CN110350563B - 用于存储能量和消耗能量的方法和装置 - Google Patents

用于存储能量和消耗能量的方法和装置 Download PDF

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CN110350563B
CN110350563B CN201910661243.2A CN201910661243A CN110350563B CN 110350563 B CN110350563 B CN 110350563B CN 201910661243 A CN201910661243 A CN 201910661243A CN 110350563 B CN110350563 B CN 110350563B
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energy storage
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CN110350563A (zh
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M·盖兹特
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SolarEdge Technologies Ltd
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    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H02—GENERATION; CONVERSION OR DISTRIBUTION OF ELECTRIC POWER
    • H02J—CIRCUIT ARRANGEMENTS OR SYSTEMS FOR SUPPLYING OR DISTRIBUTING ELECTRIC POWER; SYSTEMS FOR STORING ELECTRIC ENERGY
    • H02J3/00—Circuit arrangements for ac mains or ac distribution networks
    • H02J3/28—Arrangements for balancing of the load in a network by storage of energy
    • H02J3/32—Arrangements for balancing of the load in a network by storage of energy using batteries with converting means
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H02—GENERATION; CONVERSION OR DISTRIBUTION OF ELECTRIC POWER
    • H02J—CIRCUIT ARRANGEMENTS OR SYSTEMS FOR SUPPLYING OR DISTRIBUTING ELECTRIC POWER; SYSTEMS FOR STORING ELECTRIC ENERGY
    • H02J7/00—Circuit arrangements for charging or depolarising batteries or for supplying loads from batteries
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H02—GENERATION; CONVERSION OR DISTRIBUTION OF ELECTRIC POWER
    • H02J—CIRCUIT ARRANGEMENTS OR SYSTEMS FOR SUPPLYING OR DISTRIBUTING ELECTRIC POWER; SYSTEMS FOR STORING ELECTRIC ENERGY
    • H02J7/00—Circuit arrangements for charging or depolarising batteries or for supplying loads from batteries
    • H02J7/0013—Circuit arrangements for charging or depolarising batteries or for supplying loads from batteries acting upon several batteries simultaneously or sequentially
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H02—GENERATION; CONVERSION OR DISTRIBUTION OF ELECTRIC POWER
    • H02J—CIRCUIT ARRANGEMENTS OR SYSTEMS FOR SUPPLYING OR DISTRIBUTING ELECTRIC POWER; SYSTEMS FOR STORING ELECTRIC ENERGY
    • H02J7/00—Circuit arrangements for charging or depolarising batteries or for supplying loads from batteries
    • H02J7/0013—Circuit arrangements for charging or depolarising batteries or for supplying loads from batteries acting upon several batteries simultaneously or sequentially
    • H02J7/0014—Circuits for equalisation of charge between batteries
    • H02J7/0018—Circuits for equalisation of charge between batteries using separate charge circuits
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H02—GENERATION; CONVERSION OR DISTRIBUTION OF ELECTRIC POWER
    • H02J—CIRCUIT ARRANGEMENTS OR SYSTEMS FOR SUPPLYING OR DISTRIBUTING ELECTRIC POWER; SYSTEMS FOR STORING ELECTRIC ENERGY
    • H02J7/00—Circuit arrangements for charging or depolarising batteries or for supplying loads from batteries
    • H02J7/0068—Battery or charger load switching, e.g. concurrent charging and load supply
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H02—GENERATION; CONVERSION OR DISTRIBUTION OF ELECTRIC POWER
    • H02J—CIRCUIT ARRANGEMENTS OR SYSTEMS FOR SUPPLYING OR DISTRIBUTING ELECTRIC POWER; SYSTEMS FOR STORING ELECTRIC ENERGY
    • H02J7/00—Circuit arrangements for charging or depolarising batteries or for supplying loads from batteries
    • H02J7/007—Regulation of charging or discharging current or voltage
    • H02J7/0071—Regulation of charging or discharging current or voltage with a programmable schedule
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H02—GENERATION; CONVERSION OR DISTRIBUTION OF ELECTRIC POWER
    • H02J—CIRCUIT ARRANGEMENTS OR SYSTEMS FOR SUPPLYING OR DISTRIBUTING ELECTRIC POWER; SYSTEMS FOR STORING ELECTRIC ENERGY
    • H02J7/00—Circuit arrangements for charging or depolarising batteries or for supplying loads from batteries
    • H02J7/02—Circuit arrangements for charging or depolarising batteries or for supplying loads from batteries for charging batteries from ac mains by converters
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H02—GENERATION; CONVERSION OR DISTRIBUTION OF ELECTRIC POWER
    • H02M—APPARATUS FOR CONVERSION BETWEEN AC AND AC, BETWEEN AC AND DC, OR BETWEEN DC AND DC, AND FOR USE WITH MAINS OR SIMILAR POWER SUPPLY SYSTEMS; CONVERSION OF DC OR AC INPUT POWER INTO SURGE OUTPUT POWER; CONTROL OR REGULATION THEREOF
    • H02M3/00—Conversion of dc power input into dc power output
    • H02M3/02—Conversion of dc power input into dc power output without intermediate conversion into ac
    • H02M3/04—Conversion of dc power input into dc power output without intermediate conversion into ac by static converters
    • H02M3/10—Conversion of dc power input into dc power output without intermediate conversion into ac by static converters using discharge tubes with control electrode or semiconductor devices with control electrode
    • H02M3/145—Conversion of dc power input into dc power output without intermediate conversion into ac by static converters using discharge tubes with control electrode or semiconductor devices with control electrode using devices of a triode or transistor type requiring continuous application of a control signal
    • H02M3/155—Conversion of dc power input into dc power output without intermediate conversion into ac by static converters using discharge tubes with control electrode or semiconductor devices with control electrode using devices of a triode or transistor type requiring continuous application of a control signal using semiconductor devices only
    • H02M3/156—Conversion of dc power input into dc power output without intermediate conversion into ac by static converters using discharge tubes with control electrode or semiconductor devices with control electrode using devices of a triode or transistor type requiring continuous application of a control signal using semiconductor devices only with automatic control of output voltage or current, e.g. switching regulators
    • H02M3/158—Conversion of dc power input into dc power output without intermediate conversion into ac by static converters using discharge tubes with control electrode or semiconductor devices with control electrode using devices of a triode or transistor type requiring continuous application of a control signal using semiconductor devices only with automatic control of output voltage or current, e.g. switching regulators including plural semiconductor devices as final control devices for a single load
    • H02M3/1582—Buck-boost converters
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H02—GENERATION; CONVERSION OR DISTRIBUTION OF ELECTRIC POWER
    • H02M—APPARATUS FOR CONVERSION BETWEEN AC AND AC, BETWEEN AC AND DC, OR BETWEEN DC AND DC, AND FOR USE WITH MAINS OR SIMILAR POWER SUPPLY SYSTEMS; CONVERSION OF DC OR AC INPUT POWER INTO SURGE OUTPUT POWER; CONTROL OR REGULATION THEREOF
    • H02M7/00—Conversion of ac power input into dc power output; Conversion of dc power input into ac power output
    • H02M7/02—Conversion of ac power input into dc power output without possibility of reversal
    • H02M7/04—Conversion of ac power input into dc power output without possibility of reversal by static converters
    • H02M7/12—Conversion of ac power input into dc power output without possibility of reversal by static converters using discharge tubes with control electrode or semiconductor devices with control electrode
    • H02M7/21—Conversion of ac power input into dc power output without possibility of reversal by static converters using discharge tubes with control electrode or semiconductor devices with control electrode using devices of a triode or transistor type requiring continuous application of a control signal
    • H02M7/217—Conversion of ac power input into dc power output without possibility of reversal by static converters using discharge tubes with control electrode or semiconductor devices with control electrode using devices of a triode or transistor type requiring continuous application of a control signal using semiconductor devices only
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H02—GENERATION; CONVERSION OR DISTRIBUTION OF ELECTRIC POWER
    • H02J—CIRCUIT ARRANGEMENTS OR SYSTEMS FOR SUPPLYING OR DISTRIBUTING ELECTRIC POWER; SYSTEMS FOR STORING ELECTRIC ENERGY
    • H02J7/00—Circuit arrangements for charging or depolarising batteries or for supplying loads from batteries
    • H02J7/0013—Circuit arrangements for charging or depolarising batteries or for supplying loads from batteries acting upon several batteries simultaneously or sequentially
    • H02J7/0025—Sequential battery discharge in systems with a plurality of batteries

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  • Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Power Engineering (AREA)
  • Charge And Discharge Circuits For Batteries Or The Like (AREA)
  • Secondary Cells (AREA)

Abstract

本发明涉及用于存储能量和消耗能量的方法和装置。一种用于控制到多个能量存储设备的存储和从多个能量存储设备的消耗的方法。该方法实现能量存储设备与相应的功率转换器之间的操作连接。能量存储设备可以跨功率转换器相应的第一端子连接。在功率转换器的第二端子，设置了公共参考，其可以是电流参考或电压参考。分别确定能量存储设备的能量存储比例。基于能量存储比例分别保持电压转换率。分别以多个可变的能量存储率通过第一端子给能量存储设备储能。能量存储设备的能量存储实质上在相应于公共参考的公共结束时间完成。

Description

用于存储能量和消耗能量的方法和装置
本申请是申请日为2014年03月14日，申请号为201410095025.4，发明名称为“用于存储能量和消耗能量的方法和装置”的申请的分案申请。
技术领域
本文的实施方式涉及存储来自电力源的电能(如，多电池蓄电池组)，以及(如，从多电池蓄电池组)到电网的功率传输。
背景技术
电力负载均衡涉及在低需求阶段存储过剩电力，用于随后在电力需求增加阶段释放电力的各种技术。存储来自电网的电能可以在电网中实施或在电网外实施。例如，电能存储可以涉及客户和/或实施于客户端。例如，在电力以较低成本可用时的晚上或夜间，存储式电加热器存储热能，而在白天释放热能。在非高峰阶段补充能量需要激励客户来参与，通常是通过给非高峰用电提供更便宜的价格。
负载均衡可包括独立于电网有时操作的客户拥有的能量存储/传输系统和/或与电网相协调工作的客户拥有的能量存储/传输系统。客户拥有的能量存储/传输系统可包括各种能源，其包括风力发电机、光伏阵列和/或可独立于电池存储的和/或与电池存储集成的燃料电池。客户拥有的能量存储/传输系统还可被用来在电网需求高峰阶段出售电力和将电力传输回电网。
发明内容
根据实施方式的特征，提供了各种方法来控制到多个能量存储设备的存储和从多个能量存储设备的消耗。能量存储设备可操作地连接到各个功率转换器。能量存储设备可以跨功率转换器相应的第一端子连接。在功率转换器的第二端子，设置了公共参考，其可能是电流参考或电压参考。分别确定能量存储设备的能量存储比例(energy storagefraction)。功率转换器的电压转换率基于能量存储比例被分别保持。通过第一端子，能量以多个可变能量存储率被分别存储。能量存储设备的能量存储实质上在相应于公共参考的公共结束时间完成。来自能量存储设备的能量以多个可变的能量消耗率通过第一端子被分别消耗。能量存储设备的能量消耗实质上在相应于公共参考的公共结束时间完成。能量存储设备可包括电能与至少一种其他形式的能量之间的能量转换器。
根据实施方式的特征，提供了各种方法用于控制对多个蓄电池的充电和放电。蓄电池可以跨功率转换器的相应的第一端子连接。在功率转换器的第二端子，公共参考可以是电流参考或电压参考。可以分别确定蓄电池的蓄电池充电比例(battery chargefraction)。功率转换器的电压转换率可基于蓄电池充电比例被分别保持。蓄电池可通过第一端子以多个可变充电功率被分别充电。实质上在相应于公共参考的公共结束时间可完成蓄电池的充电。通过第一端子以多个可变的放电功率可分别给蓄电池放电。实质上在相应于公共参考的公共结束时间可完成蓄电池放电。
当充电时，电压转换率实质上可保持为与可被存储在相应的蓄电池中的附加电荷的量成比例。当放电时，电压转换率实质上可保持为与相应的蓄电池中剩余的可用电荷成比例。
所述方法还使AD/DC变换器端子的DC端子能够连接到第二端子，且使AC/DC变换器的AC端子能够连接到AC电网电力源。AC/DC变换器可被配置为设置通过DC端子的公共参考。中央控制器可被连接到AC/DC变换器，以提供公共参考值。公共参考可以是电流参考或电压参考。
如果功率转换器的第二端子串联连接，公共参考可被设定为电流参考。如果功率转换器的第二端子并行连接，公共参考可被设定为电压参考。
蓄电池可形成多蓄电池第一蓄电池组，像第一蓄电池组的多蓄电池第二蓄电池组可被放置在与第一蓄电池组不同的地理位置。第一蓄电池组和第二蓄电池组可共享公共参考，并因而共享相同的充电和放电的公共参考结束时间。
根据所述实施方式的特征，可以提供各种系统，这些系统控制包括多功率转换器的多蓄电池的充电和放电，其中每个功率转换器包括第一端子和第二端子。第一端子可连接到蓄电池，且第二端子可连接到直流(DC)电源。在功率转换器的第二端子，公共参考可被设置为电流参考或者电压参考。功率转换器中的每一个包括操作地连接到功率转换器的控制器。控制器包括操作地连接到相应蓄电池的电量计。电量计和控制器可操作，以确定蓄电池的蓄电池充电比例。基于蓄电池充电比例，控制器可被操作，以保持电压转换率。实质上在相应于公共参考的公共结束时间蓄电池被完全充电。实质上在相应于公共参考的公共结束时间蓄电池被完全放电。
公共参考可被设置为通过功率转换器的第二端子的串行连接的电流参考。公共参考可被设置为通过功率转换器的第二端子的并行连接的电压参考。
AC/DC变换器包括AC端子和DC端子，且AC端子可连接到AC电网电力源。DC端子可被操作地连接到第二端子。AC/DC变换器可包括控制部分，该控制部分被配置为设置通过DC端子的公共参考。
中央控制器可被操作地连接到AC/DC变换器以提供公共参考值。
第一多个蓄电池形成第一蓄电池组，且第二多个蓄电池组形成类似第一蓄电池组的第二蓄电池组。第一蓄电池组和第二蓄电池组不可被并置，但共享公共参考。第一蓄电池组和第二蓄电池组共享相应于公共参考的用于充电和放电的公共结束时间。
可提供不同的系统，用于控制将能量存储到多个能量存储设备和控制多个能量存储设备的能量消耗。多个功率转换器包括第一端子和第二端子且能量存储设备可以跨功率转换器的相应的第一端子连接。公共参考可被设置在第二端子，其中公共参考可以是电流参考或电压参考。能量计可被配置为确定能量存储设备相应的能量存储比例。基于所述能量存储比例，功率转换器分别地保持电压转换率。使用多个可变能量存储率，通过第一端子，能量可被分别地存储在能量存储设备中。实质上在相应于公共参考的公共结束时间，能量存储设备的能量存储可以完成。
在某些变化的实施方式中，能量存储设备中的能量可被联合消耗和/或单独消耗。其中，可使用多个可变能量消耗率来消耗能量和/或使用不变的消耗率来消耗能量。还可以通过一个或多个端子(像第一端子)来消耗能量。能量消耗还可以被配置为通过一个功率转换器发生。通过任何一个端子和/或功率转换器的能量消耗率可以独立于和/或依赖于通过任何其他端子和/或功率转换器的可变的能量消耗率。在某些实施方式中，对于能量存储设备的能量消耗实质上是在公共结束时间。通过适当的机制，例如使用公共参考(如，数字和/或模拟参考)，可以获得公共结束时间。例如，与第二能量存储设备的第二消耗率相比，第一能量存储设备的第一消耗率可以被加速，使得所有能量存储设备实质上在公共结束时间达到耗尽状态。这可以通过一个或多个本地的和/或远程的控制器来完成，其中一个或多个本地的和/或远程的控制器可以被耦合到一个或多个能量存储设备和/或被配置为定期地和/或连续地监视能量存储设备，以便控制这些设备的消耗。也可以使用其他反馈控制机制。这些可以被本地化控制和/或网络化远程定位控制，且可结合在不同位置的其他能量存储设备被控制。当结合附图进行考虑时，根据以下详细的描述，前述内容和/或其他方面将变得明显。
本公开的实施方式还描述了以下内容：
1)一种用于存储和消耗能量的方法，包括：
使用功率转换器分别调控能量存储设备中的能量的存储，其中，所述能量以多个可变的能量存储率进行存储，使得所述能量存储设备实质上在相应于公共参考的公共充电结束时间达到预定值，其中所述公共参考为参考电压或参考电流，并且其中，使用所述功率转换器分别调控所述能量的存储包括分别基于所述能量存储设备中的每个的能量存储比例来分别保持电压转换率；以及
使用所述功率转换器分别从所述能量存储设备消耗所述能量，其中所述能量以多个可变的能量消耗率被消耗，使得所述能量存储设备实质上在相应于所述公共参考的公共放电结束时间达到耗尽状态，并且其中，使用所述功率转换器分别消耗所述能量包括分别基于所述能量存储设备中的每个的能量存储比例来分别保持所述电压转换率。
2)根据项目1)所述的方法，其中，所述能量存储设备将电能转换成至少一种其他形式的能量。
3)根据项目1)所述的方法，所述能量存储设备包括蓄电池，且所述能量的存储和所述能量的消耗分别包括对所述蓄电池的充电和放电，所述方法还包括：
分别确定每个所述蓄电池的蓄电池充电比例。
4)根据项目3)所述的方法，还包括，在所述充电过程中，保持每个电压转换率实质上与能够被存储在每个相应的蓄电池中的附加电荷的量成比例。
5)根据项目3)所述的方法，还包括，在所述放电过程中，保持每个电压转换率实质上与每个相应的蓄电池中剩余的可用电荷成比例。
6)根据项目3)所述的方法，所述蓄电池形成第一多个蓄电池的第一蓄电池组和第二多个蓄电池的第二蓄电池组。
7)根据项目6)所述的方法，还包括：
将所述第一蓄电池组与所述第二蓄电池组放置在不同的地理位置，其中，所述第一蓄电池组与所述第二蓄电池组共享所述公共参考。
8)根据项目1)所述的方法，还包括：
使用交流到直流变换器设置所述公共参考，所述公共参考在所述交流到直流变换器的DC端子被设置。
9)根据项目8)所述的方法，还包括：
使用被附接到所述交流到直流变换器的中央控制器来提供所述公共参考的值。
10)根据项目1)所述的方法，所述功率转换器被串行连接，且所述公共参考是所述参考电流。
11)根据项目1)所述的方法，所述功率转换器被并行连接，且所述公共参考是所述参考电压。
12)一种用于存储和消耗能量的系统，包括：
功率转换器，每个功率转换器包括第一端子和第二端子，其中所述第一端子可连接到蓄电池，且所述第二端子可连接到直流电源，且对应于公共参考，所述功率转换器中的每一个功率转换器包括控制器，所述控制器被配置为确定所述蓄电池中的一个蓄电池的蓄电池充电比例，且基于所述蓄电池充电比例保持电压转换率，使得所述蓄电池实质上在相应于所述公共参考的公共充电结束时间达到预定值，或实质上在相应于所述公共参考的公共放电结束时间被完全放电。
13)根据项目12)所述的系统，其中，所述公共参考被设置为通过所述功率转换器的第二端子的串行连接的参考电流。
14)根据项目12)所述的系统，其中，所述公共参考被设置为横跨所述功率转换器的第二端子的并行连接的参考电压。
15)根据项目12)所述的系统，还包括：
交流到直流变换器，所述交流到直流变换器包括交流端子和直流端子，其中所述交流端子可连接到交流电网电力源，其中所述直流端子被操作地附接到所述功率转换器的第二端子，其中所述交流到直流变换器包括控制部分，所述控制部分被配置为设置通过所述直流端子的所述公共参考。
16)根据项目15)所述的系统，还包括中央控制器，所述中央控制器操作地可附接到所述交流到直流变换器，以提供所述公共参考的值。
17)根据项目12)所述的系统，其中所述蓄电池包括形成第一蓄电池组的第一多个蓄电池和形成第二蓄电池组的第二多个蓄电池，所述第二蓄电池组与所述第一蓄电池组位于不同的位置。
18)根据项目17)所述的系统，其中，所述第一蓄电池组和所述第二蓄电池组共享所述公共充电结束时间和所述公共放电结束时间。
19)一种用于存储和消耗能量的系统，包括：
能量存储设备；
公共参考；
能量计，所述能量计被配置为分别为所述能量存储设备确定能量存储比例；以及
功率转换器，所述功率转换器耦合到所述能量存储设备，每个功率转换器基于所述功率转换器所连接到的所述能量存储设备的能量存储比例分别保持电压转换率，其中所述功率转换器被配置为将能量分别以多个可变的能量存储率存储在所述能量存储设备中，使得所述能量存储设备实质上在相应于所述公共参考的公共充电结束时间达到预定值，以及其中所述功率转换器被配置为分别以多个可变的能量消耗率从所述能量存储设备消耗所述能量，使得所述能量存储设备的能量消耗实质上在相应于所述公共参考的公共放电结束时间完成。
附图说明
本文实施方式仅通过示例的方式参考附图进行描述，其中：
图1显示的是根据实施方式的特征的混合发电系统。
图2显示的是根据实施方式的特征，图1中所示的能量组(energy bank)的实施。
图3显示的是根据实施方式的特征，图2中所示的直流(DC)到DC转换器的更详细的内容。
图3a说明的是根据实施方式的特征的降压升压转换器。
图4显示的是根据本发明实施方式的特征，应用于图2中所示的能量组的实施的方法。
图5-6显示的是根据不同的实施方式，图1中所示的能量组的其他实施。
图7显示的是根据一个或多个实施方式的能量存储的方法。
具体实施方式
现在将详细地参考实施方式的特征，在附图中进行说明了这些实施方式的示例，其中全文相似的参考数字指的是相似的单元。以下通过参照附图描述了各个特征，以阐述各个实施方式。
在详细阐述各个实施方式的特征之前，要理解的是实施方式并不是要限制其应用于以下描述中所阐述的或在附图中所说明的组件的设计和布置的细节。实施方式能够有其他的特征或能够以不同的方式被实施或执行。而且，要理解的是本文所采用的措辞和术语是出于描述的目的而不应被认为是限制。
实施方式的各个方面是针对能量存储设备的充电和放电。两个或多个能量存储设备的能量存储和能量消耗考虑的是相对于能量存储设备中能量存储的容量所存储的能量的量。根据实施方式的一个方面，能量存储设备可以是蓄电池，而两个或多个蓄电池的充电和放电的相应的结束时间可以对应于公共电压参考或公共电流参考被远程设置。所有的蓄电池在相同的时间可以被完全充电或完全放空，这可以使用公共电压参考或公共电流参考远程控制。因而，可均衡能量存储和能量消耗，以防止在其他能量存储设备还含有能量时一些能量存储设备被放空。
实施方式的各个方面是针对在任何数量的能量存储设备(如，蓄电池)之间控制能量获得/释放。蓄电池的充电/放电的均衡和控制可以在相同的系统中使用不同类型的蓄电池、不同的电容器和/或其他类型的能量存储设备。
应该注意的是，作为非限制性示例，实施方式可选地被配置为包括不同能量源，像风力涡轮机、水力涡轮机、燃料电池；诸如飞轮、气压、弹簧压缩、泵水和/或克服重力提升质量的机械能存储装置；以及诸如蓄电池和燃料电池的化学能量存储装置。
如本文所使用的术语“交流(AC)网络”、“AC电源”和“电力网络”是可交换使用的且指的是AC电源。AC电源一般供应电力给与电力公用事业公司提供的AC电网分开的或另外的生活、工业、基础设施、或基于设施的工艺。AC电源可以从AC发电机或直流(DC)到AC变换器的输出得到。DC到AC变换器的DC输入可以转移源自于例如光伏阵列、燃料电池、蓄电池和/或DC发电机的电能。
现在参照附图，图1显示的是根据实施方式的特征的发电和存储系统10。AC交流(AC)电网12一般可被连接到多个电源，AC发电单元16和多个能量组14在相应的节点A和B被连接到AC电网12。AC电网12可能在图1中被显示为单相电网，但是实施方式的可选的实施方式可被配置3相电网。AC电网12可以是公共AC电网或专有AC电网的一部分。AC发电单元16可包括由风力涡轮机、水力涡轮机、燃料电池、超导飞轮、和电容器以及包括传统的和可变速的柴油发动机、斯特灵发动机、燃气涡轮机的机械设备、和/或太阳能电池板阵列产生的AC功率。电力可以由AC发电机和/或DC/AC变换器或其组合(像组合的微变换器AC输出)来产生。能量组14一般有能力存储来自电网12的额外的AC功率和/或在产生AC功率的成本可能相对不贵的时间段存储AC功率。能量组14一般有能力在需要时提供之前存储的功率到电网12。
一个或多个本地和/或远程控制器(像中央控制器110)可以被操作地附接到能量组14，以确定能量组14如何和什么时候提供AC功率给电网12或从电网12接收AC功率。中央控制器110可通过传感器18监视电网12关于电压、电流、相位角、功率因子、有功功率、视在功率和/或无功功率的状态。这样，意味着这些项目可被用于任何组合和/或子组合。
能量组14可以物理上与AC发电单元16放置在一起，且能量组14和AC发电单元16可以有能力提供AC电源给与AC发电单元16相关的本地电网/从与AC发电单元16相关的本地电网汇聚AC功率。例如，本地电网可被加载工厂需求的功率。本地电网可与电网12断开，且完全依赖于自AC发电单元16和/或能量组14输送的功率。能量组14可以包括一个或多个子组14a、14b，等等，其可以是或可以不是并列配置的。
现在参照图2，图2显示的是根据实施方式的能量组14示例性实施14a。多个能量存储设备，如蓄电池20，可被连接到相应的功率转换器模块202的第一端子260。在第一端子260(对于蓄电池20中的一个标示的参照)，当充电时蓄电池20两端的电压可以表示为Vc，而当放电时蓄电池20两端的电压可以表示为Vbat。一般，蓄电池20的电池电压Vbat可以不同于蓄电池20的充电电压Vc。功率转换器202的第二端子262是以串行串350的形式连接在一起的。可选地，也可以使用并行连接。每个能量存储设备可以包括一个或多个蓄电池和或蓄电池单元，其为串行连接的、并行连接的或串行和并行组合连接。此外，每个能量存储设备可被不同地配置为除了所需要的蓄电池之外和/或代替所需要的蓄电池，包括其他能量存储设备，如，燃料电池、电容器，等等。此外，控制系统可被单独地用于每个能源，和/或跨越多个能源，和/或是本地分布和/或是远程分布。
功率转换器模块202可包括双向直流(DC)到DC转换器。一个功率转换器模块202的第二端子262两端之间的DC电压可以表示为电压V。功率转换器模块202可将来自第二端子262的功率V×IRef转换成(高效率)第一端子260的功率VC×IBat，用于在第一端子260给蓄电池20充电，或通过将在第一端子260上来自蓄电池20的功率(IBat×VBat)转换成第二端子262上的功率V×IRef来给蓄电池20放电。被用于给蓄电池20放电的第二端子262上的功率V×IRef经DC/AC变换器200提供功率(高效率)到电网12上。串行串350可以跨变换器200的DC端子W和X并行连接。变换器200的AC端子Y和Z在节点A和B连接到电网12。
变换器200可以被配置为双向的，以将AC端子Y和Z上的交流(AC)功率转换为DC端子W和X上的DC功率用于充电，或将DC端子W和X上的DC功率转换为端子Y和Z上的AC功率以用于给蓄电池20放电和提供功率给电网12。变换器200可由中央控制器110例如通过电线通信或通过无线通信被控制和/或监视。
在实施方式的可选的实施方式中，功率转换模块202可包括DC/AC双向微变换器进而可以不使用变换器200。其中每个功率转换器模块202可以双向切换微变换器，串350直接连接跨接在AC电网12节点A和节点B处。跨接在AC电网12节点A和节点B处的所连接的串350允许AC电网12的一部分转换到DC电压VC，其可以被用于给相应的蓄电池20充电。反过来，蓄电池20的DC电压VBat可以被转换到AC电网12的一部分，从而给相应的蓄电池20放电。
在不同的实施方式14a，第一多个蓄电池20可以形成第一蓄电池组且第二多个蓄电池20可形成第二蓄电池组，该第二蓄电池组与第一蓄电池组相似或不同。第一蓄电池组和第二蓄电池组可以不是并列配置的，但可共享公共参考Iref。
现在参照图3，图3显示的是根据实施方式的图1中所示的直流(DC)到DC转换器202的细节。功率转换器模块202可包括附接到传感器310的电量计302，传感器310可以监视转换器电路300的第一端子260上的电压和电流。电量计302可以由一个或多个控制器306(如，微处理器、ASIC、FPGA、线性反馈控制系统、CPU、逻辑、固件、和/或其他适当的设备)根据算法(如，存储在存储器304中的算法)进行控制，电量计可以进一步监视温度、内部阻抗、每个相应的蓄电池20的充电状态和/或放电状态。蓄电池20还可以是不同类型的蓄电池，相应的蓄电池特征存储在存储器304中。控制器可控制功率转换器300基于任何适当的参数(像，传感器数据、存储的蓄电池特征、和/或动态反馈机制)给蓄电池20充电或放电。
功率转换器电路300可以被不同地配置。例如，其可以是DC-DC转换器、DC-AC转换器、AC-AC转换器和/或AC-DC转换器。在一些实施方式中，功率转换器300是被配置为包括先降压阶段再升压阶段或先升压阶段再降压阶段的DC-DC转换器。功率转换器电路300的进一步细节现在可以再参照图3a，图3a说明的是根据实施方式的特征的降压升压转换器300。降压升压转换器300具有降压电路320。感应器328和公共轨329连接降压电路320到升压电路322。降压电路320具有低侧降压MOSFET GA，其被连接在公共轨329与感应器328的一侧和高侧降压MOSFET GC的一侧之间，高侧降压MOSFET GC的另一侧连接第一端子260中的一个。电容器C1可以横跨第一端子260被分路连接。升压电路322具有低侧升压MOSFET GB，其被连接在公共轨329与感应器328的另一侧和高侧升压MOSFET GD的一侧之间。高侧升压MOSFET GD的另一侧连接到第二端子262中的一个端子。电容器C2横跨第二端子262被分路连接。转换器300的对称性可以是这样的：其依赖于MOSFET GA、GB、GC和GD如何被驱动和如何被控制，转换器300可以是先降压阶段接着升压阶段或先升压阶段接着降压阶段。在其他变化形式中，降压电路和升压电路每个都具有各自的感应器而不是公共的感应器328。进一步的变化形式可以将GA、GB、GC和GD配置为开关(如，半导体开关)。在不同的实例中，开关GA、GB、GC和GD由控制电路进行控制，控制电路可包括一个或多个可编程脉宽调制器、控制器、和其他逻辑。在不同的实施方式中，控制电路可以是一个或多个独立的设备，可以是本地布置的和/或远程布置的，和/或可以被集成在控制器306中。
现在还参照图4，图4显示的是根据实施方式的特征的方法401。在步骤403，蓄电池20可被连接到相应的转换器模块202的第一端子260。第二端子262可以被串行连接在一起以形成串350。在其他的实施方式中，步骤403可以包括功率转换器模块202的第二功率接口262被并行连接在一起，如本文进一步描述的。
在步骤405中，电流参考IRef，可以是串行串350中电流，其可被设置成由变换器200编程的电流。电流参考IRef的电流值可以经中央控制器110在变换器200的控制电路中编程。在步骤407中，可以由电量计302、微处理器306确定每个蓄电池20的蓄电池充电比例，且将其存储在存储器304中。蓄电池充电比例本文可以由这样比例进行定义：存储在蓄电池20中的电荷除以蓄电池20的充电容量。开始，当蓄电池20是新的，蓄电池的充电容量是已知的且存储在电量计302的存储器304中。在随后的蓄电池20的充电和放电周期中由电量计302进行的监视可允许在步骤407中更新充电容量和/或蓄电池充电比例以及还提供进一步的信息用于在步骤405中设置电流参考IRef。
在可选的实施方式中，例如通过在一个持续的时间里求放电和充电电流(IBat)的积分，以计算电池中电荷的变化，可确定蓄电池充电比例(BC)。然后从充电容量中减去电荷的变化以确定存储在蓄电池中的剩余电荷。步骤407可进一步包括基于充电比例和/或充电容量更新电流参考IRef的设置。
在步骤409，每个蓄电池20可被分别充电，假设每个功率转换器300可以是基本上100％的效率，充电功率(P充电)：
P充电＝E×C×(1-BC)＝V×IRef
其中，C＝蓄电池20的充电因子(伏/每小时)，
VC＝第一端子260处的电压，
tc＝充电时间，
V＝第二端子262处的电压，
E＝蓄电池20的电荷存储容量(安培小时)，
BC＝蓄电池20的蓄电池充电比例，
IRef＝通过功率转换器300的第二端子262的参考电流，
IBat＝给蓄电池20充电的电流。
重新排列和求解充电时间tc
在以上关于tc的等式中可以看出，根据实施方式的特征，如果转换器300分别保持电压转换率(Vc/V)与可存储在蓄电池20中的附加电荷的量E·(1-BC)的倒数成比例，那么tc可完全由电流参考IRef来确定。因而，对于多个蓄电池，实质上在可相应于电流参考IRef的公共结束时间tc可完成对蓄电池20的充电。
在步骤411中，每个蓄电池20可以功率(P放电)被分别放电，假设每个转换器300可以是基本上100％的效率：
P放电＝E×D×BC＝VIRef
其中，D＝蓄电池20的放电因子，
VBat＝蓄电池20的电压，
td＝放电时间，
E＝蓄电池20的电荷存储容量(charge storage capacity)(安培小时)，
BC＝蓄电池20的蓄电池充电比例，
V＝功率转换器202的第二端子262之间的电压，
IRef＝通过功率转换器202的第二端子262的参考电流。
重新排列和求解充电时间td
在以上关于td的等式中，可以看出，根据实施方式的特征，如果转换器202分别保持电压转换率(Vbat/V)与蓄电池20中剩余的可用电荷E·BC的倒数成比例，那么td可以完全由电流参考IRef来确定。因而，对于多个蓄电池，实质上在可相应于电流参考IRef的公共结束时间td可完成对蓄电池20放电。
在步骤413中，由于每个蓄电池20根据步骤409或411分别在相应的第一端子260被单独地充电或放电，蓄电池20实质上在相同的时间被实质上完全充电或被实质上完全放电。
历史数据可以被记录在存储器304中且包括蓄电池20的类型、相应的蓄电池20的充电或放电的状态、和相应的蓄电池20的充电或放电的当前状态的数据。历史数据以及蓄电池20的数据的存储可包括电荷存储容量、存储的电荷、充电因子、蓄电池充电比例、相应的蓄电池20的电池充电因子和电池放电因子。蓄电池20的电荷存储容量可包括可使用的容量以及不可使用的容量，可使用的容量是蓄电池20中可应用的电荷量、可能是空的且可再充电的蓄电池20的一部分，不可使用的容量由于随着使用时间的推移蓄电池20的损耗而不能再充电。蓄电池充电比例可以由存储在蓄电池20中的能量除以蓄电池20能量容量来定义。
一般，充电电流或放电电流IBat取决于给蓄电池20充电或放电的时间量。给蓄电池20充电或放电的时间量可基于公共电流参考(IRef)和/或充电或放电的结束时间，例如可以是早上6点。根据蓄电池20需要被充电或放电开始的时间，基于公共电流参考(IRef)可以确定给蓄电池20充电或放电的时间量。如果蓄电池20需要被充电或放电开始的时间是晚上9点，那么给蓄电池20充电或放电的时间的量是9个小时。可选地，相对于给蓄电池20充电或放电的时间量较短的充电或放电的时间量可以基于公共电流参考(IRef)进行选择。一般，较大级别的公共电流参考(IRef)意味着给蓄电池20充电或放电的较短的时间段。蓄电池20的充电或放电的启动可以由中央控制器110到变换器200和转换器202来控制。电流参考(IRef)的级别可以由中央控制器110来设置且由变换器200来控制。
现在参考图5，图5显示的是根据实施方式的特征的能量组的实施14b。多个蓄电池20被连接到相应的功率转换器202的第一端子260。功率转换器202的第二端子262被并行连接以给出并行连接部。其中转换器202是双向DC到AC转换器，并行连接可以在节点A和B直接跨接AC12。其中功率转换器模块202包括双向DC到DC转换器300，并行连接可以直接跨接双向变换器200的端子W和X，且变换器200的端子Y和Z在节点A和B跨接AC12。
并行连接用作转换器202的公共电压参考(VRef)。功率转换器202可将功率从VRef×IC转换到功率VC×IBat，用于在第一端子260给蓄电池20充电，或将蓄电池20在第一端子260上的功率(IBat×VBat)转换到第二端子262上的功率IC×VRef。用于给蓄电池20放电的第二端子262上的功率IC×VRef经变换器200提供功率到电网12上。变换器200和转换器202都包括以上在图2的描述中所述的全部特征。
现在再参照方法401，其根据实施方式的特征而被应用于图5中所示的能量组的实施14b。
方法401显示的是能量组14b中的蓄电池20可根据公共电压参考(VRef)被充电或放电。通过示例的方式，其中五个蓄电池20被充电，这是假设五个蓄电池20中的每一个都是相同的类型，具有25伏的开路电压和10安培小时的充电率/放电率，AC12及因此公共电压参考(VRef)可以是每个转换器202上240伏DC或240伏均方根(RMS)。
在步骤403，蓄电池20被连接到相应转换器202的第一端子260。第二端子262被并连在一起连接到变换器200的端子W和X。
在步骤405，为了给蓄电池20充电，电压参考VRef可以经中央控制器110被变换器200设置为常量。因而，由于电压参考VRef设置为常量，通过每个转换器202的第二端子262的每个电流(IC)将由于在任意时间点蓄电池20可应用的能量的相应的可使用的容量的不同而不同。在步骤407，可以确定每个蓄电池20的蓄电池充电比例。电量计302随后对蓄电池20的充电和放电周期的监视，允许在步骤407确定蓄电池充电比例以及还提供进一步的信息用于在步骤405中设置电压参考VRef。
在步骤409中，每个蓄电池20被分别充电，假设每个转换器202可以是基本上100％的效率，具有功率(P充电)。根据以上关于P充电的等式，第一端子260的每一个上的充电功率(P充电)因此对应于需要给相应的蓄电池20完全充电的剩余能量，并对应于电压参考VRef。
在步骤411中，每个蓄电池20可以功率(P放电)被分别放电，假设每个转换器202可以是基本上100％的效率。根据以上关于P放电的等式，第一端子260的每一个上的放电功率(P放电)因此对应于给相应的蓄电池20完全放电所需的剩余能量并对应于电压参考VRef。根据以上关于P充电的等式的第一端子260的每一个上的充电功率(P充电)因此对应于给相应的蓄电池20完全充电所需的剩余能量，并对应于电压参考VRef。
在步骤413中，由于每个蓄电池20根据步骤409或411分别在相应的第一端子260进行单独地充电或放电，蓄电池20实质上在相同的时间被完全充电或在相同的时间被完全放电。
以上所述的方法401和系统组件均衡和控制蓄电池20的充电/放电，其可以在相同的系统中使用具有不同容量以及其他类型的能量存储的不同类型的电池。通过使用方法401，系统10控制能量组14之间和之中的能量存储。在能量组14中，能量可以以均匀的方式分布，这防止了当其他部分仍然含有能量时能量组14中的一部分被部分地放空了。类似地，在能量组14之间，能量可以以均匀的方式分布，这防止了当一个或多个能量组14仍然含有能量时一个或多个能量组14被部分地放空了。因此，蓄电池14是均衡的，使得如果一个蓄电池20可以被连接，那么在多次充电和放电之后，蓄电池20将与其他的蓄电池得到相同的充电比例。蓄电池20在另一蓄电池20之前将变空、或蓄电池20可在所有其他蓄电池20被放电或充电之前被充满或放空的情形也可以被避免。
在又一实施方式中，可以通过例如求在一段持续时间内放电电流和充电电流(IBat)的积分来计算电池中电荷的变化，来确定蓄电池充电比例(BC)。然后，可以从充电容量中减去电荷的变化，以确定在电池中存储的剩余电荷。步骤407可进一步包括基于充电比例和/或充电容量更新电流参考IRef的设置。在步骤409，每个蓄电池20可基于步骤405中设置的电流参考(IRef)和基于控制电压转换率(r＝Vc/V)和充电时间段(tc)，而被分别且独立充电。例如，输入蓄电池的电荷(Qc)的量由下式给出：
Qc＝IBat*tc (等式1)
充电电流(IBat)可以根据功率转换器的效率(e)来确定，且输入参考电压如下：
P输入＝(V*IRef)＝(e*P充电)＝e*(Vc*IBat) (等式2)
求解等式2得到IBat的结果：
IBat＝(V*IRef)/(Vc*e)＝(1/e)*(V/Vc)*IRef (等式3)
将等式3中得到的IBat带入等式1中且以由控制器306和/或控制器110控制的电压转换率(r)替换(V/Vc)，则产生以下的关系：
Q＝(1/e)*(1/r)*IRef*tc (等式4)
这样，在不同的实施方式中，输入蓄电池的电荷的量(Q)可以基于(如，使用控制器306和/或控制器110)控制电压转换率(r)、在第二功率接口262处的电流参考(IRef)、以及充电时间段(tc)而被控制。电压转换率可以例如通过改变转换器中切换的占空比而在降压升压转换器中被控制。
在某些变化形式中，对于公共参考IRef，步骤409可包括通过控制转换率(r)和充电时间段(tc)给每个蓄电池20单独充电，达到蓄电池中剩余容量(Qc)的百分比(p)，由下式给出：
Qc＝E*(1-BC)＝(1/e)*(1/r)*IRef*tc (等式5)
其中，E＝蓄电池20的电荷存储容量(安培小时)；
BC＝蓄电池20的蓄电池充电比例。
不同的实施方式包括每个转换器300(如，使用控制器306和/或控制器110)分别地且独立地保持相应的电压转换率(r)与相应的蓄电池20中剩余的容量(Qc)的倒数成比例：
r＝1/(p*Qc)＝1/(p*E*(1-BC)) (等式6)
其中，p＝在tc上充电的剩余容量Qc的百分比。
通过将等式6并入等式5，我们发现在以下的方式中充电仅取决于IRef：
E*(1-BC)＝(1/e)*(p*E*(1-BC))*IRef*tc (等式7)
这简化为：
tc＝(p/e)*(1/IRef) (等式8)
这样，在这个实施方式中，响应于每个功率转换器300被分别地且独立地控制，每个蓄电池20的充电时间(tc)可以与参考电流IRef成反比例，使得相应的功率转换器的电压转换率与相应的蓄电池20的剩余容量(Qc)成反比例。在不同的实施方式中，其中百分比(p)和转换器效率(e)在串350中的多个转换器模块202中是相同的或几乎相同的，相应的蓄电池20在相同的时间tc被充电至满容量(E)，这是因为所有的转换器具有相同的参考IRef。注意，这种情况是不管每个电池相比较于其他蓄电池是具有相同的剩余容量还是具有不同的剩余容量。
在这些实施方式中，充电时间可以相同，而不管每个蓄电池相比较于其他蓄电池是具有相同的剩余容量还是具有不同的剩余容量，因为每个蓄电池的充电电流IBat是可变的且是基于单独的电池剩余容量被控制。
在某些变化形式中，在控制转换率r方面，效率(e)可以被估计为100％。在其他变化形式中，每个功率转换器模块202的实际效率可以被确定，且被存储在存储器304、控制器306或控制器110中。控制器306和控制器110可以基于每个转换器的实际效率控制每个功率转换器300。实际效率可以是由制造商提供的预定值，或可以例如通过测试来确定。每个转换器的实际效率可包括多个效率值，这取决于操作条件，且每个转换器的控制可以基于在多个相应的操作条件(如，降压模式、升压模式、占空比、温度、电流、电压、占空比)下的多个效率值。操作条件可以是在充电操作和放电操作过程中采集的测量值。
在某些变化形式中，百分比(p)可以是从0到1的预置值中的值(即，0％到100％)。在其他变化形式中，百分比(p)可以是存储在每个存储器304中的或控制器110中的存储器或寄存器中的值。在特定变化形式中，p可以被设置为对于一个或多个蓄电池20具有不同的预定值，使得每个蓄电池被充电至预定的不同的比率和级别。百分比p也可以被设置成补偿转换器效率(e)中的差异(如，设定每个蓄电池p/e为公共预定值)和蓄电池条件(如，环境条件)的差异。
现在参照图6，图6显示的是根据实施方式的特征的能量组的实施14c。能量组的实施14c可以与图5中所示的能量组的实施14b相同，除了电连接到蓄电池20的端子被替换为电连接到能量存储设备21的端子。类似地，图2中所示的蓄电池20也可以被替换为能量存储设备21。能量存储设备21可以是机电设备，例如DC电动机和/或发电机。当作为电动机作用时，DC电动机和/或发电机可能能够将发动机的电连接上的可用的电能转换为机械能。可以使用机械能，例如，克服重力将水泵送到容器池中。当能量存储设备21用作发电机和/或涡轮时，容器池中的水可以被放出，随后产生电能。发电机和/或涡轮因而将流过涡轮的水流的机械能转换成电，从而消耗容器池中存储的能量。用于能量存储和/或能量消耗的其他机电设备可以包括弹簧、重物、压缩气体到密封的罐、腔或密封的地下洞穴中之后释放的压缩机、飞轮式常规和变速柴油发动机、斯特林发动机、燃气轮机、和微型涡轮机。能量存储设备21可以是电化学设备，像燃料电池或蓄电池。能量存储设备21也可以是静电设备，像电容器。能量存储设备21可以是组合的电-热系统，其可以使用熔融盐来存储太阳能然后如所需分派功率。电热系统也泵送熔盐通过由太阳射线和/或从光伏阵列带走的热量加热的塔。熔盐的泵送可以是经来自光伏阵列的电力和/或市电电网的电力。绝缘的容器存储热盐溶液，且当需要的时候，随即添加水到存储的熔盐以产生流，其可以被送到涡轮用以发电。
不同的实施方式可以在能量组14中混合和组合不同类型的能量存储设备。系统10中的不同能量组14包括能量存储设备的不同组合。在以上所述的实施方式中能量存储设备代替了蓄电池20，以上关于蓄电池的蓄电池充电比例(BC)的描述等同于能量存储设备的能量存储比例。就是说，能量存储比例是能量存储设备中存储的能量除以能量存储设备的能量存储容量的比例。而且，关于蓄电池20的充电和放电等同于关于能量存储设备的存储能量和消耗能量。
现在参照图7，图7显示的是根据实施方式的特征的用于能量存储的方法701。在如下方法701的方法步骤703-713的论述中，术语“能量存储器”可能被用于能量存储设备21。图4的步骤403-413可被认为与步骤703-713在原理上相似或等效，其中能量存储比例可以等同于蓄电池充电比例，且能量的存储和消耗可以分别等同于蓄电池的充电和放电。
在步骤703中，在能量存储设备21与相应的功率转换器202之间可以进行操作连接。操作连接允许能量存储设备21的能量转换(例如，电能到机械能，且反之亦然)，使得电能可以流入转换器202和从转换器202流出。
在步骤705中，可以由变换器200经中央控制器110设置电压参考VRef为常量(关于图6)，或设置电流参考IRef为常量(关于图2)。因而在电压参考VRef或IRef被设置常量之后，通过每个转换器202的第二端子262的每个电流将由于在任何时间点从能量存储设备21可获得的相应的可使用的能量容量的不同而不同。
在步骤707，可以确定每个能量存储设备21的能量存储比例。能量存储比例可以是存储在能量存储器21中的能量除以能量存储器21的能量容量。例如电量计302的电路和附接到微处理器306的存储器304可以被用于提供关于能量存储器21的能量存储容量、监视和测量以及能量存储器21的消耗的信息。电路然后可以通过基于能量存储比例保持转换器300的电压转换比例来控制降压+升压转换器300。
在步骤709和711中，分别对于能量存储和能量消耗，步骤709和711被应用于图2，其中能量存储设备21代替蓄电池20。在步骤709中，能量存储器21中能量存储所需的功率可以通过如上所述的用于蓄电池20的充电的相同的等式来表示。在步骤709中，可以通过在第一端子260处的相应连接将能量分别以多个可变的能量存储率存储在每个能量存储器21中。
类似地，在步骤711中，能量存储器21的能量消耗所需的功率可以通过如上所述的用于蓄电池20的放电的相同的等式来表示。在步骤711中，可以通过在第一端子260处的相应的连接分别从每个能量存储器21中以多个可变的能量消耗率来消耗能量。
在步骤713中，由于每个能量存储设备21分别根据步骤709或711分别在相应的第一端子260存储能量或消耗能量，能量存储设备21实质上在相同的时间存储了实质上全部数量的能量，或实质上在相同的时间消耗了实质上全部的能量。
虽然已经展示和描述了所选择的实施方式的特征，但是要理解的是实施方式并非被限制到所述的特征。而是，要认识到，可以对这些特征可进行变化而不脱离实施方式的原理和精神，其范围由权利要求及其等同物来限定。

Claims (31)

1.一种用于实施能量存储网络的方法，包括：
经由多个功率转换器的相应的第一端子将多个能量存储设备分别连接到所述多个功率转换器；
将所述多个功率转换器的第二端子连接到电网；以及
使用所述多个功率转换器将在所述第二端子上接收到的来自所述电网的功率转换成从所述相应的第一端子输出到所述多个能量存储设备的功率，
其中，在充电过程中，保持每个功率转换器的电压转换率与能够被存储在相应的能量存储设备中的附加电荷的量的倒数成比例，使得所述多个能量存储设备在相同的充电结束时间达到预定充电值。
2.一种用于实施能量存储网络的方法，包括：
经由多个功率转换器的相应的第一端子将多个能量存储设备分别连接到所述多个功率转换器；
将所述多个功率转换器的第二端子连接到电网；以及
使用所述多个功率转换器将在所述相应的第一端子上接收到的来自所述多个能量存储设备的功率转换成从所述第二端子输出到所述电网的功率，
其中，在放电过程中，保持每个功率转换器的电压转换率与相应的能量存储设备中剩余的可用电荷的倒数成比例，使得所述多个能量存储设备在相同的放电结束时间达到预定耗尽值。
3.一种串联连接的能量存储系统，包括：
电网；
多个能量存储设备；
电量计电路，所述电量计电路被配置为分别确定所述多个能量存储设备中的每个能量存储设备的能量存储比例；以及
多个功率转换器，所述多个功率转换器包括第一端子和第二端子，其中，所述多个功率转换器经由所述多个功率转换器的所述第一端子一对一地耦合到所述多个能量存储设备，并且其中，所述多个功率转换器的所述第二端子与所述电网串联连接；
其中，所述多个功率转换器中的每个功率转换器被配置为基于所述多个能量存储设备中的连接到该功率转换器的能量存储设备的所述能量存储比例而独立于其他功率转换器来保持电压转换率，使得所述多个能量存储设备中的每个能量存储设备中的电荷实质上经过相同的充电时间而达到预定值，
其中，在充电过程中，保持每个功率转换器的电压转换率与能够被存储在对应的能量存储设备中的并且与对应的能量存储比例相关的附加电荷的量的倒数成比例。
4.根据权利要求3所述的串联连接的能量存储系统，其中，所述电网与公共电压参考相关联，并且其中，所述相同的充电时间基于所述公共电压参考。
5.根据权利要求3所述的串联连接的能量存储系统，其中，所述电网与公共电流参考相关联，并且其中，所述相同的充电时间基于所述公共电流参考。
6.一种并联连接的能量存储系统，包括：
电网；
多个能量存储设备；
电量计电路，所述电量计电路被配置为分别确定所述多个能量存储设备中的每个能量存储设备的能量存储比例；以及
多个功率转换器，所述多个功率转换器包括第一端子和第二端子，其中，所述多个功率转换器经由所述多个功率转换器的所述第一端子一对一地耦合到所述多个能量存储设备，并且其中，所述多个功率转换器的所述第二端子与所述电网并联连接；
其中，所述多个功率转换器中的每个功率转换器被配置为基于来自所述多个能量存储设备的对应的能量存储设备的所述能量存储比例而独立于其他功率转换器来保持电压转换率，使得所述多个能量存储设备中的每个能量存储设备中的电荷实质上经过相同的充电时间而达到预定值，
其中，在充电过程中，保持每个功率转换器的电压转换率与能够被存储在对应的能量存储设备中的并且与对应的能量存储比例相关的附加电荷的量的倒数成比例。
7.根据权利要求6所述的并联连接的能量存储系统，其中，所述电网与公共电压参考相关联，并且其中，所述相同的充电时间基于所述公共电压参考。
8.根据权利要求6所述的并联连接的能量存储系统，其中，所述电网与公共电流参考相关联，并且其中，所述相同的充电时间基于所述公共电流参考。
9.一种用于对多个能量存储设备进行充电的方法，所述方法包括：
确定多个能量存储设备中的每个能量存储设备的对应的充电比例，其中，所述多个能量存储设备一对一地连接到多个功率转换器；以及
对于所述多个能量存储设备中的每一个，通过所述多个功率转换器中的对应的功率转换器独立地保持对应的电压转换率，使得所述多个能量存储设备在相同的充电时间完成充电，所述相同的充电时间基于：
所述多个能量存储设备中的每一个的对应的充电比例；以及
来自电网并且到达所述多个能量存储设备的功率的转移，
其中，在充电过程中，保持每个功率转换器的对应的电压转换率与能够被存储在对应的能量存储设备中的并且与对应的充电比例相关的附加电荷的量的倒数成比例。
10.一种对多个能量存储设备进行放电的方法，所述方法包括：
确定多个能量存储设备中的每一个的对应的充电比例，其中，所述多个能量存储设备一对一地连接到多个功率转换器；以及
对于所述多个能量存储设备中的每一个，通过所述多个功率转换器中的对应的功率转换器独立地保持对应的电压转换率，使得所述多个能量存储设备在相同的放电时间完成放电，所述相同的放电时间基于：
所述多个能量存储设备中的每一个的对应的充电比例；以及
来自所述多个能量存储设备并且到达电网的功率的转移，
其中，在放电过程中，保持每个功率转换器的对应的电压转换率与对应的能量存储设备中的并且与对应的充电比例相关的剩余的可用电荷的量的倒数成比例。
11.一种用于存储功率的系统，包括：
能量存储设备(20)；
电量计电路(302)，所述电量计电路被配置为确定所述能量存储设备的充电比例；
功率转换器(300)，所述功率转换器包括连接到所述能量存储设备的第一端子(260)；
变换器(200)，所述变换器包括：
第二端子，所述第二端子连接到所述功率转换器；以及
第三端子，所述第三端子连接到电网；以及
中央控制器(110)，所述中央控制器被配置为基于由所述电量计电路确定的所述充电比例来调节所述能量存储设备的电压转换率，使得所述能量存储设备与连接到所述电网的另一个能量存储设备在实质上相同的充电时间完成充电，
其中，在充电过程中，保持所述功率转换器(300)的电压转换率与能够被存储在所述能量存储设备(20)中的并且与所述充电比例相关的附加电荷的量的倒数成比例。
12.一种用于传输功率的系统，包括：
能量存储设备(20)；
电量计电路(302)，所述电量计电路被配置为确定所述能量存储设备的充电比例；
功率转换器(300)，所述功率转换器包括连接到所述能量存储设备的第一端子(260)；
变换器(200)，其包括：
连接到所述功率转换器的第二端子；以及
连接到电网的第三端子；以及
中央控制器(110)，所述中央控制器被配置为基于由所述电量计电路确定的所述充电比例来调节所述能量存储设备的电压转换率，使得所述能量存储设备与连接到所述电网的另一个能量存储设备在实质上相同的放电时间完成放电，
其中，在放电过程中，保持所述功率转换器(300)的电压转换率与所述能量存储设备(20)中的且与所述充电比例相关的剩余的可用电荷的量的倒数成比例。
13.一种使用可变能量存储率和可变能量消耗率来控制多个能量存储设备的方法，所述方法包括：
在所述多个能量存储设备中存储能量，使得所述多个能量存储设备中的能量存储实质上在响应于公共电压或电流参考的相同的时间完成；以及
消耗来自所述多个能量存储设备的能量，使得所述多个能量存储设备实质上在响应于所述公共电压或所述电流参考的相同的时间达到耗尽状态，
其中，在能量存储过程中，每个能量存储设备的能量存储率与能够被存储在对应的能量存储设备中的附加能量的量的倒数成比例，并且在能量消耗过程中，每个能量存储设备的能量消耗率与对应的能量存储设备中的剩余的可用能量的量的倒数成比例。
14.一种用于存储和传输功率的系统，包括：
多个功率转换器，所述多个功率转换器中的每个功率转换器包括：
第一端子，所述第一端子耦合到蓄电池；
第二端子，所述第二端子耦合到被设置为公共参考的直流电源；以及
控制器，所述控制器被配置为确定所述蓄电池中的一个的蓄电池充电比例并且基于所述蓄电池充电比例保持电压转换率，使得所述蓄电池实质上在响应于所述公共参考的相同的充电时间被完全充电并且实质上在响应于所述公共参考的相同的放电时间被完全放电，
其中，在充电过程中，保持每个功率转换器的电压转换率与能够被存储在对应的蓄电池中的并且与对应的蓄电池充电比例相关的附加电荷的量的倒数成比例，
其中，在放电过程中，保持每个功率转换器的电压转换率与对应的蓄电池中并且与对应的蓄电池充电比例相关的剩余的可用电荷的量的倒数成比例。
15.根据权利要求14所述的系统，其中，所述公共参考被设置为通过所述功率转换器的所述第二端子的串行连接的电流参考。
16.根据权利要求14所述的系统，其中，所述公共参考被设置为横跨所述功率转换器的所述第二端子的并行连接的电压参考。
17.根据权利要求14所述的系统，还包括：
交流到直流变换器，所述交流到直流变换器包括交流端子和直流端子，其中，所述交流端子可连接到交流电网电力源，其中，所述直流端子被操作地附接到所述多个功率转换器的第二端子，并且其中，所述交流到直流变换器包括控制部分，所述控制部分被配置为设置通过所述直流端子的所述公共参考。
18.根据权利要求17所述的系统，还包括中央控制器，所述中央控制器操作性地可附接到所述交流到直流变换器，以提供所述公共参考的值。
19.根据权利要求14所述的系统，其中，所述蓄电池包括形成第一蓄电池组的第一多个蓄电池和形成第二蓄电池组的第二多个蓄电池，所述第二蓄电池组与所述第一蓄电池组位于不同的位置。
20.一种用于调控多个能量存储设备中的能量存储的方法，所述方法包括：
监控电量计，每个电量计连接到所述多个能量存储设备中的一个；
分析由所述电量计提供的监控数据，其中，数据包括：
a)所述多个能量存储设备中的每一个的能量存储容量，以及
b)存储在所述多个能量存储设备中的每一个中的能量；以及
基于所分析的数据和所述多个能量存储设备的组合功率，通过独立地保持所述多个能量存储设备的每一个上的电流或电压，以多个存储率调控所述多个能量存储设备中的能量的存储，使得所述多个能量存储设备中的能量存储实质上在相同的时间完成，
其中，在能量存储过程中，每个能量存储设备的存储率与能够被存储在对应的能量存储设备中的附加能量的量的倒数成比例。
21.根据权利要求20所述的方法，还包括确定所述多个能量存储设备中的每一个的能量存储比例，其中所述能量存储比例与能够被存储在对应的能量存储设备中的附加能量的量相关。
22.根据权利要求20所述的方法，其中，所述多个能量存储设备包括选自由下列构成的组中的一种或更多种能量存储类型：飞轮类型、气压类型、弹簧压缩类型、泵水类型、克服重力提升质量类型、化学能量存储类型、蓄电池类型和燃料电池类型。
23.根据权利要求20所述的方法，其中，所述多个能量存储设备中的至少一些包括蓄电池，并且其中，将能量存储在其中包括对所述蓄电池进行充电。
24.根据权利要求23所述的方法，其中，所述蓄电池在相同的系统中包括被一起调控的不同的容量或不同的蓄电池类型。
25.一种用于调控多个能量存储设备中的能量消耗的方法，所述方法包括：
监控电量计，每个电量计连接到所述多个能量存储设备中的一个；
分析由所述电量计提供的数据(707)，其中，所述数据包括：
a)所述多个能量存储设备中的每一个的能量存储容量，以及
b)存储在所述多个能量存储设备中的每一个中的能量；以及
基于所分析的数据和所述多个能量存储设备的组合功率，通过独立地保持所述多个能量存储设备的每一个上的电流或电压，以多个消耗率调控从所述能量存储设备消耗的能量(713)，使得所述多个能量存储设备实质上在相同的时间达到耗尽状态，
其中，在能量消耗过程中，每个能量存储设备的消耗率与对应的能量存储设备中的剩余的可用能量的量的倒数成比例。
26.根据权利要求25所述的方法，还包括计算所述多个能量存储设备中的每一个的能量存储比例，其中所述能量存储比例与对应的能量存储设备中的剩余的可用能量的量相关。
27.根据权利要求25所述的方法，其中，所述多个能量存储设备包括选自由下列构成的组中的一种或更多种能量存储类型：飞轮类型、气压类型、弹簧压缩类型、泵水类型、克服重力提升质量类型、化学能量存储类型、蓄电池类型和燃料电池类型。
28.根据权利要求25所述的方法，其中，所述多个能量存储设备中的至少一些包括蓄电池，并且其中，能量的消耗包括对所述蓄电池进行放电。
29.根据权利要求28所述的方法，其中，所述蓄电池包括被一起调控的不同的容量或不同的蓄电池类型。
30.一种用于调控能量存储的系统，包括：
多个能量存储设备(21)；
电量计(302)，每个电量计连接到所述多个能量存储设备(21)中的一个；
控制器(306)，所述控制器被配置用于：
监控由所述电量计(302)提供的数据，其中，所述数据包括：
a)所述多个能量存储设备(21)中的每一个的能量存储容量，以及
b)存储在所述多个能量存储设备(21)中的每一个中的能量；以及
基于所分析的数据和所述多个能量存储设备(21)的组合功率，通过独立地保持所述多个能量存储设备(21)的每一个上的电流或电压，以多个存储率调控所述多个能量存储设备(21)中的能量的存储，使得所述多个能量存储设备中的能量存储实质上在相同的时间完成，
其中，在能量存储过程中，每个能量存储设备的存储率与能够被存储在对应的能量存储设备中的附加能量的量的倒数成比例。
31.一种用于调控能量消耗的系统，包括：
多个能量存储设备(21)；
电量计(302)，每个电量计连接到所述多个能量存储设备(21)中的一个；
控制器(306)，所述控制器被配置用于：
监控由所述电量计(302)所提供的数据，其中，所述数据包括：
a)所述多个能量存储设备(21)中的每一个的能量存储容量，以及
b)存储在所述多个能量存储设备(21)中的每一个中的能量；以及
基于所分析的数据和所述多个能量存储设备(21)的组合功率，通过独立地保持所述多个能量存储设备(21)的每一个上的电流或电压，以多个消耗率调控从所述多个能量存储设备(21)消耗的能量，使得所述多个能量存储设备实质上在相同的时间达到耗尽状态，
其中，在能量消耗过程中，每个能量存储设备的消耗率与对应的能量存储设备中的剩余的可用能量的量的倒数成比例。
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