CN101873805B - 发酵成分 - Google Patents
发酵成分 Download PDFInfo
- Publication number
- CN101873805B CN101873805B CN200880010765.6A CN200880010765A CN101873805B CN 101873805 B CN101873805 B CN 101873805B CN 200880010765 A CN200880010765 A CN 200880010765A CN 101873805 B CN101873805 B CN 101873805B
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- food
- hydrolysis
- acid
- enzyme
- saline taste
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Classifications
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- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
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- A23L—FOODS, FOODSTUFFS, OR NON-ALCOHOLIC BEVERAGES, NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASSES A21D OR A23B-A23J; THEIR PREPARATION OR TREATMENT, e.g. COOKING, MODIFICATION OF NUTRITIVE QUALITIES, PHYSICAL TREATMENT; PRESERVATION OF FOODS OR FOODSTUFFS, IN GENERAL
- A23L23/00—Soups; Sauces; Preparation or treatment thereof
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- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A23—FOODS OR FOODSTUFFS; TREATMENT THEREOF, NOT COVERED BY OTHER CLASSES
- A23J—PROTEIN COMPOSITIONS FOR FOODSTUFFS; WORKING-UP PROTEINS FOR FOODSTUFFS; PHOSPHATIDE COMPOSITIONS FOR FOODSTUFFS
- A23J3/00—Working-up of proteins for foodstuffs
- A23J3/30—Working-up of proteins for foodstuffs by hydrolysis
- A23J3/32—Working-up of proteins for foodstuffs by hydrolysis using chemical agents
- A23J3/34—Working-up of proteins for foodstuffs by hydrolysis using chemical agents using enzymes
- A23J3/346—Working-up of proteins for foodstuffs by hydrolysis using chemical agents using enzymes of vegetable proteins
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- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A23—FOODS OR FOODSTUFFS; TREATMENT THEREOF, NOT COVERED BY OTHER CLASSES
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- A23L19/00—Products from fruits or vegetables; Preparation or treatment thereof
- A23L19/10—Products from fruits or vegetables; Preparation or treatment thereof of tuberous or like starch containing root crops
- A23L19/12—Products from fruits or vegetables; Preparation or treatment thereof of tuberous or like starch containing root crops of potatoes
- A23L19/18—Roasted or fried products, e.g. snacks or chips
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- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A23—FOODS OR FOODSTUFFS; TREATMENT THEREOF, NOT COVERED BY OTHER CLASSES
- A23L—FOODS, FOODSTUFFS, OR NON-ALCOHOLIC BEVERAGES, NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASSES A21D OR A23B-A23J; THEIR PREPARATION OR TREATMENT, e.g. COOKING, MODIFICATION OF NUTRITIVE QUALITIES, PHYSICAL TREATMENT; PRESERVATION OF FOODS OR FOODSTUFFS, IN GENERAL
- A23L27/00—Spices; Flavouring agents or condiments; Artificial sweetening agents; Table salts; Dietetic salt substitutes; Preparation or treatment thereof
- A23L27/20—Synthetic spices, flavouring agents or condiments
- A23L27/21—Synthetic spices, flavouring agents or condiments containing amino acids
- A23L27/22—Synthetic spices, flavouring agents or condiments containing amino acids containing glutamic acids
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- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A23—FOODS OR FOODSTUFFS; TREATMENT THEREOF, NOT COVERED BY OTHER CLASSES
- A23L—FOODS, FOODSTUFFS, OR NON-ALCOHOLIC BEVERAGES, NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASSES A21D OR A23B-A23J; THEIR PREPARATION OR TREATMENT, e.g. COOKING, MODIFICATION OF NUTRITIVE QUALITIES, PHYSICAL TREATMENT; PRESERVATION OF FOODS OR FOODSTUFFS, IN GENERAL
- A23L27/00—Spices; Flavouring agents or condiments; Artificial sweetening agents; Table salts; Dietetic salt substitutes; Preparation or treatment thereof
- A23L27/20—Synthetic spices, flavouring agents or condiments
- A23L27/24—Synthetic spices, flavouring agents or condiments prepared by fermentation
-
- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A23—FOODS OR FOODSTUFFS; TREATMENT THEREOF, NOT COVERED BY OTHER CLASSES
- A23L—FOODS, FOODSTUFFS, OR NON-ALCOHOLIC BEVERAGES, NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASSES A21D OR A23B-A23J; THEIR PREPARATION OR TREATMENT, e.g. COOKING, MODIFICATION OF NUTRITIVE QUALITIES, PHYSICAL TREATMENT; PRESERVATION OF FOODS OR FOODSTUFFS, IN GENERAL
- A23L27/00—Spices; Flavouring agents or condiments; Artificial sweetening agents; Table salts; Dietetic salt substitutes; Preparation or treatment thereof
- A23L27/40—Table salts; Dietetic salt substitutes
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- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A23—FOODS OR FOODSTUFFS; TREATMENT THEREOF, NOT COVERED BY OTHER CLASSES
- A23L—FOODS, FOODSTUFFS, OR NON-ALCOHOLIC BEVERAGES, NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASSES A21D OR A23B-A23J; THEIR PREPARATION OR TREATMENT, e.g. COOKING, MODIFICATION OF NUTRITIVE QUALITIES, PHYSICAL TREATMENT; PRESERVATION OF FOODS OR FOODSTUFFS, IN GENERAL
- A23L27/00—Spices; Flavouring agents or condiments; Artificial sweetening agents; Table salts; Dietetic salt substitutes; Preparation or treatment thereof
- A23L27/40—Table salts; Dietetic salt substitutes
- A23L27/45—Salt substitutes completely devoid of sodium chloride
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- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A23—FOODS OR FOODSTUFFS; TREATMENT THEREOF, NOT COVERED BY OTHER CLASSES
- A23L—FOODS, FOODSTUFFS, OR NON-ALCOHOLIC BEVERAGES, NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASSES A21D OR A23B-A23J; THEIR PREPARATION OR TREATMENT, e.g. COOKING, MODIFICATION OF NUTRITIVE QUALITIES, PHYSICAL TREATMENT; PRESERVATION OF FOODS OR FOODSTUFFS, IN GENERAL
- A23L27/00—Spices; Flavouring agents or condiments; Artificial sweetening agents; Table salts; Dietetic salt substitutes; Preparation or treatment thereof
- A23L27/88—Taste or flavour enhancing agents
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- A23V2400/11—Lactobacillus
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- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A23—FOODS OR FOODSTUFFS; TREATMENT THEREOF, NOT COVERED BY OTHER CLASSES
- A23V—INDEXING SCHEME RELATING TO FOODS, FOODSTUFFS OR NON-ALCOHOLIC BEVERAGES AND LACTIC OR PROPIONIC ACID BACTERIA USED IN FOODSTUFFS OR FOOD PREPARATION
- A23V2400/00—Lactic or propionic acid bacteria
- A23V2400/11—Lactobacillus
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Abstract
提供使用乳芽孢杆菌属菌种(Lactobacillus spec)基于水解豌豆蛋白的发酵方法,形成的成分,包含所述成分的食品和增强食品的咸味的方法。
Description
这是根据35U.S.C.§111(b)的用于专利的临时申请。
技术领域
1公开了新的成分和形成所述成分的发酵方法,所述成分增强食品、特别是具有低或降低的钠含量的食品中的咸度(saltiness),以改进它们的味道。
背景技术
2认为高量的钠摄入对健康有害,因此存在降低食品中氯化钠(NaCl)的量,而同时不降低所需的咸味(salty taste)的需要。咸味对于感觉到的调味强度和分布,特别对咸味食品(savory food product)是非常重要的。
3在食品工业存在提供增强食品的咸味的成分的需要,以便减少NaCl。此外,存在提供增强食品、特别是咸味食品的鲜味(umami taste)的成分的需要。
4氯化钾(KCl)用于代替其它盐,特别是NaCl。如果KCl以所需的浓度使用以降低NaCl浓度,消费者会感觉到不期望的苦味和金属味。因此发现能够增强NaCl的咸味的产品,以能够部分或全部取代KCl是有意义的。
5令人惊奇的是,现在通过以下本文描述的基于水解的豌豆蛋白的发酵的方法已经发现,能够形成在感觉食品中的咸味上具有增强效果的成分。
6已知基于水解的富蛋白植物材料的发酵产品具有鲜味。具体地,来自大豆和小麦面筋(gluten)的蛋白用于形成具有鲜味的成分。为了形成此类成分,选择具有高含量谷氨酸的材料,其对于鲜味是非常重要的因素。小麦面筋具有34%的谷氨酸含量,大豆蛋白具有20%的谷氨酸含量。为了达到类似的效果,可以选择近似或更高谷氨酸含量的材料。已知这些成分中都不具有咸味增强效果。
发明内容
7提供形成咸味增强成分(salt enhancing ingredient)的方法,其中:
a)水解豌豆蛋白,和
b)将水解或部分水解的豌豆蛋白用乳芽孢杆菌属(Lactobacillus)菌种在适合该菌种的温度下,在至少6或以上的起始pH下进行发酵,并孵育直至达到pH5.5或以下。
8提供根据本文所述的方法,其中所述步骤a)中的水解为用具有蛋白酶和肽酶二者活性的酶或酶制剂在适合该酶的温度下进行的酶水解。
9提供根据本文所述的方法,其中所述酶制剂来自米曲霉(Aspergillus oryzae)(umamizymeTM),并且所述水解在40℃至60℃下进行。
10提供根据本文所述的方法,其中所述水解通过添加足够量的酸化学地进行。
11提供根据本文所述的方法,其中所述酸选自以下:盐酸、乳酸、磷酸和柠檬酸。
12提供根据本文所述的方法,其中所述水解温度为从50℃至70℃。
13提供根据本文所述的方法,其中所述水解通过酸和具有蛋白酶和肽酶二者活性的酶或酶制剂的组合在适合该酶或酶制剂的温度下进行。
14提供根据本文所述的方法,其中所述乳芽孢杆菌属(Lactobacillus)菌种选自以下的一种或多种:植物乳芽孢杆菌(L.plantarum)、干酪乳芽孢杆菌(L.casei)、短小乳芽孢杆菌(L.brevis)和L.helveticus(瑞士乳芽孢杆菌)。
15提供根据本文所述的方法形成的咸味增强成分。
16提供根据本文所述的咸味增强成分,其通过除去水分浓缩至少1.5倍。
17提供根据本文所述的咸味增强成分,其中所述咸味增强成分为喷雾干燥的。
18提供用于食品的调味组合物(flavor composition),包括根据本文所述的咸味增强成分。
19提供根据本文所述的调味组合物,其中本文所述的咸味增强成分的浓度为0.02%至0.3%(wt/wt),基于喷雾干燥的2x浓缩物。
20提供食品,包括根据本文所述的咸味增强成分。
21提供根据本文所述的食品,其中本文所述的咸味增强成分的浓度为0.002%至0.03%(wt/wt),基于喷雾干燥的2x浓缩物。
22提供根据本文所述的食品,其为少钠或低钠食品(reduced or lowsodium foodproduct)。
23提供根据本文所述的食品,其中所述氯化钠浓度为0.15%(wt/wt)至3%(wt/wt)。
24提供根据本文所述的食品,其中所述氯化钠浓度为0.15%(wt/wt)至1.5%(wt/wt)。
25提供根据本文所述的少钠或低钠食品,其额外地以例如0.1%至2%KCl的浓度包括KCl。
26提供用于提供在咸味上增强的食品的方法,其中将本文所述的咸味增强成分混合到食品。
27提供根据本文所述的方法,其中食品为少钠或低钠食品,任选的以0.1%至2%KCl的浓度任选地包含KCl。
具体实施方式
28本文所用的术语豌豆是指豆科植物豌豆(Pisum sativum)及其栽培种的圆形种子,所述豌豆(Pisum sativum)及其栽培种具有包含可食用种子的长绿豆荚。豆科家族(family Fabaceae)的几种其它种子,大多数是圆形的,也可称为豌豆,然而明确地排除这些。作为选择,除了豌豆种子外,可以使用豌豆芽苗(pea sprout)。
29用于本文提供方法的豌豆蛋白可以以任何合适的形式,例如以豌豆种子或芽苗(包括全部或地上种子或全部或切下的芽苗(cutsprouts))的形式,或作为来自豌豆的蛋白分离物,或包含来自豌豆的蛋白以及任选其它成分的任何天然材料。豌豆蛋白具有相对低的谷氨酸含量,仅约13%。
30首先将豌豆蛋白水解或部分水解,然后用植物乳芽孢杆菌(Lactobacillusplantarum)发酵;该方法可以在一个水解/发酵容器中连续地进行。如果水解是酶促地进行,水解和发酵可以平行地进行。如果使用酸性水解,依赖于所用的特定菌株,应该在将酸中和到约6至7后添加Lactobacillus。如果pH低于6,植物乳芽孢杆菌(Lactobacillusplantarum)将生长地非常缓慢,通常是不足的。
31豌豆蛋白的水解可以酶促地或通过添加足量的酸,或通过酶(蛋白酶和肽酶活性)及酸的组合来进行。例如,如果使用盐酸,其在水解混合物中以5.5M的终浓度使用。据此可以以如5.5M盐酸一样给出类似pH的量使用其它酸。
32对于酶水解,酶或包含多于一种酶且具有蛋白酶和肽酶二者活性的酶制剂在一种或多种酶的合适温度下使用。合适的温度将根据所述酶的温度需要选择,例如umamizymeTM忍受约40℃至约60℃的温度,最佳约55℃。有用的酶为蛋白酶酶制剂,例如umamizymeTM(Amano,Elgin,IL)。蛋白酶制剂包含两种类型的酶:蛋白酶,其将蛋白质水解以形成小肽,和肽酶,其从蛋白质和肽的末端释放氨基酸。UmamizymeTM源自米曲霉(Aspergillus oryzae),并且富有内&外活性。
33使用的所有酶应该是食品级的。选择需要的酶的量或单位以确保足够的活性和避免产生苦味(bitter note)。酶的量依赖于蛋白质的量,酶∶蛋白质的比例应该为0.5∶20至3∶20(对于20份豌豆蛋白,0.5至3份酶),例如酶∶蛋白质为1∶20(在pH7下umamizymeTM具有70U/g)。
34在酸性水解中,可以使用包括例如盐酸,乳酸,磷酸和柠檬酸的一种或多种的酸。水解在合适的温度,例如约50℃至约70℃下进行。
35另一替代方案为酸性水解和酶水解的组合。在该情况下,需要选择酸、酶、pH和温度以使它们相容。对于大量蛋白酶和肽酶酶相关数据是已知的,并且易于获得。
36酸性水解是可行的,但是有一个缺点:当中和该酸时引入少量的盐。所得的咸味增强剂(salt enhancer)对于少盐产品(reducedproduct)仍然是有用的,但是降低潜力可能轻微受限。更重要的是,可能形成污染物3-氯丙烷-1,2-二醇(3-MCPD)和其它单或二氯丙醇污染物,已经就潜在的不利健康影响进行讨论,因此消费者趋于避免包含或潜在包含3-MCPD的产品。
37可以通过本领域已知的方法制备用于以下发酵的种子培养物/过夜培养物。对于微生物其可以在合适的温度下生长过夜,例如12小时。37℃对于植物乳芽孢杆菌(L.plantarum)是合适的温度。可以选择任何合适的培养基,例如MRS肉汤(Difco,美国)。
38用Lactobacillus发酵如下开始:使用水解的蛋白作为发酵肉汤,添加足够体积的过夜种子培养物,pH至少6或以上,例如pH6至7。使发酵继续进行直至pH降低到至少pH5.5或以下,例如pH 5.5至pH4.5,这通常需要约5至12小时。选择发酵温度以适应微生物。对于Lactobacilli特别是植物乳芽孢杆菌(L.plantarum),有用温度范围包括例如20℃至40℃,30℃至40℃,35至40℃,最佳约36℃至38℃。在低温下生长速率低,在高温下微生物将被杀死。
39将植物乳芽孢杆菌(Lactobacillus plantarum)用于发酵,然而,其它Lactobacillus也是有用的,例如干酪乳芽孢杆菌(L.casei)、短小乳芽孢杆菌(L.brevis)和瑞士乳芽孢杆菌(L.helveticus)也是有用的。
40发酵后(一旦达到低pH),将发酵肉汤在90℃下巴氏灭菌30分钟,以使微生物和酶失活。
41其后,巴氏灭菌的发酵肉汤可以过滤以除去任何大的颗粒,并且可以通过例如蒸发(包括在例如高达100℃下煮沸)来浓缩。
42咸味增强剂可以这样或以浓缩的形式使用。作为选择,浓缩的咸味增强剂可以通过本领域已知的方法以膏或粉末或喷雾干燥的形式使用。对于喷雾干燥的咸味增强剂,可以添加已知的载体和抗结块剂。
43咸味增强剂的最终形式可以根据本领域已知的方法选择,并依赖于特定的食品应用。对于液体食品,例如汤,咸味增强剂可以以其液体形式使用而无需进一步的加工。对于干燥应用例如饼干,可以使用喷雾干燥的浓缩的咸味增强剂。
44咸味增强剂可以直接加到食品,或作为调味食品的调味组合物的部分来提供。
45关于增强是指成分对食品中特定调味味道的效果,当将包含具有增强效果的食品与未添加增强成分的食品相比,经对该味道敏感的受过训练的小组评论者(panellist)分析,发现所述食品中特定调味味道在味道强度上更显著(更强,增强)。
46广义上使用术语食品以包括任何摄入口腔的产品,包括食物、饮料、营养品和包括漱口剂的牙齿护理产品。
47食品包括谷类产品、大米产品、面产品、ravioli、木薯产品、西米产品、烘制产品、饼干产品、糕点产品、面包产品、糖果产品、甜点产品、树胶、口香糖、巧克力、冰激凌、蜂蜜产品、糖浆产品、酵母产品、盐和香料产品(salt and spice product)、咸味产品(savoryproduct)、芥末产品、醋产品、沙司(调味品)、加工的食品、烹制的水果和植物产品、肉和肉类产品、肉类似物/代替物、果子冻(jellies)、果酱、水果沙司、蛋产品、奶和乳产品、奶酪产品、黄油和黄油取代物产品、奶取代物产品、大豆产品、食用油和脂肪产品、药物、饮料、汁、果汁、植物汁、食品提取物、植物提取物、肉类提取物、调味品、营养品、明胶、片剂、锭剂、滴剂、乳剂、酏剂、糖浆,及其组合。
48特别感兴趣的是传统上钠盐高但具有降低的钠盐浓度的食品,包括调味品和沙司(冷、热、速食、腌渍的(preserved)、沙茶酱(sate)、西红柿、BBQ沙司、调味蕃茄酱(Ketchup)、蛋黄酱及类似物、贝夏梅尔调味汁)、肉汤、酸辣酱、色拉调料(耐贮存、冷冻的)、(滚在鱼肉上的)搅匀的蛋白和面粉的混合物(batter mixes)、醋、比萨、面、方便面、炸薯条、油煎面包块(croutons)、咸味小吃(马铃薯片、油炸马铃薯片(crisps)、坚果、玉米粉圆饼-炸玉米粉圆饼(tortilla-tostada)、椒盐卷饼、奶酪小吃、玉米小吃、马铃薯小吃、速食爆米花、微波爆米花、焦糖玉米、猪肉皮、坚果)、饼干(咸味饼干,‘Ritz’型)、“三明治”型饼干小吃、早餐谷类、奶酪和奶酪产品包括奶酪类似物(少钠奶酪、巴氏灭菌加工的奶酪(食品、小吃&涂抹食品(spreads))、咸味涂抹食品(savoury spreads)、冷包装奶酪产品、奶酪沙司产品)、肉、肉冻、盐腌肉(火腿、熏肉)、午餐/早餐肉(热狗、冷盘、香肠)、豆类食品、西红柿食品、马铃薯食品、干调味品或调味组合物(seasoning composition)、液体调味品或调味组合物包括香蒜沙司、卤汁和汤型/饮食替代饮料(meal-alternativebeverages)、和植物汁包括西红柿汁、胡萝卜汁、混合的植物汁和其他植物汁。
优选的加工食品包括人造奶油、花生酱、汤(清、罐装、奶油、速食、UHT)、肉汁、罐装的汁、罐装的植物汁、罐装的西红柿汁、罐装的水果汁、罐装的汁饮料、罐装的植物、面沙司、冷冻的小菜(frozenentrees)、冷冻的正餐、冷冻的便携式小菜、干燥包装的正餐(通心面&奶酪、干燥的加肉正餐(dry dinners-add meat)、干沙拉/配菜混合物、干燥的加肉正餐(dry dinners-with meat))。汤可以为不同的形式,包括浓缩的湿型、方便型、拉面型、干燥型和肉汤型、加工型和预制型的低钠食品。
49依赖于食品,对于食品其包含比对照食品低约10至100%,例如25至50%的钠(例如“少钠”产品降低25%,“轻微的钠(light insodium)”产品降低50%),可以如下使用咸味增强剂:对于大多数食品应用的有用浓度为25至300ppm或0.002%至0.03%(wt/wt),基于喷雾干燥的2x浓缩物(比较下文的实施例1)。咸味增强剂可以以未浓缩或浓缩的形式使用,或浓缩物可以通过本领域已知的方法配置成膏或粉末。在这种情况下,要使用的量必须随之调整。调味组合物例如香料通常更加浓缩,例如10x浓缩物,并且浓度将因此调整的更高(250ppm至3000ppm)。
50在具有常规NaCl浓度的普通食品中的NaCl含量是变化的,大多数产品从0.5%至5%NaCl而变化。调味品或用作调味品的产品,例如以小量使用的油煎面包块、沙司或沙拉调味品(用于例如沙拉或面条),具有例如2%至5%NaCl的浓度。汤通常包含0.6%至1.25%NaCl。咸味饼干或肉产品(萨拉米香肠、火腿、熏肉)通常包含2%至4%NaCl。谷类通常包含0.6至3%NaCl。需要再次重建的产品(干汤)通常范围在重建后指出的浓度范围内变化。
51对于比具有少钠含量(reduced sodium content)(353mg每份)的产品包含更少NaCl的低钠产品,咸味增强剂的量必须增加。
52对于添加有KCl的食品,依赖于该食品和所述成分,KCl的浓度可以从约0.1%或0.2%,至1%,至1.5%,至2%或更高,这依赖于钠浓度被降低多少。0.25%至1.5%,例如0.5%至1.5%KCl的KCl浓度对于大多数低钠产品是有用的。对于大多数应用,NaCl浓度可以被有用地降低的范围为例如0.25%至2.5%,或0.125%至1.25%。要添加至食品作为成分的咸味增强剂的量依赖于所用的KCl浓度,以及包括特定碱(base)和调味剂的特定食品。通常,如果使用咸味增强剂的喷雾干燥的2x浓缩物,在产品中可以使用0.002%至0.03%的所述浓缩物(基于产品重量)。咸味增强剂可以以未浓缩的形式使用,或浓缩物可以通过本领域已知的方法配置成膏或粉末或喷雾干燥的咸味增强剂。在这种情况下,要使用的量必须随之调整。
53咸味增强剂的合适浓度通过感官滴定(organoleptic titration)可以容易地测试。该技术在感官分析领域是已知的。
实施例
54除非另外指出,百分比以wt/wt给出。
实施例1
55通过用植物乳芽孢杆菌(Lactobacillus plantarum)发酵生产豌豆基味(peabase note)
种子/过夜培养基
大豆蛋白胨(DMV International,Chicago,IL,USA) 10g
酵母提取物(Sensient Flavors,Indianapolis,IN,USA) 5g
右旋糖(Corn Products,Bedford Park,IL,USA) 20g
聚山梨酸酯80(Tween 80,Lonza,Fair Lawn,NJ,USA) 1g
乙酸钠(Niacet,Niagra Falls,NY,USA) 5g
硫酸镁(Sigma,St.Louis,MO,USA) 0.1g
硫酸锰(Sigma,St.Louis,MO,USA) 0.05g
磷酸氢二钾(Niacet,Niagra Falls,NY,USA) 2g
56水解产物混合物
豌豆蛋白分离物(Propulse,Norben company,Willoughby,Ohio,
USA) 183g
氯化钠 1g
UmamizymeTM(Amano,Japan) 6g
植物乳芽孢杆菌培养物,菌株LP14917 3g
水
添加 1000g
57种子培养物通过将植物乳芽孢杆菌(L.plantarum),ATCC 14917在37℃下在如上所述的种子培养基中孵育12小时来制备。
58发酵肉汤如下形成:水、盐和豌豆蛋白分离物在发酵容器中良好地混合,标出起始pH(通常约6.3),将混合物在~150rpm下进行搅拌,加热并遭受121℃60分钟。将灭菌的混合物冷却至55℃,添加umamizymeTM(将6g umamizymeTM溶解于少量水,并使用0.45微米过滤器过滤灭菌)。将具有umamizymeTM的混合物在55℃和150rpm下水解24小时。
所得的水解产物静置冷却至37℃,并在37℃下孵育15至30分钟。确定pH(典型地约5.6至5.7)以检测潜在的污染物(如果出现污染物,必须使用新鲜材料重复整个过程)。
将水解产物用3ml植物乳芽孢杆菌(L.plantarum)培养物接种(用约106细胞/g的细胞密度接种过夜种子培养物),并在37℃和60rpm下孵育6至8小时直至pH(最初约pH 6)已经达到约5(典型地pH4.5至pH 5.5)。
然后将培养物巴氏灭菌,从而在90℃下失活30分钟,并冷却至30℃。
所得的失活培养物通过经过过滤离心机中的毡滤袋来过滤。过滤的培养物(包含残余较小固体的悬浮物、包括较大的未消化蛋白的次要生物质(minus biomass))通过蒸发/在100℃沸腾来浓缩2x。所得的2x浓缩物固体含量使用湿度分析器来确定,并以2x浓缩物固体比载体为1∶1的比喷雾干燥到马铃薯麦芽糊精载体上。
最后,将基于在载体上的2x浓缩物的总重的0.5%(wt/wt)磷酸三钙(TPC)作为抗结块剂添加。
所得的具有抗结块剂的喷雾干燥咸味增强剂在以下实施例中被称为“豌豆基味(pea base note)”或“PBN”。
实施例2
感官评价:PBN的味道
59通过6名受过训练的小组评论者就其鲜味和咸味评价在水中浓度为0.2%的实施例1中PBN的样品。
60与0.25%NaCl(咸味)和0.15%谷氨酸一钠(MSG,鲜味)的参比对比,小组评论者评价PBN的味道。
61小组评论者确定PBN自身具有鲜味但没有咸味。
实施例3
感官评价:在低钠鸡肉汤中咸味的增强
62通过比较具有PBN和不具有PBN的少盐鸡肉汤(salt reducedchicken broth)确定豌豆基味(PBN,如实施例1生产)咸味增强效果。
63以下样品以强迫选择的方法比较:
-低钠鸡肉汤(50%降低-960mg钠每240g肉汤)
-在相同的低钠鸡肉汤中浓度为0.1%(wt/wt)的实施例1的PBN。
64将在60℃下的15ml各样品呈现在2盎司塑料杯中,并以随机顺序给15名小组评论者。
在2个重复试验(在1个时域(over 1 session)),要求小组评论者比较两种样品,并且选择具有更多咸味的样品。提供用于冲洗腭的温蒸馏水以用在两次样品之间。数据进行R指数分析,结果示于下表。
R-指数 | 显著差异(p<0.05) | PBN样品的咸味 |
72% | 是 | 结果示于下表 |
50%的R-指数等价于纯属偶然(pure chance),意味着两个样品不是可检测地不同。PBN样品具有计算的71%R指数,其在50%之上,意味着与鸡肉汤样品相比其显著地更咸。因此,可以推断PBN显著地增强鸡肉汤的咸味强度。
作为对照,PBN如实施例1所述生产,除了完全省略氯化钠,所述氯化钠用于优化蛋白质溶解度和酶活性,其已为0.1%的低浓度。用此对照的结果显示强迫选择方法中的类似增强效果。
实施例4
感官评价:在具有KCl的低钠鸡肉汤中咸味的增强
65如实施例3所述进行评价,但比较以下两个样品:
-具有0.30%(wt/wt)KCl的低钠鸡肉汤(50%降低-960mg钠每240g肉汤)
-在相同的低钠鸡肉汤中浓度为120ppm的实施例1的PBN
66结果示于下表
R-指数 | 显著差异(p<0.05) | PBN样品的咸味 |
72% | 是 | 增加 |
67PBN样品具有计算的71%R指数,其在50%之上,意味着与具有KCl的低钠鸡肉汤相比其显著地更咸。因此,可以推断PBN显著地增强包含KCl的低钠鸡肉汤的咸味强度。
作为对照,PBN如实施例1所述生产,除了完全省略氯化钠,所述氯化钠用于优化蛋白质溶解度和酶活性,其已为0.1%的低浓度。用此对照的结果显示强迫选择方法中的类似增强效果。
实施例5
感官评价:在肉汤(bouillon)中的鲜味
68在肉汤中以下表中给出的浓度的豌豆基味样品(PBN,如实施例1中生产)的鲜味强度通过将其与各种肉汤样品(普通鸡肉汤(PlainChicken Bouillon))比较来确定,所述各种肉汤样品包含自溶酵母提取物、水解的植物蛋白或培养的小麦面筋。
69 17名受过训练的小组评论者在3次分开的重复试验中以0-100分的参考量表评定鲜味强度(0=没有鲜味感,10-25=低,25-40=低-中,40-60=中,60-80=中/高,80-100=高鲜味强度)。普通肉汤的平均鲜味强度分数用于进一步确定(anchor)鲜味强度。
70将在60℃下在2盎司(oz)塑料杯中的1.5盎司样品单个地呈给小组评论者。在样品之间提供用于冲洗腭(palate)的温蒸馏水给小组评论者。
将重复试验和小组评论者的评价进行平均,进行方差分析。方差用a,b,c指示,相同字母指示检测不是显著地不同。
样品 | 肉汤中的浓度[%(wt/wt)] | 谷氨酸浓度[g/100g样品] | 鲜味强度评定(0-100分等级) |
自溶酵母提取物 | 0.30 | 0.048 | 28.2a |
水解的植物蛋白 | 0.30 | 0.06 | 24.2abc |
培养的小麦面筋 | 0.30 | 0.09 | 23.3bc |
PBN | 0.30 | 0.008 | 26.1abc |
PBN | 0.20 | 0.0054 | 23.9bc |
PBN | 0.10 | 0.0027 | 21.9c |
结果显示即使当以低得多的谷氨酸含量浓度使用时,PBN具有与自溶酵母提取物、水解的植物蛋白和培养的小麦面筋类似高或更好的鲜味强度。
实施例6
感官评价:在马铃薯片中的鲜味强度
71在马铃薯片中0.5%豌豆基味样品(PBN,如实施例1中生产)的鲜味的强度通过将其与用自溶酵母提取物、水解的植物蛋白或培养的小麦面筋调味的马铃薯片比较来确定。
11名受过训练的小组评论者在2次分开的重复试验中以0-100分的参考量表评定鲜味强度(0=没有鲜味感,10-25=低,25-40=低-中,40-60=中,60-80=中/高,80-100=高鲜味强度)。未调味马铃薯片的平均鲜味强度分数用于进一步确定鲜味强度。
72在2盎司塑料杯中的7g各样品(将片打碎以确保添加成分的均匀分布)单个地呈给小组评论者。在两次样品之间提供用于冲洗腭的刺玫果(Rose hip tea)和水给小组评论者。
73平均重复试验和小组评论者的评价,进行方差分析。方差用a,b,c指示,相同字母指示探针不是显著地不同。
马铃薯片样品 | 在马铃薯片上的浓度[%(wt/wt)] | 谷氨酸浓度[g/100g样品] | 鲜味强度评定(0-100分等级) |
自溶酵母提取物 | 1.5% | 0.24 | 31.6a |
水解的植物蛋白 | 1.5% | 0.3 | 29.7a |
培养的小麦面筋 | 1.5% | 0.45 | 30.1a |
PBN | 0.5% | 0.013 | 28.9a |
74结果显示即使当以低得多的谷氨酸含量浓度使用时,PBN具有与自溶酵母提取物、水解的植物蛋白和培养的小麦面筋类似高或更好的鲜味强度。
Claims (12)
1.形成鲜味的和咸味增强成分的方法,其中:
a)水解具有13%wt/wt的相对低的谷氨酸含量的豆科植物Pisum sativum的豌豆蛋白,和
b)将水解或部分水解的豌豆蛋白用乳芽孢杆菌属(Lactobacillus)菌种在适合该菌种的温度下,在至少6或以上的起始pH下进行发酵,并孵育直至达到pH5.5或以下,其中所述温度范围是20℃至40℃。
2.根据权利要求1所述的方法,其中所述步骤a)中的水解为用具有蛋白酶和肽酶二者活性的酶或酶制剂在适合该酶的温度下进行的酶水解,其中所述温度范围是40℃至60℃。
3.根据权利要求2所述的方法,其中所述酶制剂来自米曲霉(Aspergillus oryzae),并且所述水解在40℃至60℃下进行。
4.根据权利要求1所述的方法,其中所述水解通过添加足够量的酸进行。
5.根据权利要求4所述的方法,其中所述酸选自以下:盐酸、乳酸、磷酸和柠檬酸。
6.根据权利要求4或5所述的方法,其中所述水解温度为从50℃至70℃。
7.根据权利要求1所述的方法,其中所述水解通过酸和具有蛋白酶和肽酶二者活性的酶或酶制剂的组合在适合该酶或酶制剂的温度下进行,其中所述温度范围是40℃至60℃。
8.根据权利要求7所述的方法,其中所述乳芽孢杆菌属(Lactobacillus)菌种选自以下的一种或多种:植物乳芽孢杆菌(L.plantarum)、干酪乳芽孢杆菌(L.casei)、短小乳芽孢杆菌(L.brevis)和瑞士乳芽孢杆菌(L.helveticus)。
9.提供在咸味上增强的食品的方法,其中将根据权利要求1至8中任一项可获得的鲜味的和咸味增强成分混合到食品,其中所述的成分可衍生自具有13%wt/wt的相对低的谷氨酸含量的豆科植物Pisum sativum的豌豆蛋白。
10.根据权利要求9所述的方法,其中所述鲜味的和咸味增强成分通过除去水分浓缩至少1.5倍。
11.根据权利要求9所述的方法,其中所述鲜味的和咸味增强成分为喷雾干燥的。
12.根据权利要求9-11任一项所述的方法,其中食品为少钠或低钠食品,任选地以0.1%wt/wt至2%wt/wt KCI的浓度任选地包含KCI,其中所述少钠或低钠食品包含比对照食品低10至100%wt/wt的钠。
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EP1163853A4 (en) * | 1999-11-29 | 2005-02-16 | Kyowa Hakko Kogyo Kk | PROCESS AND AGENT FOR STRENGTHENING TASTEOUS TASTE, SEASONAL SEASONAL SEASONING AND REINFORCED SALT TASTE FOOD |
WO2005013706A1 (en) * | 2003-08-08 | 2005-02-17 | Unilever N.V. | Fermented food product comprising soy protein |
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DE69520975T2 (de) * | 1994-04-15 | 2001-11-15 | Societe Des Produits Nestle S.A., Vevey | Durch Salz verbesserte Lebensmittel |
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JP4538326B2 (ja) * | 2002-12-24 | 2010-09-08 | ハー マジェスティ ザ クイーン イン ライト オブ カナダ アズ リプレゼンティッド バイ ザ ミニスター オブ アグリカルチャー アンド アグリ−フード カナダ | 植物材料由来のace阻害ペプチド |
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EP1579772A1 (en) * | 2004-03-25 | 2005-09-28 | Ajinomoto Co., Inc. | Method for the production of koji |
JP4619730B2 (ja) * | 2004-09-07 | 2011-01-26 | イーエヌ大塚製薬株式会社 | 風味に優れたアミノ酸・ペプチド混合物及びその製造方法 |
CA2594953A1 (en) | 2005-01-17 | 2006-07-27 | Novozymes North America, Inc. | Methods for flavor enhancement |
-
2008
- 2008-04-03 WO PCT/CH2008/000148 patent/WO2008122138A1/en active Application Filing
- 2008-04-03 EP EP08714798.9A patent/EP2142013B1/en active Active
- 2008-04-03 CN CN200880010765.6A patent/CN101873805B/zh active Active
- 2008-04-03 JP JP2010501349A patent/JP5576265B2/ja active Active
- 2008-04-03 BR BRPI0810111A patent/BRPI0810111B1/pt active IP Right Grant
- 2008-04-03 US US12/594,391 patent/US20100080867A1/en not_active Abandoned
- 2008-04-03 CN CN201510283842.7A patent/CN104939022B/zh active Active
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2013
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EP1163853A4 (en) * | 1999-11-29 | 2005-02-16 | Kyowa Hakko Kogyo Kk | PROCESS AND AGENT FOR STRENGTHENING TASTEOUS TASTE, SEASONAL SEASONAL SEASONING AND REINFORCED SALT TASTE FOOD |
EP1163854A8 (en) * | 2000-01-27 | 2002-04-24 | Nisshin Flour Milling Inc. | Process for producing light-colored seasoning liquid |
WO2005013706A1 (en) * | 2003-08-08 | 2005-02-17 | Unilever N.V. | Fermented food product comprising soy protein |
WO2005096847A1 (en) * | 2004-03-19 | 2005-10-20 | Campina Nederland Holding B.V. | Method of preparing a food ingredient and food product having angiotensin-i-converting enzyme inhibiting properties and products thus obtained |
Also Published As
Publication number | Publication date |
---|---|
EP2142013B1 (en) | 2017-05-31 |
BRPI0810111B1 (pt) | 2018-11-27 |
BRPI0810111A2 (pt) | 2014-09-23 |
CN104939022A (zh) | 2015-09-30 |
EP2142013A1 (en) | 2010-01-13 |
US20130287893A1 (en) | 2013-10-31 |
JP5576265B2 (ja) | 2014-08-20 |
CN101873805A (zh) | 2010-10-27 |
JP2010523090A (ja) | 2010-07-15 |
WO2008122138A1 (en) | 2008-10-16 |
US20100080867A1 (en) | 2010-04-01 |
US9693576B2 (en) | 2017-07-04 |
CN104939022B (zh) | 2017-11-07 |
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