Classifications

• • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
  • A23—FOODS OR FOODSTUFFS; TREATMENT THEREOF, NOT COVERED BY OTHER CLASSES
  • A23L—FOODS, FOODSTUFFS OR NON-ALCOHOLIC BEVERAGES, NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; PREPARATION OR TREATMENT THEREOF
  • A23L23/00—Soups; Sauces; Preparation or treatment thereof
• • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
  • A23—FOODS OR FOODSTUFFS; TREATMENT THEREOF, NOT COVERED BY OTHER CLASSES
  • A23L—FOODS, FOODSTUFFS OR NON-ALCOHOLIC BEVERAGES, NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; PREPARATION OR TREATMENT THEREOF
  • A23L27/00—Spices; Flavouring agents or condiments; Artificial sweetening agents; Table salts; Dietetic salt substitutes; Preparation or treatment thereof
  • A23L27/40—Table salts; Dietetic salt substitutes
• • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
  • A23—FOODS OR FOODSTUFFS; TREATMENT THEREOF, NOT COVERED BY OTHER CLASSES
  • A23L—FOODS, FOODSTUFFS OR NON-ALCOHOLIC BEVERAGES, NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; PREPARATION OR TREATMENT THEREOF
  • A23L27/00—Spices; Flavouring agents or condiments; Artificial sweetening agents; Table salts; Dietetic salt substitutes; Preparation or treatment thereof
  • A23L27/40—Table salts; Dietetic salt substitutes
  • A23L27/45—Salt substitutes completely devoid of sodium chloride
• • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
  • A23—FOODS OR FOODSTUFFS; TREATMENT THEREOF, NOT COVERED BY OTHER CLASSES
  • A23L—FOODS, FOODSTUFFS OR NON-ALCOHOLIC BEVERAGES, NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; PREPARATION OR TREATMENT THEREOF
  • A23L7/00—Cereal-derived products; Malt products; Preparation or treatment thereof
  • A23L7/10—Cereal-derived products
  • A23L7/117—Flakes or other shapes of ready-to-eat type; Semi-finished or partly-finished products therefor
• • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
  • A23—FOODS OR FOODSTUFFS; TREATMENT THEREOF, NOT COVERED BY OTHER CLASSES
  • A23V—INDEXING SCHEME RELATING TO FOODS, FOODSTUFFS OR NON-ALCOHOLIC BEVERAGES AND LACTIC OR PROPIONIC ACID BACTERIA USED IN FOODSTUFFS OR FOOD PREPARATION
  • A23V2002/00—Food compositions, function of food ingredients or processes for food or foodstuffs

Definitions

• This disclosure generally relates to, among other things, food products having a compound that modifies or enhances the taste of the food product, for example, the saltiness of the food product.
• Sodium chloride ordinary table salt
• sodium chloride is the prototypical compound for eliciting the perception of salty taste.
• attempts to reduce sodium consumption have led investigators to find suitable substitutes for sodium chloride or to reduce sodium chloride amounts, without sacrificing salty taste.
• Salts can elicit complex tastes, including mixtures of sweet, bitter, sour, umami, and salty perceptual components. It is believed that the cations of salts impart the perceptual taste component, while the anions, in addition to contributing to tastes of their own, modify the perception of the taste of the cations.
• sodium and lithium are believed to impart only salty tastes, while potassium and other alkaline earth cations produce both salty and bitter tastes.
• the chloride ion is considered to be the least inhibitory to the salty taste, while the citrate anion is more inhibitory.
• This disclosure describes, among other things, compounds that elicit or enhance the perception of salty taste, or another taste associated with consumption of sodium chloride or other salts, or that interact with a receptor or ion channel associated with the perception of salty taste or another complex taste associated with consumption of sodium chloride or other salts.
• the compounds are naturally derived taste modulating compounds used as ingredients in food products to elicit or enhance perception of salty taste.
• the food products contain lower amounts of sodium than normal.
• One or more embodiments of the compounds, compositions, food products or methods described herein provide one or more advantages over prior compounds, compositions, food products or methods.
• food products that include one or more taste modulating or salty taste modulating compounds described herein may have lower sodium content relative to food products that do not include such taste modulating or salty compounds while imparting a similar level of saltiness.
• FIG. 1 is a table that provides results of DAP score testing regarding the perception of saltiness of various combinations of compounds in sodium chloride solution.
• FIG. 2 is a table that provides results of DAP score testing regarding the perception of saltiness of various combinations of compounds in combination in broth solution.
• This disclosure describes, among other things, compounds that elicit or enhance the perception of salty taste or another taste associated with consumption of sodium chloride.
• the compounds are taste modulating compounds used as ingredients in food products to elicit or enhance perception of salty taste.
• the food products are food products that contain reduced amounts of sodium, while imparting a salty taste typically associated with higher amounts of sodium.
• a food product includes (i) a taste modulating or salty taste modulating compound, or derivatives thereof, or (ii) a composition that comprises a taste modulating or salty taste modulating compound, or derivatives thereof.
• the taste modulating, or salty taste modulating compound may be derived from a natural product, may be synthesized, or may be isolated or purified.
• a "food product” is a food in a form that does not exist in nature.
• a food product includes at least two edible ingredients that do not exist together in nature.
• a "food” is a nutritious substance that animals, including humans, pets and livestock, eat or drink.
• a "nutritious substance” is a macronutrient such as a fat, carbohydrate or protein, or a micronutrient such as an essential or non-essential vitamin or mineral.
• One or more taste modulating or salty taste modulating compounds described herein or derivatives thereof, alone or in combination, may be incorporated into a food product. The one or more compounds may elicit a perception of saltiness when the food product is consumed.
• the one or more compounds are included in a food product that contains a salt that imparts a salty taste.
• at least one of the one or more compounds is a taste modulating compound or salty taste modulating compound.
• a food product includes an ingredient, a salt that imparts a salty taste, and a taste modulating or salty taste modulating compound.
• the ingredient may be a nutritious ingredient; that is, an ingredient that is a nutritious substance.
• the taste modulating or salty taste modulating compound may be present in the food product in an amount sufficient to enhance the salty taste of the food product.
• the ingredient, the salt and the taste modulating or salty taste modulating compound are present in the food product in amounts or concentrations not found in naturally existing food products, such as bananas, peppers, avocadoes, wheat, or the like.
• At least one of the one or more compounds is a salty taste modulating compound and is present in the food product in an amount or concentration sufficient to elicit or enhance the perception of saltiness.
• the one or more salty taste modulating compounds are present in the food product in an amount or concentration sufficient to elicit or enhance the perception of salty taste such that less salt may be included in the food product to elicit a similar perception of saltiness as a substantially similar food product that does not include the one or more salty taste modulating compounds.
• the reduced salt food product elicits the same or a similar perception of saltiness as a substantially similar food product that does not include the one or more salty taste modulating compounds.
• the one or more taste modulating or salty taste modulating compounds are present in a food product in an amount or concentration sufficient to elicit or enhance the perception of salty taste such that the amount of sodium may be reduced by about 10 mg or more per serving relative to a substantially similar food product that does not have the one or more taste modulating or salty taste modulating compounds while having a similar salty taste.
• the one or more taste modulating or salty taste modulating compounds are present in a food product in an amount or concentration sufficient to elicit or enhance the perception of salty taste such that the amount of sodium in a serving of a food product may be reduced to about 150 mg or less, more particularly to about 100 mg or less, more particularly to about 75 mg or less, more particularly to about 25 mg or less, more particularly to about 10 mg or less.
• a typical serving size is 50 grams.
• cereals may have other serving sizes.
• the one or more taste modulating or salty taste modulating compounds are present in a food product in an amount or concentration sufficient to elicit or enhance the perception of salty taste such that the amount of sodium may be reduced by about 20 mg or more per serving relative to a substantially similar food product that does not have the one or more taste modulating or salty taste modulating compounds while having a similar salty taste.
• the one or more taste modulating or salty taste modulating compounds are present in a serving of a food product in an amount or concentration sufficient to elicit or enhance the perception of salty taste such that the amount of sodium may be reduced to about 800 mg or less, more particularly to about 500 mg or less, more particularly to about 300 mg or less, more particularly to about 100 mg or less, more particularly to about 20 mg or less.
• the amount of sodium may be reduced to about 800 mg or less, more particularly to about 500 mg or less, more particularly to about 300 mg or less, more particularly to about 100 mg or less, more particularly to about 20 mg or less.
• the one or more taste modulating or salty taste modulating compounds are present in a food product in an amount or concentration sufficient to elicit or enhance the perception of salty taste such that the amount of sodium may be reduced by about 100 mg or more per serving relative to a substantially similar food product that does not have the one or more taste modulating or salty taste modulating compounds while having a similar salty taste.
• the one or more taste modulating or salty taste modulating compounds are present in a serving of a food product in an amount or concentration sufficient to elicit or enhance the perception of salty taste such that the amount of sodium may be reduced to about 800 mg or less, more particularly to about 500 mg or less, more particularly to about 300 mg or less, more particularly to about 200 mg or less, more particularly to about 100 mg or less relative to a substantially similar food product that does not have the one or more taste modulating or salty taste modulating compounds while having a similar salty taste.
• a typical serving size is 250 grams.
• soups may have other serving sizes.
• a food product includes a combination of compounds such that the combination includes at least two structurally diverse taste modulating or salty taste modulating compounds.
• a food product or composition may include one or more compounds described herein, or derivatives thereof, in any suitable concentration.
• a compound described herein, or a derivate thereof, such as a taste modulating or salty taste modulating compound may be present in a food product at a concentration of about 0.01% by weight or greater, about 2% by weight or less, or from about 0.01 % by weight to about 2% by weight.
• concentration of the salt or salts in the food product may affect the desired concentration of a taste modulating or salty taste modulating compound. For example, if more salt is present, less taste modulating or salty taste modulating compound may be desired.
• any salt that imparts a salty taste may be present or incorporated into a food product that contains a bioactive, taste modulating, or salty taste modulating compound.
• the most commonly used salt for food applications is sodium chloride (typically referred to as common table salt).
• sodium salts that may be present of incorporated into a food product include sodium phosphates, mono sodium glutamate, sodium nitrite, sodium nitrate, sodium bicarbonate, sodium lactate, sodium citrate, and sodium stearoyl lactylate. Similar lithium, potassium, ammonium or other alkali earth salts may be present or included in addition or as an alternative to one or more sodium salts.
• a food product includes sodium chloride as a salt that imparts a salty taste.
• Sodium chloride may be present in the food product at any suitable amount or concentration.
• sodium chloride is present in the food product in an amount up to about 10.0 weight percent, more particularly, up to about 5.0 weight percent, even more particularly up to about 1.2 weight percent, or in the range of about 0.017 to about 1.2 weight percent, or about 0.1 to about 1, or about 0.4 to about 0.6 weight percent.
• a food product that includes one or more bioactive, taste modulating, or salty taste modulating compounds comprises no more than 0.04 weight percent, no more than 0.1 weight percent sodium, no more than 0.2 weight percent, no more than 0.25 weight percent sodium, no more than 0.3 weight percent, no more than 0.4 weight percent, no more than 0.5 weight percent sodium, no more than 0.75 weight percent sodium, no more than 1 weight percent sodium, no more than 5 weight percent sodium, or no more than 10 weight percent sodium.
• a desired weight percent of sodium may vary depending on the type of food product. For example, it may be desirable for a seasoning to have a higher weight percent sodium than a soup or a breakfast cereal.
• a food product that includes one or more taste modulating or salty taste modulating compounds comprises no more than 100 mg sodium per serving, no more than 250 mg sodium per serving, no more than 500 mg sodium per serving.
• One or more taste modulating or salty taste modulating compounds may be utilized in connection with virtually any food product for which it is desired to elicit or enhance the perception of a salty taste or other taste associated with consumption of a salt.
• the taste modulating or salty taste modulating compounds can find application for imparting saltiness to beverages or food dishes or as an ingredient in snack foods or other food products in which saltiness is desired.
• Examples of food products that may incorporate one or more taste modulating or salty taste modulating compound include a confectionary, a gum, a bakery product, an ice cream, a dairy product, a fruit snack, a chip or crisp, an extruded snack, a tortilla chip or corn chip, a popcorn, a pretzel, a nut, a snack bar, a meal replacement, a ready meal, a soup, a pasta, a canned food, a frozen processed food, a dried processed food, an instant noodle, a chilled processed food, an oil or fat, a sauce dressing or condiment, a dip, a pickled product, a seasoning, a baby food, a spread, a chip or a crisp such as chips or crisps comprising potato, corn, rice, vegetable (including raw, pickled, cooked and dried vegetables), a fruit, a grain, a soup, a seasoning, a baked product such as a ready-to-eat breakfast cereal, hot cereal or dough, an ice cream such as
• one or more bioactive, taste modulating, or salty taste modulating compounds are incorporated into a medicinal or pharmaceutical product, or the like.
• a food product is a processed food product.
• Food processing includes the transformation of raw ingredients into food or transforming forms of food into other forms of food.
• Food processing often includes using harvested crops or animal products to produce marketable products sold to consumers at stores, restaurants and the like.
• Processed food products include products for which additional processing by a consumer occurs after purchase but prior to consumption (e.g., heating, cooking, baking, or the like).
• Particularly suitable food products including soup, meal kits, grain products such as ready-to-eat cereals, snacks, bars and baked dough, and dairy products such as ice cream, yogurt and cheese.
• a bioactive, taste modulating, or salty taste modulating compound is used to reduce the amount of sodium salt that is typically included in soups, including (but not limited to) chicken or poultry broth, chicken- or poultry-based soups (such as chicken noodle soup), tomato-based soups, and the like.
• a taste modulating or salty taste modulating compound is used to reduce sodium salt in meal kits, such as kits that include ingredients to be combined with meat to prepare a meal.
• meal kits can include dried components (such as noodles, rice, dried potatoes, or the like) and seasoning packages.
• a taste modulating or salty taste modulating compound is used to reduce the sodium chloride that is typically added to a snack food to enhance its flavor.
• exemplary snack foods include potato chips, corn chips, pretzels, fruit-type snacks, and snack mixes including any mixes of any of these foods with other ingredients (such as cereals).
• a taste modulating or salty taste modulating compound is used to reduce the amount of sodium salt that is typically included in a ready-to-eat cereal or other grain-based food products, such as dough, baked goods, grain snacks, grain bars, or the like.
• a taste modulating or salty taste modulating compound is used to reduce the amount of sodium salt that is typically included in dairy-based food products, such as fresh or frozen dairy products, which may include yogurt, ice cream, or the like.
• a taste modulating or salty taste modulating compound is used to reduce the amount of sodium salt that is typically included in packaged meal food products, such as packaged meals that contain rice, potatoes, or vegetables, dry packaged meals, frozen packaged meals, or the like.
• grain includes grain and pseudograin.
• food grains include corn; sorghum; fonio; millet such as pearl millet, proso millet, finger millet, foxtail millet, Japanese millet, kodo millet and the like; Job's tears; wheat; rice; rye; barley; oat; triticale; wild rice; teff; amaranth; quinoa; buckwheat; and the like.
• a taste modulating or salty taste modulating compound can also be used in connection with soup, broth, sauce (such as basting sauce), various seasoning sauces, ketchup, dressings, and other like foods.
• a food product into which a taste modulating or salty taste modulating compound or composition is included has a water content of about 30% or more by weight.
• the food product may have a water content of about 35% or more, or about 40% or more by weight.
• Non-limiting examples of food products that typically have water contents of about 30%) or more by weight include soups, beverages, batters and dough.
• a food product into which a taste modulating or salty taste modulating compound or composition is included has a water content of about 50% or more by weight.
• the food product may have a water content of about 60% or more, or about 70% or more by weight.
• Non-limiting examples of food products that typically have water contents of about 50%) or more by weight include soups and beverages.
• a soup containing a taste modulating or salty taste modulating compound or composition may contain from about 50%) water by weight to about 90%> water by weight.
• a food product into which a taste modulating or salty taste modulating composition is included has a water content of about 20% or less by weight.
• the food product may be incorporated into dry food products that having low water contents.
• a taste modulating or salty taste modulating food product is included in a dried for as a seasoning.
• the seasoning comprises, consists essentially of, or consists of one or more taste modulating or salty taste modulating compounds, one or more carriers, and one or more salts.
• a taste modulating or salty taste modulating compound can be employed to elicit the perception of salty taste or enhance the perceived salt taste of any salts used in food or beverage products.
• the preferred salt taste to be elicited or enhanced by the salty compounds is that of sodium chloride.
• a taste modulating or salty taste modulating compound described herein can be used to elicit or enhance the perceived salt taste of known salty tasting compounds that may be used as salt substitutes.
• Such compounds include amino acids such as cationic amino acids and low molecular weight peptides such as dipeptides and tripeptides. Specific examples of these compounds include arginine hydrochloride, lysine hydrochloride, and lysine-ornithine hydrochloride. These compounds exhibit a salty taste but are typically useful only at low concentrations since they exhibit a bitter flavor at higher concentrations. Ordinarily, these salt- tasting compounds will be used in concentrations in the range of about 1 to about 40 mM, or about 10 to about 30 mM.
• sodium chloride content of a food or beverage product by first formulating a food or beverage with less sodium chloride than is necessary to achieve a desired salt taste and then adding to the food or beverage a taste modulating or salty taste modulating compound described herein in an amount sufficient to enhance the salt taste of the salted food or beverage to reach the desired taste.
• sodium chloride content may be further reduced by substituting a salt-tasting cationic amino acid, a low molecular eight dipeptide, or mixtures thereof, for at least a portion of the salt.
• a method includes setting a target salty taste of a food product, including an amount of a salt that imparts a salty taste in the food product, where the amount of the salt does not achieve the target level of salty taste, and including an amount of a salty taste enhancing compound (or more than one salty taste enhancing compounds) to achieve the desired salty taste.
• a method includes setting a target salty taste of a food product, including an amount of a salty-taste imparting sodium salt in the food product that does not achieve the target level of salty taste, including an amount of a non-sodium salt that imparts a salty taste and an amount of a salty taste enhancing compound (or more than one salty taste enhancing compounds) to achieve the desired salty taste.
• a taste modulating or salty taste modulating compound, or derivative thereof, described herein can be added to food products in dry or liquid form.
• a taste modulating or salty taste modulating compound that is in the liquid form can be prepared by simply dissolving or suspending the compound in an appropriate relative amount in an aqueous liquid.
• Useful aqueous liquids include water, alcohol-water mixtures, triacetin, propylene glycol, and triglycerides and other known organic solvents.
• taste modulating or salty taste modulating compounds that exist in a dry state can be prepared by either mixing or blending the compounds with other components in the dry state.
• the dry blending or mixing can be carried out in any conventional suitable apparatus.
• the taste modulating or salty taste modulating compounds described herein can be prepared into dry compositions by commonly used methods of granulation from mixtures of the several ingredients, preferably initially conveniently smaller than forty mesh.
• Such starting mixtures can be wetted in known manner, granulated, and their granulations dried as usual and screened to give a product approximately the typical size of common table salt, for example, by taking the fraction passing through the thirty mesh screen and retained on the forty mesh screen.
• Taste modulating or salty taste modulating compounds that exist in a dry composition state can be alternatively prepared by first forming a solution, emulsion or suspension of the compounds and other individual components, and then extruding or drying the solution or suspension.
• the preparation of the solution or suspension of the components can be carried out as described above in the context of preparing the liquid flavoring agents.
• the thus-prepared solution, emulsion or suspension can then be dried using any conventional suitable apparatus, such as a rotary drier, a drum drier, or a fluidized bed drier or spray drier.
• Taste modulating or salty taste modulating compounds described herein can be prepared by thoroughly mixing the compounds with other components in the indicated proportions until a suitably mixed (for example, homogeneous) product is attained.
• compositions or formulations containing the taste modulating or salty taste modulating compounds can then be combined with a food product.
• a composition that includes a salty taste modulating compound is perceived as imparting a quantity of saltiness equal to a substantially similar composition that does not include the salty taste modulating compound but that has a higher concentration of the salt.
• the composition that includes the salty taste modulating compound imparts a perception of saltiness equal to the substantially similar composition that does not have the salty taste modulating compound when the composition has less salt than the substantially similar composition (e.g., salt reduced by about 1% or more).
• the composition that includes the salty taste modulating compound may impart a perception of saltiness equal to the substantially similar composition that does not have the salty compound when the composition that includes the salty taste modulating compound has a salt concentration reduced by about 2% or more, about 5% or more, about 7% or more, about 8% or more, about 9% or more, about 10% or more, about 11% or more, about 15% or more, about 20% or more, about 30% or more, about 35% or more, about 40% or more, or about 50% or more, relative to the substantially similar composition.
• one or more salty taste modulating compounds may be present in a food product in an amount sufficient to reduce the amount of a salt, such as sodium chloride, by about 1% or more, about 2% or more, about 5% or more, about 7% or more, about 8% or more, about 10% or more, about 11% or more, about 12% or more, about 15% or more, about 20%) or more, about 22% or more, about 25% or more, about 30% or more, about 35% or more, about 40%) or more, about 45% or more, about 50% or more, about 55% or more, about 60% or more, about 65% or more, about 70% or more, about 75% or more, about 80% or more, about 85%) or more, about 90% or more, about 95% or more, or the like.
• the reduced salt food product elicits the same or similar perception of saltiness as a substantially similar food product that does not include the one or more salty taste modulating compounds.
• Perception of saltiness may be evaluated in any suitable manner.
• saltiness is determined by a trained analytical sensory panel.
• the trained sensory panel determines the saltiness of a composition having a salty taste modulating compound relative to a substantially similar composition having increased sodium chloride content.
• Sensory panelists may be trained in any suitable manner. Preferably, the panelists are trained to discern salty taste or other attributes without reference to liking or acceptability. The panelists are also preferably trained to accurately quantify salty taste or other attributes according to an intensity scale.
• General information that may be helpful in understanding beneficial training protocols can be found in, for example, Sensory Evaluation Techniques, 4 th Ed by Meilgaard M., Civille G.V. and Carr B.T (2007), CRC Press, pages 147-152.
• Prescreening, selection, and training of panelists may be occur as described in one or more standards, such as Hootman RC, Manual 13 MNL13 Manual on Descriptive Analysis Testing for Sensory Evaluation, ASTM (1992); STP758 Guidelines for the Selection and Training of Sensory Panel Members, ASTM (1981); and Munoz A.M and Civille, G.V., MLN13: The Spectrum Descriptive Analysis Method, ASTM (1992).
• panelists are trained according to the Spectrum Method (Munoz A.M and Civille, G.V., MLN13: The Spectrum Descriptive Analysis Method, ASTM 1992).
• a panel may contain three or more trained panelists, 5 or more trained panelists, 7 or more trained panelists, 10 or more trained panelists, or the like.
• a taste modulating or a salty taste modulating compound may be a compound that directly acts to elicit or enhance the perception of salty taste of a salt or may be a compound that is converted, when ingested, into a compound that directly acts to elicit enhance the perception of salty taste of the salt.
• the TrpML3 (transient receptor potential cation channel, mucolipin subfamily, member 3) channel, also known as Mucolipin-3 is a protein that, in humans, is encoded by the MCOLN3 gene.
• the TrpVl (transient receptor potential cation channel subfamily V member 1) channel also known as the capsaicin receptor and the vanilloid receptor 1 , is a protein that, in humans, is encoded by the TrpVl gene.
• the ENaC (epithelial sodium channel), also known as sodium channel non-neuronal 1 (SCNN1) or amiloride sensitive sodium channel (ASSC) is a membrane- bound ion-channel that is permeable for Li+-ions, protons and especially Na+-ions.
• Any compound that interacts with one or more of the TrpML3 channel, the TrpVl channel and the ENaC channel may be useful for modulating taste or saltiness of a food product into which the compound is incorporated.
• Schizandrol B Schisandra chinensis Five flavor berry
• peltatum hogapple Indian apple, mayflower, umbrella plant, wild mandrake, American mandrake
• peltatum hogapple Indian apple, mayflower, umbrella plant, wild mandrake, American mandrake
• Those compounds for which no CAS registry numbers are provided in Table 1, as well as those for which registry numbers are provided, may be isolated or purified in any suitable manner.
• the natural source of the compound, which is presented in Table 1 may be fractionated and the fractions subjected to chromatography, such as gas chromatography or HPLC, or other suitable separation process to isolate or purify the compound.
• chromatography such as gas chromatography or HPLC, or other suitable separation process to isolate or purify the compound.
• the selection of, for example, a chromatography column and parameters can be readily identified based on the chemical structure of the compound.
• obtained fractions, subtractions, or individual compounds may be tested for ability to activate a sodium channel, for example, expressed in cells in culture, cell membrane, or the like and employing an appropriate assay, such as an electrophysiological assay, a colorimetric assay, or the like.
• the compounds listed in Table 1 may be synthesized.
• companies that have access to the appropriate natural sources or the ability to test for sodium channel activity may be contracted to isolate the compounds.
• Companies that have access to natural products or natural product libraries that may include sources presented in Table 1 or that have expertise in development of assays for identification of compounds or fractions containing compounds capable of activating a sodium channel include Biotechnology Research And Information Network AG (Zwingengerg, Germany); AnalytiCon Discovery, GmbH (Potsdam, Germany); Albany Molecular Research, Inc.
• a compound may be in more than one category due to its structural similarity to compounds in more than one category. It will be understood that structural similarities of the various compounds other than those presented herein exist and that groupings into categories other than those presented herein are possible and contemplated.
• R 1 for the group A compounds is independently defined relative to R 1 for the group B compounds.
• discussion of substituents with regard to subgroups is independently defined.
• R 1 for the group Jl compounds is independently defined relative to R 1 for the group J2 compounds, unless otherwise stated.
• a bioactive, taste modulating, or salty taste modulating compound is a compound having the following structure:
• R is H or Ci-Cio alkyl
• R 2 is H or C 1 -C 3 alkyl
• R 3 is H, C 1 -C 3 alkyl, or C R ;
• R 4 is H or C 1 -C 3 alkyl
• R 5 is H, OH, -OCH 3 , -OCH 2 CH 3 , -0-OCH 2 CH 2 CH ? , or ;
• R 5 is H. In embodiments, when Y is CHR 5 -CH 2 , R 5 is OH or -OCH 3 . In embodiments, R 6 is CH 3 . [0067] GROUP B COMPOUNDS [0068] Group B l Compounds
• a bioactive, taste modulating, or salty taste modulating compound is a compound having the following structure:
• R 1 and R 2 are each independently OH or C 1 -C3 alkoxy or where R 1 and R 2 together with the carbons to which they are bound form a five-membered ring having two oxygen heteroatoms to form a compound having the following
• a bioactive, taste modulating, or salty taste modulating compound is a compound having the following structure:
• a bioactive, taste modulating, or salty taste modulating compound is a compound having the following structure:
• R 1 and R 2 are each independently OH or C 1 -C3 alkoxy, and R 3 is selected from the group consisting of
• R 5 is H or C1-C3 alkyl, provided that if one of X or Y are CH then Z is also C s straight or
• R 1 and R 2 are OH.
• R 1 may be substituted at the 5 position
• R 2 may be substituted at the 3 position
• R 3 may be substituted at the 1 position.
• R 3 is Cio-C 2 o unsubstituted straight or branched chain alkenyl with one or more double bonds.
• R 3 may be C 12 -C 18 unsubstituted straight or branched chain alkenyl.
• R 3 may be C 13 -C 17 unsubstituted straight or branched chain alkenyl, such as Ci5 unsubstituted straight or branched chain alkenyl.
• R 3 has 1-5 double bonds.
• R 3 may have 1-4 double bonds, such as 1-3 double bonds.
• R is a straight chain alkenyl.
• R may be H 2 C
• R 1 is Ci-C 3 alkoxy, such as methoxy, and R 2 is OH.
• R 1 may be substituted at the 3 position
• R 2 may substituted at the 4 position
• R 3 may substituted at the 1 position.
• R 4 may be
• n is 2.
• Z is CH or CH 2
• X and Z are each independently CH or CH 2 , depending on whether Z is CH or CH 2 .
• X is CHOR 5 .
• R 5 may be H.
• Y is CO.
• X is CO.
• R may be any organic radical
• Y is CHOR 5 .
• R 5 may be C 1 -C3 alkyl.
• R 5 may be methyl.
• R 4 is Ci-Cs straight or branched chain alkyl.
• R 4 may be C4-C6 straight or branched chain alkyl, such as C5 straight or branched chain alkyl.
• R 4 is a straight chain alkyl.
• a bioactive, taste modulating, or salty taste modulating compound is a compound having the following structure:
• a and B are each independently NCH 3 or C(O), with the proviso that one of A and B is NCH 3 and the other of A and B is C(O);
• Ri and R 2 are independently selected from H or Cg-Ci6 unsaturated alkyl, with the
• Ri and R 2 are independently selected from H or C 8 -Ci 6 unsaturated alkyl, wherein the Cs-Ci6 unsaturated alkyl contains 1 to 3 double bonds. In embodiments, Ri and R 2 are independently selected from H or Cg-Ci 6 unsaturated alkyl, wherein the Cg-Ci 6 unsaturated alkyl contains only 1 double bond.
• B is NCH 3 and R 2 is C 8 -Ci 6 unsaturated alkyl.
• Ri and R 2 are independently selected from H or Cn-C 15 unsaturated alkyl, such as Ci 3 unsaturated alkyl.
• a bioactive, taste modulating, or salty taste modulating compound is a compound having the following structure:
• X is C or N
• R 1 is H, OH, Ci-C 3 alkoxy, or Ci-C 6 alkyl
• R 2 and R 3 are each independently selected from H; OH; Ci-C 3 alkoxy; straight or branched chain, saturated or unsaturated Ci-C 6 alkyl or alkenyl; or R 1 and R 2 together with the carbons to which they are bound form a part of a five or six membered ring structure;
• R 4 is H or Ci-C 3 alkyl
• R 5 is H, OH, C 1 -C 3 alkoxy or C 1 -C 3 alkyl
• R 5 is C 1 -C3 alkyl, such as methyl. In embodiments, when X is N, R 5 is C 1 -C3 alkyl, such as methyl. In embodiments, when X is N,
• R 5 is H or OH.
• Y is O.
• R 1 is H or methoxy.
• R 2 and R 3 together with the carbons to which they are bound form a part of a six membered ring structure.
• the six membered ring structure includes an oxygen or nitrogen heteroatom.
• the six membered ring structure contains one or more carbon atoms substituted with one or more Ci-C 6 alkyl, such as methyl.
• one carbon atom of the ring structure is substituted with two methyl groups.
• the ring structure is an unsubstituted six carbon aromatic ring structure.
• a compound according to Formula (C) has the following structure:
• a compound according to Formula (C) has the following structure
• R 2 and R 3 are each independently H, OH or C 1 -C 3 alkoxy;
• R 4 and R 5 are each independently H or C 1 -C 3 alkyl
• R 1 , R 2 and R 3 are H.
• R 1 , R 2 and R 3 are each independently OH or C 1 -C 3 alkoxy. In some embodiments, R 1 , R 2 and R 3 are the same.
• a and B together are part of an aromatic six-carbon membered unsubstituted ring structure.
• a compound according to Formula (C) has the following structure:
• R 1 , R 2 and R 3 are H.
• R 1 , R 2 and R 3 are each independently OH or C 1 -C 3 alkoxy.
• R 1 , R 2 and R 3 are the same.
• a and B together are part of an aromatic six-carbon membered unsubstituted ring structure.
• a compound according to Formula (C) has the following structure:
• X is N
• R 1 is H or C 1 -C 3 alkyl
• R 2 and R 3 are each independently selected from H and straight or branched chain
• R 4 is H or C 1 -C 3 alkyl
• R 5 is H or C 1 -C 3 alkyl
• Y is C-O-R 7 , where R 7 is H or C 1 -C 3 alkyl.
• each of R 1 , R 2 and R 3 are H.
• a bioactive, taste modulating, or salty taste modulating compound is a compound having the following structure:
• R 7 is OCOCH3
• a and B are C, CH or CCH 3 , wherein when A and B are both C a double bond is formed between A and B;
• R 4 and R 5 are independently selected from OH, methyl,
• R 1 , R 6 and R 7 are as described above.
• a bioactive, taste modulating, or salty taste modulating compound is a compound having the following structure:
• R 1 , R 2 and R 3 are independently selected from the group consisting of H and COCH 3 .
• a bioactive, taste modulating, or salty taste modulating compound is a compound having the following structure:
• R is H or OH
• R are R each independently H or CH 3 ;
• R 1 and R 2 are each independently OH, C 1 -C3 alkyl or Ci-C 3 hydroxyl;
• R 3 and R 4 are each independently H, OH or Ci-C 3 hydroxyl
• R 5 is H or -OC(0)R 8 , where R 8 is Ci-C 8 straight or branched chain, saturated or
• W is CH
• Y is CH, X is CH or CH 2 , and Z is C or CR 9 , provided that Z is C when X is CH 2 , where R 9 is H or together with R 6 and the carbons to which they are bound and the intervening carbon of W form a five membered ring with an oxygen heteroatom;
• R 6 is Ci-C 3 hydroxyl, C(0)R 10 , (CH 2 )p'R 10 where p' is zero or l,or together with R 9 and the carbons to which they are bound and the intervening carbon of W form a five membered ring with an oxygen heteroatom, where R 10 is H, OH, or saccharidyl; and
• R 7 is H, OH, Ci-C 3 hydroxyl, or (CH 2 ) P R 44 , where p is zero or 1 and R 44 is saccharidyl. diments, R is saccharidyl and is
• R 11 is H or where d is zero or 1 ,
• R 1 7 is H, OH or CH 3 , and
• R 19 is H, OH or CH 3 .
• R 20 and R 21 are each independently H, C(0)R 43 where R 43 is C1-C15 straight or branched chain, saturated or unsaturated alkyl unsubstituted or substituted with hydroxyl,
• or g is zero or 1
• R , R and R are each independently H, OH or
• R is saccharidyl and is
• R 25 , R 26 , R 27 and R 28 are each independently H, OH, CH 3 , C1-C3 hydroxyl,
• R 31 , R 32 , R 33 and R 34 are each independently H, OH, CH 3 , C C 3 hydroxyl,
• R 37 , R 38 , R 39 and R 40 are each independently H, OH, CH 3 , Ci-C 3 hydroxyl, COOH, (CH 2 ) u OC(0)R 41 where u is zero, 1, 2 or 3 and R 41 is H or Ci-C 3 alkyl.
• Z is C. In embodiments, Z is CR 9 and wherein R 9 together with R 6 and the carbons to which they are bound and the intervening carbon of W for a five membered ring with an oxygen heteroatom.
• R 6 is C(0)R 10 .
• R 10 is H or OH.
• R 7 is OH.
• R 1 and R 2 are each independently Ci-C 3 alkly or Ci- C 3 hydroxyl.
• R 3 is H or OH.
• R 4 is H.
• R 5 is H.
• one or more of R 16 , if present, R 42 and R 43 are
• a compound according to Formula (F) has the following structure:
• R 1 and R 2 are each independently OH, Ci-C 3 alkyl or Ci-C 3 hydroxyl;
• R 3 and R 4 are each independently H, OH or C 1 -C 3 hydroxyl;
• R 5 is H
• W is CH
• Y is CH, X is CH or CH 2 , and Z is C or CR 9 , provided that Z is C when X is CH 2 , where R 9 is H or together with R 6 and the carbons to which they are bound and the intervening carbon of W form a five membered ring with an oxygen heteroatom;
• R 6 is C 1 -C 3 hydroxyl, C(0)R 10 , (CH 2 )p'R 10 where p' is zero or 1, or together with R 9 and the carbons to which they are bound and the intervening carbon of W form a five membered ring with an oxygen heteroatom, where R 10 is H or saccharidyl; and
• R 7 is H, OH, C 1 -C 3 hydroxyl, or (CH 2 ) p OR 44 , where p is zero or 1 and R 44 is saccharidyl. diments of a compound according to Formula F', R is saccharidyl and is
• R 14 is H, OH, CH 3 or Ci-C 3 hydroxyl
• R 15 is H, C(0)R 16 where R 16 is C1-C15 straight or branched chain, saturated or unsaturated alkyl unsubstituted or substituted with hydroxyl, where R 12 and R 13 are each independently H, C(0)R 41 where R 41 is C1-C15 straight or branched chain, saturated or unsaturated alkyl unsubstituted or substituted with hydroxyl, or
• R 1 7 is H, OH or CH 3 and
• R 19 is H, OH or CH 3 .
• R 20 and R 21 are each independently H, C(0)R 43 where R 43 is C1-C15 straight or branched chain, saturated or unsaturated alkyl unsubstituted or substituted with hydroxyl,
• or g is zero or 1
• R , R and R are each independently H, OH or
• R is saccharidyl and is
• R , R , R 1 ' and R Zii are each independently H, OH, CH , C1-C3 hydroxyl,
• R 31 , R 32 , R 33 and R 34 are each independently H, OH, CH 3 , C C 3 hydroxyl,
• R 37 , R 38 , R 39 and R 40 are each independently H, OH, CH 3 , Ci-C 3 hydroxyl, COOH, (CH 2 ) u OC(0)R 41 where u is zero, 1, 2 or 3 and R 41 is H or Ci-C 3 alkyl.
• Z is C.
• Z is CR 9 and wherein R 9 together with R 6 and the carbons to which they are bound and the intervening carbon of W for a five membered ring with an oxygen heteroatom.
• R 6 is C(0)R 10 .
• R 1 and R 2 are each independently Ci-C 3 alkly or Ci-C 3 hydroxyl.
• R 3 is H or OH.
• R 4 is H.
• R 16 if present, is
• a compound according to Formula (F) has the following structure:
• R 1 and R 2 are each independently OH, Ci-C 3 alkyl or Ci-C 3 hydroxyl;
• R 3 is H;
• R 4 is H, OH or C 1 -C3 hydroxyl;
• R 5 is H;
• W is CH;
• Y is CH, X is CH or CH 2 , and Z is C or CR 9 , provided that Z is C when X is CH 2 , where R 9 is H or together with R 6 and the carbons to which they are bound and the intervening carbon of W form a five membered ring with an oxygen heteroatom;
• R 6 is, together with R 9 and the carbons to which they are bound and the intervening carbon of W form a five membered ring with an oxygen heteroatom, or C(0)R 10
• R is H or where a and b are each independently zero
• R 11 is H, OH, or where d is zero or 1 ,
• R 15 is H, OH, CH 3 or Ci-C 3 hydroxyl
• R 15 is H, C(0)R 16 where R 16 is C 1 -C 15 straight or branched chain, saturated or unsaturated alkyl unsubstituted or substituted with hydroxyl
• R 12 and R 13 are each independently H
• C(0)R 41 where R 41 is C1-C15 straight or branched chain, saturated or unsaturated alkyl unsubstituted or substituted with hydroxyl, or
• R 17 is H, OH or CH 3 and
• R 18 is H, C(0)R 42 where R 42 is C 1 -C 15 straight or branched chain, saturated or unsaturated alkyl unsubstituted or substituted with hydroxyl, or
• R iy is H, OH or CH 3
• R 20 and R 21 are each independently H, C(0)R 43 where R 43 is C1-C15 straight or branched chain, saturated or unsaturated alkyl unsubstituted or substituted with hydroxyl,
• R , R and R are each independently H
• R is H, OH, C1-C3 hydroxyl, or (CH 2 ) P R , where p is zero or 1 and R is
• R , R , R / and R are each independently H, OH, CH 3 , Ci-C 3 hydroxyl,
• R 31 , R 32 , R 33 and R 34 are each independently H, OH, CH 3 , d-C 3 hydroxyl, COOH, (CH 2 ) q OC(0)R 35 where q is zero, 1, 2 or 3 and R 35 is H or Ci-C 3 alkyl, or (CH 2 ),OR 36 where t is zero or 1 and R 36 is
• R , R , R jy and R 4U are each independently H, OH, CH 3 , Ci-C 3 hydroxyl, COOH, (CH 2 ) u OC(0)R 41 where u is zero, 1, 2 or
• R 3 and R is H or Ci-C 3 alkyl.
• R 4 is H.
• R 1 is
• a bioactive, taste modulating, or salty taste modulating compound is a compound having the following structure:
• a bioactive, taste modulating, or salty taste modulating compound is a compound having the following structure:
• R 1 is H or saccharidyl
• R 2 is H or OH
• R 3 and R 4 are independently selected from H or methyl or together form CH 2 ;
• R 5 is CH 2 or CH;
• R 6 is CH or C, provided that when R 5 is CH, R 6 is C;
• R 9 ' R 10 , and R 11 are independently H or methyl.
• R is saccharidyl and is
• a bioactive, taste modulating, or salty taste modulating compound is a compound having the following structure:
• X is O or CH 2 ;
• R 1 and R 9 are independently selected from H, OH, C 1 -C 3 alkoxy, C 1 -C 3 alkyl, and
• R 2 and R 10 are independently selected from H, OH and C 1 -C 3 alkyl
• R 3 and R 4 are independently selected from H and C 1 -C 3 alkyl or together form CH 2 ;
• R 5 , R 6 and R 7 are independently selected from H and C 1 -C 3 alkyoxy
• R 8 is H, OH or C 1 -C 3 alkyoxy.
• R 5 , R 6 , R 7 and R 8 are independently C 1 -C 3 alkyoxy. In embodiments, R 5 , R 6 , R 7 and R 8 are independently C 1 -C 3 alkyoxy. In embodiments, R 5 , R 6 ,
• R 7 and R 8 are methoxy.
• R 3 and R 4 together form CH 2 .
• R 3 and R 4 are independently C 1 -C 3 alkyl.
• R 3 and R 4 are methyl.
• at least two of R 1 , R 2 , R 9 and R 10 are independently C 1 -C 3 alkyl.
• at least two of R 2 , R 9 and R 10 are methyl.
• X is CH 2 .
• X is O. In some embodiments where X is O, R 2 and R 10 are H. In some embodiments where X is 0,two or more or R 2 , R 3 , R 4 , R 5 , R 6 , R 7 , and R 10 are H. In some embodiments where X is 0,each of R 2 , R 3 , R 4 , R 5 , R 6 , R 7 , and R 10 are H. In some embodiments where X is O, R 8 is OH or C 1 -C 3 alkoxy. In some embodiments where X is O, R 1 and R 9 are independently selected from OH, C 1 -C 3 alkoxy, and (CH 2 ) n OH. In some embodiments where X is O, one of R 1 and R 9 is selected from OH and C 1 -C 3 alkoxy, and the other of R 1 and R 9 is (CH 2 ) n OH.
• a compound according to Formula (I) has the following structure:
• X is O
• R 1 and R 9 are independently selected from H, OH, C 1 -C 3 alkoxy, C 1 -C 3 alkyl, and
• R 2 and R 10 are independently selected from H, OH and C 1 -C 3 alkyl
• R 3 and R 4 are independently selected from H and C 1 -C 3 alkyl
• R 5 , R 6 and R 7 are H;
• R 8 is H, OH or C C 3 alkyoxy.
• R and R are H.
• each of R , R J , R ⁇ R 3 , R°, R', and R are H.
• R 1 and R 9 are independently selected from OH, C 1 -C 3 alkoxy, and (CH 2 ) n OH.
• one of R 1 and R 9 is selected from OH and C 1 -C 3 alkoxy, and the other of R 1 and R 9 is (CH 2 ) distractOH.
• a bioactive, taste modulating, or salty taste modulating is a compound having the following structure:
• R 1 and R 6 are each independently OH, C 1 -C 3 hydroxyl, C 1 -C 3 alkoxy or saccharidyl;
• R 2 , R 3 , R 7 and R 8 are each independently H, OH, C 1 -C 3 hydroxyl, C 1 -C 3 alkoxy;
• R 4 and R 5 are each independently H, OH, C 1 -C 3 alkyl, C 1 -C 3 alkoxy, or C 1 -C 3 hydroxyl;
• Y is CHCH and n is zero or 1 ;
• X is CHR 9 and m is zero or 1 , where R is where R 10 , R 11 and R 12 are each independently OH, C 1 -C 3 alkoxy, or C 1 -C 3
• R 1 , R 6 , or R 1 and R 6 are saccharidyl
• R 1 is OH.
• R 2 , R 3 , R 7 and R 8 are each independently H or C 1 -C 3 alkoxy. In embodiments, where one of wherein R 2 and R 3 is H and the other is C 1 -C 3 alkoxy, one of R 7 and R 8 is H and the other is C 1 -C 3 alkoxy.
• R , R , R and R are each H. In embodiments, R is present and is OH. In
• R 11 is present and is -C 3 alkoxy. In embodiments, R 1 is present and is OH. In
• R 9 is present and is
• R 11 , and R 12 are as defined above.
• R 1 , R 2 , R 3 , R 4 , R 5 , R 6 , R 7 , R 8 , and R 9 are as defined above.
• R 1 , R 2 , R 3 , R 4 , R 5 , R 6 , R 7 , and R 8 are as defined above.
• R 1 and R 6 are each independently OH, C 1 -C 3 hydroxyl, C 1 -C 3 alkoxy or saccharidyl;
• R 2 , R 3 , R 7 and R 8 are each independently H, OH, C 1 -C 3 hydroxyl, C 1 -C 3 alkoxy;
• R 4 and R 5 are each independently H, OH, C 1 -C 3 alkoxy, or C 1 -C 3 hydroxyl;
• Y is CHCH and n is zero or 1 ;
• X is CHR 9 and m is zero or 1 , where R is where R 10 , R 11 and R 12 are each independently OH, C 1 -C 3 alkoxy, or C 1 -C 3
• R 1 , R 6 or R 1 and R 6 are saccharidyl and are .
• R 1 is OH.
• R 2 , R 3 , R 7 and R 8 are each independently H or C 1 -C 3 alkoxy.
• R 2 and R 3 is H and the other is C 1 -C 3 alkoxy, and one of R 7 and R 8 is H and the other is C 1 -C 3 alkoxy.
• R 2 , R 3 , R 7 and R 8 are each H.
• R 10 is present and is OH.
• R 11 is present and is C 1 -C 3 alkoxy.
• R 12 is present and is OH.
• R 9 is present and is
• R 10 , R 11 , and R 12 are as defined above.
• a bioactive, taste modulating, or salty taste modulating compound is a compound having the following structure:
• R 1 is H, OH, or saccharidyl
• R 2 and R 3 are each independently H or C 1 -C3 alkyl; R 4 and R 5 are each independently H, , or CHC(R 10 )R n , where
• R 10 and R i 1 l 1 l are each independently -C5 alkyl unsubstituted or
• R 12 is H, OH, or saccharidyl
• B is C or CH, provided that if B is C then A is CR
• R 1 is saccharidyl and is
• R 6 , R 7 , R 8 , and R 9 are each independently H, OH, CH 3 , or CH 2 OH.
• R is saccharidyl and is
• R 13 , R 14 , R 15 , and R 16 are each independently H, OH, CH 3 ,
• R is CHC(CH 3 ) 2
• a bioactive, taste modulating, or salty taste modulating compound is a compound having the following structure:
• a bioactive, taste modulating, or salty taste modulating compound is a compound having the following structure:
• R 1 , R 3 , R 4 , R 5 and R 6 are each independently H, OH, C 1 -C3 hydroxyl or C 1 -C3 alkoxy; and R 2 is H, C 1 -C 3 alkyl, or where R 7 , R 8 and R 9 are each independently OH, C 1 -C 3 hydroxyl or C 1 -C 3 alkoxy.
• R 2 is C 1 -C 3 alkyl, such as methyl.
• R 5 is OH or C 1 -C 3 hydroxyl.
• R 3 is H.
• R 4 is C 1 -C 3 alkoxy, such as methoxy.
• R 6 is C 1 -C 3 alkyl, such as methyl or propyl.
• R 1 is H.
• R 1 is C 1 -C 3 hydroxyl, such as C 2 hydroxyl.
• R 2 is
• R 7 , R 8 and R 9 are each independently OH or C 1 -C 3 alkoxy. In embodiments, R 7 is OH and R 8 and R 9 are each independently C 1 -C 3 alkoxy, such as methoxy.
• R 3 is OH, C 1 -C 3 hydroxyl, or C 1 -C 3 alkoxy.
• R 5 is H.
• R 6 is C 1 -C 3 alkoxy, such as methoxy.
• R 1 is C 1 -C 3 alkoxy, such as methoxy.
• R 4 is H.
• R 1 is OH, C 1 -C 3 hydroxyl or C 1 -C 3
• R is H, C 1 -C 3 alkyl, or , where R 7 , R 8 and R 9 are each independently OH, C 1 -C 3 hydroxyl or C 1 -C 3 alkoxy; and (iii) R 3 , R 4 , R 5 and R 6 are each independently H, OH, C 1 -C 3 hydroxyl or C 1 -C 3 alkoxy.
• R 2 is C 1 -C 3 alkyl, such as methyl.
• R 5 is OH or C 1 -C 3 hydroxyl.
• R 3 is H.
• R 4 is C 1 -C 3 alkoxy, such as methoxy.
• R 6 is C 1 -C 3 alkyl, such as butyl.
• R 1 is C 1 -C 3 hydroxyl.
• R 2 is H, C 1 -C 3 alkyl, or , where R 7 , R 8 and R 9 are each independently OH, C 1 -C 3 hydroxyl or C 1 -C 3
• R , R and R may each independently be OH or C 1 -C 3 alkoxy.
• R 7 may be OH and R 8 and R 9 may each independently be C 1 -C 3 alkoxy, such as
• R 3 is OH, C 1 -C 3 hydroxyl, C 1 -C 3 alkoxy. In some , R is H. In some
• R is C 1 -C 3 alkoxy, such as methoxy.
• R 2 is R 1 is C 1 -C3 alkoxy, such as methoxy.
• a compound according to Formula L is a compound having the following structure:
• R 1 , R 3 , R 4 , R 5 and R 6 are each independently H, OH, C 1 -C 3 hydroxyl or C 1 -C 3 alkoxy;
• R 7 , R 8 and R 9 are each independently OH, C 1 -C 3 hydroxyl or C 1 -C 3 alkoxy.
• R 7 , R 8 and R 9 are each independently
• R 7 is OH and R 8 and R 9 are each independently C 1 -C 3 alkoxy, such as methoxy.
• R 3 is OH, C 1 -C 3 hydroxyl, or C 1 -C 3 alkoxy.
• R 5 is H.
• R 6 is C 1 -C 3 alkoxy, such as methoxy.
• R 1 is C 1 -C 3 alkoxy, such as methoxy.
• R 4 is H.
• a bioactive, taste modulating, or salty taste modulating compound is a compound having the following structure:
• a bioactive, taste modulating, or salty taste modulating compound is a compound having the following structure:
• a bioactive, taste modulating, or salty taste modulating compound is a compound having the following structure:
• a bioactive, taste modulating, or salty taste modulating compound is a compound having the following structure:
• X is CH or CH 2 ;
• Y is CH or C, with the caveat that if Y is C, then X is CH;
• R 5 is OH, C(0)OH, or OC(0)R 6 , where R 6 is a C r
• R 2 and R 3 are independently H, or substituted with hydroxyl or unsubstituted saturated or unsaturated branched or straight Ci-C 6 alkoxy;
• R 4 is H, or a saturated or unsaturated branched or straight Ci-C 6 alkyl.
• R 2 or R 3 is H. In embodiments, both R 2 and R 3 are H. In embodiments, at least one of R 2 and R 3 is a substituted saturated or unsaturated branched or straight Ci-C 6 alkoxy substituted with at least one hydroxyl group. In embodiments, both R 2 and R 3 are independently selected from a substituted saturated or unsaturated branched or straight Ci- C 6 alkoxy substituted with at least one hydroxyl group. For example, at least one of R 2 and R 3 can be methoxy. In embodiments, at least one of R 2 and R 3 is unsaturated. In embodiments, at least one of R 2 and R 3 is branched. In embodiments, R 2 is a straight unsubstituted saturated Ci- C 3 alkoxy; and R 3 is a branched unsubstituted, unsaturated C3-C6 alkoxy.
• R 4 is saturated or unsaturated branched or straight Ci-C 6 alkyl.
• R 4 can be C 5 alkyl. In embodiments, R 4 is unsaturated. In embodiments, R 4 is CH(CH 3 ) 2 CHCH 2 .
• a bioactive, taste modulating, or salty taste modulating compound is a compound having the following structure:
• X is selected from NH, O, C(O), CR 5 or CR 5 R 6 , where R 5 and R 6 are independently
• Y, and Z are independently selected from O, CR 5 , CR 5 R 6 , where R 5 and R 6 are
• R 1 is H, C 1 -C 3 alkoxy, C(0)R 7 , where R 7 is a Ci to C 6 straight or branched alkyl, or
• R 8 , R 9 and R 10 are independently selected from: alkoxy, or C 3 to Cg alkyl;
• R is H, OH, where R 11 is H, OH, or Ci to C 3 hydroxyl;
• R 3 is H, C 1 -C 3 alkoxy, or together with R 4 form a six membered ring having an oxygen heteroatom to form a compound having a structure of:
• R 4 is H, Ci to C 3 alkoxy, or together with R 3 forms the structure above.
• X is CR 5 R 6 . In embodiments, X is C(OH)(CH 2 CH 2 CH 2 CH 3 ). In embodiments,
• X is O. In embodiments, X is CH 2 .
• Y is O.
• Y is CR 5 R 6 , where R 5 and R 6 are H and a branched Ci to C 6 hydroxyl, such as C(CH 3 )(CH 3 )OH.
• Y is CH.
• Z is C(O). In embodiments, Z is CH 2 . In embodiments, Z is O.
• R 1 is . In embodiments,
• Rl is a Ci-C 3 alkoxy.
• R 1 is C(0)R 7 , where R 7 is a Ci to C 6 straight or branched alkyl.
• R is a branched C 3 alkyl.
• R 2 is OH.
• R 2 is
• R 3 together with R 4 form a six membered ring having an oxygen heteroatom to form a compound having the structure:
• R 3 is H. In embodiments, R 3 is a C 1 -C3 alkoxy. In embodiments, R 4 is H.
• X is NH
• a bioactive, taste modulating, or salty taste modulating compound is a compound having the following structure:
• Y is independently selected from CR 5 , CR 5 R 6 , where R 5 and R 6 are independently
• R 1 is H, -C 3 alkoxy, C(0)R 7 , where R 7 is a Ci to C 6 straight or branched alkyl, or
• R is H where R 11 is H, OH, or Ci to C 3 hydroxyl
• R 3 is H, C 1 -C 3 alkoxy, or together with R 4 for mm aa ssiixx mmeemmbbeenred ring having an oxygen heteroatom to form a compound having a structure of:
• R 4 is H, Ci to C3 alkoxy, or together with R 3 forms the structure above.
• R 1 is Ci to C3 alkoxy. In embodiments, R 1 is H. In embodiments, R 2 is H. In embodiments, R 3 is H. In embodiments, R 4 is H.
• a bioactive, taste modulating, or salty taste modulating compound is a compound having the following structure:
• R 1 is H or a saturated or unsaturated Ci to C 6 alkyl
• R is H or a Ci to C 3 alkoxy
• R J is H or where R 4 , R 5 ,
• R 6 , R 7 , and R 8 are independently selected from: H, OH, Ci to C3 hydroxyl, Ci to C 3 alkoxy, and Ci to C 3 alkyl;
• X is NH or O.
• R 1 is H.
• R 2 is methoxy.
• R 2 is H.
• R 3 is H.
• R 3 is
• a bioactive, taste modulating, or salty taste modulating compound is a compound having the following structure:
• a bioactive, taste modulating, or salty taste modulating compound is a compound having the following structure:
• A is a. CR 9 where R 9 is H, saturated or unsaturated Ci to C 6 alkyl, Ci to C 3 hydroxyl or CHR 10 , where R 10 is Ci to C 6 alkyl; b. CCR M R b5 R , where R , R , and R bb are independently selected from: Ci to C saturated or unsaturated, branched or straight chain alkyl, or (CH 2 ) a R U where a is zero or 1 and
• R 11 is H, OH, or saccharidyl, c. CR , where R is saturated or unsaturated, substituted with an oxygen or unsubstituted five membered ring including at least one oxygen heteroatom,
• R and R are H, OH, Ci to C 3 alkyl, Ci to C 3 alkoxy, or Ci to C 3 hydroxyl;
• B is CH 2 , or CH, with the caveat that if B is CH then D is C;
• D, E, F, and G are independently selected from: C, CR , where R is H, OH, Ci to C 3 alkyl, or Ci to C 3 hydroxyl, with the caveat that if D is C, then B is CH; if E is C, then G is C; and if F is C, then u is zero;
• Z is selected from CR R , where R and R are independently selected from H, OH, Ci to C 3 hydroxyl, or Ci to C 3 alkyl, with the caveat that is v is zero then k is also zero;
• K is CR 5 U R 6 , where u is zero or 1 and R 5 and R 6 are independently selected from H, OH, Ci to C 3 alkyl, Ci to C 3 hydroxyl, Ci to C 3 alkoxy, with the caveat that if u is zero than F is C;
• L is CR 34 k R 35 where k is zero or 1 and R 34 and R 35 are independently selected from H, OH, Ci to C 3 alkyl, Ci to C 3 hydroxyl, with the caveat that if v is zero then k is zero;
• M is C(O), COC(0)R 36 where R 36 is Ci to C 3 alkyl, CH(OH), CH(CH 2 ) j R 37 where j is zero, 1, or 2 and R 37 is H, OH, or saccharidyl;
• Q is C(O), or CR 61 R 62 , where R 61 and R 62 are independently selected from H, OH, Ci to C 3 alkyl, Ci to C 3 hydroxyl or along with A form a five membered ring containing an oxygen heteroatom, or structure Q1A;
• R 1 , R 3 , and R 7 are independently selected from H, OH or Ci to C 3 alkyl;
• R 2 is selected from H, O, OH or Ci to C 3 alkyl
• R 4 and R 8 are independently selected from H, C(O), OH, Ci to C 3 alkyl, C(0)R 63 where R 63 is H or Ci to C 3 alkyl, or OC(0)R 64 where R 64 is Ci to C 3 alkyl, or H.
• A is CR 23 , wherein R 23 is saturated or unsaturated, substituted with an oxygen or unsubstituted five membered ring including at least one oxygen heteroatom. [00189] In embodiments, R 23 is
• A is CR 9 , where R 9 is H, saturated or unsaturated Ci to C 6 alkyl, Ci to C 3 hydroxyl or CHR 10 , where R 10 is Ci to C 6 alkyl.
• R 9 is CHR 10 .
• R 10 is CH 3 .
• A along with Q and the atoms attached thereto form a ring structure of formula
• R and R are H, OH, Ci to C 3 alkyl, Ci to C 3 alkoxy, or Ci to C 3 hydroxyl.
• R 27 and R 28 are each CH 3 .
• A is CCR 64 R 65 R 66 , where R 64 , R 65 , and R 66 are independently selected from: d to Cio saturated or unsaturated, branched or straight chain alkyl, or (CH 2 ) a R n where a is zero or 1 and R 11 is H, OH, or where a' is zero or 1, R , R , R , and R are each independently H, OH, CH 3 , Ci-C 3 hydroxyl, COOH, (CH 2 ) b OC(0)R 16 where b is zero, 1, 2 or 3 and R 16 is H or Ci-C 3 alkyl, or (CH 2 )dO(CH 2 )d'R 17 , where d and d' are independently zero (0) or 1 and R 17 is H or
• R 18 , R 19 , R 20 and R 21 are each independently H, OH, CH 3 , Ci-C 3 hydroxyl, COOH, (CH 2 ) e OC(0)R 22 where e is zero, 1, 2 or 3 and R 22 is H or Ci-C 3 alkyl.
• R 64 is CH 3
• R 65 is a C 3 to Cg unsaturated, branched or chain alkyl
• R 66 is (CH 2 ) a O(CH 2 ) a' R u where a and a' are both zero and R 11 is H or
• R 12 , R 13 , and R 15 are each independently H, OH, CH 3 , C 1 -C3 hydroxyl, and
• R 18 , R 19 , R 20 and R 21 are each independently H, OH, CH 3 , C C 3 hydroxyl, COOH, OC(0)R 22 where R 22 is H or Ci-C 3 alkyl.
• R 12 , R 13 , and R 15 are each independently OH or CH 3 .
• R 18 , R 19 , and R 21 are each independently OH or H and R 20 is OC(0)CH 3 .
• A is CR , where R is where R and are independently selected from H, OH, or Ci to C 6 branched or straight hydroxyl.
• R b is OH and R" is C(CH 3 ) 2 OH
• Q is CR 61 R 62 , where R 61 and R 62 are independently selected from H, OH, Ci to
• Q is CH 2 . In embodiments, Q is CHOH. In embodiments, Q is C(O).
• B is CH 2 . In embodiments, B is CH and D is C.
• D is CR 29 , where R 29 is H, OH, Ci to C 3 alkyl, or Ci to C 3 hydroxyl.
• R is OH. In embodiments, R is H. In embodiments, R is CH 3 .
• E is CR , where R 9 is H, OH, Ci to C 3 alkyl, or Ci to C 3 hydroxyl.
• R 29 is H. In embodiments, R 29 is CH 3 . In embodiments, E is C and G is C.
• G is CH.
• F is CH.
• K is CH and F is C.
• K is CR 5 U R 6 , where u is 1 and R 5 and R 6 are independently selected from Ci to
• R 5 and R 6 are both CH 3 . In embodiments, R 5 and R 6 are both H.
• both J and L are CH.
• J is CH 2 .
• J is
• L is CH 2 .
• M is CHOH. In embodiments, M is CH(CH 2 ) j R 37 where j is zero, 1, or 2 and
• R 37 is H or
• R 38 , R 39 , R 40 , and R 41 are each independently selected from H, OH, CH 3 , Ci-C 3 hydroxyl, Ci - C 3 alkoxy, COOH, (CH 2 ) m OC(0)R 42 where m is zero, 1, 2 or 3 and R is H or C 1 -C3 alkyl, or (CH 2 ) deliberately0(CH 2 ) administrat ⁇ R , where n and n' are independently zero or 1 and R 43 is H or
• R , R , R 4b and R 4 / are each independently H, OH, CH 3 , Ci-C 3 hydroxyl, COOH, (CH 2 ) p OC(0)R 48 where p is zero, 1, 2 or 3 and R 48 is H or Ci-C 3 alkyl, or (CH 2 ) q O(CH 2 ) q >R 49 where q and q' are independently zero or 1 and R 49 is H or
• R 50 , R 51 , R 52 and R 53 are each independently H, OH, CH 3 , Ci-C 3 hydroxyl, COOH, (CH 2 ) r OC(0)R 54 where r is zero, 1, 2 or 3 and R 54 is H or Ci-C 3 alkyl, or
• R , R , R 5S and R 59 are each independently H, OH, CH 3 , C 1 -C3 hydroxyl, COOH, (CH 2 ),OC(0)R 60 where t is zero, 1, 2 or 3 and R 60 is H or Ci-C 3 alkyl.
• j and j ' are both zero and R 38 is CH ; R 39 is OH; R 40 is OCH 3 ; and R 41 is H.
• j and j ' are both zero and R 39 is (CH 2 ) n O(CH 2 ) n R 43 , where n and n' are independently zero or 1 and R 43 is H or
• R 44 , R 45 , R 46 and R 4 / are each independently H, OH, CH 3 , Ci-C 3 hydroxyl,
• R 44 is CH 2 OH; and R R 4( ⁇ and R 4 / are all OH.
• M is CH(CH 2 ) j R 3 / where R 3 / is H, OH, or where j ' is zero or 1 , R and R are each independently selected from H, OH, CH 3 , Ci-C 3 hydroxyl, Ci - C 3 alkoxy, COOH, (CH 2 ) m OC(0)R 42 where m is zero, 1, 2 or 3 and R 42 is H or C C 3 alkyl; where R 39 is OR 43 , where R 43 is H or
• R , R and R are each independently H, OH, CH 3 , Ci-C 3 hydroxyl, COOH, (CH 2 ) p OC(0)R 48 where p is zero, 1, 2 or 3 and R 48 is H or Ci-C 3 alkyl; and R 46 is (CH 2 ) q O(CH 2 ) q >R 49 where q and q' are independently zero or 1 and R 49 is H or
• R 50 , R 51 and R 53 are each independently H, OH, CH 3 ,
• R , R , R and R 5y are each independently H, OH, CH 3 or Ci-C 3 hydroxyl
• R 4U is OR , and R is H or
• R 44 , R 45 , R 46 and R 47 are each independently OH, or C1-C3 hydroxyl.
• M is CO
• R 1 is H or C 1 -C3 alkyl. In embodiments R 1 is CH 3 .
• R is H, OH, O, or C 1 -C 3 alkyl.
• R is H or C 1 -C 3 alkyl.
• R 4 is CH 3 . In embodiments, R 4 is CHO.
• R and R are both H.
• R is OCOCH 3
• F is CR , where R /y is H, OH, C C 3 alkyl, or C C 3 hydroxyl.
• K is CR 5 R 6 .
• M is C(O), COC(0)R 36 , where R 36 is d-C 3 alkyl, CH(CH 2 )jR 37 where j is zero or 1.
• a bioactive, taste modulating, or salty taste modulating compound is a compound having the following structure: (Q1B)
• R and R are H, OH, Ci to C 3 alkyl, Ci to C 3 alkoxy, or Ci to C 3 hydroxyl;
• D, E, F, and G are independently selected from: CR 29 , where R 29 is H, OH, Ci to C 3 alkyl, or Ci to C 3 hydroxyl;
• K is CR 5 R 6 , where R 5 and R 6 are independently selected from H, or Ci to C 3 alkyl;
• M is CH(CH 2 ) j R 37 where j is zero, 1, or 2 and R 37 is H, OH, or saccharidyl; Q is CHOH, or along with A form a five membered ring containing an oxygen
• heteroatom or structure II
• R 1 , R 2 R 3 , R 4 , R 5 , R 6 , R 7 and R 8 are independently selected from H, OH, O, or Ci to C 3 alkyl.
• A along with Q and the atoms attached thereto form a ring structure of formula
• R and R are H, OH, Ci to C 3 alkyl, Ci to C 3 alkoxy, or Ci to C 3 hydroxyl.
• R 27 and R 28 are each CH 3 .
• A is CCR M R W R , where R , R , and R* are independently selected from: Ci to Cio saturated or unsaturated, branched or straight chain alkyl, or (CH 2 ) a O(CH 2 ) a' R n where a and a' are independently zero or 1 and R 11 is saccharidyl and is:
• R , R , R , and R are each independently H, OH, CH 3 , Ci-C 3 hydroxyl, COOH, (CH 2 ) b OC(0)R 16 where b is zero, 1 , 2 or 3 and R 16 is H or Ci-C 3 alkyl, or (CH 2 ) d O(CH 2 ) d' R 17 , where d and d' are independently zero (0) or 1 and R 17 is H or
• R 18 , R 19 , R 20 and R 21 are each independently H, OH, CH 3 , C C 3 hydroxyl, COOH, (CH 2 ) e OC(0)R 22 where e is zero, 1, 2 or 3 and R 22 is H or Ci-C 3 alkyl.
• R 64 is CH 3
• R 65 is a C 3 to C 8 unsaturated, branched or chain alkyl
• R 66 is (CH 2 )aO(CH 2 )a'R 11 where a and a' are both zero and R 11 is saccharidyl and is:
• R , R , and R are each independently H, OH, CH 3 , Ci-C 3 hydroxyl, and R is (CH 2 ) d O(CH 2 ) d' R 17 , where d and d' are independently zero (0) or 1 and R 17 is H or
• R 18 , R 19 , R 20 and R 21 are each independently H, OH, CH 3 , Ci-C 3 hydroxyl, COOH, OC(0)R 22 where R 22 is H or Ci-C 3 alkyl.
• R 12 , R 13 , and R 15 are each independently OH or CH 3 .
• R 18 , R 19 , and R 21 are each independently OH or H and R 20 is OC(0)CH 3 .
• M is CH(CH 2 ) j R 37 where j is zero, 1, or 2 and R 37 is saccharidyl and is:
• R 38 , R 39 , R 40 , and R 41 are each independently selected from H, OH, CH 3 , Ci-C 3 hydroxyl, Ci - C 3 alkoxy, COOH, (CH 2 ) m OC(0)R 42 where m is zero, 1, 2 or 3 and R 42 is H or Ci-C 3 alkyl, or (CH 2 ) n O(CH 2 ) n' R 43 , where n and n' are independently zero (0) or 1 and R 43 is H or
• R , R , R 4b and R 4 / are each independently H, OH, CH 3 , Ci-C 3 hydroxyl, COOH, (CH 2 ) p OC(0)R 48 where p is zero, 1, 2 or 3 and R 48 is H or C C 3 alkyl, or (CH 2 ) q O(CH 2 ) q >R 49 where q and q' are independently zero or 1 and R 49 is H or where R 50 , R 51 , R 52 and R 53 are each independently H, OH, CH 3 , Ci-C 3 hydroxyl, COOH, (CH 2 ) r OC(0)R 54 where r is zero, 1, 2 or 3 and R 54 is H or Ci-C 3 alkyl, or (CH 2 ) s O(CH 2 ) s R 55 where s and s' are independently zero or 1 and R 55 is H or
• R , R , R and R 3y are each independently H, OH, CH 3 , Ci-C 3 hydroxyl, COOH, (CH 2 ) t OC(0)R 60 where t is zero, 1, 2 or 3 and R 60 is H or C C 3 alkyl.
• j and j' are both zero and R 38 is CH 3 ; R 39 is OH; R 40 is OCH 3 ; and R 41 is H.
• j and j' are both zero and R 39 is (CH 2 ) n O(CH 2 ) n >R 43 , where n and n' are independently zero or 1 and R 43 is saccharidyl and is:
• R 44 , R 45 , R 4b and R are each independently H, OH, CH 3 , d-C 3 hydroxyl
• R 44 is CH 2 OH; and R 4 ⁇ R 4b , and R 4 / are all OH.
• D is CR , where R is Ci to C 3 alkyl.
• E is CR , where R is Ci to C 3 alkyl.
• G is CH.
• F is CH.
• K is CH and F is C.
• K is CR U R , where u is 1 and R and R are independently selected from Ci to
• R 5 and R 6 are both CH 3 .
• R 2 , R 4 , R 8 , and R 9 are all H.
• R 1 is C 1 -C3 alkyl. In embodiments, R 1 is H.
• R is O. In embodiments, R is H.
• a bioactive, taste modulating, or salty taste modulating compound is a compound having the following structure: (Q2) where A is C or CR 4 , where R 4 is H, OH, Ci to C 3 alkyl, with the caveat that if A is C, then B is CR 6 ;
• B is CR 5 a R 6 , where a is zero (0) or 1, and R 5 and R 6 are independently selected from H, OH, Ci to C 3 alkyl, with the caveat that if A is C, then B is CR 6 ;
• X is H, or along with Y and the atoms attached thereto form a ring structure having formula (Q2A) below,
• R 9 and R 10 are independently selected from O and CH 2 ;
• Z is H or along with Y and the atoms attached thereto form a ring structure having formula (Q2B) below,
• R and R are independently selected from O and CH 2 ;
• R 2 and R 3 are independently selected from H, CH 2 , Ci to C 3 alkyl.
• A is CH 3 .
• R 1 is CH 2 .
• R 2 is H.
• R 3 is H.
• A is CR 4 , where R 4 is Ci to C 3 alkyl.
• B is CH 2 .
• R 9 is O and R 10 is CH 2 .
• Y and Z along with the atoms attached thereto form a ring structure having formula (Q2B) below, where R 13 and R 14 are independently selected from O and CH 2 .
• R 3 is CH 3 .
• R 1 is H.
• R 2 is CH 2 .
• R 2 is CH 3 .
• a bioactive, taste modulating, or salty taste modulating compound is a compound having the following structure:
• A is C or CR 4 , where R 4 is H, OH, Ci to C 3 alkyl, with the caveat that if A is C, then B is CR 6 ;
• B is CR 5 a R 6 , where a is zero or 1, and R 5 and R 6 are independently selected from H, OH, Ci to C 3 alkyl;
• Z is H or CR U R 12 where R 11 and R 12 are independently selected from H, OH, Ci to C 3 alkyl; R 2 and R 3 are independently selected from H, CH 2 , or a saturated or unsaturated Ci to C 6 alkyl; and
• R 9 and R 10 are independently selected from O or CH 2 .
• A is CCH 3 .
• B is CH 2 .
• Z is H.
• R 1 is CH 2 .
• R 2 is H.
• R3 is H.
• R 9 is O.
• R 10 is CH 2 .
• a bioactive, taste modulating, or salty taste modulating compound is a compound having the following structure:
• R 1 is OH or saccharidyl
• R 2 and R 3 are independently H, OH, and COOH;
• R 4 is C 3 -C14 saturated or unsaturated alkyl optionally substituted with one or more hydroxyls.
• R 1 is OH.
• R 2 is H.
• R 2 is OH.
• R 3 is H.
• R 3 is COOH.
• R 4 is C 9 to C 13 unsaturated alkyl.
• R 4 is C 9 to C 13 unsaturated alkyl with at least one hydroxyl.
• R 4 is C 10 to C 12 alkyl with at least two double bonds, such as Cn with at least two double bonds.
• R 4 is Cn with three double bonds.
• R 4 is Cii with three double bonds and one hydroxyl.
• R 4 is C 3 to C 7 with at least one double bond.
• Rl is a compound where R 2 and R 3 are independently H, OH, and COOH; and R 4 is C3-C 10 saturated or unsaturated alkyl optionally substituted with one or more hydroxyls.
• R 2 is OH.
• R 3 is COOH.
• R 4 is C 3 to C 7 with at least one double bond.
• a bioactive, taste modulating, or salty taste modulating compound is a compound having the following structure:
• A is (CH 2 ) x , where x is 0 or 1 ;
• R 5 is saccharidyl;
• R 2 and R 3 are independently H, OH, and COOH;
• R 4 is C 8 -Ci 6 saturated or unsaturated alkyl optionally substituted with one or more hydroxyls.
• A, D, E and G are independently (CH 2 ) X , where x is 0 or 1 ; R 1 is H or saccharidyl;
• R 2 and R 3 are independently H, OH, and COOH;
• R 4 is C 8 -Ci 6 saturated or unsaturated alkyl optionally substituted with one or more hydroxyls.
• R 1 is H.
• R 2 is H.
• R 3 is H.
• R 4 is Cg to CM unsaturated alkyl optionally substituted with one or more hydroxyls, such as Cio to Ci 3 unsaturated alkyl optionally substituted with one or more hydroxyls. In embodiments, R 4 is Cii unsaturated alkyl optionally substituted with one or more hydroxyls. In embodiments, R 4 is Cii unsaturated alkyl with one double bond optionally substituted with one or more hydroxyls. In embodiments, x is one in A and E; and x is zero in D and E.
• a bioactive, taste modulating, or salty taste modulating compound is a compound having the following structure:
• R 1 is H, or OH
• R 2 and R 3 are independently H, OH, or CH 2 OH;
• X is O or CHOH:
• R is C 3 -Ci 2 unsaturated alkyl.
• R 1 is OH.
• R 2 is H.
• X is CHOH.
• Y is CH 2 .
• R 3 is H.
• R 4 is a C to C 7 unsaturated alkyl. In embodiments, R 4 is a C5 unsaturated alkyl. In embodiments, R 4 is a C5 alkyl with one double bond.
• R 3 is OH.
• R 4 is a C 8 to C 12 unsaturated alkyl. In embodiments, R 4 is a C 10 unsaturated alkyl. In embodiments, R 4 is a C 10 alkyl with one double bond.
• a bioactive, taste modulating, or salty taste modulating compound is a compound having the following structure:
• X is O or NH
• R 1 is H, OH, or CH 2 OH
• R 2 is H or OCOR 5 , wherein R 5 is a C C 3 alkyl
• R 3 is H or Ci-Cio saturated or unsaturated alkyl.
• X is O.
• R 1 is OH.
• R 2 is OCOR 5 .
• R 5 is CH 3 .
• R 3 is C 5 to C9 saturated or unsaturated alkyl, such as C 7 unsaturated alkyl.
• R 3 is C 7 alkyl with one double bond.
• X is NH. In some embodiments where X is NH, R 1 and R 2 are both H. In some embodiments where X is NH, R 3 is H.
• a bioactive, taste modulating, or salty taste modulating compound is a compound having the following structure:
• X and Y are each independently C7-C 2 0 straight or branched chain unsaturated alkyl unsubstituted or substituted with one or more OH;
• A is saccharidyl
• R 10 and R 11 are each independently H, OH or saccharidyl.
• a, b, d, e, f and g are each independently zero or 1;
• X and Y are each independently C7-C 20 straight or branched chain unsaturated alkyl unsubstituted or substituted with one or more OH;
• R 1 , R 2 , R 3 , R 4 , R 5 , R 6 , R 7 , R 8 , and R 9 are each independently H, OH, CH 3 , CH 2 CH 3 , and CH 2 OH;
• R 10 and R 11 are each independently H, OH or saccharidyl. diments, one or both of R 10 and R 11 are saccharidyl and are independently
• i, j and k are each independently zero or 1 , and
• R 12 , R 13 , R 14 , R 15 , R 16 , R 17 and R 18 are each independently H, OH, CH 3 , CH 2 CH 3 and CH 2 OH.
• X and Y are each independently straight or branched chain unsaturated alkyl unsubstituted or substituted with one or more OH and having 2 to 6 double bounds. In embodiments, X and Y are each independently C 10 -C 15 straight or branched chain unsaturated alkyl unsubstituted or substituted with one or more OH and having 2 to 4 double bounds.
• R 19 , R 20 , R 21 , R 22 and R 23 are each independently H, CH 3 or OH.
• a bioactive, taste modulating, or salty taste modulating compound is a compound having the following structure:
• R 1 is H, or COR 4 where R 4 is H, or saturated or unsaturated Ci-C 6 straight or branched alkyl;
• R 2 , R 3 , R a , R b , R c , R d , R e , R f , R g , R h , R', and R j are independently selected from H, or saturated or unsaturated C 1 -C 3 alkyl.
• R 2 , R 3 , R a , R b , R c , R d , R e , R f , R g , R h , R', and R j are independently selected from
• R 2 is a saturated or unsaturated C 1 -C 3 alkyl, such as methyl.
• R 2 is a saturated or unsaturated C 1 -C 3 alkyl, such as methyl.
• R 3 is a saturated or unsaturated C 1 -C 3 alkyl, such as methyl.
• R 2 is CH 3 and R 3 [00280]
• R 1 is H.
• R 1 is COCH 3 .
• R 1 is COR 4 and R 4 is
• R 5 and R 6 are independently selected from H, or saturated or unsaturated C 1 -C4.
• R 5 and R 6 are both CH 3 .
• a compound according to Formula T is a compound where (i) R 2 , R 3 , R a , R b ,
• R c , R d , R e , R f , R g , R h , R 1 , and R j are independently selected from H, or saturated or unsaturated C 1 -C3 alkyl; and (ii) R 7 is H or saturated or unsaturated Ci-C 3 alkyl. In such embodiments, R 7 may be CH 3 .
• R 2 , R 3 , R a , R b , R c , R d , R e , R f , R g , R h , R', and R j may independently be selected from H, or saturated or unsaturated Ci-C 3 alkyl with the caveat that saturated or unsaturated Ci- C 3 alkyl substituents are not directly adjacent each other.
• R 2 may be a saturated or unsaturated Ci-C 3 alky, such as methyl.
• R 3 may be a saturated or unsaturated Ci-C 3 alkyl, such as methyl. In some of such embodiment, R 2 is CH 3 and R 3 is CH 3 .
• a bioactive, taste modulating, or salty taste modulating compound is a compound having the following structure:
• R 2 , R 3 , R a , R b , R c , R d , R e , R f , R g , R h , R', and R j are independently selected from H, or saturated or unsaturated C 1 -C3 alkyl;
• R 7 is H or saturated or unsaturated C 1 -C3 alkyl.
• a bioactive, taste modulating, or salty taste modulating compound is a compound having the following structure:
• R 1 is H, OH, or C 1 -C 3 alkoxy
• R a , R b , R c , R d , and R e are each independently selected from: H, OH, alkoxy;
• R 3 is H, OH, C 1 -C3 alkoxy, or R 2 and R together form a ring structure as indicated above;
• R 4 is H, OH, or C 1 -C3 alkoxy
• X is O or CH
• R 6 , R 7 , and R 8 are each independently selected from: H, OH, or C 1 -C 3 alkoxy;
• R f , R g , R h , R', R j , and R k are each independently selected from: H, OH, or C 1 -C 3 alkoxy, wherein the at least one compound of formula U is present in the food product in an
• R 1 is H. In embodiments, R 1 is -OCH 3 . In embodiments, R 2 is H. In embodiments, R 3 is H. In embodiments, both R 2 and R 3 are H.
• R 4 is H.
• R a , R b , R c , R d , and R e are independently H or OH.
• R 8 may be OH.
• R f , R g , R h , R', R j , or R k may indepdently be H or OH.
• a compound according to Formula U is a compound having the following structure:
• R 1 , R 2 , R 3 , R 4 , R 6 , R 7 , and R 8 are each independently H, OH, or C 1 -C 3 alkoxy;
• X and Z are each independently O or CH;
• R a , R b , R c , R d , R e , R f , R g , R h , R', R j , and R K are each independently H, OH, or C 1 -C 3 alkoxy.
• a compound of Formula UA is a compound where R 1 is OH or C 1 -C 3 alkoxy.
• R 2 is H.
• R 3 is OH or C 1 -C 3 alkoxy.
• R 4 is OH or C 1 -C 3 alkoxy.
• R 6 is OH or C 1 -C 3 alkoxy.
• R 7 is OH or Ci- C 3 alkoxy.
• R a , R b , R c , R d , R e , R f , R g , R h , R', R j , and R k are each independently H or OH.
• R a , R b , R c , R d , R e , R f , R g , R h , R', R j , and R k are each H.
• X is O.
• Z is O.
• Table 2A lists the initially selected 99 compounds (with compounds 12 and 20 being the same compound isolated from different sources) and indicates which categories and subcategories, if appropriate, into which each of the compounds falls.
• Table 2B lists the categories and the compound that fall within each category.
• gingerols alkyl substituted phenols, acridone alcaloids, labdanes, primaranes, saponines, neolignans, pentacyclic triterpenes, 2,2'-cyclolignans, dibenzylbutane lignans, bicyclic triterpenes, phloroglucines, carylophyllenes, beta-carbolines, limnoids, cumarines, cardanolide steroids, fatty acids, and derivatives may be candidates for taste modulating compounds. It will be further understood that other structural similarities of the compounds presented herein may be exploited to develop taste modulating compounds.
• many of the compounds presented herein have unsaturated carbon chains of at least 11 carbons with attached hydroxyl groups and may be amphiphilic, with hydrophobic head potions and hydrophobic tails.
• Other compounds having, for example C5-C20 alkane or alkene tails may elicit or enhance saltiness.
• other compounds with differently substituted carboxyl or hydroxyl groups may elicit or enhance the perception of saltiness.
• a plurality of compounds presented herein include saturated carbon chains of at least 9 carbons and one oxygen containing group such as hydroxyl, carbonyl, carboxyl, or ester. Other compounds having unsaturated carbon chains of, for example, 5 to 15 carbons and an oxygen group may have similar effects with regard to salty taste.
• Many compounds presented herein have at least one phenol group with an ether group and a carbon side chain comprising at least seven carbons. Other similar compounds may have similar effects with regard to salty taste.
• a number of compounds presented herein have a benzyl heterocyclic furan with various attached groups containing unsaturated carbon linkages and at least one carbonyl group. Other similar compounds may have similar activity with regard to salty taste.
• a plurality of compounds presented above contain a cyclopentaphenthrene group.
• Other compounds having a cyclopentaphenthrene and similar substituents may have similar activity with regard to salty taste.
• a number of the compounds presented herein include a benzopyranone group.
• Other compounds having a benzopyranone and similar substituents may have similar activity with regard to salty taste.
• a plurality of compounds presented herein have a methoxymethyltetrahydrobenzo- cyclooctabenzo-dioxole or -annulene group. Other compounds having such groups may have similar activity with regard to salty taste.
• Many of the compounds can be classified as lactones, lignol-like compounds, oxylipins, polyisoprene glycosides, triterpenoid glycosides, alkylamides, or gamma pyrenes. Other similar compounds may also elicit or enhance salty taste perception.
• a DAP score of greater than 3.1 indicates saltiness or salt enhancement.
• the DAP score can be correlated with a sodium reduction potential by subtracting 3.1 from the DAP score.
• a DAP score of greater than 7.6 indicates saltiness or salt enhancement.
• the DAP score can be correlated with a sodium reduction potential by subtracting 7.6 from the DAP score.

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• 2014
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