CN108780224B - 用于提供偏振选择性全息波导装置的方法和设备 - Google Patents

用于提供偏振选择性全息波导装置的方法和设备 Download PDF

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CN108780224B
CN108780224B CN201780018119.3A CN201780018119A CN108780224B CN 108780224 B CN108780224 B CN 108780224B CN 201780018119 A CN201780018119 A CN 201780018119A CN 108780224 B CN108780224 B CN 108780224B
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waveguide
light
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CN108780224A (zh
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M·M·波波维奇
J·D·沃德恩
A·J·格兰特
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    • G—PHYSICS
    • G02—OPTICS
    • G02B—OPTICAL ELEMENTS, SYSTEMS OR APPARATUS
    • G02B6/00—Light guides; Structural details of arrangements comprising light guides and other optical elements, e.g. couplings
    • G02B6/24—Coupling light guides
    • G02B6/26—Optical coupling means
    • G02B6/27—Optical coupling means with polarisation selective and adjusting means
    • G02B6/2726—Optical coupling means with polarisation selective and adjusting means in or on light guides, e.g. polarisation means assembled in a light guide
    • G—PHYSICS
    • G02—OPTICS
    • G02B—OPTICAL ELEMENTS, SYSTEMS OR APPARATUS
    • G02B27/00—Optical systems or apparatus not provided for by any of the groups G02B1/00 - G02B26/00, G02B30/00
    • G02B27/0081—Optical systems or apparatus not provided for by any of the groups G02B1/00 - G02B26/00, G02B30/00 with means for altering, e.g. enlarging, the entrance or exit pupil
    • G—PHYSICS
    • G02—OPTICS
    • G02B—OPTICAL ELEMENTS, SYSTEMS OR APPARATUS
    • G02B27/00—Optical systems or apparatus not provided for by any of the groups G02B1/00 - G02B26/00, G02B30/00
    • G02B27/01—Head-up displays
    • G02B27/017—Head mounted
    • G—PHYSICS
    • G02—OPTICS
    • G02B—OPTICAL ELEMENTS, SYSTEMS OR APPARATUS
    • G02B27/00—Optical systems or apparatus not provided for by any of the groups G02B1/00 - G02B26/00, G02B30/00
    • G02B27/28—Optical systems or apparatus not provided for by any of the groups G02B1/00 - G02B26/00, G02B30/00 for polarising
    • G02B27/283—Optical systems or apparatus not provided for by any of the groups G02B1/00 - G02B26/00, G02B30/00 for polarising used for beam splitting or combining
    • G—PHYSICS
    • G02—OPTICS
    • G02B—OPTICAL ELEMENTS, SYSTEMS OR APPARATUS
    • G02B27/00—Optical systems or apparatus not provided for by any of the groups G02B1/00 - G02B26/00, G02B30/00
    • G02B27/28—Optical systems or apparatus not provided for by any of the groups G02B1/00 - G02B26/00, G02B30/00 for polarising
    • G02B27/286—Optical systems or apparatus not provided for by any of the groups G02B1/00 - G02B26/00, G02B30/00 for polarising for controlling or changing the state of polarisation, e.g. transforming one polarisation state into another
    • G—PHYSICS
    • G02—OPTICS
    • G02B—OPTICAL ELEMENTS, SYSTEMS OR APPARATUS
    • G02B6/00—Light guides; Structural details of arrangements comprising light guides and other optical elements, e.g. couplings
    • G02B6/24—Coupling light guides
    • G02B6/26—Optical coupling means
    • G02B6/27—Optical coupling means with polarisation selective and adjusting means
    • G02B6/2753—Optical coupling means with polarisation selective and adjusting means characterised by their function or use, i.e. of the complete device
    • G02B6/2773—Polarisation splitting or combining
    • G—PHYSICS
    • G02—OPTICS
    • G02B—OPTICAL ELEMENTS, SYSTEMS OR APPARATUS
    • G02B6/00—Light guides; Structural details of arrangements comprising light guides and other optical elements, e.g. couplings
    • G02B6/24—Coupling light guides
    • G02B6/26—Optical coupling means
    • G02B6/34—Optical coupling means utilising prism or grating

Abstract

本发明涉及一种波导设备，其包括：在至少一个层中布置的：输入耦合器；第一折叠光栅；第二折叠光栅；输出耦合器；以及光源，所述光源光学地耦合到波导，提供光的至少第一偏振和第二偏振以及至少一个波长。输入耦合器被配置成促使第一偏振光沿第一全内反射(TIR)路径行进并且促使第二偏振光沿第二TIR路径行进。

Description

用于提供偏振选择性全息波导装置的方法和设备
优先权要求
本申请要求享有于2016年3月24日提交的题名为“HOLOGRAPHIC WAVEGUIDEDEVICES FOR USE WITH UNPOLARIZED LIGHT”的美国临时申请序列号No.:62/390,271以及于2016年4月27日提交的题名为“METHOD AND APPARATUS FOR PROVIDING A POLARIZATIONSELECTIVE HOLOGRAPHIC WAVEGUIDE DEVICE”的美国临时申请序列No.:62/391,333的优先权，其全部内容由此通过参考包含于此。
相关申请的交叉参考
以下专利申请的全部内容通过参考包含于此：题名为“COMPACT EDGEILLUMINATED DIFFRACTIVE DISPLAY”的美国专利No.9,075,184，题名为“OPTICALDISPLAYS”的美国专利No.8,233,204，题名为“METHOD AND APPARATUS FOR PROVIDING ATRANSPARENT DISPLAY”的PCT申请No.:US2006/043938，题名为“WEARABLE DATA DISPLAY”的PCT申请No.:GB2012/000677，题名为“COMPACT EDGE ILLUMINATED EYEGLASS DISPLAY”的美国专利申请No.:13/317,468，题名为“HOLOGRAPHIC WIDE ANGLE DISPLAY”的美国专利申请No.:13/869,866，以及题名为“TRANSPARENT WAVEGUIDE DISPLAY”的美国专利申请No.:13/844,456，题名为“WAVEGUIDE GRATING DEVICE”的美国专利申请No.:14/620,969，题名为“ELECTRICALLY FOCUS TUNABLE LENS”的美国临时专利申请No.:62/176,572，题名为“WAVEGUIDE DEVICE INCORPORATING A LIGHT PIPE”的美国临时专利申请No.:62/177,494，题名为“METHOD AND APPARATUS FOR GENERATING INPUT IMAGES FOR HOLOGRAPHICWAVEGUIDE DISPLAYS”的美国临时专利申请No.:62/071,277，题名为“ENVIRONMENTALLYISOLATED WAVEGUIDE DISPLAY”的PCT申请No.:PCT/GB2016/000005，题名为“WAVEGUIDEFOR HOMOGENIZING ILLUMINATION”的PCT申请No.:PCT/GB2013/000500，题名为“METHODAND APPARATUS FOR CONTACT IMAGE SENSING”的PCT申请No.:PCT/GB2014/000295，题名为“HOLOGRAPHIC WAVEGUIDE LIGHT FIELD DISPLAYS”的PCT申请No.:PCT/GB2016/000005，题名为“HOLOGRAPHIC WAVEGUIDE LIDAR”的PCT申请No.:PCT/GB2016/000014，题名为“LASERILLUMINATION DEVICE”的美国专利No.8,224,133，题名为“LASER ILLUMINATION DEVICE”的美国专利No.US8,565,560，题名为“HOLOGRAPHIC ILLUMINATION SYSTEM”的美国专利No.6,115,152，题名为“CONTACT IMAGE SENSOR USING SWITCHABLE BRAGG GRATINGS”的PCT申请No.:PCT/GB2013/000005，题名为“IMPROVEMENTS TO HOLOGRAPHICPOLYMERDISPERSED LIQUID CRYSTAL MATERIALS AND DEVICES”的PCT申请No.:PCT/GB2012/000680，题名为“HOLOGRAPHIC WAVEGUIDE EYE TRACKER”的PCT申请No.:PCT/GB2014/000197，题名为“APPARATUS FOR EYE TRACKING,”的PCT/GB2013/000210，题名为“APPARATUS FOR EYE TRACKING”的PCT申请No.:GB2013/000210，题名为“HOLOGRAPHICWAVEGUIDE OPTICALTRACKER”的PCT/GB2015/000274，题名为“SYSTEM AND METHOD OFEXTENDING VERTICAL FIELD OF VIEW IN HEAD UP DISPLAY USING A WAVEGUIDECOMBINER”的美国专利No.8,903,207，题名为“COMPACT WEARABLE DISPLAY”的美国专利No.8,639,072，题名为“COMPACTHOLOGRAPHIC EDGE ILLUMINATED EYEGLASS DISPLAY”的美国专利No.8,885,112，题名为“WAVEGUIDE DISPLAY”的美国临时专利No.:62/284,603，题名为“WAVEGUIDE DISPLAYS”的美国临时专利申请No.:62/285,275。
技术领域
本公开涉及波导装置，并且更具体地涉及用于与非偏振光一起使用的全息波导装置。
背景技术
目前，波导光学被考虑用于一系列显示器和传感器应用，对于所述一系列显示器和传感器应用而言，波导将多个光学功能集成到薄的、透明的轻质衬底中的能力是至关重要的。这种新方法正在激励新产品开发，包括用于增强现实(AR)和虚拟现实(VR)的近眼显示器、用于航空和公路运输的紧凑型平视显示器(HUD)、以及用于生物识别和激光雷达(LIDAR)应用的传感器。已经提出了这样的波导显示器，即，所述波导显示器使用衍射光栅来保持眼箱尺寸，而同时减小透镜尺寸。授予St.Leger Searle的美国专利No.4,309,070和授予Upatnieks的美国专利No.4,711,512公开了衬底波导平视显示器，其中准直光学系统的光瞳通过波导结构高效地扩展。美国专利申请No.13/869,866公开了全息广角显示器。对于诸如眼追踪、指纹扫描和LIDAR的传感器应用，也提出了波导。在波导应用中的布拉格光栅(也被称为体积光栅)的优点是公知的。布拉格光栅具有较高的效率，较少的光被衍射成更高阶。通过控制光栅的折射率调制，可以改变衍射和零阶中的光的相对量，该特性用于制作用于提取较大光瞳上的光的损耗波导光栅。一类重要的光栅被称为可切换布拉格光栅(SBG)。首先，通过在平行的玻璃板之间放置光聚合性单体和液晶材料的混合物的薄膜来制造SBG。一个或两个玻璃板支撑电极，所述电极典型为透明的氧化铟锡膜，用于横过膜施加电场。然后，通过用两个相互相干的激光束照射液体材料(经常被称为糖浆)来记录体积相位光栅，所述两个相互相干的激光束干涉以形成斜条纹光栅结构。在记录过程期间，单体聚合，并且混合物经历相位分离，产生由液晶微滴密布的区域，散布有清透聚合物区域。交替的富液晶区域和贫液晶区域形成光栅的条纹平面。所得到的体积相位光栅可以呈现出非常高的衍射效率，该衍射效率可以通过横过膜所施加的电场的量级来控制。当经由透明电极向光栅施加电场时，LC液滴的自然取向改变，使得条纹的折射率调制降低并且全息衍射效率下降到非常低的水平。典型地，SBG元件在30μs内切换完毕。需要更长的弛豫时间来切换ON。注意到，可以借助在连续范围内施加的电压来调整该装置的衍射效率。该装置在不施加电压的情况下呈现接近100％的效率，并且在施加足够高的电压的情况下呈现基本为零的效率。在一些类型的HPDLC装置中，磁场可以用于控制LC取向。在一些类型的HPDLC中，LC材料与聚合物的相位分离可以达到不产生可辨别的液滴结构的程度。SBG也可以用作无源光栅。在这种模式下，SBG的主要优点在于独特的高折射率调制。
SBG可以用于为自由空间应用提供透射或反射光栅。SBG可以被实现为波导装置，其中，HPDLC形成波导芯或靠近波导的渐逝耦合层。用于形成HPDLC单元(cell)的平行玻璃板提供全内反射(TIR)光导结构。当可切换光栅以超过TIR条件的角度衍射光时，光耦合出SBG。目前，在一系列显示器和传感器应用中对波导感兴趣。尽管之前对于HPDLC的大部分工作已经是针对反射全息，但是透射装置被证明作为光学系统构建模块是明显更加通用的。典型地，在SBG中使用的HPDLC包括液晶(LC)、单体、光引发剂染料和共引发剂。混合物通常包含表面活性剂。专利和科学文献包含许多可以用于制造SBG的材料系统和工艺的示例。两个基础专利是：Sutherland的美国专利No.5,942,157以及Tanaka等人的美国专利No.5,751,452。两个文件均描述了适用于制造SBG装置的单体和液晶材料组合。透射SBG的已知属性之一是LC分子倾向于与光栅条纹平面垂直对准。LC分子对准的效果是透射SBG高效地衍射P偏振光(即，具有在入射平面中的偏振向量的光)，但是对于S偏振光(即，具有与入射平面正交的偏振向量的光)具有几乎为零的衍射效率。当在入射光和反射光之间的夹角较小时，任何光栅对P偏振的衍射效率都降到零，因此在近掠入射处不可使用透射SBG。SBG的切换能力可以在一系列传感器中被采用，包括眼睛跟踪器、LIDAR和指纹扫描仪。可切换布拉格光栅(SBG)可以在波导中使用，以消除额外的层和减小当前显示系统的厚度，包括HMD、HUD和其它近眼显示器并且通过拼贴(tiling)微显示器上顺序地呈现的图像来增大视场。
当LED用作光源时，SBG的偏振选择性引起50％的光通量损失。虽然理论上能够使用偏振分量来恢复损失的光中的某些，但是由于光学效率低，这在实践中倾向于是困难的。
需要一种用于与非偏振光一起使用的低成本的、高效的、紧凑的全息波导。
发明内容
本发明的第一个目的是提供一种用于与非偏振光一起使用的低成本的、高效的、紧凑的全息波导。
本发明的目的在第一实施例中得以满足，其中，一种波导设备包括：在至少一个层中布置的：输入耦合器；第一折叠光栅；第二折叠光栅；输出耦合器；以及光源，所述光源光学地耦合到波导，提供光的至少第一偏振和第二偏振以及至少一个波长。输入耦合器被配置成促使第一偏振光沿第一全内反射(TIR)路径行进并且促使第二偏振光沿第二TIR路径行进。
在某些实施例中，第一折叠光栅被配置成促使第一TIR路径中的第一偏振光沿第三TIR路径行进到输出耦合器，其中，输出耦合器将第三TIR路径指引出波导。
在某些实施例中，输入耦合器包括第一光栅和第二光栅，所述第一光栅和第二光栅用于将第一和第二偏振光或颜色耦合到第一TIR路径和第二TIR路径中，其中，第一光栅和第二光栅被配置为堆叠或被多路复用在单层中。
在某些实施例中，输出耦合器包括第三光栅和第四光栅，所述第三光栅和第四光栅将第三路径和第四路径耦合出波导，其中，第一光栅和第二光栅被配置为堆叠或被多路复用在单层中。
在某些实施例中，折叠光栅被配置成在第一方向上提供光瞳扩展，其中，输出光栅被配置成在与第一方向不同的第二方向上提供光瞳扩展。
在某些实施例中，输入耦合器、折叠光栅或输出光栅中的至少一者是滚动(rolled)k向量光栅。
在某些实施例中，光在折叠光栅中的至少一个内经历双重交互。
在某些实施例中，源，用于显示图像像素和准直光学的微显示器，并且其中，IIN对显示在微显示器面板上的图像进行投影，使得每个图像像素都被转换到在第一波导内的唯一的角度方向中。
在某些实施例中，波导提供HMD、HUD、眼睛从属显示器(eye-slaved display)、动态聚焦显示器或光场显示器中的一者。
在某些实施例中，输入耦合器、折叠光栅和输出光栅中的至少一者多路复用颜色或角度中的至少一者。
在某些实施例中，该设备包括至少一个具有空间变化间距(pitch)的光栅。
在某些实施例中，至少一个光栅层包括以第一波长操作的第一光栅层和以第二波长操作的第二光栅层。
在某些实施例中，该设备被配置成在红外线中操作。
在某些实施例中，输出耦合器将来自波导的光耦合到检测器上。
在某些实施例中，输入耦合器、折叠光栅和输出光栅中的至少一者是记录在全息光聚合物、HPDLC材料或均匀调制全息液晶聚合物材料中的可切换布拉格光栅或表面浮雕光栅中的一者。
在某些实施例中，第一偏振和第二偏振是正交的。
在某些实施例中，提供一种传播多于一个偏振分量的光的方法，所述方法包括以下步骤：
a)提供一种波导，所述波导包含输入光栅，所述输入光栅包括交叉的第一光栅和第二光栅。
b)将光源耦合到波导。
c)第一光栅将第一偏振态的光衍射到第一波导路径中。
d)第二光栅将第二偏振态的光衍射到第二波导路径中。
在某些实施例中，提供一种传播多于一个偏振分量的光的方法，所述方法包括以下步骤：
a)提供一种波导，所述波导包含：输入光栅，所述输入光栅包括交叉的第一光栅和第二光栅；第一折叠光栅和第二折叠光栅；和输出光栅，所述输出光栅包括交叉的第三光栅和第四光栅；
b)将光源耦合到波导；
c)第一光栅将第一偏振态的光衍射到第一波导路径中；
d)第一光栅将第二偏振态的光衍射到第二波导路径中；
e)第一折叠光栅将来自第一波导路径的光衍射到通向输出光栅的第三波导路径中；
f)第二折叠光栅将第二波导路径中的光衍射到通向输出光栅的第四波导路径中；
g)第三光栅将第三波导路径中的光衍射出波导；
h)第四光栅将第四波导路径中的光衍射出波导。
在某些实施例中，提供一种传播多于一个偏振分量的光的方法，所述方法包括以下步骤：
a)提供一种波导，所述波导包含：输入光栅，所述输入光栅包括交叉的第一光栅和第二光栅；第一折叠光栅和第二折叠光栅；和输出光栅，所述输出光栅包括交叉的第三光栅和第四光栅；
b)将第一颜色和第二颜色的光源耦合到波导；
c)第一光栅将第一颜色、第一偏振态的光衍射到第一波导路径中；
d)第一光栅将第二颜色、第二偏振态的光衍射到第二波导路径中；
e)第一折叠光栅将来自第一波导路径的光衍射到通向输出光栅的第三波导路径中；
f)第二折叠光栅将第二波导路径中的光衍射到通向输出光栅的第四波导路径中；
g)第三光栅将第三波导路径中的光衍射出波导；
h)第四光栅将第四波导路径中的光衍射出波导。
在某些实施例中，提供一种传播多于一个偏振分量的光的方法，所述方法包括以下步骤：
a)提供一种波导，所述波导包括：第一衬底，所述第一衬底包含包括交叉的第一光栅和第二光栅的输入光栅、第一折叠光栅和第二折叠光栅以及包括交叉的第三光栅和第四光栅的输出光栅；第二衬底，所述第二衬底包含包括交叉的第五光栅和第六光栅的输入光栅；以及夹在输入光栅之间的半波延迟膜；
b)将第一颜色和第二颜色的光源耦合到波导；
c)第一光栅和第五光栅将第一颜色、第一偏振态的光衍射到第一波导路径中；
d)第二光栅和第六光栅将第二颜色、第二偏振态的光衍射到第二波导路径中；
e)第一折叠光栅将第一波导路径中的光衍射到通向输出光栅的第三波导路径中；
f)第二折叠光栅将第二波导路径中的光衍射到通向输出光栅的第四波导路径中；
g)第三光栅将第三波导路径中的光衍射出波导；
h)第四光栅将第四波导路径中的光衍射出波导。
以下是涉及用于与非偏振光一起使用的本发明全息波导的各种概念以及用于与非偏振光一起使用的本发明全息波导的实施例的更详细的描述。应当理解，上面介绍的以及下面更详细讨论的各种概念可以以多个方式中的任一个来实现，如所公开的概念不限于任何特定的实现方式。具体的实现方案和应用的示例主要是出于说明性目的来提供。通过结合附图考虑以下详细的描述，可以获得对本发明的更完整的理解，其中，相同的索引数字表示相同的部件。为了清楚起见，还没有详细地描述与在本技术领域中已知的、关于本发明的技术材料有关的细节。
附图说明
图1是在第一实施例中的波导装置的示意性平面图。
图2A是第一实施例的输入光栅的示意性三维视图。
图2B是第一实施例的输入光栅中的光栅倾斜角。
图3是在第一实施例中的波导装置的示意性剖视图。
图4是在一个实施例中使用的滚动K向量光栅的剖视图。
图5是在一个实施例中使用的滚动K向量光栅的剖视图。
图6是在一个实施例中的波导装置的示意性平面图。
图7是在一个实施例中的波导装置的示意性平面图。
图8是在一个实施例中的波导装置的示意性平面图，其中输入光栅装置和输出光栅装置每个都组合三个分离的光栅。
图9是在一个实施例中的波导光栅的示意性平面图。
图10是在一个实施例中的波导装置的示意性剖视图，所述波导装置包括偏振控制层。
图11是在一个实施例中的双光栅层波导装置的示意性剖视图。
图12是在一个实施例中的波导装置的示意性剖视图，所述波导装置包括两个波导，每个波导都包含光栅层。
图13是在一个实施例中的颜色波导装置的示意性平面图。
图14是在一个实施例中的颜色波导装置的示意性剖视图。
图15是在一个实施例中的颜色波导装置中使用的衬底的示意性平面图，所述颜色波导装置包括偏振恢复层。
图16是在一个实施例中的颜色波导装置的示意性剖视图，所述颜色波导装置包括偏振恢复层。
图17是说明在一个实施例中的将多于一个偏振分量的光耦合到波导中的方法的流程图。
图18是说明在一个实施例中的将多于一个偏振分量的光耦合到波导中的方法的流程图。
图19是说明在一个实施例中的将多于一个偏振分量和多于一种颜色的光耦合到波导中的方法的流程图。
图20是说明在一个实施例中的将多于一个偏振分量和多于一种颜色的光耦合到具有偏振恢复的波导中的方法的流程图。
具体实施方式
现在将仅参照附图以示例的方式进一步描述本发明。对于本领域的技术人员将显而易见的是，本发明可以用如在以下描述中所公开的本发明的某些或全部来实施。出于解释本发明的目的，已经省略或简化了对于光学设计和视觉显示领域的技术人员已知的光学技术的公知的特征，以便不模糊本发明的基本原理。除非另有说明，否则与射线或光束方向有关的术语“轴上”是指平行于与关于本发明描述的光学部件的表面垂直的轴线的传播。在以下描述中，术语光、光线、光束和方向可以互换使用并且彼此相关联，以指示电磁辐射沿直线轨迹的传播的方向。术语光和照明可以与电磁波谱的可见光和红外波段相关地使用。将使用通常由光学设计领域的技术人员所采用的术语来呈现以下描述的部分。还应当注意的是，在本发明的以下描述中，短语“在一个实施例中”的重复使用不一定指相同的实施例。总体上参考附图，根据各种实施例示出与显示器或传感器有关的系统和方法。
在图1中所示的第一实施例100中实现本发明的目的，其中，提供了一种波导装置，所述波导装置包括波导101，所述波导101包含输入光栅103、输出光栅104和折叠光栅出射光瞳扩展器105、106。输入光栅在由向量r1指示的方向上接收来自外部光源102的光。在某些实施例中，外部光将是非偏振的。如以后将讨论的，在本发明的显示器应用中，光源将包括提供图像调制光的输入图像节点(IIN)。在本发明的显示器应用中，输入光栅将通常被配置成接收来自IIN的准直光并且经由在第一表面和第二表面之间的全内反射促使光在波导内行进到折叠光栅。
如本文所使用的，术语光栅可以包含在某些实施例中由光栅组构成的光栅。例如，在某些实施例中，输入光栅和输出光栅每个都包括被多路复用到单层中的两个或更多个光栅。在全息学文献中良好地确立了可以将多于一个的全息规格(prescription)记录到单个全息层中。用于记录这种多路复用全息的方法对于本领域的技术人员而言是公知的。在某些实施例中，输入光栅和输出光栅可以每个都包括两个重叠的光栅层，所述两个重叠的光栅层由一个或多个薄光学衬底接触或竖直地分离。在某些实施例中，光栅层被夹在玻璃或塑料衬底之间。在某些实施例中，两个或更多个这种光栅层可以形成堆叠，在所述堆叠内在外部衬底和空气界面处发生全内反射。在某些实施例中，波导可以仅包括一个光栅层。在某些实施例中，可以将电极施加到衬底的面，以将光栅在衍射和清透状态之间切换。堆叠还可以包括附加层，例如，分束涂层和环境保护层。图1所示的输入光栅和输出光栅可以由上述光栅构型中的任一个提供。有利地，输入光栅和输出光栅被设计成具有共同的表面光栅栅距。
在本发明中使用的输入光栅的重要特征在于，所述输入光栅组合这样的光栅，即，所述光栅被取向成使得每个光栅都将入射的非偏振光的特定偏振衍射到波导路径中。输出光栅以类似的方式被配置，使得来自波导路径的光作为非偏振光被组合并且耦合出波导。在图1的实施例中，输入光栅和输出光栅每个都组合交叉的光栅，所述交叉的光栅具有峰值衍射效率，用于正交的偏振态。在某些实施例中，偏振态是S偏振的和P偏振的。在某些实施例中，偏振态是圆偏振的相反的意义。在某些实施例中，可以组合多于两个的光栅，每个所述光栅都在预定的偏振态上操作。在该方面中，记录在诸如SBG的液晶聚合物系统中的光栅的优点在于，由于所述光栅的固有双折射，它们表现出较强的偏振选择性。然而，可以使用其它可以被配置成提供独特的偏振态的光栅技术。每个光栅的特征都由在3D空间中的光栅向量(或K向量)表征，所述光栅向量(或K向量)就布拉格光栅而言被定义为与布拉格条纹垂直的向量。光栅向量确定用于给定范围的输入和衍射角的光学效率。
在图1中，输入光栅由具有光栅向量K1、K2的交叉的倾斜光栅107、108形成，光栅条纹在波导平面中以相对角度φ1旋转(或被时钟化(clocked))，并且输出光栅由具有光栅向量K3、K4的交叉的倾斜光栅109、110形成，光栅条纹在波导平面中以相对角度φ2旋转(或被时钟化)。折叠光栅包含具有光栅向量K5、K6的倾斜光栅111、112。在某些实施例中，角度φ1和φ2每个都等于90度。在某些实施例中，角度φ1和φ2可以小于90度。沿方向r1入射在输入光栅上的输入光的第一偏振分量由光栅107沿方向r2指引到TIR路径中，并且第二偏振分量由第二光栅108沿方向r3指引到第二TIR路径中。沿路径r2、r3的光由折叠光栅105、106扩展(在图的XY平面中)并且朝向输出光栅衍射到TIR路径r4和r5中。图2是图1的输入光栅的三维视图。图2A示出在输入光栅中使用多路复用光栅的一个实施例的细节。图2A示出光栅108的四个光栅条纹120和光栅107的四个光栅条纹121。图2B示出包含光栅向量K3的平面X’Y’中的剖视图，其中一个条纹122被示出为指示光栅倾斜角θ1。在某些实施例中，输入光栅中的光栅具有相同的倾斜角和光栅栅距。在某些实施例中，图1中所示的光栅布局和光束传播路径是围绕X轴线对称的。
图3是图1的波导装置的横截面130，其示出折叠光栅105之一、波导131、输入光栅103和输出光栅104。示出输入射线1000、在输入光栅和输出光栅之间的全内反射(TIR)路径1001以及由输出光栅从波导耦合出的射线1002、1003。
在某些实施例中，折叠光栅以45°被时钟化(即，在波导平面中倾斜)到X轴线或Y轴线，以确保对于折叠光而言适当的角度带宽。然而，本发明的某些实施例可以使用其它时钟角度来满足对在显示器的人体工程学设计中可能出现的光栅定位的空间约束。
在图1的实施例中，每个光栅都具有固定K向量。在某些实施例中，输入光栅和输出光栅中的至少一者具有滚动k向量。使K向量滚动允许光栅的角度带宽扩展而无需增大波导厚度。图4示出滚动K向量光栅140包括波导部分141，所述波导部分141包含具有K向量1010至1013的离散的光栅元件142至145。在诸如图5中所示的一个实施例的某些实施例中，滚动K向量光栅包括波导部分151，所述波导部分151包含单个光栅元件152，在所述单个光栅元件152内K向量在包含所示方向1020至1023在内的方向上经历平滑的单调变化。图4至图5中所示的类型的滚动K向量光栅可以在上面讨论的光栅中的任一个中来实现。
如在通过引用并入本文的参考文献中所公开的，与其它波导发明结合的本发明的原理和教导可以应用于许多不同的显示器和传感器装置中。在基于图6中的实施例的某些实施例中，波导装置160包括波导161、在向量方向r7上的输入光源162。波导包含输入光栅163、包含倾斜光栅167的第一输出光栅166和包含光栅169的第二输出光栅168。第一偏振分量由多路复用光栅163沿方向r8朝向第一输出光栅指引到第一TIR路径中，并且第二偏振分量由第二多路复用光栅164沿方向r9朝向第二输出光栅指引到第二TIR路径中。然后，由第一输出光栅和第二输出光栅将光从波导提取到方向r10和r11中。输出光将使光将具有不同的偏振，所述不同的偏振可以根据期望借助放置在输出光栅之一上的半波镀物(plated)而被调整到共同的偏振中。在诸如图7中所示的一个实施例的某些实施例中，与图6的波导构型类似的波导构型可以在波导传感器中使用。波导装置170包括波导171，所述波导包含：包含倾斜光栅174的第一输入光栅173；包含倾斜光栅176的第二输入光栅175；和包含交叉的多路复用倾斜光栅178、179的输出光栅177。从图7的考虑应当显而易见的是，该光学构型与图6的光学构型是非常类似的，但是射线路径被逆反，并且图6的光源被检测器172代替。在第一方向r12和第二方向r14中的入射光由第一输入光栅和第二输入光栅朝向输出光栅衍射到TIR路径r13、r15中。路径具有第一偏振态并且路径具有第二偏振态。输出光栅将来自离开波导的两个TIR路径的光朝向检测器衍射到方向r16中。为了检测特定偏振的光，将半波镀物放置在输入光栅之一上。
光栅的数量可以多于两个。例如，在图8的实施例中，输入光栅包括具有K向量K7、K8、K9的三个多路复用光栅，折叠光栅具有K向量K10、K11、K12，并且输出光栅包括具有K向量K13、K14、K15的三个多路复用光栅。具有K向量K7、K10、K13的光栅将入射在波导上的光沿射线方向r24衍射到光学路径r18、r21和r19、r22和r20、r23中。具有K向量K8、K11、K14的光栅限定光学路径r19、r22。具有向量K9、K12、K15的光栅限定光学路径r20、r23。输出光栅将来自三个路径的光组合到输出方向r24中。
输入光栅、折叠光栅或输出光栅的形状取决于波导应用，并且可以是任何多边形几何形状，其受到诸如所需的光束扩展、输出光束几何形状、光束均匀性和人体工程学因素的因素的影响。图9示出一个实施例190，其中折叠光栅具有三角形几何形状。波导191包含输入光栅191、折叠光栅193、194和输出光栅195。
在使用记录在液晶聚合物材料系统中的光栅的某些实施例中，可以提供与折叠光栅、输入光栅或输出光栅中的至少一者重叠的至少一个偏振控制层，用于补偿已经由发明人发现可能导致偏振旋转的任何光栅尤其折叠光栅中的偏振旋转。图10示出一个这样的实施例，其中波导装置包括波导201，所述波导201包括输入光栅202、折叠光栅203和输出光栅204。在某些实施例中，所有光栅都由偏振控制层覆盖，例如，由附图标记202至204所指示的偏振控制层。在某些实施例中，偏振控制层仅被施加到折叠光栅或施加到光栅的任何其它子集。偏振控制层可以包括光学延迟膜。在基于HPDLC材料的某些实施例中，光栅的双折射可以用于控制波导装置的偏振特性。将HPDLC光栅的双折射张量、K向量和光栅占用面积用作设计变量开辟了设计空间，用于优化波导装置的角度能力和光学效率。
在某些实施例中，输入光栅、输出光栅和折叠光栅可以被记录在波导内的分离的层中。例如，在图11中所示的双层设计中，波导211包括包含分离的重叠光栅层212、213的输入光栅、包含重叠层214、215的输出光栅和折叠光栅(非重叠)216、217。
在诸如图12的一个实施例的某些实施例中，图11的架构可以使用分离的波导来实现。波导典型地由气隙或低折射率光学材料的薄层分离。在图12中所示的实施例220中，第一波导221包含输入光栅223、折叠光栅224和输出光栅225，并且第二波导222包含输入光栅226、折叠光栅227和输出光栅228。在某些实施例中，第一波导提供第一输入-折叠-输出光栅路径，并且第二波导提供第二输入-折叠-输出光栅路径。
在图1的实施例中以及在下面将描述的实施例中，输入光栅、折叠光栅和输出光栅中的至少一者可以是可电切换的。在许多实施例中，期望的是所有三种光栅类型都是无源的，即，非切换的。
在某些实施例中，输入光栅、折叠光栅和输出光栅是全息光栅，例如，可切换或不可切换的布拉格光栅。在某些实施例中，体现为SBG的输出光栅、输入耦合器和折叠光栅可以是记录在全息聚合物分散液晶(HPDLC)(例如，液晶微滴的基质)中的布拉格光栅，但是SBG也可以被记录在其它材料中。在一个实施例中，SBG被记录在均匀调制材料中，例如，具有分散在液体聚合物中的固体液晶的基质的POLICRYPS或POLIPHEM。SBG本质上可以是切换的或非切换的。在SBG的非切换形式中，由于SBG的液晶成分，SBG优于常规全息光聚合物材料而具有能够提供高折射率调制的优点。示例性的均匀调制液晶-聚合物材料系统在Caputo等人的美国专利申请公开No.:US2007/0019152和Stumpe等人的PCT申请No.:PCT/EP2005/006950中公开，这两个申请的全部内容都通过参考包含于此。均匀调制光栅的特征在于高折射率调制(以及因此具有高衍射效率)和低散射。在某些实施例中，输入耦合器、折叠光栅和输出光栅以反向模式HPDLC材料记录。反向模式HPDLC与常规HPDLC的不同之处在于，当没有施加电场时光栅是无源的，并且当存在电场时光栅变成衍射的。反向模式HPDLC可以基于在题名为“IMPROVEMENTS TO HOLOGRAPHIC POLYMER DISPERSED LIQUID CRYSTALMATERIALS AND DEVICES”的PCT申请No.:PCT/GB2012/000680中公开的配方(recipe)和处理中的任一个。光栅可以被记录在上述材料系统中的任一个中，但是以无源的(非切换的)模式使用。在液晶聚合物材料中记录无源光栅的优点在于，最终的全息得益于由液晶给予的高折射率调制。更高的折射率调制转换为高衍射效率和宽角度带宽。制造处理与用于切换的制造处理相同，但是省略了电极涂覆阶段。鉴于LC聚合物材料系统的高折射率调制，LC聚合物材料系统是高度期望的。在某些实施例中，光栅被记录在HPDLC中，但不是切换的。
在诸如图13至图14中所示的一个实施例的某些实施例中，本发明提供一种用于通过波导传播至少两个不同光谱带宽的光束的装置。图13是实施例230的平面图，该实施例230包括耦合到光源232的波导230，所述波导230的架构与图1的波导的架构类似。输入光栅233和输出光栅234每个都组合交叉的光栅，所述交叉的光栅具有峰值衍射效率，用于正交的偏振态，典型地为S偏振的和P偏振的。在图1中，输入光栅由具有光栅向量K21、K22的交叉的倾斜光栅237、238形成，光栅条纹在波导平面中以相对角度φ3旋转(或被时钟化)，并且输出光栅由具有光栅向量K23、K24的交叉的倾斜光栅239、240形成，光栅条纹在波导平面中以相对角度φ4旋转(或被时钟化)。折叠光栅235、236包含具有光栅向量K25、K26的倾斜光栅241、242。在某些实施例中，角度φ3和φ4每个都等于90度。从具有波长λ1的源沿方向r31入射在输入光栅上的输入光的第一偏振分量由光栅107沿方向r32指引到TIR路径中。具有波长λ2的第二偏振分量由第二光栅108沿方向r33指引到第二TIR路径中。沿路径r32、r33的光由折叠光栅扩展(在图的XY平面中)并且朝向输出光栅衍射到TIR路径r34和r35中。图14示出图13的波导的剖视图，其示出折叠光栅235之一、输入光栅233和输出光栅234。在图14中由射线1030至1032表示用于波长λ1的光的射线路径r31、r32、r33，由1033指示输出光(图13中的r36)。由于仅波长的光的第一偏振分量和波长的光的第二分量耦合到波导中，图13至图14的实施例将具有不大于50％的光学效率。未耦合到波导中的光将通过输入光栅传播而没有如由图14中的射线1034所指示的实质偏差。图13至图14的实施例将。
在一个实施例250中，基于图13至图14的实施例，提供一种用于传播多于一种颜色的光的波导，所述波导包括用于偏振恢复的装置。如以上所解释的，通过使用交叉的输入光栅，我们确保每个输入光偏振将通过交叉的光栅之一被正确地对准以用于衍射。在颜色波导应用中，我们具有至少两个输入偏振和至少两个颜色分量。因此，我们需要两个交叉的光栅层。实施例250中的波导包括两个结合的衬底，所述两个结合的衬底中的下衬底本质上是图13至图14的波导231，并且上衬底251包含覆盖下衬底的输入光栅的输入光栅252。上输入光栅和下输入光栅夹持半波延迟膜253。上衬底中的输入光栅由具有光栅向量K27、K28的交叉的倾斜光栅253、254形成，光栅条纹在波导平面中以相对角度φ5旋转(或被时钟化)。
图16示出实施例250的剖视图，其示出上衬底251和下衬底231，所述下衬底231包含折叠光栅235之一、输入光栅233和输出光栅234。在图16中由射线1040至1042表示如图13中所示的用于波长λ2的光的射线路径r31、r32、r33，其现在与在衬底251的上表面和衬底231的下表面之间的TIR路径相对应。未被输入光栅233衍射的光作为光1042向上传播并且被上衬底的输入光栅衍射。沿方向r36入射在输入光栅上的具有波长λ1的输入光的第一偏振分量(在图16中由1044指示)由光栅253沿方向r37指引到TIR路径中，并且具有波长λ2的第二偏振分量由第二光栅254沿方向r38指引到第二TIR路径中。TIR路径发生在衬底251的上表面和衬底231的下表面之间。来自波导的输出光在光由下衬底的输入光栅衍射的情况下由1047指示，并且在光由下衬底的输入光栅衍射的情况下由1948指示。总之，实施例250提供两个重要的益处。首先，实施例250为不同颜色的光提供分离的无串扰波导路径。其次，实施例250允许利用任何偏振态的光，克服了诸如SBG的基于液晶的光栅根本上对偏振敏感的限制。由于在输入光栅之后的所有波导引导的光都处于用于由折叠光栅和输出光栅衍射的校正偏振(就SBG而言为P偏振的)，所以仅需要一个输出光栅层。
在基于图13至图16中所示的实施例的某些实施例中，第一波长与红光相对应，并且第二波长与蓝绿光相对应。在某些实施例中，输入光栅和输出光栅可以组合多于两个的光栅，每个光栅都在唯一的偏振态和唯一的光谱带宽上操作。在某些实施例中，输入光栅和输出光栅可以组合多于两个的光栅，每个光栅都在唯一的偏振态、唯一的衍射效率角度带宽和唯一的光谱带宽上操作。
在图17的流程图中所示的一个实施例中，提供一种将多于一个偏振分量的光耦合到波导中的方法。参考流程图，我们看到所述方法包括以下步骤。
在步骤2001处，提供一种波导，所述波导包含输入光栅，所述输入光栅包括交叉的第一光栅和第二光栅。
在步骤2002处，将光源耦合到波导。
在步骤2003处，第一光栅将第一偏振态的光衍射到第一波导路径中。
在步骤2004处，与步骤2004同时，第一光栅将第二偏振态的光衍射到第二波导路径中。
在图18的流程图中所示的一个实施例中，提供一种将多于一个偏振分量的光耦合到波导中的方法2010。参考流程图，我们看到所述方法包括以下步骤。
在步骤2011处，提供一种波导，所述波导包含：输入光栅，所述输入光栅包括交叉的第一光栅和第二光栅；第一折叠光栅和第二折叠光栅；和输出光栅，所述输出光栅包括交叉的第三光栅和第四光栅。
在步骤2012处，将光源耦合到波导。
在步骤2013处，第一光栅将第一偏振态的光衍射到第一波导路径中。
在步骤2014处，与步骤2004同时，第一光栅将第二偏振态的光衍射到第二波导路径中。
在步骤2015处，第一折叠光栅将来自第一波导路径的光衍射到通向输出光栅的第三波导路径中。
在步骤2016处，与步骤2015同时，第二折叠光栅将第二波导路径中的光衍射到通向输出光栅的第四波导路径中。
在步骤2017处，第三光栅将第三波导路径中的光衍射出波导。
在步骤2018处，与步骤2017同时，第四光栅将第四波导路径中的光衍射出波导。
在图19的流程图中所示的一个实施例中，提供一种将多于一个偏振分量和多于一种颜色的光耦合到波导中的方法2020。参考流程图，我们看到所述方法包括以下步骤。
在步骤2021处，提供一种波导，所述波导包含：输入光栅，所述输入光栅包括交叉的第一光栅和第二光栅；第一折叠光栅和第二折叠光栅；和输出光栅，所述输出光栅包括交叉的第三光栅和第四光栅。
在步骤2022处，将第一颜色和第二颜色的光源耦合到波导。
在步骤2023处，第一光栅将第一颜色、第一偏振态的光衍射到第一波导路径中。
在步骤2024处，与步骤2004同时，第一光栅将第二颜色、第二偏振态的光衍射到第二波导路径中。
在步骤2025处，第一折叠光栅将来自第一波导路径的光衍射到通向输出光栅的第三波导路径中。
在步骤2026处，与步骤2015同时，第二折叠光栅将第二波导路径中的光衍射到通向输出光栅的第四波导路径中。
在步骤2027处，第三光栅将第三波导路径中的光衍射出波导。
在步骤2028处，与步骤2017同时，第四光栅将第四波导路径中的光衍射出波导。
在图20的流程图中所示的一个实施例中，提供一种将多于一个偏振分量和多于一种颜色的光耦合到波导中的方法2030。参考流程图，我们看到所述方法包括以下步骤。
在步骤2031处，提供一种波导，所述波导包括：第一衬底，所述第一衬底包含包括交叉的第一光栅和第二光栅的输入光栅、第一折叠光栅和第二折叠光栅以及包括交叉的第三光栅和第四光栅的输出光栅；第二衬底，所述第二衬底包含包括交叉的第五光栅和第六光栅的输入光栅；以及夹在输入光栅之间的半波延迟膜。
在步骤2032处，将第一颜色和第二颜色的光源耦合到波导。
在步骤2033处，第一光栅和第五光栅将第一颜色、第一偏振态的光衍射到第一波导路径中。
在步骤2034处，与步骤2004同时，第二光栅和第六光栅将第二颜色、第二偏振态的光衍射到第二波导路径中。
在步骤2035处，第一折叠光栅将第一波导路径中的光衍射到通向输出光栅的第三波导路径中。
在步骤2036处，与步骤2015同时，第二折叠光栅将第二波导路径中的光衍射到通向输出光栅的第四波导路径中。
在步骤2037处，第三光栅将第三波导路径中的光衍射出波导。
在步骤2038处，与步骤2017同时，第四光栅将第四波导路径中的光衍射出波导。
在本发明的显示器应用中，该设备将通常还包括光学地耦合到波导的输入图像节点(IIN)。典型地，IIN将对于照射显示器面板所需的微显示器面板、光源和光学部件集成，将反射光分离并且将反射光准直到所需的FOV中。本发明不假设任何特定的微显示技术。在某些实施例中，微显示器面板是液晶装置或MEMS装置。在某些实施例中，微显示器可以基于有机发光二极管(OLED)技术。这种发光装置将不要求分离的光源，并且因此将提供更小的形式因子的益处。在某些实施例中，IIN可以基于扫描的调制激光。根据某些实施例，IIN投影显示在微显示器面板上的图像，使得每个显示像素在衬底波导内被转换到唯一的角度方向中。包含在IIN内的准直光学器件可以包括透镜和镜，其在某些实施例中可以是衍射透镜和镜。在某些实施例中，IIN可以基于在题名为“HOLOGRAPHIC WIDE ANGLE DISPLAY”的美国专利申请No.:13/869,866和题名为“TRANSPARENT WAVEGUIDE DISPLAY”的美国专利申请No.:13/844,456中公开的实施例和教导。在某些实施例中，IIN包含分束器，所述分束器用于将光指引到微显示器上并且朝向波导透射反射光。在一个实施例中，分束器是记录在HPDLC中的光栅，并且使用这种光栅的固有偏振选择性来分离照射显示器的光和从显示器反射出的图像调制光。在某些实施例中，分束器是偏振分束器立方体。在某些实施方案中，IIN结合去斑点器(despeckler)。有利地，去斑点器是基于题名为“LASER ILLUMINATIONDEVICE”的美国专利No.US8,565,560的实施例和教导的全息波导装置。光源可以是激光器或LED，并且可以包括用于修改照明光束角度特点的一个或多个透镜。图像源可以是微显示器或基于激光的显示器。LED将提供比激光更好的均匀性。如果使用激光照射，则存在有在波导输出处发生照明条带(banding)的风险。在某些实施例中，可以使用在题名为“METHODAND APPARATUS FOR GENERATING INPUT IMAGES FOR HOLOGRAPHIC WAVEGUIDE DISPLAYS”的美国临时专利申请No.:62/071,277中公开的技术和教导来克服波导中的激光照射条带。在某些实施例中，来自光源101的光被偏振。在一个或多个实施例中，图像源是液晶显示器(LCD)微显示器或硅基液晶(LCoS)微显示器。
在某些实施例中，可以通过设计光栅规格来增强折叠光栅角度带宽，以促进被引导的光与光栅的双重交互。双重交互折叠光栅的示例性实施例在题名为“WAVEGUIDEGRATING DEVICE”的美国专利申请No.:14/620,969中公开。
在某些实施例中，输入光栅、折叠光栅或输出光栅中的至少一者可以基于表面浮雕结构。
在某些实施例中，输入光栅、折叠光栅或输出光栅中的至少一者可以组合两个或更多个角度衍射规格以扩展角度带宽。类似地，在某些实施例中，输入光栅、折叠光栅或输出光栅中的至少一者可以组合两个或更多个光谱衍射规格以扩展光谱带宽。例如，可以使用颜色多路复用光栅来衍射原色中的两种或更多种。
在某些实施例中，单元衬底可以由玻璃制成。示例性玻璃衬底是标准的CorningWillow玻璃衬底(折射率1.51)，其厚度可低至50微米。在其它实施方案中，单元衬底可以是光学塑料。
在某些实施例中，光栅层可以被分解为分离的层。例如，在某些实施例中，第一层包括折叠光栅，而第二层包括输出光栅。在某些实施例中，第三层可以包括输入光栅。然后，多个层可以被一起层压到单个波导衬底中。在某些实施例中，光栅层由包括输入耦合器、折叠光栅和输出光栅(或其部分)的多个件组成，所述多个件被层压在一起，以形成单个衬底波导。这些件可以由光学胶或其它与这些件匹配的折射率的透明材料分离。在另一个实施例中，通过创建具有期望的光栅厚度的单元并且针对输入耦合器、折叠光栅和输出光栅中的每一个用SBG材料真空填充每个单元，光栅层可以经由单元制作过程形成。在一个实施例中，通过定位多个玻璃板来形成单元，在玻璃板之间具有为输入耦合器、折叠光栅和输出光栅限定期望的光栅厚度的间隙。在一个实施例中，一个单元可以由多个孔制成，使得分离的孔用不同的SBG材料袋填充。然后，任何中间空间可以通过分离材料(例如，胶、油等)分离，以限定分离的区域。在一个实施例中，SBG材料可以被旋涂到衬底上，并且然后在材料固化之后被第二衬底覆盖。
根据某些实施例，通过使用折叠光栅，波导装置有利地比先前的显示信息的系统和方法需要更少的层。此外，通过使用折叠光栅，光可以在波导内通过全内反射在由波导外表面限定的单个矩形棱镜中行进，同时实现双光瞳扩展。
在某些实施例中，输入耦合器、折叠光栅和输出光栅可以通过使两个光波在衬底内以一定角度干涉以创建全息波前来创建，由此创建在波导衬底101中以期望角度设定的亮条纹和暗条纹。在某些实施例中，通过在光栅区域上扫描或步进记录激光束，给定层中的光栅以逐步方式被记录。在某些实施例中，使用目前在全息印刷工业中使用的母版制作(mastering)和接触复制过程来记录光栅。
在某些实施例中，可以提供基于上述原理的红色、绿色和蓝色衍射光栅层，用于颜色非偏振照明。在某些实施例中，根据本发明的原理的颜色波导可以在每个单色波导中仅使用一个光栅层。在某些实施例中，基于上述原理的波导在红外波段中操作。
在针对显示器的某些实施例中，折叠光栅可以沿对角线方向被取向。在某些实施例中，折叠光栅被配置成在第一方向上提供光瞳扩展并且经由波导内的全内反射将光指引到输出光栅。在一个实施例中，每个折叠光栅的纵向边缘都相对于输入耦合器的对准轴线倾斜，使得每个折叠光栅都相对于显示器光的传播方向被设定在对角线上。折叠光栅成角度，使得来自输入耦合器的光被重新取向到输出光栅。在一个示例中，折叠光栅相对于从输入耦合器释放显示器图像的方向被设定成四十五度角。该特征促使显示器图像沿折叠光栅向下传播以转动到输出光栅中。例如，在一个实施例中，折叠光栅促使图像转动90度进入输出光栅中。这样，单个波导在水平方向和竖直方向两者上提供双轴光瞳扩展。在一个实施例中，折叠光栅中的每个都可以具有部分衍射结构。输出光栅被配置成在与第一方向不同的第二方向上提供光瞳扩展并且促使光从第一表面或第二表面离开波导。输出光栅经由全内反射接收来自折叠光栅的图像光并且在第二方向上提供光瞳扩展。在某些实施例中，输出光栅由多层衬底构成，由此包括多层输出光栅。因此，不要求光栅在波导内的一个平面内，并且光栅可以彼此在顶部上堆叠(例如，彼此在顶部上堆叠的光栅的单元)。
在某些实施例中，布置在波导的玻璃-空气界面上的四分之一波片旋转光线的偏振以维持与光栅的高效耦合。例如，在一个实施例中，四分之一波片是施加到衬底波导的涂层。四分之一波片提供光波偏振管理。在显示器应用中，这种偏振管理可以通过补偿波导中的斜波(skew wave)来帮助光线保持与预期观察轴线的对准。四分之一波片可以被提供为多层涂层。
在针对图7中所示的显示器的本发明的一个实施例中，根据本发明的原理的波导显示器与眼睛跟踪器组合。在一个优选实施例中，眼睛跟踪器是覆盖显示器波导的波导装置，并且基于题名为“HOLOGRAPHIC WAVEGUIDE EYE TRACKER,PCT/GB2015/000274”的PCT/GB2014/000197、题名为“HOLOGRAPHIC WAVEGUIDE OPTICALTRACKER”的PCT/GB2015/000274和题名为“APPARATUS FOR EYE TRACKING”的PCT申请No.:GB2013/000210的实施例和教导。
在针对显示器的本发明的某些实施例中，根据本发明的原理的波导显示器还包括动态聚焦元件。动态聚焦元件可以基于题名为“ELECTRICALLY FOCUS TUNABLE LENS”的美国临时专利申请No.:62/176,572的实施例和教导。在某些实施例中，根据本发明的原理的波导显示器还包括动态聚焦元件，并且眼睛跟踪器可以基于题名为“HOLOGRAPHICWAVEGUIDE LIGHT FIELD DISPLAYS”的美国临时专利申请No.:62/125,089中公开的实施例和教导提供光场显示器。
在针对显示器的本发明的某些实施例中，根据本发明的原理的波导可以基于题名为“HOLOGRAPHIC WIDE ANGLE DISPLAY”的美国专利申请No.:13/869,866和题名为“TRANSPARENT WAVEGUIDE DISPLAY”的美国专利申请No.:13/844,456的实施例中的某些。在某些实施例中，根据本发明的原理的波导装置可以被集成在窗口内，例如，用于道路车辆应用的挡风玻璃集成的HUD。在某些实施例中，窗口集成的显示器可以基于在题名为“ENVIRONMENTALLY ISOLATED WAVEGUIDE DISPLAY”的美国临时专利申请No.:PCT申请No.:PCT/GB2016/000005中公开的实施例和教导。在某些实施例中，波导设备可以包括梯度折射率(GRIN)波导部件，用于在IIN和波导之间中继图像内容。示例性实施例在题名为“ENVIRONMENTALLY ISOLATED WAVEGUIDE DISPLAY”的PCT申请No.:PCT/GB2016/000005中公开。在某些实施例中，波导设备可以基于在题名为“WAVEGUIDE DEVICE INCORPORATING ALIGHT PIPE”的美国临时专利申请No.:62/177,494中公开的实施例结合用于在一个方向上提供光束扩展的光管。
本发明的实施例可以用于广泛范围的显示器应用中，包括用于AR和VR的HMD、头盔安装的显示器、投影显示器、平视显示器(HUD)、下视显示器(HDD)、自动立体显示器以及其它3D显示器。本公开的实施例和教导中的某些可以应用于波导传感器中，例如，眼睛跟踪器、指纹扫描仪和LIDAR系统。
应当强调的是，附图是示例性的并且尺寸已经被夸大。例如，SBG层的厚度已经极大地被夸大。使用在题名为“IMPROVEMENTS TO HOLOGRAPHIC POLYMER DISPERSED LIQUIDCRYSTAL MATERIALS AND DEVICES”的PCT申请No.:PCT/GB2012/000680中公开的材料和工艺，基于上述实施例中的任一个的光学装置可以使用塑料衬底来实现。在某些实施例中，双扩展波导显示器可以是弯曲的。
如各种示例性实施例中所示的系统和方法的构造和布置仅仅是说明性的。虽然在本公开中已经仅详细描述了几个实施例，但是能够进行许多修改(例如，各种元件的大小、尺寸、结构、形状和比例、参数的值、安装布置、材料的使用、颜色、取向等的变化)。例如，元件的位置可以被颠倒或以其它方式变化，并且离散元件或位置的性质或数量可以被更改或改变。因此，所有这样的修改都旨在被包含在本公开的范围内。根据可替代实施例，可以改变或重新排序任何处理或方法步骤的次序或顺序。在不脱离本公开的范围的情况下，可以在示例性实施例的设计、操作条件和布置中进行其它替换、修改、改变和省略。

Claims (18)

1.一种波导设备，其包括：在至少一个层中布置的：
输入耦合器，所述输入耦合器包括第一线性倾斜光栅和第二线性倾斜光栅，所述第一线性倾斜光栅和所述第二线性倾斜光栅形成交叉倾斜的输入光栅；
第一折叠光栅；
第二折叠光栅；
输出耦合器，所述输出耦合器包括第三线性倾斜光栅和第四线性倾斜光栅，所述第三线性倾斜光栅和所述第四线性倾斜光栅形成交叉倾斜的输出光栅；和
光源，所述光源光学地耦合到波导，所述波导提供光的至少第一偏振和第二偏振以及至少一个波长，
其中，所述输入耦合器被配置成促使所述第一偏振光沿第一全内反射(TIR)路径行进并且促使所述第二偏振光沿第二全内反射路径行进，
其中所述第一线性倾斜光栅和所述第三线性倾斜光栅被配置成仅衍射所述第一偏振光，
其中所述第二线性倾斜光栅和所述第四线性倾斜光栅被配置成仅衍射所述第二偏振光，
其中所述第三线性倾斜光栅被配置成将第一偏振光衍射出所述波导并衍射到输出路径中，
其中所述第四线性倾斜光栅被配置成将第二偏振光衍射出所述波导并衍射到所述输出路径中。
2.根据权利要求1所述的波导设备，其中，所述第一折叠光栅被配置成促使所述第一全内反射路径中的所述第一偏振光沿第三全内反射路径行进到所述输出耦合器，所述输出耦合器将所述第三全内反射路径指引出所述波导。
3.根据权利要求1所述的波导设备，其中，所述第一线性倾斜光栅和第二线性倾斜光栅分别将所述第一偏振光和第二偏振光耦合到所述第一全内反射路径和第二全内反射路径中，并且所述第一线性倾斜光栅和第二线性倾斜光栅被配置为堆叠或被多路复用在单层中。
4.根据权利要求1所述的波导设备，其中，所述第三线性倾斜光栅和第四线性倾斜光栅被配置为堆叠或被多路复用在单层中。
5.根据权利要求1所述的波导设备，其中，所述折叠光栅配置成在第一方向上提供光瞳扩展，所述输出光栅被配置成在与所述第一方向不同的第二方向上提供光瞳扩展。
6.根据权利要求1所述的波导设备，其中，所述输入耦合器、所述折叠光栅或所述输出光栅中的至少一者是滚动K向量光栅。
7.根据权利要求1所述的波导设备，其中，所述光源包括用于显示图像像素和准直光学的微显示器，并且输入图像节点对显示在所述微显示器面板上的图像进行投影，使得每个图像像素都被转换到在所述波导内的唯一的角度方向中。
8.根据权利要求1所述的波导设备，其中，所述波导提供HMD、HUD、动态聚焦显示器或光场显示器中的一者。
9.根据权利要求1所述的波导设备，其中，所述输入耦合器、折叠光栅和输出光栅中的至少一者多路复用颜色或角度中的至少一者。
10.根据权利要求1所述的波导设备，其包括至少一个具有空间变化间距的光栅。
11.根据权利要求1所述的波导设备，其中，所述输入耦合器包括以第一波长操作的第一光栅层和以第二波长操作的第二光栅层。
12.根据权利要求1所述的波导设备，其被配置成在红外线中操作。
13.根据权利要求1所述的波导设备，其中，所述输出耦合器将来自所述波导的光耦合到检测器上。
14.根据权利要求1所述的波导设备，其中，所述输入耦合器，所述折叠光栅和所述输出光栅中的至少一者是记录在全息光聚合物、HPDLC材料或均匀调制全息液晶聚合物材料中的可切换布拉格光栅或表面浮雕光栅中的一者。
15.根据权利要求1所述的波导设备，其中，所述第一偏振和所述第二偏振是正交的。
16.一种传播多于一个偏振分量的光的方法，所述方法包括以下步骤：
a)提供波导，所述波导包含：输入光栅，所述输入光栅包括第一线性倾斜光栅和第二线性倾斜光栅，所述第一线性倾斜光栅和所述第二线性倾斜光栅形成交叉倾斜的输入光栅；第一折叠光栅和第二折叠光栅；和输出光栅，所述输出光栅包括第三线性倾斜光栅和第四线性倾斜光栅，所述第三线性倾斜光栅和所述第四线性倾斜光栅形成交叉的倾斜光栅；
b)将光源耦合到所述波导中；
c)所述第一线性倾斜光栅将第一偏振态的光衍射到第一波导路径中；
d)所述第二线性倾斜光栅将第二偏振态的光衍射到第二波导路径中；
e)所述第一折叠光栅将来自所述第一波导路径的光衍射到通向所述输出光栅的第三波导路径中；
f)所述第二折叠光栅将所述第二波导路径中的光衍射到通向所述输出光栅的第四波导路径中；
g)所述第三线性倾斜光栅将所述第三波导路径中的第一偏振态的光衍射出所述波导；以及
h)所述第四线性倾斜光栅将所述第四波导路径中的第二偏振态的光衍射出所述波导。
17.一种传播多于一个偏振分量的光的方法，所述方法包括以下步骤：
a)提供波导，所述波导包含：输入光栅，所述输入光栅包括第一线性倾斜光栅和第二线性倾斜光栅，所述第一线性倾斜光栅和所述第二线性倾斜光栅形成交叉倾斜的输入光栅；第一折叠光栅和第二折叠光栅；和输出光栅，所述输出光栅包括第三线性倾斜光栅和第四线性倾斜光栅，所述第三线性倾斜光栅和所述第四线性倾斜光栅形成交叉的倾斜光栅；
b)将第一颜色和第二颜色的光源耦合到所述波导中；
c)所述第一线性倾斜光栅将第一颜色、第一偏振态的光衍射到第一波导路径中；
d)所述第二线性倾斜光栅将第二颜色、第二偏振态的光衍射到第二波导路径中；
e)所述第一折叠光栅将来自所述第一波导路径的光衍射到通向所述输出光栅的第三波导路径中；
f)所述第二折叠光栅将所述第二波导路径中的光衍射到通向所述输出光栅的第四波导路径中；
g)所述第三线性倾斜光栅将所述第三波导路径中的第一偏振态的光衍射出所述波导；以及
h)所述第四线性倾斜光栅将所述第四波导路径中的第二偏振态的光衍射出所述波导。
18.一种传播多于一个偏振分量的光的方法，所述方法包括以下步骤：
a)提供波导，所述波导包括：第一衬底，所述第一衬底包含输入光栅、第一折叠光栅和第二折叠光栅、以及输出光栅，所述输入光栅包括第一线性倾斜光栅和第二线性倾斜光栅，所述第一线性倾斜光栅和所述第二线性倾斜光栅形成交叉倾斜的输入光栅，所述输出光栅包括第三线性倾斜光栅和第四线性倾斜光栅，所述第三线性倾斜光栅和所述第四线性倾斜光栅形成交叉倾斜的输出光栅；第二衬底，所述第二衬底包含输入光栅，所述输入光栅包括第五线性倾斜光栅和第六线性倾斜光栅，所述第五线性倾斜光栅和所述第六线性倾斜光栅形成交叉的倾斜光栅；以及夹在所述第一衬底的输入光栅与所述第二衬底的输入光栅之间的半波延迟膜；
b)将第一颜色和第二颜色的光源耦合到所述波导中；
c)所述第一线性倾斜光栅和第五线性倾斜光栅将第一颜色、第一偏振态的光衍射到第一波导路径中；
d)所述第二线性倾斜光栅和第六线性倾斜光栅将第二颜色、第二偏振态的光衍射到第二波导路径中；
e)所述第一折叠光栅将所述第一波导路径中的光衍射到通向所述输出光栅的第三波导路径中；
f)所述第二折叠光栅将所述第二波导路径中的光衍射到通向所述输出光栅的第四波导路径中；
g)所述第三线性倾斜光栅将所述第三波导路径中的第一偏振态的光衍射出所述波导；
h)所述第四线性倾斜光栅将所述第四波导路径中的第二偏振态的光衍射出所述波导。
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