一安装的分束器和第二安装的分束器；
一个或多个波导单元格的第一集合包括第一波导单元格和第二波导单元格；
通过以下方式使用至少一个激光源发射一个或多个记录光束的第一集合：
朝着固定分束器发射初始记录光束以形成第一记录光束和第二记录光束；
朝着第一安装的分束器指引第一记录光束以形成第一记录子光束和第二记录子光束；以及
朝着第二安装的分束器指引第二记录光束以形成第三记录子光束和第四记录子光束；以及
通过以下方式朝着一个或多个波导单元格的第一集合指引所发射的一个或多个记录光束的第一集合：
朝着第一波导单元格指引第一记录子光束和第三记录子光束；以及
朝着第二波导单元格指引第二记录子光束和第四记录子光束。
19.如权利要求11所述的方法，其中使用单光束干涉过程来记录一个或多个体积光栅的第一集合。
20.一种全息记录系统，包括：
激光源；
第一、第二、第三和第四站，其中每个站包括曝光堆叠和波导单元格载物台，其中波导单元格载物台被构造为：
容纳波导单元格；
定位波导单元格，使得波导单元格的表面平行于曝光堆栈的表面；以及
在考虑微移动的同时维持波导单元格的位置；
一对固定分束器；
安装在轨道上的可移动平台，其中可移动平台被构造为沿着轨道在第一位置和第二位置之间移动；
安装在可移动平台上的三个分束器，其中：
当可移动平台处于第一位置时，激光源被配置为：
通过以下方式同时发射六个记录子光束的第一集合：
朝着一对固定分束器发射第一初始记录光束以形成三个记录光束的第一集合；以及
将三个记录光束的第一集合朝着三个安装的分束器指引以形成六个记录子光束的第一集合；
将六个记录子光束的第一集合中的三个记录子光束朝着第一站指引；以及
将六个记录子光束的第一集合中的其它三个记录子光束朝着第二站指引；以及
当可移动平台位于第二位置时，激光源被配置为：
通过以下方式来同时发射六个记录子光束的第二集合：
朝着一对固定分束器发射第二初始记录光束以形成三个记录光束的第二集合；以及
将三个记录光束的第二集合朝着三个安装的分束器指引以形成六个记录子光束的第二集合；
将六个记录子光束的第二集合中的三个记录子光束朝着第三站指引；以及
将六个记录子光束的第二集合中的其它三个记录子光束朝着第四站指引。
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