CN113728258A - 全息波导背光及相关制造方法 - Google Patents

全息波导背光及相关制造方法 Download PDF

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CN113728258A
CN113728258A CN202080031384.7A CN202080031384A CN113728258A CN 113728258 A CN113728258 A CN 113728258A CN 202080031384 A CN202080031384 A CN 202080031384A CN 113728258 A CN113728258 A CN 113728258A
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grating
light
grating elements
wavelength
waveguide
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J·D·沃德恩
M·M·波波维奇
A·J·格兰特
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DigiLens Inc
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    • G—PHYSICS
    • G02—OPTICS
    • G02B—OPTICAL ELEMENTS, SYSTEMS OR APPARATUS
    • G02B6/00—Light guides; Structural details of arrangements comprising light guides and other optical elements, e.g. couplings
    • G02B6/0001—Light guides; Structural details of arrangements comprising light guides and other optical elements, e.g. couplings specially adapted for lighting devices or systems
    • G02B6/0011—Light guides; Structural details of arrangements comprising light guides and other optical elements, e.g. couplings specially adapted for lighting devices or systems the light guides being planar or of plate-like form
    • G02B6/0033—Means for improving the coupling-out of light from the light guide
    • G02B6/0056—Means for improving the coupling-out of light from the light guide for producing polarisation effects, e.g. by a surface with polarizing properties or by an additional polarizing elements
    • G—PHYSICS
    • G02—OPTICS
    • G02B—OPTICAL ELEMENTS, SYSTEMS OR APPARATUS
    • G02B6/00—Light guides; Structural details of arrangements comprising light guides and other optical elements, e.g. couplings
    • G02B6/0001—Light guides; Structural details of arrangements comprising light guides and other optical elements, e.g. couplings specially adapted for lighting devices or systems
    • G02B6/0011—Light guides; Structural details of arrangements comprising light guides and other optical elements, e.g. couplings specially adapted for lighting devices or systems the light guides being planar or of plate-like form
    • G02B6/0033—Means for improving the coupling-out of light from the light guide
    • G02B6/0035—Means for improving the coupling-out of light from the light guide provided on the surface of the light guide or in the bulk of it
    • G—PHYSICS
    • G02—OPTICS
    • G02B—OPTICAL ELEMENTS, SYSTEMS OR APPARATUS
    • G02B6/00—Light guides; Structural details of arrangements comprising light guides and other optical elements, e.g. couplings
    • G02B6/0001—Light guides; Structural details of arrangements comprising light guides and other optical elements, e.g. couplings specially adapted for lighting devices or systems
    • G02B6/0011—Light guides; Structural details of arrangements comprising light guides and other optical elements, e.g. couplings specially adapted for lighting devices or systems the light guides being planar or of plate-like form
    • G02B6/0066—Light guides; Structural details of arrangements comprising light guides and other optical elements, e.g. couplings specially adapted for lighting devices or systems the light guides being planar or of plate-like form characterised by the light source being coupled to the light guide
    • G02B6/0068—Arrangements of plural sources, e.g. multi-colour light sources
    • G—PHYSICS
    • G02—OPTICS
    • G02B—OPTICAL ELEMENTS, SYSTEMS OR APPARATUS
    • G02B6/00—Light guides; Structural details of arrangements comprising light guides and other optical elements, e.g. couplings
    • G02B6/0001—Light guides; Structural details of arrangements comprising light guides and other optical elements, e.g. couplings specially adapted for lighting devices or systems
    • G02B6/0011—Light guides; Structural details of arrangements comprising light guides and other optical elements, e.g. couplings specially adapted for lighting devices or systems the light guides being planar or of plate-like form
    • G02B6/0075—Arrangements of multiple light guides
    • G02B6/0076—Stacked arrangements of multiple light guides of the same or different cross-sectional area
    • G—PHYSICS
    • G02—OPTICS
    • G02B—OPTICAL ELEMENTS, SYSTEMS OR APPARATUS
    • G02B5/00—Optical elements other than lenses
    • G02B5/32—Holograms used as optical elements

Abstract

图示了根据本发明各种实施例的用于全息波导背光的系统和方法。一个实施例包括一种光学照明设备，其包括至少一个波导、光学耦合到所述至少一个波导的被配置为发射具有第一偏振状态的光的光源、用于将具有第一偏振状态的光衍射出所述至少一个波导进入第一组输出路径的第一多个光栅元件、用于将具有第一偏振状态的光衍射出所述至少一个波导进入第二组输出路径的第二多个光栅元件，以及被配置为将具有第一偏振状态的光的至少一部分朝着第一多个光栅元件和第二多个光栅元件耦合的至少一个输入耦合器。

Description

全息波导背光及相关制造方法
对相关申请的交叉引用
本申请根据35U.S.C.§119(e)要求于2019年3月12日提交的标题为“HolographicWaveguide Backlight”的美国临时专利申请No.62/817,468的权益和优先权。美国临时专利申请No.62/817,468的公开内容出于所有目的通过引用整体并入本文。
技术领域
本发明一般而言涉及波导设备，更具体而言，涉及全息波导背光。
背景技术
波导可以被称为具有约束和引导波能力的结构(即，限制波可以在其中传播的空间区域)。一个子类包括光波导，这是可以引导电磁波的结构，通常是可见光谱中的电磁波。可以设计波导结构以使用多种不同的机构来控制波的传播路径。例如，平面波导可以被设计为利用衍射光栅将入射光衍射并耦合到波导结构中，使得耦合进来的光可以经由全内反射(TIR)在平面结构内继续行进。
波导的制造可以包括使用允许在波导内记录全息光学元件的材料系统。一类这样的材料包括聚合物分散液晶(PDLC)混合物，其是包含可光聚合单体和液晶的混合物。此类混合物的另一个子类包括全息聚合物分散液晶(HPDLC)混合物。全息光学元件(诸如体积相位光栅)可以通过用两个相互相干的激光束照亮材料来记录在这种液体混合物中。在记录过程期间，单体聚合，并且混合物经历光聚合引起的相位分离，创建由液晶微滴密集填充的区域，散布着透明聚合物的区域。交替的富液晶区和贫液晶区形成光栅的边缘平面。由此产生的光栅，其通常被称为可开关Bragg光栅(SBG)，具有通常与体积或Bragg光栅相关联的所有特性，但具有更高的折射率调制范围以及在连续衍射效率范围内对光栅进行电调谐的能力(入射光衍射到期望方向中的比例)。后者可以从非衍射(透明)扩展到衍射，效率接近100％。
波导光学器件(诸如上述那些)可以被考虑用于一系列显示器和传感器应用。在许多应用中，可以使用各种波导体系架构和材料系统来实现包含编码多种光学功能的一个或多个光栅层的波导，从而在用于增强现实(AR)和虚拟现实(VR)的近眼显示器、用于道路运输、航空和军事应用的紧凑型头顶显示器(HUD)和头盔式显示器或头戴式显示器(HMD)以及用于生物识别和激光雷达(LIDAR)应用的传感器中带来新的创新。
发明内容
图示了根据本发明各种实施例的用于全息波导背光的系统和方法。一个实施例包括一种光学照明设备，其包括具有用于提取照明的上表面以及下表面的光导结构；光学耦合到光导结构并被配置为提供偏振光的光源，光在光导结构内经历全内反射；以及部署在至少一个光栅层中用于从光导结构提取光的至少一个多个光栅元件。
在另一个实施例中，光源被配置为顺序地发射至少第一和第二波长准直光颜色，其中至少一个多个光栅元件包括用于将第一波长光衍射出光导结构进入第一组输出路径的第一多个光栅元件，以及用于将第二波长光衍射出光导结构进入与第一组输出路径基本重叠的第二组输出路径的第二多个光栅元件。
在进一步的实施例中，光学照明设备还包括具有半波延迟区域的基板，该半波延迟区域散布有覆盖上表面的透明区域，其中每个半波延迟区域与第一和第二多个光栅元件中的每一个中的至少一个光栅元件重叠，并且每个透明区域与第一和第二多个光栅元件中的每一个中的至少一个光栅元件重叠。
在又一个实施例中，光学照明设备还包括部署的四分之一波延迟层，该四分之一波延迟层具有部署在下表面和反射表面附近的第一表面。
在又一个实施例中，第一多个光栅元件部署在与第二多个光栅元件分开的光栅层中，其中用于衍射第一波长光的光栅元件与用于衍射第二波长光的光栅元件重叠。
在又一个实施例中，用于衍射第一和第二波长光的光栅元件被部署为一层中均匀散布的第一和第二多个光栅元件。
在又一个实施例中，用于衍射第一和第二波长光的光栅元件被部署为两层中均匀散布的第一和第二多个光栅元件，其中用于衍射第一波长光的光栅元件与用于衍射第二波长光的光栅元件重叠。
在另一个附加实施例中，用于衍射第一波长光的光栅元件具有第一光栅向量，并且用于衍射第二波长光的光栅元件具有在与第一光栅向量相反的方向上的第二光栅向量。
在进一步的附加实施例中，用于衍射第一波长光的光栅元件和用于衍射第二波长光的光栅元件具有在基本平行的方向上对准的光栅向量。
在另一个实施例中，用于衍射第一波长光的光栅元件和用于衍射第二波长光的光栅元件相对于彼此是Bragg下的。
在又一个实施例中，用于衍射第一波长光的光栅元件部署在第一层中，具有第一光栅向量的光栅元件和具有在与第一光栅向量相反的方向上的第二光栅向量的光栅元件被均匀散布在其中，其中用于衍射第二波长光的光栅元件部署在第二层中，具有第一光栅向量的光栅元件和具有在与第一光栅向量相反的方向上的第二光栅向量的光栅元件被散布在其中。
在又一个实施例中，第一波长光具有第一偏振并且第二波长光具有与第一偏振正交的第二偏振。
在又一个实施例中，第一波长光和第二波长光具有相同的偏振。
在又一个附加实施例中，用于衍射第一和第二波长光的光栅元件被部署为在单层中多路复用的第一和第二多个光栅元件，其中用于衍射第一波长的光栅元件与用于衍射第二波长光的光栅元件多路复用。
在又一附加实施例中，用于衍射第一和第二波长光的光栅元件被部署为两个接触层的堆叠中的第一和第二多个光栅元件，其中用于衍射第一波长光的光栅元件与用于衍射第二波长光的光栅元件重叠。
在又一个实施例中，当光源发射第一波长光时，第一多个光栅元件的光栅元件被切换到衍射状态，而当光源发射第二波长光时，第二多个光栅元件的光栅元件被切换到衍射状态。
在又一个实施例中，输出路径在角度上分离。
在又一个附加实施例中，输出路径基本上垂直于上表面。
在又一附加实施例中，至少一个多个光栅元件部署在至少一个光栅层中，其中光导结构包括至少一个波导，其中每个波导支撑光栅层中的至少一个。
在又一个实施例中，层在透明基板之间形成，透明导电涂层施加到每个基板，涂层中的至少一个被构图成与光栅元件重叠的独立可寻址元件，其中提供可操作以跨每个光栅元件施加电压的电控制电路。
在又一个实施例中，每个光栅元件包括至少一个特性，该特性是平面Bragg表面、光功率、光延迟、漫射特性、空间变化的衍射效率、与跨光栅元件施加的电压成比例的衍射效率以及与跨光栅元件施加的电压成比例的相位延迟之一。
在另一个附加实施例中，至少一个多个光栅元件包括二维阵列。
在又一个附加实施例中，至少一个多个光栅元件包括细长元件的一维阵列。
在又一个附加实施例中，每个光栅元件被记录在全息聚合物分散液晶中。
在又一个附加实施例中，光通过光栅或棱镜耦合到光导结构中。
在又一个附加实施例中，光源是激光器或LED。
在又一个另外的附加实施例中，光学照明设备还包括至少一个组件，该组件是波束偏转器、二向色滤光器、微透镜阵列、波束整形器、光积分器和偏振旋转器之一。
又一个实施例再次包括一种光学照明设备，该光学照明设备包括至少一个波导、光学耦合到该至少一个波导的被配置为发射具有第一偏振状态的光的光源、用于将具有第一偏振状态的光从至少一个波导衍射到第一组输出路径中的第一多个光栅元件、用于将具有第一偏振状态的光从至少一个波导衍射到第而组输出路径中的第二多个光栅元件，以及被配置为将具有第一偏振状态的光的至少一部分朝着第一和第二多个光栅元件耦合的至少一个输入耦合器。
在又一个实施例中，光学照明设备还包括具有反射表面的四分之一波片，以及包括多个透明区域和支撑半波片的多个区域的基板，其中第一多个光栅元件中的至少一个被配置为将具有第一偏振状态的光的第一部分朝着多个透明区域中的至少一个衍射，第二多个光栅元件中的至少一个被配置为将具有第一偏振状态的光的第二部分朝着四分之一波片衍射，并且四分之一波片被配置为将具有第一偏振状态的入射光朝着支撑半波片的多个区域中的至少一个反射，其中反射的入射光的偏振状态变为与第一偏振状态正交的第二偏振状态，其中第一和第二多个光栅元件形成在部署在至少一个波导内的至少一个光栅层中。
在又一个附加实施例中，光学照明设备还包括第三和第四多个光栅元件，其中具有第一偏振状态的光包括第一波长带的光和第二波长带的光，至少一个输入耦合器包括用于将第一波长带的光朝着第一和第二多个光栅元件耦合到的第一输入耦合器，以及用于将第二波长带的光朝着第三和第四多个光栅元件耦合到的第二输入耦合器。
在又一个另外的实施例中，至少一个波导包括第一和第二光栅层，第一和第二多个光栅元件散布在第一光栅层内，第三和第四多个光栅元件散布在第二光栅层内，第一和第三多个光栅元件具有在第一方向上的光栅向量，而第二和第四多个光栅元件具有在与第一方向相反的方向上的光栅向量。
在又一个附加实施例中，发射的光是准直光，并且光源被配置为顺序地发射第一和第二波长带的光。
在又一个另外的附加实施例中，第一和第二多个光栅元件被配置为当光源发射第一波长带的光时切换到衍射状态，并且第三和第四多个光栅元件被配置为当光源发射第二波长带的光时切换到衍射状态。
在又一个附加实施例中，光学照明设备还包括第三和第四多个光栅元件，其中至少一个波导包括第一和第二光栅层，第一和第三多个光栅元件散布在第一光栅层内，第二和第四多个光栅元件散布在第二光栅层内，具有第一偏振状态的光包括第一波长带的光和第二波长带的光，并且至少一个输入耦合器包括用于将第一波长带的光朝着第一和第二多个光栅元件耦合的第一输入耦合器，以及用于将第二波长带的光朝着第三和第四多个光栅元件耦合的第二输入耦合器。
在又一个附加实施例中，光学照明设备还包括具有反射表面的四分之一波片、第三和第四多个光栅元件，其中光源还被配置为发射具有第二偏振状态的光，具有第一偏振状态的光处于第一波长带中，具有第二偏振状态的光处于第二波长带中，第三和第四多个光栅元件被配置为朝着四分之一波片衍射具有第二偏振状态的光，至少一个波导包括第一和第二光栅层，第一和第三多个光栅元件散布在第一光栅层内，并且第二和第四多个光栅元件散布在第二光栅内层，并且第一多个光栅元件在空间上与第二多个光栅元件重叠。
在又一个附加实施例中，第一多个光栅元件具有在第一方向上的光栅向量，而第二多个光栅元件具有在与第一方向相反的方向上的光栅向量。
在又一个另外的附加实施例中，光源是激光源。
附加实施例和特征部分地在下面的描述中阐述，并且部分地在检查说明书后对本领域技术人员变得显而易见，或者可以通过本发明的实践而获知。可以通过参考说明书的其余部分和附图来进一步理解本发明的性质和优点，这些部分构成了本公开的一部分。
附图说明
参考以下附图和数据图将更全面地理解本文描述，这些附图和数据图被呈现为本发明的示例性实施例并且不应当被解释为对本发明范围的完整叙述。
图1A和1B概念性地图示了根据本发明各种实施例的HPDLC SBG设备和SBG的开关特性。
图2概念性地图示了根据本发明实施例的波导背光。
图3概念性地图示了根据本发明实施例的用于提供波导背光的过程的流程图。
图4概念性地图示了根据本发明实施例的具有两个波导层的波导背光。
图5概念性地图示了根据本发明实施例的具有单个波导层的波导背光。
图6概念性地图示了根据本发明实施例的具有两个波导层的波导背光，该波导层具有交替的波长衍射光栅元件。
图7概念性地图示了根据本发明实施例的具有单个波导层的波导背光，该波导层具有交替的波长衍射光栅元件。
图8概念性地图示了根据本发明实施例的具有两个波导层的波导背光，该波导层具有交替的波长衍射光栅元件，用于具有正交偏振的输入光。
图9概念性地图示了根据本发明实施例的具有单个波导层的波导背光，该波导层具有交替的波长衍射光栅元件，用于具有正交偏振的输入光。
具体实施方式
为了描述实施例的目的，光学设计和视觉显示领域的技术人员已知的光学技术的一些众所周知的特征已被省略或简化，以免混淆本发明的基本原理。除非另有说明，否则与射线或波束方向相关的术语“在轴上”是指平行于与关于本发明描述的光学组件的表面垂直的轴的传播。在以下描述中，术语光、射线、波束和方向可以互换使用并且彼此相关联以指示电磁辐射沿着直线轨迹的传播方向。术语光和照明可以关于电磁频谱的可见光和红外波段使用。将使用光学设计领域的技术人员常用的术语来呈现以下描述的部分。如本文所使用的，在一些实施例中，术语光栅可以涵盖由一组光栅组成的光栅。为了说明的目的，应该理解的是，除非另有说明，否则附图不是按比例绘制的。
理想的背光单元(BLU)应当具有紧凑(即，薄)的形状因数，并应当递送均匀的辉度和色彩，高效耦合来自照明源的光并从BLU提取到要背光照明的显示面板上。在移动显示器中，BLU厚度应当是几毫米。电视显示器同样要求低的厚度与图像对角线比率。传统的侧光式解决方案无法满足形状因数和均匀性要求。通过全内反射携带照明光同时从波导中提取部分这种光的波导或光导可以提供非常薄的形状因数。但是，由于通常在波导中实现的光栅的色散特性，波导会遭受辉度和颜色的空间变化。在一些情况下，使用激光源可以大大减轻色散。
照明不均匀性可以由光栅内的波长相关吸收引起；随着波束沿着波导传播，每次波束-光栅交互产生的小损耗会成倍增加，从而导致光沿着波导逐渐变暗。在使用激光源的情况下，这可以形成非常紧凑的光源到波导耦合光学器件，激光的高相干性会导致由于全内反射波束的不完美交错而引起的间隙或重叠造成的条带化效应。激光照亮的BLU也会遭受激光散斑的影响。当使用双折射材料形成光栅时，不均匀性的另一个来源是每次波束反弹时发生的偏振旋转。这种偏振变化本身可以表现为辉度不均匀。由于双折射的波长依赖性，也会发生颜色不均匀性。最后，双折射光栅会导致BLU的输出端处出现空间变化的偏振。当要照亮的显示面板是液晶设备时，这会导致辉度和颜色不均匀。
现在转向附图，图示了根据本发明各种实施例的全息波导背光。在许多实施例中，波导背光被实现为紧凑、高效、高度均匀的彩色波导背光，其可以用于一系列显示应用，诸如但不限于LCD监视器、数字全息显示器以及移动计算和电信设备。在许多实施例中，波导背光包括波导和被配置为提供输入光的光源。可以使用各种不同方法将输入光在全内反射路径中耦合到波导中。在一些实施例中，输入耦合器(诸如但不限于光栅或棱镜)被用于将光耦合到波导中。在若干实施例中，光源被配置为提供不同波长的光。在进一步的实施例中，光源被配置为顺序地发射至少第一和第二波长准直光颜色。波导可以包括跨至少一个光栅层部署的至少两组光栅元件。每组光栅元件都可以被配置为在特定波长/角频带下操作。在许多实施例中，每组光栅元件被配置为衍射并提取或者上行或者下行的光。在若干实施例中，每组光栅元件被配置用于特定波长带。在进一步的实施例中，每组光栅元件包括可开关的Bragg光栅并且当光源发射旨在用于那组的波长光时切换到衍射状态。在一些实施例中，实线波片和延迟器以控制光的偏振。如可以容易地认识到的，根据本发明各种实施例的波导背光可以以多种配置实现，其具体可以取决于应用。波导背光配置、光波导结构、材料和制造工艺将在以下各节中进一步详细讨论。
光波导和光栅结构
记录在波导中的光学结构可以包括许多不同类型的光学元件，诸如但不限于衍射光栅。可以实现光栅以执行各种光学功能，包括但不限于耦合光、指引光和防止光的透射。在许多实施例中，光栅是位于波导的外表面上的表面浮雕光栅。在其它实施例中，所实现的光栅是Bragg光栅(也称为体光栅)，其是具有周期性折射率调制的结构。Bragg光栅可以使用多种不同的方法制造。一种过程包括全息光聚合物材料的干涉曝光以形成周期性结构。Bragg光栅可以具有高效率，很少有光被衍射成更高阶。衍射阶和零阶光的相对量可以通过控制光栅的折射率调制来改变，这是一种可以被用于制造有损波导光栅以在大光瞳上提取光的特性。
全息波导设备中使用的一类Bragg光栅是可开关Bragg光栅(SBG)。SBG可以通过首先在基板之间放置可光聚合单体和液晶材料的混合物的薄膜来制造。基板可以由各种类型的材料制成，诸如玻璃和塑料。在许多情况下，基板呈平行构造。在其它实施例中，基板形成楔形。一个或两个基板可以支撑电极，通常是透明的氧化锡膜，用于在整个膜上施加电场。可以通过用具有空间周期性强度调制的干涉曝光进行光聚合诱导相分离，来将SBG中的光栅结构记录在液体材料(通常称为浆体)中。诸如但不限于控制辐射强度、混合物中材料的组分体积分数和曝光温度等因素，可以确定结果所得的光栅形态和性能。可以容易地理解，取决于给定应用的具体要求，可以使用多种材料和混合物。在许多实施例中，使用了HPDLC材料。在记录处理期间，单体聚合并且混合物经理相分离。LC分子聚集形成离散的或聚结的液滴，这些液滴周期性地分布在光学波长范围内的聚合物网络中。交替的富含液晶区域和缺乏液晶区域形成光栅的条纹平面，这可产生具有强光学偏振的Bragg衍射，该强光学偏振由液滴中LC分子的朝向顺序引起。
结果所得的体积相位光栅可以表现出非常高的衍射效率，这可以通过施加在薄膜上的电场的强度来控制。在经由透明电极将电场施加到光栅的情况下，LC液滴的自然朝向可能改变，从而导致条纹的折射率调制降低，并且全息图衍射效率降低到非常低的水平。通常，电极被配置为使得所施加的电场垂直于基板。在许多实施例中，电极由铟锡氧化物(ITO)制成。在没有施加电场的OFF状态下，液晶的非凡轴通常对齐垂直于条纹。因此，光栅对P-偏振光具有较高的折射率调制和较高的衍射效率。在对HPDLC施加电场的情况下，光栅切换到ON状态，其中液晶分子的非凡轴对齐平行于所施加的电场并因此对齐垂直于基板。在ON状态下，光栅对S-偏振光和P-偏振光两者都表现出较低的折射率调制和较低的衍射效率。因此，光栅区域不再衍射光。根据HPDLC设备的功能，每个光栅区域可以分成多个光栅元件，诸如，例如像素矩阵。通常，在一个基板表面上的电极是均匀且连续的，而相对的基板表面上的电极是根据多个可选择性开关的光栅元件而图案化的。
通常，SBG元件在30μs内清零，并用更长的驰豫时间接通。设备的衍射效率可以借助于所施加的电压在连续范围内来调整。在许多情况下，设备在不施加电压的情况下表现出接近100％的效率，而在施加足够高的电压时则表现出基本上零效率。在某些类型的HPDLC设备中，可以使用磁场来控制LC朝向。在一些HPDLC应用中，LC材料与聚合物的相分离可以达到不产生可辨别的液滴结构的程度。SBG也可以用作无源光栅。在该模式下，其主要优点是独特的高折射率调制。SBG可以用于为自由空间应用提供透射或反射光栅。SBG可以被实现为波导设备，其中HPDLC在波导附近形成波导芯或消逝耦合层。用于形成HPDLC单元格的基板提供全内反射(TIR)光导结构。当可开关光栅以超过TIR条件的角度衍射光时，可以将光耦合出SBG。在多个实施例中，可以实现反向模式光栅设备-即，当施加的电压是零时光栅处于其非衍射(清除)状态，而当跨电极施加电压时切换到其衍射状态。
图1A和1B概念性地图示了根据本发明各种实施例的HPDLC SBG设备100、110和SBG的开关特性。在图1A中，SBG 100处于OFF状态。如图所示，LC分子101基本上垂直于边缘平面对准。照此，SBG 100表现出高衍射效率，并且入射光可以容易地被衍射。图1B图示了处于ON位置的SBG 110。所施加的电压111可以使液滴113内的LC分子112的光轴定向以产生与聚合物的折射率相匹配的有效折射率，从而基本上创建透明的单元格，在该透明的单元格中入射光不被衍射。在说明性实施例中，示出了AC电压源。如可以容易地认识到的，可以根据给定应用的具体要求使用各种电压源。此外，还可以实现不同的材料和设备配置。在一些实施例中，该设备实现不同的材料系统并且可以相对于施加的电压反向操作-即，该设备响应于施加的电压而表现出高衍射效率。
在一些实施例中，LC可以从SBG中提取或排空以提供表面浮雕光栅(SRG)，由于SRG结构的深度(该深度远大于实际可使用表面蚀刻和其它通常用于制造SRG的常规过程实现的深度)，SRG具有与Bragg光栅非常相似的特性。可以使用多种不同方法提取LC，包括但不限于用异丙醇和溶剂冲洗。在许多实施例中，SBG的透明基板之一被去除，并且LC被提取。在进一步的实施例中，替换被移除的基板。SRG可以至少部分地回填有更高或更低折射率的材料。此类光栅提供了用于定制效率、角/光谱响应、偏振和其它特性以适应各种波导应用的范围。
根据本发明各种实施例的波导可以包括为特定目的和功能而设计的各种光栅配置。在许多实施例中，波导被设计为通过有效地扩展准直光学系统的出瞳来实现能够在减小透镜尺寸的同时保持眼箱尺寸的光栅配置。出瞳可以被定义为虚拟光圈，只有通过这个虚拟光圈的光线才能进入用户的眼睛。在一些实施例中，波导包括光学耦合到光源的输入光栅、用于提供第一方向波束扩展的折叠光栅，以及用于在通常与第一方向正交的第二方向上提供波束扩展以及朝着眼框的波束提取的输出光栅。如可以容易地认识到的，光栅配置实现的波导体系架构可以取决于给定应用的特定要求。在一些实施例中，光栅配置包括多个折叠光栅。在若干实施例中，光栅配置包括输入光栅以及用于同时执行波束扩展和波束提取的第二光栅。第二光栅可以包括不同规格的光栅，用于传播视场的不同部分，布置在分离的重叠光栅层中或在单个光栅层中多路复用。多路复用的光栅可以包括在同一体积内叠加具有不同光栅规格的至少两个光栅。具有不同光栅规格的光栅可以具有不同的光栅向量和/或相对于波导表面的光栅倾斜。
在若干实施例中，每一层内的光栅被设计为具有不同的光谱和/或角响应。例如，在许多实施例中，跨不同光栅层的不同光栅被重叠或多路复用，以提供光谱带宽的增加。在一些实施例中，使用三个光栅层来实现全色波导，每个光栅层被设计为在不同的光谱带(红色、绿色和蓝色)中操作。在其它实施例中，使用两个光栅层，红-绿光栅层和绿-蓝光栅层，来实现全色波导。如可以容易地认识到的，此类技术可以类似地被实现以增加波导的角带宽操作。除了跨不同光栅层的光栅的多路复用之外，多个光栅可以在单个光栅层内被多路复用-即，多个光栅可以叠加在同一体积内。在若干实施例中，波导包括至少一个光栅层，该光栅层具有在同一体积中多路复用的两个或更多个光栅规格。在进一步的实施例中，波导包括两个光栅层，每一层具有在同一体积中多路复用的两个光栅规格。可以使用各种制造技术实现在同一体积内多路复用两个或更多个光栅规格。在多个实施例中，多路复用的主光栅与曝光配置一起使用以形成多路复用的光栅。在许多实施例中，多路复用的光栅是通过用曝光光的两种或更多种配置顺序曝光光学记录材料层来制造的，其中每种配置被设计为形成光栅规格。在一些实施例中，通过在曝光光的两种或多种配置之间交替曝光光学记录材料层来制造多路复用的光栅，其中每种配置被设计为形成光栅规格。如可以容易地认识到的，可以适当地使用各种技术，包括本领域众所周知的技术，来制造多路复用的光栅。
在许多实施例中，波导可以结合以下至少一种：角度多路复用的光栅、颜色多路复用的光栅、折叠光栅、双交互光栅、滚动K向量光栅、交叉折叠光栅、镶嵌光栅、啁啾光栅、具有空间变化的折射率调制的光栅、具有空间变化的光栅厚度的光栅、具有空间变化的平均折射率的光栅、具有空间变化的折射率调制张量的光栅，以及具有空间变化的平均折射率张量的光栅。在一些实施例中，波导可以结合以下至少一种：半波片、四分之一波片、抗反射涂层、分束层、对准层、用于减少眩光的光致变色背层和用于减少眩光的百叶窗膜。在若干实施例中，波导可以支持为不同偏振提供单独光路的光栅。在各种实施例中，波导可以支持为不同光谱带宽提供单独光路的光栅。在多个实施例中，光栅可以是HPDLC光栅、记录在HPDLC中的开关光栅(诸如可开关Bragg光栅)、记录在全息光聚合物中的Bragg光栅或表面浮雕光栅。在许多实施例中，波导在单色频带中操作。在一些实施例中，波导在绿色频带中操作。在若干实施例中，可以堆叠在不同光谱频带(诸如红、绿和蓝(RGB))中操作的波导层以提供三层波导结构。在进一步的实施例中，层被堆叠，波导层之间具有气隙。在各种实施例中，波导层在更宽频带(诸如蓝-绿和绿-红)中操作以提供双波导层解决方案。在其它实施例中，光栅被颜色多路复用以减少光栅层的数量。可以实现各种类型的光栅。在一些实施例中，每一层中的至少一个光栅是可开关光栅。
结合诸如上面讨论的那些光学结构的波导可以在各种不同应用中实现，包括但不限于波导显示器。在各种实施例中，波导显示器是用大于10mm的眼框实现的，眼距大于25mm。在一些实施例中，波导显示器包括厚度在2.0-5.0mm之间的波导。在许多实施例中，波导显示器可以提供至少50°对角线的图像视场。在进一步的实施例中，波导显示器可以提供至少70°对角线的图像视场。波导显示器可以采用许多不同类型的图片生成单元(PGU)。在若干实施例中，PGU可以是反射或透射空间光调制器，诸如硅基液晶(LCoS)面板或微机电系统(MEMS)面板。在多个实施例中，PGU可以是诸如有机发光二极管(OLED)面板之类的发射设备。在一些实施例中，OLED显示器可以具有大于4000尼特的辉度和4k×4k像素的分辨率。在若干实施例中，波导可以具有大于10％的光学效率，使得可以使用辉度为4000尼特的OLED显示器提供大于400尼特的图像辉度。实现P衍射光栅(即，对P偏振光具有高效率的光栅)的波导通常具有5％-6.2％的波导效率。由于P衍射或S衍射光栅会浪费来自非偏振源(诸如OLED面板)的光的一半，因此许多实施例针对能够提供S衍射和P衍射光栅的波导以允许波导的效率提高两倍。在一些实施例中，S衍射和P衍射光栅在分开的重叠光栅层中实现。可替代地，在某些条件下，单个光栅可以为p偏振光和s偏振光提供高效率。在若干实施例中，波导包括通过从HPDLC光栅(诸如上面描述的那些)中提取LC而产生的类Bragg光栅，以针对适当选择的光栅厚度值(通常在2-5μm的范围内)，在某些波长和角度范围内实现高的S和P衍射效率。
光学记录材料系统
HPDLC混合物通常包括LC、单体、光引发剂(photoinitiator)染料和共引发剂(coinitiator)。混合物(通常称为浆体)通常还包含表面活性剂。为了描述本发明，将表面活性剂定义为降低总液体混合物的表面张力的任何化学试剂。在PDLC混合物中使用表面活性剂是已知的，并且可追溯到PDLC的最早研究。例如，R.L.Sutherland等人在SPIE，第2689卷，第158-169页，1996年的论文中，描述了PDLC混合物，该PDLC混合物包括单体、光引发剂、共引发剂、扩链剂和可向其添加表面活性剂的LC，该论文的公开内容通过引用并入本文。Natarajan等人在Journal of Nonlinear OpticalPhysics and Materials，第5卷，第1期，第89-98页，1996年的论文中也提到了表面活性剂，该论文的公开内容通过引用并入本文。此外，Sutherland等人的美国专利No.7,018,563讨论了用于形成聚合物分散的液晶光学元件的聚合物分散的液晶材料，该材料具有：至少一种丙烯酸单体；至少一种类型的液晶材料；光引发剂染料；共引发剂；以及表面活性剂。美国专利No.7,018,563的公开内容通过引用整体并入本文。
专利和科学文献包含许多可以用于制造SBG的材料系统和过程的示例，这些示例包括研究配制这种材料系统以实现高衍射效率、快速响应时间、低驱动电压等。Sutherland的美国专利No.5,942,157和Tanaka等人的美国专利No.5,751,452两者都描述了适于制造SBG设备的单体和液晶材料的组合。配方(recipe)的示例也可以在20世纪90年代早期的论文中找到。许多这些材料都使用丙烯酸酯单体，包括：
·R.L.Sutherland等人，Chem.Mater.，第5卷，第1533页(1993年)，描述了使用丙烯酸酯聚合物和表面活性剂，其公开内容通过引用并入本文。具体而言，配方包括交联多功能丙烯酸酯单体；扩链剂N-乙烯基吡咯烷酮、LC E7、光引发剂孟加拉红和共引发剂N-苯基甘氨酸。在某些变体中添加了表面活性剂辛酸。
·Fontecchio等人，SID 00Digest，第774-776页，2000年，描述了用于反射显示应用的UV可固化的HPDLC，其包括多功能丙烯酸酯单体、LC、光引发剂、共引发剂和链终止剂，其公开内容通过引用并入本文。
·Y.H.Cho等人，Polymer International，第48期，第1085-1090页，1999年，公开了包括丙烯酸酯的HPDLC配方，其公开内容通过引用并入本文。
·Karasawa等人，Japanese Journal of Applied Physics，第36卷，第6388-6392页，1997年，描述了各种功能顺序的丙烯酸酯，其公开内容通过引用并入本文。
·T.J.Bunning等人，Polymer Science:Part B:Polymer Physics，第35卷，第2825-2833页，1997年，也描述了多功能丙烯酸酯单体，其公开内容通过引用并入本文。
·G.S.lannacchione等人，Europhysics Letters，第36(6)卷，第425-430页，1996年，描述了包括五丙烯酸酯单体、LC、扩链剂、共引发剂和光引发剂的PDLC混合物，其公开内容通过引用并入本文。
丙烯酸酯具有快速动力学、与其它材料的良好混合以及与成膜过程的相容性好的优点。由于丙烯酸酯是交联的，因此它们倾向于机械地稳健且挠性。例如，功能为2(di)和3(tri)的氨基甲酸酯丙烯酸酯已广泛用于HPDLC技术。也可以使用诸如五角和六角功能杆的更高功能的材料。
材料成分的调制
高辉度和出色的色彩保真度是各种波导应用中的重要因素。在每种情况下，都需要跨FOV的高度均匀性。但是，由于沿着波导反弹的波束的间隙或重叠，波导的基本光学器件会导致不均匀性。进一步的非均匀性可能由光栅的缺陷和波导基板的非平面性引起。在SBG中，由于双折射光栅会存在偏振旋转的进一步问题。在适用的情况下，最大的挑战通常是折叠光栅，其中波束与光栅条纹的多个交叉点导致了数百万条光路。仔细管理光栅特性，特别是折射率调制，可以被用来克服非均匀性。
在众多可能的波束交互(衍射或零阶透射)中，只有一个子集对呈现在眼框处的信号有贡献。通过从眼框反向追踪，可以精确定位对给定场点有贡献的折叠区域。然后可以计算对调制的精确校正，该校正是将更多数据发送到输出照明的暗区所需的。将用于一种颜色的输出照明均匀性恢复到目标后，可以对其它颜色重复该过程。一旦建立了折射率调制模式，就可以将设计导出到沉积机构，每个目标折射率调制被转化为要涂覆/沉积的基板上每个空间分辨率单元格的唯一沉积设置。沉积机构的分辨率取决于所用系统的技术限制。在许多实施例中，空间图案可以以完全可重复性实现到30微米的分辨率。
与利用表面浮雕光栅(SRG)的波导相比，根据本发明的各种实施例的实现制造技术的SBG波导可以允许影响效率和均匀性的光栅设计参数，诸如但不限于折射率调制和光栅厚度，在沉积过程中被动态调整，而无需不同的母版。对于调制由蚀刻深度控制的SRG，此类方案是不切实际的，因为光栅的每种变化都需要重复复杂且昂贵的加工过程。此外，实现所需的蚀刻深度精度和抗蚀剂成像复杂性会非常困难。
根据本发明各种实施例的沉积过程可以通过控制要沉积的材料的类型来提供对光栅设计参数的调整。本发明的各种实施例可以被配置为在基板上的不同区域中沉积不同的材料或不同的材料成分。例如，沉积过程可以被配置为将HPDLC材料沉积到旨在成为光栅区域的基板区域上并且将单体沉积到旨在成为非光栅区域的基板区域上。在若干实施例中，沉积过程被配置为沉积一层光学记录材料，该层在组分成分上随空间变化，从而允许对沉积材料的各个方面进行调制。具有不同成分的材料的沉积可以以几种不同的方式实现。在许多实施例中，可以使用多于一个沉积头来沉积不同的材料和混合物。每个沉积头可以耦合到不同的材料/混合物储存器。此类实施方式可以被用于各种应用。例如，可以为波导单元格的光栅和非光栅区域沉积不同的材料。在一些实施例中，HPDLC材料沉积在光栅区域上，而只有单体沉积在非光栅区域上。在若干实施例中，沉积机构可以被配置为沉积具有不同组分成分的混合物。
在一些实施例中，可以实现喷嘴以将多种类型的材料沉积到单个基板上。在波导应用中，喷嘴可以被用于为波导的光栅和非光栅区域沉积不同的材料。在许多实施例中，喷射机构被配置用于打印光栅，其中可以使用具有至少两个可选择的喷头的沉积装置来控制材料成分、双折射和/或厚度中的至少一个。在一些实施例中，制造系统提供了一种用于沉积光栅记录材料的装置，该光栅记录材料被优化用于控制激光带。在几个实施例中，制造系统提供了一种用于沉积光栅记录材料的设备，该光栅记录材料被优化用于偏振非均匀性的控制。在若干实施例中，制造系统提供了一种用于沉积与对准控制层相关联的针对偏振非均匀性的控制而优化的光栅记录材料的装置。在多个实施例中，沉积工作单元格可以被配置用于附加层的沉积，诸如分束涂层和环境保护层。喷墨打印头也可以被实现以在基板的不同区域打印不同的材料。
如以上所讨论的，沉积过程可以被配置为沉积在空间上组分成分变化的光学记录材料。材料成分的调制可以以许多不同方式实现。在多个实施例中，喷墨打印头可以被配置为通过利用打印头内的各种喷墨喷嘴来调制材料成分。通过在“逐点”基础上更改成分，可以沉积光学记录材料层，使得其在该层的平面表面上具有变化的成分。可以使用多种装置来实现这种系统，包括但不限于喷墨打印头。类似于彩色系统如何使用只有几种颜色的调色板来产生数百万个离散颜色值的光谱，诸如打印机中的CMYK系统或在显示应用中的加色RGB系统，根据本发明各种实施例的喷墨打印头可以被配置为仅使用几个不同材料的容器来打印具有不同成分的光学记录材料。不同类型的喷墨打印头可以具有不同的精度水平并且可以以不同的分辨率进行打印.在许多实施例中，使用300DPI(“每英寸点数”)喷墨打印头。取决于精度水平，给定数量的材料的不同成分的离散化可以跨给定区域确定。例如，给定两种类型的要打印的材料和精度级别为300DPI的喷墨打印头，对于给定体积的打印材料，如果每个点位置可以包含两种类型的材料中的一种，那么跨1平方英寸两种类型材料的成分比率有90,001个可能的离散值。在一些实施例中，每个点位置可以包含两种材料中的任一种或两种类型的材料。在若干实施例中，多于一个喷墨打印头被配置为打印具有空间变化的成分的光学记录材料层。虽然在双材料应用中点的打印本质上是个二元系统，但跨区域对打印的点求平均可以允许对要打印的两种材料的比率的滑动比例进行离散化。例如，单位正方形内可能的浓度/比率的离散级别的数量由单位正方形内可以打印的点位置的数量给出。照此，可以有一系列不同的浓度组合，范围从100％的第一材料到100％的第二材料。如可以容易地认识到的，这些概念适用于实际单元并且可以由喷墨打印头的精度级别来确定。虽然讨论了调制打印的层的材料成分的具体示例，但是使用喷墨打印头调制材料成分的概念可以扩展到使用多于两种不同的材料储存器，并且精度级别可以有所不同，这在很大程度上取决于使用的打印头的类型。
由于若干原因，改变打印材料的成分可以是有利的。例如，在许多实施例中，在沉积期间改变材料的成分可以允许形成具有光栅的波导，该光栅具有跨光栅的不同区域的空间变化的衍射效率。在使用HPDLC混合物的实施例中，这可以通过在打印过程期间调制HPDLC混合物中液晶的相对浓度来实现，这产生了当材料暴露时可以产生具有不同衍射效率的光栅的组合物。在若干实施例中，具有一定液晶浓度的第一HPDLC混合物和不含液晶的第二HPDLC混合物用作喷墨打印头中的印刷调色板，用于调制可以在打印的材料中形成的光栅的衍射效率。在此类实施例中，可以基于喷墨打印头的精度来确定离散化。离散级别可以由跨特定区域打印的材料的浓度/比率给出。在这个示例中，离散级别的范围从第一PDLC混合物中没有液晶到液晶的最大浓度。
改变跨波导的衍射效率的能力可以被用于各种目的。波导通常被设计为通过在波导的两个平面表面之间多次反射光来在内部引导光。这些多次反射可以允许光路与光栅多次交互。在许多实施例中，材料层可以用不同的材料成分打印，使得形成的光栅具有空间变化的衍射效率，以补偿与光栅交互期间的光损失，从而允许均匀的输出强度。例如，在一些波导应用中，输出光栅被配置为在一个方向上提供出瞳扩展，同时还将光耦合出波导。输出光栅可以被设计为使得当波导内的光与光栅交互时，只有一部分光被折射出波导。其余部分继续在同一光路中，保留在TIR内并继续在波导内反射。在再次与同一输出光栅进行第二次交互后，另一部分光被折射出波导。在每次折射期间，仍在波导内行进的光量减少折射出波导的量。照此，在每次交互时折射的部分在总强度方面逐渐降低。通过改变光栅的衍射效率，使得其随着传播距离的增加而增加，可以补偿沿着每次交互的输出强度的降低，从而允许均匀的输出强度。
改变衍射效率也可以被用于补偿波导内光的其它衰减。所有物体都有一定程度的反射和吸收。在波导内被TIR俘获的光在波导的两个表面之间不断反射。取决于构成表面的材料，在每次交互期间，光的部分可以被材料吸收。在许多情况下，这种衰减小，但在跨发生许多反射的大面积上会很大。在许多实施例中，波导单元格可以用不同的成分打印，使得由光学记录材料层形成的光栅具有不同的衍射效率以补偿来自基板的光的吸收。取决于基板，某些波长可以更容易被基板吸收。在多层波导设计中，每一层可以被设计为耦合特定范围的光波长。因而，由这些单独的层耦合的光可以被层的基板以不同的量吸收。例如，在多个实施例中，波导由三层堆叠制成以实现全色显示，其中每一层被设计用于红色、绿色和蓝色中的一种。在此类实施例中，每个波导层内的光栅可以被形成为具有不同的衍射效率，以通过补偿由于某些波长的光的传输损失而引起的颜色不平衡来执行颜色平衡优化。
除了改变材料内的液晶浓度以改变衍射效率之外，另一种技术包括改变波导单元格的厚度。这可以通过使用间隔物来实现。在许多实施例中，间隔物分散在整个光学记录材料中，用于在波导单元的构造期间进行结构支撑。在一些实施例中，不同尺寸的间隔物分散在整个光学记录材料中。间隔物可以在光学记录材料层的一个方向上按照尺寸的升序分散。当通过层压构造波导单元格时，基板将光学记录材料夹在中间，并在不同尺寸的间隔物的结构支撑下形成楔形光学记录材料层。与上述调制过程相似，可以分散不同尺寸的间隔物。此外，调制间隔物尺寸可以与材料成分的调制相结合。在若干实施例中，每个都悬挂有不同尺寸的间隔物的HPDLC材料的储存器被用于打印具有不同尺寸的间隔物的HPDLC材料层，这些间隔物被策略性地分散以形成楔形波导单元格。在多个实施例中，通过提供与不同尺寸的间隔物的数量和所使用的不同材料的数量的乘积相等的储存库数量，将间隔物尺寸调制与材料成分调制相结合。例如，在一个实施例中，喷墨打印头被配置为打印具有两种不同间隔物尺寸的不同浓度的液晶。在这种实施例中，可以制备四个储存器：具有第一尺寸的间隔物的无液晶混合悬浮液、具有第二尺寸的间隔物的无液晶混合悬浮液、具有第一尺寸的间隔物的富含液晶的混合悬浮液，以及具有第二尺寸的间隔物的富含液晶的混合悬浮液。关于材料调制的进一步讨论可以在2018年11月18日提交的标题为“Systems andMethods for Manufacturing Waveguide Cells”的美国申请No.16/203,071中找到。美国申请No.16/203,491的公开内容出于所有目的通过引用整体并入本文。
波导背光
根据本发明各种实施例的波导背光可以使用多种不同的配置来实现。如可以容易地认识到的，所实现的具体配置可以取决于各种因素，包括但不限于预期应用、成本约束、形状因数约束等。在许多实施例中，波导背光用至少一个波导层来实现，该波导层包含夹在第一和第二基板之间的至少一个光栅层。基板可以包括各种透明材料，包括但不限于玻璃和塑料。(一个或多个)光栅层可以包括为各种目的配置的不同组光栅元件。在一些实施例中，光栅层包括两组不同的光栅元件，每组被配置和设计为对于特定的波长带和/或角频带具有高衍射效率。在多个实施例中，光栅层包括两组不同的光栅元件，其中每组包含具有相同K向量的光栅元件。在各种实施例中，两组光栅元件具有相反的K向量。在若干实施例中，光栅层包括两组不同的光栅元件，每组被配置和设计为从不同方向衍射和提取光。例如，在多个实施例中，光栅层包括第一组光栅元件和第二组光栅元件，第一组光栅元件被配置为衍射从第一基板反射的TIR光并通过第二基板提取这种光，而第二组光栅元件被配置为衍射从第二基板反射的TIR光并通过第一基板提取这种光。
在波导背光中实现的光栅元件可以以多种不同的配置布置。在许多实施例中，波导背光包括具有彼此散布的第一组和第二组光栅元件的光栅层。在一些实施例中，第一组和第二组光栅元件跨两个不同的光栅层部署。两个不同的光栅层可以彼此相邻(即，波导层包括夹在两个基板之间的两个光栅层)或跨越两个不同的波导层部署。如可以容易地认识到的，此类光栅体系架构可以被扩展以实现多于两组光栅元件。此外，(一个或多个)波导层可以被配置为实现各种不同的光栅结构，包括但不限于HPDLC光栅、记录在HPDLC中的开关光栅(例如，可开关Bragg光栅)、记录在全息光聚合物中的Bragg光栅、真空Bragg光栅、回填真空Bragg光栅和表面浮雕光栅。
取决于所实现的光栅的类型，光偏振响应可以是波导背光操作的方式和效果的重要因素。例如，在一些实施例中，使用形成对P偏振光敏感的光栅的HPDLC材料来实现光栅。在此类情况下，可以根据适当的考虑来设计波导背光。波导背光可以包括各种波片和延迟器配置，用于操纵穿过波导背光行进的光的偏振。在一些实施例中，波导背光包括四分之一波片(QWP)。QWP将线性偏振光转换成圆形偏振光，反之亦然。在进一步的实施例中，QWP用反射镜实现，该反射镜可以在QWP的外表面上形成。此类配置可以允许入射的线性偏振光在其偏振正交改变的情况下被反射。例如，入射的P偏振光可以通过QWP转换成圆形偏振光，被反射镜反射以给出相反方向上的圆形偏振光，最后转换成线性S偏振光。在许多实施例中，波导背光包括半波片(HWP)，用于将P偏振光的偏振转换成S偏振光，反之亦然。在多个实施例中，波导背光包括支撑半波延迟器的基板。可以利用各种类型的光源将光引入背光。在多个实施例中，P和/或S偏振光被耦合到波导背光中。在若干实施例中，非偏振光被耦合到波导背光中。如可以容易地认识到的，输入光和光栅结构的具体配置可以取决于给定应用的具体要求。
波导背光源内的光栅元件可以以各种配置布置和实现。在若干实施例中，波导层中的所有光栅元件被设计为在公共波长带下操作。如上所述，光栅元件可以具有被配置为在波导层中衍射上行或下行的射线的K向量。在若干实施例中，在波导层中提供两种类型的光栅。在进一步的实施例中，在单个光栅层中提供两种类型的光栅。在一些实施例中，光栅元件可以在不同方向上具有K向量，但是在公共波长带上操作。从讨论中应当认识到的是，可以提供任何数量的分离的波长带。图2概念性地图示了根据本发明实施例的具有两组散布的光栅元件的波导背光。如图所示，波导背光200包括：由夹着光栅层204的基板202、203形成的波导201。在许多实施例中，光源(未示出)可以光学耦合到波导结构201并且可以被配置为发射准直光。基板202、203可以为输入光提供TIR结构。光栅层204可以包括多个光栅元件，用于将光衍射出波导并最终朝着外部照明表面。在说明性实施例中，光栅层204包括两组平面光栅，其具有带有相反K向量的两种光栅配置(例如，光栅元件205、206)，用于衍射来自不同方向的TIR光。例如，光栅元件205被配置为衍射从基板202的外表面反射的光，而光栅元件206被配置为衍射从基板203的外表面反射的光。为了清楚起见，两个不同方向的光也可以分别被称为上行和下行的TIR光，图中波导的方向作为参考系。在图2的实施例中，这对光栅配置沿着光栅层204重复以形成两组散布的光栅元件。
图2的波导背光200还包括四分之一波片207和透明层208，透明层208被划分为透明区域209和支撑半波延迟器210的区域。在说明性实施例中，QWP 207与反射镜一起实现以提供入射光的反射，同时正交地改变其偏振。QWP 207和透明层208可以通过气隙或低折射率材料层(包括但不限于纳米多孔材料)与波导201分开。在以上各小节中讨论了此类实施方式的方法。返回去参考图2，说明性实施例示出了波导背光200的操作，其中输入P偏振光211(其是SBG用于衍射的优选光偏振状态)在波导201内经历TIR。光的一部分(上行的TIR光)可以被光栅元件205衍射(212)并且被朝着透明层208的透明区域209指引以提供P偏振的输出光213。入射在光栅元件206上的下行的TIR光可以被QWP 207向下衍射(214)并被QWP207反射(215)，其偏振从P旋转到S。S偏振光可以穿过光栅层204并继续前进离开波导201朝着透明层208的半波延迟器区域210。在透射通过半波延迟器区域210之后，光的偏振从S旋转到P(216)。通过跨波导重复上述射线-光栅交互，可以在很大程度上实现朝着相似方向提取入射光。如可以容易地认识到的，此类配置可以包括各种修改，这可以取决于给定应用的具体要求。例如，在若干实施例中，光栅元件的衍射效率可以沿着波导路径变化以控制均匀性。在许多实施例中，光栅元件可以是电可开关的。在一些实施例中，可以在透明基板之间形成光栅层，其中透明导电涂层施加到每个基板。涂层中的至少一个可以被构图成与光栅元件重叠的独立可寻址元件。可以提供可操作以在每个光栅元件上施加电压的电控制电路。
图3概念性地图示了根据本发明实施例的用于提供波导背光的过程的流程图。如图所示，过程300包括提供(301)具有用于衍射下行射线的第一组光栅元件和衍射上行射线的第二组光栅元件的波导，其中光栅元件部署在第一和第二透明基板之间。输入光可以耦合(302)到波导内的全内反射路径中。可以利用各种类型的输入光。在许多实施例中，使用窄带激光照明。在一些实施例中，输入光是P偏振光。可以使用第一组光栅元件提取(303)通过第一透明基板的外表面的输入光的一部分，并且可以使用第二组光栅元件提取(304)通过第二透明基板的外表面的输入光的一部分。在许多实施例中，第一组光栅元件被配置为提取从第二基板的外表面反射的光，并且第二组光栅元件被配置为提取从第一基板的外表面反射的光。可以实现各种类型的光栅。在若干实施例中，使用P偏振敏感的光栅。在多个实施例中，使用S偏振敏感的光栅。在一些实施例中，实现两种类型的光栅。如可以容易地认识到的，所使用的光栅的类型取决于输入光的类型。从第二透明表面提取出的光可以使其偏振旋转(305)并且可以朝着波导反射，传播通过到第一透明表面的外表面。在许多实施例中，QWP被用于旋转光的偏振并将其朝着波导反射。其偏振旋转的光在其传播通过第一透明基板的外表面之后可以可选地再次使其偏振旋转(306)。在一些实施例中，可以实现包含HWP区域的基板以在光传播通过第一透明基板之后旋转光的偏振。虽然图3图示了提供波导背光的具体方法，但可以根据给定应用的具体要求适当地实现各种其它过程。例如，在一些实施例中，输入光仅包含P偏振光。在其它实施例中，输入光包含S和P偏振光两者。
根据本发明各种实施例的波导背光可以被配置用于许多不同的应用。在许多实施例中，波导背光被配置用于窄带照明应用-即，波长带可以具有通常由激光器提供的窄带宽。在一些实施例中，波长带可以具有更宽的带宽，诸如可以由LED提供。如可以容易地认识到的，背光也可以被用于提供不可见辐射，诸如红外线和紫外线。在一些实施例中，波导背光被配置为彩色波导背光。此类背光可以基于与图2中所示的原理相似的原理来实现。在一些实施例中，背光提供来自红色、绿色和蓝色(RGB)源的光。在此类实施例中，背光可以包括散布在单层内或以某种方式部署在两层或更多层上的RGB光栅元件。在一些实施例中，可以使用分离的RGB层。在若干实施例中，波导背光使用覆盖可见频带的大部分的第一和第二波长输入光来操作。例如，在各种实施例中，第一波长光覆盖蓝色到绿色频带，而第二波长光可以覆盖绿色到红色频带。在若干实施例中，可以针对要从背光发射的每个颜色分量使用分离的光栅层来实现彩色波导背光。在一些实施例中，波导背光结合SBG。在此类情况下，波导背光可以包括第一组光栅元件和第二组光栅元件，第一组光栅元件被配置为当光源发射第一波长带的光时切换到衍射状态，第二组光栅元件被配置为当光源发射第二波长带的光时切换到衍射状态。
图4概念性地图示了根据本发明实施例的具有两个波导层的波导背光。在以下段落中，为了简化本发明的描述，讨论将包括使用在两个波导层中形成的第一组和第二组光栅元件发射两个不同波长带的光(第一和第二波长光)的波导，每个波导层包含单个光栅层。但是，取决于给定应用的具体要求，可以适当地使用任何数量的波导层和光栅层。返回去参考图2A，所示的波导背光400包括第一和第二波导401、402。背光400还包括四分之一波片(QWP)403和透明基板404，透明基板404被划分为透明区域405和支撑半波延迟器406的区域。每个波导可以被配置为根据与图2中所示的原理相似的原理进行操作。例如，第一波导401可以被配置为接收第一波长带的p偏振光，而第二波导402可以被配置为接收第二波长带的p偏振光。在说明性实施例中，第一和第二波导401、402中的每一个包括光栅层407、408。第二波导402可以包括与第一波导401相似的光栅元件配置，但是在不同的波长带中操作。例如，在说明性实施例中，第一波导401可以包括被配置为在红-绿波长带中操作的光栅元件，而第二波导402可以包括被配置为在绿-蓝波长带中操作的光栅元件，从而允许实现全色波导背光。在其它实施例中，全色波导背光可以用三个波导层来实现，每个波导层被配置为在红色、绿色和蓝色波长带之一中操作。如由两组射线(虚线和实线，表示不同波长的射线)所指示的，示出第二波导402的射线和光栅交互与第一波导401的相似。从两个波导提取的第一和第二波长光可以组合以提供均匀照明。在许多实施例中，可以将第一和第二波长光顺序地引入波导。
图4的波导结构可以使用各种不同的光栅配置等效地实现。在一些实施例中，背光可以被实现为包含多个光栅元件的单个波导层，这些光栅元件被配置用于在不同波长带下操作。图5概念性地图示了根据本发明实施例的具有单个波导层的波导背光。如图所示，波导背光500包括由夹在两个基板504、505之间的两个相邻的光栅层502、503形成的光栅配置501。波导背光500还包括QWP 506和透明基板507，透明基板507被划分为透明区域508和支撑半波延迟器509的区域。在说明性实施例中，光栅配置501包括能够在不同波长带中操作的两个光栅层508、509。在许多实施例中，两个光栅层的操作波长带覆盖可见频带的大部分。每个光栅层还包括两组散布的光栅元件510、511和512、513，用于衍射上行(510、512)和下行(511、513)TIR光。如可以容易地认识到的，图5中所示的背光可以根据与图4中所示的原理相似的原理进行操作。在图5中，两个光栅层在分离的相邻层中示出，它们的组合提供光栅配置。在其它实施例中，跨两个光栅层的光栅元件被多路复用并叠加到单个层中。例如，光栅元件510可以与光栅元件512多路复用，并且光栅元件A 311可以与光栅元件513多路复用。
虽然图4和5图示了特定的多色波导背光实施方式，但是可以根据给定应用的特定要求适当地实现各种配置。例如，在若干实施例中，波导背光包括两个波导层，每个波导层包含被配置为在两个波长带中操作的散布的光栅元件。图6概念性地图示了根据本发明实施例的具有两个波导层601、602的波导背光600，每个波导层包含具有交替的第一波长衍射605和第二波长衍射606光栅元件的光栅层603、604。光栅元件605、606都可以具有K向量，该K向量被配置为通过波导的外表面(例如，在图6的说明性实施例中上行)衍射上行或下行TIR光之一。在说明性实施例中，第一波长衍射和第二波长衍射光栅元件605、606在空间上重叠。在操作期间，第一波长P偏振光607和第二波长P偏振光608可以耦合到波导中并经历衍射和提取，如与第一波长光对应的射线609、610和与第二波长光对应的射线611、612所指示的。可以使用各种不同的光栅配置等效地实现图6的波导结构。类似于图5中所示的实施例，图6中所示的背光可以用单个波导层来实现。图7概念性地图示了根据本发明实施例的具有带交替波长衍射光栅元件的单个波导层的波导背光。如图所示，波导背光700包括由两个基板702、703夹在中间的单个光栅配置701。光栅配置701包括两个光栅层704、705。在说明性实施例中，两组光栅元件706、707散布在两个光栅层704、705之内和之间。来自第一组706的光栅元件与来自第二组707的光栅元件在空间上重叠。光栅元件可以以多种不同的方式配置。在一些实施例中，每组光栅元件被配置为衍射特定波长带。在许多实施例中，所有光栅向量被配置为具有相似的K向量。在图7的实施例中，所有光栅元件都配置有朝着相同方向的衍射光和直射光。如可以容易地认识到的，图7中所示的波导背光可以根据与图6中所示的原理相似的原理进行操作。在图7中，两个光栅层704、705在分离的相邻层中示出，它们的组合提供了单个光栅配置701。在其它实施例中，两个光栅层704、705内的光栅元件被多路复用并叠加在同一层中-即，每个多路复用的区域包含光栅元件706和光栅元件707。
虽然图2-7图示了接收P偏振输入光的特定波导背光，但是根据本发明各种实施例的波导背光可以被配置用于与各种光源一起操作。图8概念性地图示了根据本发明实施例的具有两个波导层801、802的波导背光800，该波导层801、802具有用于具有正交偏振的输入光的交替波长衍射光栅元件。如图所示，第一波导层801包括具有第一组交替的第一波长衍射804和第二波长衍射805光栅元件的第一光栅层803。类似地，第二波导层802包括具有第二组交替的第一波长衍射804和第二波长衍射805光栅元件的第二光栅层806。波导背光800还包括QWP 807。可以通过此类配置适当地实现各种光源。在说明性实施例中，输入光包括具有正交偏振的第一和第二波长光808、809。例如，输入的第一波长光808可以是P偏振的，而输入的第二波长的光809可以是S偏振的。在说明性实施例中，第一波长衍射光栅元件804具有被配置为衍射通过第一波导层801的上波导表面810的上行TIR光的K向量，并且第二波长衍射光栅元件805具有被配置为衍射通过第二波导层802的下波导表面811下行的TIR光的K向量。如图所示，第一波长衍射和第二波长衍射光栅元件804、805在空间上重叠。从下波导表面813提取的光(第二波长光)在通过两个波导层801、802重传并离开上表面810之前，其偏振由QWP 807从S旋转到P。因此，来自波导背光800的输出光都是P偏振的。类似于图5和7中所示的实施例，图8中所示的配置可以在单个波导层内实现。图9概念性地图示了图8的实施例的波导背光实施方式900，其使用具有相邻光栅层902、903的单个波导层901。如可以容易地认识到的，这种波导背光可以根据与图8中所示的原理相似的原理进行操作。此外，此类光栅层也可以被实现为包含多路复用的光栅的单个层。
作为以上讨论的实施例的重要原理是，当光对于由光栅的角带宽和光谱带宽设置的角容限和波长容限满足Bragg方程时，Bragg光栅以高效率衍射。可以使用体全息光栅理论计算光谱和角带宽。落在上述带宽限制内的波导射线被称为在Bragg上，而落在带宽之外的射线被称为在Bragg外。
显示器和照明设备(特别是那些使用激光器的设备)中要解决的另一个因素是由于波束经历TIR时波束边缘不匹配造成的。对于厚度为D、连续波束表面交互之间的距离为W和TIR角为U的波导，上行和下行TIR波束的无缝匹配的条件由等式2Dtan(U)＝W给出。当不满足这个条件时，相邻波束部分之间会出现间隙或重叠，这导致输出照明的不均匀性，称为条带化。通过使用宽带源(诸如LED)，可以在一定程度上减轻条带化。但是，用激光器克服这种影响要困难得多。在许多实施例中，波导背光可以被配置为完全在准直空间中操作。换句话说，在每个波束光栅交互处复制的输入光和输出波束都是准直的。在一些实施例中，输入波束在至少一个角度方向上被扫描。在若干实施例中，输入波束的横截面可以随入射角变化以匹配根据PCT/US2018/015553“WAVEGUIDE DEVICE WITH UNIFORM OUTPUTILLUMINATION”中公开的实施例或教导的去带条件，该专利申请的公开内容通过引用整体并入本文。在多个实施例中，如以上参考文献中所讨论的，可以借助于在由波导支撑的表面或层上形成的边缘来调整输入波束横截面。
在许多实施例中，使用光栅或棱镜将光耦合到波导中。在许多实施例中，用于将光耦合到波导中的光学器件还可以包括分束器、滤光器、二向色滤光器、偏振组件、光积分器、聚光透镜、微透镜、波束整形元件和显示器照明系统中常用的其它组件。
在许多实施例中，光源是使用机电波束偏转器在至少一个角度方向上被扫描的激光器。在一些实施例中，激光扫描仪可以是电光设备。
在许多实施例中，光可以从波导提取到角分离的输出路径中。在许多实施例中，输出路径可以基本上垂直于波导的全内反射表面。在许多实施例中，从波导提取的光被准直。
在许多实施例中，光栅元件包括选自平面光栅、具有光功率的光栅、提供光延迟的光栅和具有漫射特性的光栅中的至少一种。在许多实施例中，光栅元件可以具有空间变化的衍射效率以使得能够沿着波导提取光。在许多实施例中，光栅元件具有与跨电极施加的电压成比例的衍射效率。在一些实施例中，光栅元件可以具有与跨所述电极施加的电压成比例的相位延迟。在许多实施例中，光栅元件可以被配置为细长元件的一维阵列。在许多实施例中，光栅可以被配置为二维阵列。在许多实施例中，光栅元件被记录在全息聚合物分散液晶中。在许多实施例中，通过电子控制电路地址对光栅元件的时空寻址可以通过循环过程来表征。在许多实施例中，电子控制电路对光栅元件的时空寻址可以通过随机过程来表征。
等同原则
虽然以上描述包含本发明的许多具体实施例，但这些不应当被解释为对本发明范围的限制，而应被视为其一个实施例的示例。因此应该理解的是，在不脱离本发明的范围和精神的情况下，可以以不同于具体描述的方式来实践本发明。因此，本发明的实施例在所有方面都应被视为说明性的而非限制性的。因而，本发明的范围不应当由所示出的实施例来确定，而应当由所附权利要求书及其等同物来确定。

Claims (27)

1.一种光学照明设备，包括：
光导结构，具有用于提取照明的上表面，以及下表面；
光源，光学耦合到所述光导结构并被配置为提供偏振光，所述光在所述光导结构内经历全内反射；以及
至少一个多个光栅元件，部署在至少一个光栅层中用于从所述光导结构提取光。
2.如权利要求1所述的光学照明设备，其中所述光源被配置为顺序地发射至少第一波长准直光颜色和第二波长准直光颜色，其中所述至少一个多个光栅元件包括用于将所述第一波长光衍射出所述光导结构进入第一组输出路径的第一多个光栅元件，以及用于将所述第二波长光衍射出所述光导结构进入与所述第一组输出路径基本重叠的第二组输出路径的第二多个光栅元件。
3.如权利要求2所述的光学照明设备，还包括具有半波延迟区域的基板，该半波延迟区域散布有覆盖所述上表面的透明区域，其中每个所述半波延迟区域与所述第一多个光栅元件和第二多个光栅元件中的每一个中的至少一个光栅元件重叠；并且其中每个所述透明区域与所述第一多个光栅元件和第二多个光栅元件中的每一个中的至少一个光栅元件重叠。
4.如权利要求2所述的光学照明设备，还包括部署的四分之一波延迟层，所述四分之一波延迟层具有部署在下表面和反射表面附近的第一表面。
5.如权利要求2所述的光学照明设备，其中所述第一多个光栅元件部署在与所述第二多个光栅元件分开的光栅层中，其中用于衍射所述第一波长光的光栅元件与用于衍射所述第二波长光的光栅元件重叠。
6.如权利要求2所述的光学照明设备，其中用于衍射第一波长光和第二波长光的光栅元件被部署为一层中均匀散布的第一多个光栅元件和第二多个光栅元件。
7.如权利要求2所述的光学照明设备，其中用于衍射第一波长光和第二波长光的光栅元件被部署为两层中均匀散布的第一多个光栅元件和第二多个光栅元件，其中用于衍射第一波长光的光栅元件与用于衍射第二波长光的光栅元件重叠。
8.如权利要求2所述的光学照明设备，其中用于衍射第一波长光的光栅元件具有第一光栅向量，并且用于衍射第二波长光的光栅元件具有在与所述第一光栅向量相反的方向上的第二光栅向量。
9.如权利要求2所述的光学照明设备，其中用于衍射第一波长光的光栅元件和用于衍射第二波长光的光栅元件具有在基本平行的方向上对准的光栅向量。
10.如权利要求2所述的光学照明设备，其中用于衍射第一波长光的光栅元件和用于衍射第二波长光的光栅元件相对于彼此是Bragg外(off-Bragg)的。
11.如权利要求2所述的光学照明设备，其中用于衍射第一波长光的光栅元件部署在第一层中，具有第一光栅向量的光栅元件和具有在与所述第一光栅向量相反的方向上的第二光栅向量的光栅元件被均匀散布在所述第一层中，其中用于衍射第二波长光的光栅元件部署在第二层中，具有第一光栅向量的光栅元件和具有在与所述第一光栅向量相反的方向上的第二光栅向量的光栅元件被散布在所述第二层中。
12.如权利要求2所述的光学照明设备，其中所述第一波长光具有第一偏振并且所述第二波长光具有与所述第一偏振正交的第二偏振。
13.如权利要求2所述的光学照明设备，其中所述第一波长光和所述第二波长光具有相同的偏振。
14.如权利要求2所述的光学照明设备，其中用于衍射第一波长光和第二波长光的光栅元件被部署为在单层中多路复用的第一多个光栅元件和第二多个光栅元件，其中用于衍射所述第一波长的光栅元件与用于衍射所述第二波长光的光栅元件多路复用。
15.如权利要求2所述的光学照明设备，其中用于衍射第一波长光和第二波长光的光栅元件被部署为两个接触层的堆叠中的第一多个光栅元件和第二多个光栅元件，其中用于衍射所述第一波长光的光栅元件与用于衍射所述第二波长光的光栅元件重叠。
16.如权利要求2所述的光学照明设备，其中当所述光源发射所述第一波长光时，所述第一多个光栅元件的光栅元件被切换到衍射状态，而当所述光源发射所述第二波长光时，所述第二多个光栅元件的光栅元件被切换到衍射状态。
17.如权利要求2所述的光学照明设备，其中所述输出路径在角度上分离。
18.如权利要求2所述的光学照明设备，其中所述输出路径基本上垂直于所述上表面。
19.如权利要求1所述的光学照明设备，其中所述至少一个多个光栅元件部署在至少一个光栅层中，其中所述光导结构包括至少一个波导，其中每个所述波导支撑所述光栅层中的至少一个。
20.如权利要求1所述的光学照明设备，其中所述层在透明基板之间形成，透明导电涂层施加到每个所述基板，所述涂层中的至少一个被构图成与所述光栅元件重叠的独立可寻址元件，其中提供可操作以跨每个所述光栅元件施加电压的电控制电路。
21.如权利要求1所述的光学照明设备，其中每个所述光栅元件包括选自由以下组成的组的至少一个特性，该特性选自：平面bragg表面、光功率、光延迟、漫射特性、空间变化的衍射效率、与跨所述光栅元件施加的电压成比例的衍射效率以及与跨所述光栅元件施加的电压成比例的相位延迟。
22.如权利要求1所述的光学照明设备，其中所述至少一个多个光栅元件包括二维阵列。
23.如权利要求1所述的光学照明设备，其中所述至少一个多个光栅元件包括细长元件的一维阵列。
24.如权利要求1所述的光学照明设备，其中每个所述光栅元件被记录在全息聚合物分散液晶中。
25.如权利要求1所述的光学照明设备，其中所述光通过光栅或棱镜耦合到所述光导结构中。
26.如权利要求1所述的光学照明设备，其中所述光源是激光器或LED。
27.如权利要求1所述的光学照明设备，还包括至少一个组件，该组件选自由以下组成的组：波束偏转器、二向色滤光器、微透镜阵列、波束整形器、光积分器和偏振旋转器。
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