JP2013165716A - 抗体の血中動態を制御する方法 - Google Patents
抗体の血中動態を制御する方法 Download PDFInfo
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- JP2013165716A JP2013165716A JP2013048910A JP2013048910A JP2013165716A JP 2013165716 A JP2013165716 A JP 2013165716A JP 2013048910 A JP2013048910 A JP 2013048910A JP 2013048910 A JP2013048910 A JP 2013048910A JP 2013165716 A JP2013165716 A JP 2013165716A
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Abstract
【解決手段】FcRn結合領域を含むポリペプチドであるIgG抗体の可変領域残基のうち、表面に露出し得る少なくとも一つのアミノ酸残基の電荷が変わるように、該アミノ酸残基を含むポリペプチドをコードする核酸を改変し、宿主細胞を該核酸が発現するように培養し、宿主細胞培養物からFcRn結合領域を含むポリペプチドを回収することを含む、血中動態が制御されたFcRn結合領域を含むポリペプチドの製造方法。
【選択図】なし
Description
〔1〕 血中動態が制御されたFcRn結合領域を含むポリペプチドの製造方法であって、(a)FcRn結合領域を含むポリペプチドの表面に露出し得る少なくとも一つのアミノ酸残基の電荷が変わるように、該アミノ酸残基を含むポリペプチドをコードする核酸を改変し、(b)宿主細胞を該核酸が発現するように培養し、(c)宿主細胞培養物からFcRn結合領域を含むポリペプチドを回収することを含む方法、
〔2〕 前記FcRn結合領域を含むポリペプチドの表面に露出し得るアミノ酸残基が、FcRn結合領域を含むポリペプチド中のFcRn結合領域以外の領域にある〔1〕に記載の方法、
〔3〕 前記FcRn結合領域が、Fc領域またはFc様領域からなる〔2〕に記載の方法、
〔4〕 FcRn結合領域を含むポリペプチドがIgG抗体である〔1〕に記載の方法、
〔5〕 工程(a)で電荷が変えられるアミノ酸残基が、IgG抗体の重鎖可変領域または軽鎖可変領域のアミノ酸残基である〔4〕に記載の方法、
〔6〕 前記血中動態の制御が、血中半減期、平均血中滞留時間、血中クリアランスのいずれかのパラメーターの制御である〔1〕に記載の方法、
〔7〕 工程(a)におけるアミノ酸残基の電荷の改変が、アミノ酸置換による〔1〕に記載の方法、
〔8〕 〔1〕に記載の方法により製造されるFcRn結合領域を含むポリペプチド、
〔9〕 FcRn結合領域を含むポリペプチドの血中動態を制御する方法であって、FcRn結合領域を含むポリペプチドの表面に露出し得る少なくとも一つのアミノ酸残基の電荷を変えることを含む方法、
〔10〕 前記FcRn結合領域を含むポリペプチドの表面に露出し得るアミノ酸残基が、FcRn結合領域を含むポリペプチド中のFcRn結合領域以外の領域にある〔9〕に記載の方法、
〔11〕 前記FcRn結合領域が、Fc領域またはFc様領域からなる〔10〕に記載の方法、
〔12〕 FcRn結合領域を含むポリペプチドがIgG抗体である〔9〕に記載の方法、
〔13〕 電荷が変えられるアミノ酸残基が、IgG抗体の重鎖可変領域または軽鎖可変領域のアミノ酸残基である〔12〕に記載の方法、
〔14〕 前記血中動態の制御が、血中半減期、平均血中滞留時間、血中クリアランスのいずれかのパラメーターの制御である〔9〕に記載の方法、
〔15〕 アミノ酸残基の電荷の改変が、アミノ酸置換による〔9〕に記載の方法、
〔16〕 〔9〕に記載の方法により血中動態が制御されたFcRn結合領域を含むポリペプチド、
〔17〕 ヒト以外の動物由来の相補性決定領域(CDR)、ヒト由来のフレームワーク領域(FR)およびヒト定常領域を含むヒト化抗体であって、CDRまたはFRにおいて抗体表面に露出し得る少なくとも一つのアミノ酸残基が野生型のCDRまたはFRの対応する位置のアミノ酸残基とは異なる電荷を有するアミノ酸残基であり、可変領域が該ヒト以外の動物由来の抗体に由来し且つ同じ定常領域を有するキメラ抗体に比べて血中動態が制御されたヒト化抗体、
〔18〕 前記ヒト定常領域が野生型のヒトFc領域を含む〔17〕に記載のヒト化抗体、
〔19〕 〔17〕または〔18〕に記載のヒト化抗体および医薬的に許容される担体を含む組成物、
〔20〕 〔17〕または〔18〕に記載のヒト化抗体を構成するポリペプチドをコードする核酸、
〔21〕 〔20〕に記載の核酸を有する宿主細胞、
〔22〕 〔21〕に記載の宿主細胞を培養する工程、細胞培養物からポリペプチドを回収する工程を含む〔17〕または〔18〕に記載のヒト化抗体の製造方法、
〔23〕 重鎖可変領域におけるKabatナンバリングによる10位、12位、23位、39位、43位、および105位のアミノ酸残基から選ばれる、少なくとも1つのアミノ酸残基の電荷が改変され、当該アミノ酸残基の改変前と比べて血中動態が制御されたIgG抗体、
〔24〕 前記改変されたアミノ酸残基が、以下の(a)または(b)いずれかの群に含まれるアミノ酸残基から選択される〔23〕に記載のIgG抗体:
(a)グルタミン酸(E)、アスパラギン酸(D);
(b)リジン(K)、アルギニン(R)、ヒスチジン(H)、
〔25〕 〔23〕または〔24〕に記載のIgG抗体および医薬的に許容される担体を含む組成物、
〔26〕 〔23〕または〔24〕に記載のIgG抗体を構成するポリペプチドをコードする核酸、
〔27〕 〔26〕に記載の核酸を有する宿主細胞、
〔28〕 〔27〕に記載の宿主細胞を培養する工程、細胞培養物からポリペプチドを回収する工程を含む〔23〕または〔24〕に記載の抗体の製造方法、
を、提供するものである。
(a)グルタミン酸(E)、アスパラギン酸(D)
(b)リジン(K)、アルギニン(R)、ヒスチジン(H)
本発明の医薬組成物は、当業者に公知の方法で製剤化することが可能である。例えば、水もしくはそれ以外の薬学的に許容し得る液との無菌性溶液、又は懸濁液剤の注射剤の形で非経口的に使用できる。例えば、薬理学上許容される担体もしくは媒体、具体的には、滅菌水や生理食塩水、植物油、乳化剤、懸濁剤、界面活性剤、安定剤、香味剤、賦形剤、ベヒクル、防腐剤、結合剤などと適宜組み合わせて、一般に認められた製薬実施に要求される単位用量形態で混和することによって製剤化することが考えられる。これら製剤における有効成分量は、指示された範囲の適当な容量が得られるように設定する。
注射用の水溶液としては、例えば生理食塩水、ブドウ糖やその他の補助薬(例えばD-ソルビトール、D-マンノース、D-マンニトール、塩化ナトリウム)を含む等張液が挙げられる。適当な溶解補助剤、例えばアルコール(エタノール等)、ポリアルコール(プロピレングリコール、ポリエチレングリコール等)、非イオン性界面活性剤(ポリソルベート80(TM)、HCO-50等)を併用してもよい。
上述のように本発明の宿主細胞を培養し、該細胞培養物からポリペプチドを回収する工程を含む、血中動態が制御された本発明のFcRn結合領域を含むポリペプチドの製造方法もまた、本発明の好ましい態様の一つである。
なお本明細書において引用されたすべての先行技術文献は、参照として本明細書に組み入れられる。
〔実施例1〕二重特異性抗体のヒト化
特願2005-112514において血液凝固時間の短縮効果が最も高かった抗FactorIXa抗体 A69-VH、抗FactorX抗体 B26-VH、ハイブリッドL鎖(BBA)の組み合わせから成る二重特異性抗体について、以下のようにヒト化を実施した。
1−1.ヒト抗体の相同性検索
一般公開されているKabat Database (ftp://ftp.ebi.ac.uk/pub/databases/kabat/) およびIMGT Database (http://imgt.cines.fr/)よりヒト抗体アミノ酸配列データを入手し、構築したデータベースを用いてマウスA69-H鎖可変領域(アミノ酸配列:配列番号:15)、マウスB26-H鎖可変領域(アミノ酸配列:配列番号:16)、マウスBBA-L鎖可変領域(アミノ酸配列:配列番号:17)に分けてホモロジー検索を行った。その結果、以下に示すヒト抗体配列と高い相同性を持つことが確認されたことからヒト化抗体のフレームワーク領域(以下、FR)に使用することにした。
(1)A69-H鎖可変領域:KABATID-000064 (Kabat Database)
(Kippsら、J Clin Invest. 1991;87:2087-2096)
(2)B26-H鎖可変領域:EMBL Accession No. AB063872(IMGT Database)
(Unpublished data)
(3)BBA-L鎖可変領域:KABATID-024300 (Kabat Database)
(Welschofら、J Immunol Method. 1995;179:203-214)
(1)-(3)のヒト抗体のFRに各マウス抗体の相補性抗原決定領域(以下、CDR)を移植したヒト化抗体を作製した。
また、NCBIより一般公開されている相同性検索Web site(http://www.ncbi. nlm.nih.gov/BLAST/)を使用して、(4)-(6)のヒト抗体に相同性の高いヒト抗体の分泌シグナル配列を検索した。検索により得られた以下に示す分泌シグナル配列を使用した。
(4)A69-H鎖可変領域:GenBank Accession No. AF062257
(5)B26-H鎖可変領域:GenBank Accession No. AAC18248
(6)BBA-L鎖可変領域:GenBank Accession No. AAA59100
分泌シグナル配列から抗体可変領域にいたるアミノ酸配列をコードする塩基配列において、50 base程度の合成オリゴDNAを3’末端が約20 base程度アニ−ルするように交互に12本作製した。合成オリゴDNAは5'末端側にヒト配列、3'末端側にマウス配列をコードするか、または全塩基がヒト配列をコードするように設計した。さらに、抗体可変領域遺伝子の5’末端にアニ−ルし、XhoI切断配列を有するプライマーと抗体可変領域遺伝子の3’末端にアニ−ルし、SfiI切断配列を有し且つイントロン配列の5’末端配列をコードするプライマーを作製した。
2.5μMに調製した合成オリゴDNAを各1μLで混合し、1x TaKaRa Ex Taq Buffer, 0.4 mM dNTPs, 0.5 units TaKaRa Ex Taq(全て宝酒造)を加え、反応液48μLになるように調製した。94℃ 5分保温した後に、94℃ 2分、55℃ 2分、72℃ 2分からなる反応を2サイクル行い、各合成オリゴDNAのアッセンブルおよび伸長反応を実施した。次に、抗体遺伝子の5’末端および3’末端にアニ−ルするプライマー(各10μM)を1μL添加し、94℃ 30秒、55℃ 30秒、72℃ 1分からなる反応を35サイクル行い、72℃ 5分反応させ、抗体可変領域遺伝子を増幅した。PCR後、反応液全量を1 %アガローズゲル電気泳動に供した。目的のサイズ(約400 bp)の増幅断片をQIAquick Gel Extraction Kit(QIAGEN)を用いて、添付説明書記載の方法で精製し、滅菌水30μlで溶出した。該断片をpGEM-T Easy Vector Systems (Promega)を用いて、添付説明書記載の方法でクローニングを行った。各DNA断片の塩基配列は、BigDye Terminator Cycle Sequencing Kit(Applied Biosystems)を用い、DNAシークエンサーABI PRISM 3730xL DNA SequencerまたはABI PRISM 3700 DNA Sequencer(Applied Biosystems)にて、添付説明書記載の方法に従い決定した。
正しいヒト化抗体可変領域遺伝子配列であることが確認されたH鎖可変領域断片挿入プラスミドをXhoIおよびSfiIで、L鎖可変領域断片挿入プラスミドをEcoRIで消化した後に、反応液を1 %アガローズゲル電気泳動に供した。目的のサイズ(約400 bp)のDNA断片をQIAquick Gel Extraction Kit(QIAGEN)を用いて、添付説明書記載の方法で精製し、滅菌水30μlで溶出した。その後、以下のようにして動物細胞用発現ベクターを作製した。H鎖がヘテロな組み合わせであるIgG4を優先的に発現させるために、IgG1のknobs-into-hole技術(Merchant AM ら、Nature Biotechnology、1998年、Vol.16、p.677-681)を参考にIgG4のCH3部分へのアミノ酸置換体を用いた。さらにH鎖のダイマー形成促進のためにヒンジにもアミノ酸置換(-ppcpScp- →-ppcpPcp-)を導入した。ニワトリβアクチンプロモーターを有するpCAGGS(Niwa ら、Gene、1991年、Vol. 108、p.193-199)にY349C、T366Wに置換した定常領域遺伝子を組み込んだ発現ベクターにヒト化A69 H鎖可変領域抗体遺伝子断片を挿入し、ヒト化A69H鎖発現ベクターを作製した。また、pCAGGSにE356C、T366S、L368A、Y407Vに置換した定常領域遺伝子を組み込んだ発現ベクターにヒト化B26 H鎖可変領域抗体遺伝子断片を挿入し、ヒト化B26H鎖発現ベクターを作製した。また、pCAGGSに野生型の抗体L鎖定常領域が挿入されたプラスミド(pCAG-gκDNA)をEcoRIで消化し、ヒト化BBA L鎖可変領域抗体遺伝子断片を挿入した発現ベクターを作製した。連結反応はRapid DNA Ligation Kit (Roche Diagnostics)を用い、大腸菌DH5α株 (東洋紡績)を形質転換した。
ヒト化二重特異性抗体の発現は、以下の方法を用いて行った。ヒト胎児腎癌細胞由来HEK293H株(Invitrogen)を10 % Fetal Bovine Serum (Invitrogen)を含むDMEM培地(Invitrogen)へ懸濁し、5〜6×105個 /mLの細胞密度で接着細胞用ディッシュ(直径10 cm, CORNING)の各ディッシュへ10 mLずつ蒔きこみCO2インキュベーター(37℃、5 % CO2)内で一昼夜培養した後に、培地を吸引除去し、1 %のFetal Bovine Serum(Invitrogen)を含むCHO-S-SFM-II(Invitrogen)培地6.9 mLを添加した。1−2で調製したプラスミドDNA混合液(合計13.8μg)を1μg /mL Polyethylenimine (Polysciences Inc.) 20.7μLとCHO-S-SFMII培地 690μLと混合して室温10分間静置したものを各ディッシュの細胞へ投入し、4〜5時間、CO2インキュベーター(37℃にて5 % CO2)内でインキュベートした。その後、1 %のFetal Bovine Serum(Invitrogen)を含むCHO-S-SFM-II(Invitrogen)培地6.9 mLを添加して、3日間 CO2インキュベーター内で培養した。培養上清を回収した後、遠心分離(約2000 g、5分間、室温)して細胞を除去し、さらに0.22μmフィルターMILLEX(R)-GV(Millipore)を通して滅菌した。該サンプルは使用するまで4℃で保存した。
実施例1−2に記載の方法で得られた培養上清に100μLのrProtein A SepharoseTM Fast Flow(Amersham Biosciences)を添加し、4℃で4時間以上転倒混和した。その溶液を0.22μmのフィルターカップUltrafree(R)-MC(Millipore)に移し、0.01 % Tween(R) 20を含むTBS 500μLにて3回洗浄後、rProtein A SepharoseTM樹脂に100μLの 0.01 % Tween(R) 20を含む50 mM 酢酸ナトリウム水溶液, pH 3.3に懸濁して2分間静置したのち、抗体を溶出させた。直ちに、6.7μLの1.5 M Tris-HCl , pH 7.8を加えて中和した。
以下に示すとおり、2種類の方法で測定した。
Goat anti-human IgG(Biosource International)をcoating bufferにて1μg/mLに調製し、Nunc-Immuno plate(Nunc)に固相化した。Diluent buffer(D.B.)にてブロッキング処理した後、D.B.を用いて適当に希釈した培養上清サンプルを添加した。また、抗体濃度算出のためのスタンダードとして、2000 ng/mLから3倍系列でD.B.にて11段階希釈したヒトIgG4(ヒト型化抗TF抗体、WO 99/51743参照)を同様に添加した。3回洗浄したのち、Goat anti-human IgG, alkaline phosphatase(Biosource International)を反応させた。5回洗浄したのち、Sigma 104(R) phosphatase substrate(Sigma-Aldrich)を基質として発色させ、吸光度リーダーModel 3550(Bio-Rad Laboratories)により、参照波長655 nmとして405 nmの吸光度を測定した。Microplate Manager III(Bio-Rad Laboretories)ソフトウェアを用いて、スタンダードの検量線から培養上清中のヒトIgG濃度を算出した。
また、Biacore1000またはBiacoreQ(BIACORE)を使用し、ProteinAを固定化したSensor Chip CM5(BIACORE)を用いて定量した。具体的にはメーカーのプロトコールに従い、活性化したセンサーチップに10 mM 酢酸ナトリウム水溶液(pH 4.0, BIACORE)で50μg/mLに希釈したProteinA(SIGMA)溶液を5μL/分で30分間反応させ、その後ブロッキング操作を実施してProteinA固定化センサーチップを作製した。このセンサーチップを用いて、Biacore 1000(BIACORE)を使用して培養上清および精製品の濃度を測定した。センサーチップの固定および濃度測定にはHBS-EP Buffer(BIACORE)を使用した。また、濃度測定時の標準品として4000 ng/mLから2倍系列でHBS-EP Bufferにて6段階希釈したヒト化IgG4抗体(ヒト化抗組織因子抗体、WO 99/51743参照)を使用した。
血友病A血液の凝固能を二重特異性抗体が是正するか明らかにするために、Factor VIII欠乏血漿を用いた活性化部分トロンボプラスチン時間(APTT)に対する同抗体の影響を検討した。様々な濃度の抗体溶液 50μL、Factor VIII欠乏血漿(Biomerieux)50μL及びAPTT試薬(Dade Behring)50μLの混合液を37℃で3分間加温した。凝固反応は20 mMのCaCl2(Dade Behring)50μLを同混合液に加えることにより開始させた。CR-A(Amelung)が接続されたKC10A(Amelung)により凝固するまでの時間を測定した。
Factor VIII欠乏血漿の凝固時間を0%、正常血漿の凝固時間を100 %としたときに作製される検量線を用いて、二重特異性抗体を添加した際の凝固時間から二重特異性抗体のFactor VIII様活性(%)を算出した。
上述した血液凝固活性評価において、血液凝固能が低下したヒト化二重特異性抗体について、活性上昇を目指してヒト抗体のFRのアミノ酸を改変した。具体的には、QuikChange Site-Directed Mutagenesis Kit (Stratagene)を用いて、添付説明書記載の方法でヒト化抗体可変領域に変異を導入した。目的のヒト化抗体可変領域遺伝子配列であることが確認されたH鎖可変領域断片挿入プラスミドをXhoIおよびSfiIで、L鎖可変領域断片挿入プラスミドをEcoRIで消化した後に、反応液を1 %アガローズゲル電気泳動に供した。目的のサイズ(約400 bp)のDNA断片をQIAquick Gel Extraction Kit(QIAGEN)を用いて、添付説明書記載の方法で精製し、滅菌水30μlで溶出した。その後、実施例1−2に示す方法で、動物細胞用発現プラスミドを作製した。実施例1−3、1−4、1−5に示す方法でヒト化二重特異性抗体を調製し、実施例1−6に示す方法で血液凝固活性を評価した。
(1) ヒト化A69抗体VH(hA69a) 配列番号:1(塩基配列)、配列番号:2(アミノ酸配列)
(2) ヒト化B26抗体VH(hB26-F123e4) 配列番号:3(塩基配列)、配列番号:4(アミノ酸配列)
(3) ヒト化BBA抗体VL(hAL-F123j4) 配列番号:5(塩基配列)、配列番号:6(アミノ酸配列)
ヒト化A69抗体およびヒト化B26抗体の可変領域表面に露出するアミノ酸残基を確認するために、MOEソフトウェア(Chemical Computing Group Inc.)を用いて、ホモロジーモデリングによりヒト化A69抗体およびヒト化B26抗体の抗体Fv領域モデルを作製した。モデルを図2に示した。本モデルの詳細な解析により、CDR以外のFR配列において表面に露出するアミノ酸の中で、H10、H12、H23、H39、H43、H105(Kabatナンバリング、Kabat EA et al. 1991. Sequences of Proteins of Immunological Interest. NIH)が、活性を低下させること無く、等電点を変化させることができる候補になると考えられた。CDRにおいては、表面に露出するアミノ酸としてH97を選択した。
ヒト化A69抗体とヒト化B26抗体の等電点を変化させるために、ヒト化A69 H鎖可変領域およびヒト化B26 H鎖可変領域のアミノ酸改変を行った。具体的には、QuikChange Site-Directed Mutagenesis Kit (Stratagene)を用いて、添付説明書記載の方法で作製したヒト化A69抗体H鎖可変領域(hA69a、塩基配列番号:1)およびヒト化B26抗体H鎖可変領域(hB26-F123e4、塩基配列番号:3)に変異を導入した。目的のヒト化抗体可変領域遺伝子配列であることが確認されたH鎖可変領域断片挿入プラスミドをXhoIおよびSfiIで消化した後に、反応液を1 %アガローズゲル電気泳動に供した。目的のサイズ(約400 bp)のDNA断片をQIAquick Gel Extraction Kit(QIAGEN)を用いて添付説明書記載の方法で精製し、滅菌水30μlで溶出した。実施例1−2に示す方法で、野生型定常領域をもつ発現プラスミドにDNA断片を挿入し、H鎖発現ベクターを作製した。各抗体の改変したアミノ酸残基および配列番号を表1に示した。 (hA69-N97R、hA69-p18)、ヒト化B26抗体(hB26-F123e4)とその改変体(hB26-p15)を調製した。ヒト化A69抗体(hA69a)とその改変体(hA69-N97R、hA69-p18)は、H鎖発現ベクター(可変領域はhA69-N97R、hA69-p18)とL鎖発現ベクター(可変領域はhAL-F123j4、配列番号:6)を組み合わせて、実施例1−3に従い発現した。また、ヒト化B26抗体(hB26-F123e4)とその改変体(hB26-p15)は、H鎖発現ベクター(可変領域はhB26-F123e4、hB26-p15)L鎖発現ベクター(可変領域はB26-VL、アミノ酸配列はWO2005/035756(配列番号:18)を組み合わせて、実施例1−3に従い発現した。培養上清中の抗体を実施例1−4に示す方法で精製した。
ヒト化二重特異性抗体を調製するために、以下のようにして抗体発現細胞株を樹立した。
ヒトIgG4の野生型H鎖定常領域遺伝子を鋳型にしてH鎖定常領域のN末端側の2アミノ酸(Ala-Ser)をコードする塩基配列がNheI認識配列(GCTAGC)になるように設計した5’末端側プライマーと3’末端側にアニーリングし、かつNotI認識部位を持つように設計したプライマーを用いてH鎖定常領域をPCR増幅し、pBluescriptKS+ベクター(東洋紡)をNheI, NotI(ともに宝酒造)で消化したベクターと連結したpBCH4(IgG4定常領域遺伝子を含む)を作製した。ヒト化A69-H鎖抗体(hA69-PFL:配列番号:11)およびヒト化B26-H鎖抗体(hB26-PF:配列番号:12)のH鎖可変領域の5’末端塩基配列に相補的でコザック配列(CCACC)およびEcoRI認識配列を有するプライマーとNheI認識配列を有する3’末端塩基配列にプライマーを用いてPCRを行い、得られたPCR産物をEcoRI, NheI(ともに宝酒造)で消化、同様にEcoRI, NheIで消化したpBCH4に挿入して可変領域と定常領域を連結した。作製したヒト化A69-H鎖抗体ベクターをEcoRI, NotI(ともに宝酒造)で消化し、同様にEcoRI, NotIで消化した動物細胞用発現ベクターpCXND3にクローニングした。本ベクターpCXND3の構築の流れについて、以下に述べる。
実施例4で得られた培養上清から以下の方法で二重特異性抗体を精製した。培養上清を平衡化バッファー (20 mmol/L Sodium Phosphate buffer, 150 mol/L NaCl, pH 7.0)で平衡化したrProtein A Sepharose Fast Flowカラム (Amersham Biosciences、50 mmI.D.×9.9 cmH. = 194.3 mL-resin)に添加し、洗浄用バッファー1(20 mmol/L Sodium Phosphate buffer, 150 mol/L NaCl, pH7.0)、洗浄用バッファー2(50 mmol/L Sodium Acetate buffer, pH6.0)で洗浄した後に50 mmol/L Acetic acidを用いて溶出した。溶出後に直ちに1.5 mol/L Tris-HCl, pH 7.8を加えてpH 6.3に調整した。
Solvent A : 20 mmol/L Sodium Acetate buffer, pH6.0
Solvent B : 20 mmol/L Sodium Acetate buffer, 1 mol/L NaCl, pH6.0
Flow rate : 10 mL/min (113 cm/h)溶出時のみ5.3 mL/min (60 cm/h)
Gradient : 0→ 15 % B Step wise 3 Column Volume (CV)通液
15→ 35 % B gradient 6 CV
35→ 50 % B gradient 10 CV
50→100 % B gradient 3 CV
100 % B Step wise 4 CV通液
溶出の結果、検出された3本のピークを分取することで、2種類のホモダイマー(hA69-PF、hB26-PF)と1種類のヘテロダイマーである二重特異性抗体BiAbを回収した。
ATFはヒト組織因子に対するモノクローナル抗体として取得され、ヒトIgG4の定常領域を持つヒト化抗体である。ATFの由来については WO99/051743に詳細に記載されており、H鎖可変領域とL鎖可変領域のアミノ酸配列をそれぞれ配列番号:13、配列番号:14に示した。ATFおよび実施例5において調製したhA69-PF、BiAb、hB26-PF、実施例3において調製したhA69-N97R、hA69-p18、hB26-e、hB26-p15について、可変領域のアミノ酸配列の違いによる表面電荷の変化、および、アミノ酸改変による表面電荷の変化について評価するために等電点電気泳動による分析を実施した。
ミリQ水 1.5mL
Pharmalyte 5-8 for IEF (AmerchamBioscience社製) 50μL
Pharmalyte 8-10.5 for IEF (AmerchamBioscience社製) 50μL
膨潤したゲルを用いてPhastSystem(AmerchamBioscience社製)により以下のプログラムで電気泳動を行った。サンプルはStep 2でゲルに添加した。pIマーカーとして、Calibration Kit for pI(AmerchamBioscience社製)を使用した。
Step 1: 2000 V 2.5 mA 3.5 W 15℃ 75 Vh
Step 2: 200 V 2.5 mA 3.5 W 15℃ 15 Vh
Step 3: 2000 V 2.5 mA 3.5 W 15℃ 410 Vh
泳動後のゲルは20 % TCAで固定した後、Silver staining Kit, protein(AmerchamBioscience社製)を用い、キットに添付されているプロトコールに従い銀染色を行った。染色後、pIマーカーの既知等電点からサンプルの等電点を算出した。等電点電気泳動による分析結果を図3に示した。pIマーカーから作製したpIと移動度の検量線およびそれより算出された等電点を図4に示した。なお各サンプルは抗体由来の電荷的ヘテロジェニティーが存在するため、メインのバンドの移動度をもとに等電点を算出した。
ヒト化A69抗体とその改変抗体の機能を評価するために、以下の方法で抗原であるFactor IXaに対する結合活性を評価した。ヒト化A69抗体(hA69a)とその改変抗体(hA69-N97R)の評価は以下のように行った。Coating buffer(100 mM sodium bicarbonate, pH 9.6, 0.02 % sodium azide)で1μg/mLに希釈したFactor IXaβ(Enzyme Research Labratories)を、Nunc-Immuno plate(Nunc-ImmunoTM 96 MicroWellTM plates MaxiSorpTM(Nalge Nunc International))に100μL/wellで分注後、4℃で一晩インキュベーションした。Tween(R) 20を含むPBS(-)で3回洗浄後、diluent buffer (50 mM Tris-HCl, pH 8.1, 1 % bovine serum albumin, 1 mM MgCl2, 0.15 M NaCl, 0.05 % Tween(R) 20, 0.02 % sodium azide)でplateを室温で2時間blockingした。Bufferを除去後、diluent bufferで希釈した精製抗体を100μL/well添加し、室温で1時間インキュベーションした。Plateを3回洗浄後、diluent bufferで1/4000希釈したアルカリホスファターゼ標識ヤギ抗マウスIgG(BIOSOURCE)を100μL/well添加し、室温で1時間インキュベーションした。Plateを5回洗浄後、発色基質(Sigma)を100μL/well添加し、室温で30分インキュベーションした。405 nm(対照655 nm)における吸光度をMicroplate Reader Model 3550(Bio-Rad Laboratories)で測定した。
以上のことから、本実施例における可変領域の改変は抗体の抗原結合に影響しないことが示された。
8−1.マウスを用いた体内動態試験
ATFはヒト組織因子に対するモノクローナル抗体として取得され、ヒトIgG4の定常領域を持つヒト化抗体である。ATFの由来については WO99/051743に詳細に記載されており、H鎖可変領域とL鎖可変領域のアミノ酸配列をそれぞれ配列番号:13、配列番号:14に示した。ATFおよび実施例5において調製したhA69-PF、BiAb、hB26-PF、実施例3において調製したhA69-N97R、hA69-p18、hB26-e、hB26-p15について、マウス(C57BL/6J、日本チャールズリバー)における体内動態を評価した。ATF、hA69-PF、BiAb、hB26-PFをマウス(C57BL/6J、日本チャールズリバー)に5 mg/kgで静脈内単回投与し投与前および投与後15分間、2時間、8時間、1日間、2日間、4日間、7日間、11日間、14日間、21日間、28日間で採血を行った。採取した血液は直ちに4℃、15,000 rpmで15分間遠心分離し、血漿を得た。分離した血漿は、測定を実施するまで-20℃以下に設定された冷凍庫に保存した。同様に、hA69-N97R、hA69-p18、hB26-F123e4、hB26-p15をマウス(C57BL/6J、日本チャールズリバー)に1 mg/kgで静脈内単回投与し投与前および投与後15分間、2時間、8時間、1日間、2日間、5日間、7日間、9日間、14日間、21日間、28日間で採血を行った。採取した血液は直ちに4℃、15,000 rpmで15分間遠心分離し、血漿を得た。分離した血漿は、測定を実施するまで-20℃以下に設定された冷凍庫に保存した。
マウス血漿中濃度測定はELISA法にて測定した。血漿中濃度として6.4、3.2、1.6、0.8、0.4、0.2、0.1μg/mLの検量線試料を調整した。検量線試料およびマウス血漿測定試料をAnti-human IgG(γ-chain specific) F(ab')2(Sigma社製)で固相化したイムノプレート(Nunc-Immuno Plate,MaxiSorp(Nalge nunc International社製))に分注し、室温で1時間静置後、Goat Anti-Human IgG-BIOT(Southern Biotechnology Associates社製)およびStreptavidin-alkaline phosphatase conjugate (Roche Diagnostics社製)を順次反応させ、BluePhos Microwell Phosphatase Substrates System(Kirkegaard & Perry Laboratories社製)を基質として用い発色反応を行い、マイクロプレートリーダーにて650 nmの吸光度を測定した。マウス血漿中濃度は検量線の吸光度から解析ソフトウェアSOFTmax PRO(Molecular Devices社製)を用いて算出した。ATF、hA69-PF、BiAb、hB26-PFの血漿中濃度推移を図7に示した。
得られた血漿中濃度推移のデータを薬物動態解析ソフトWinNonlin(Pharsight社製)で非モデル依存的解析を行い薬物動態学的パラメーター(クリアランス(CL)、半減期(T1/2))を算出した。T1/2は最終の3点もしくはWinNonlin が自動設定した最終相の血漿中濃度から算出した。得られた薬物動態的パラメーターを表2に示した。
本発明により、可変領域の表面アミノ酸を置換しIgGのpIを低下させることでIgGの血中半減期を延長できることが可能であり、また、逆に可変領域の表面アミノ酸を置換しIgGのpIを上昇させることでIgGの血中半減期を短くすることが可能であることが見出された。
マウスを用いた血中動態の検討においては、非特許文献(Nat Biotechnol. 1997;15:637-640)に定常領域のFcに存在するアミノ酸を改変し、FcRnへの親和性を高めることで血中半減期(T1/2)を約1.5倍延長することが可能であることが示されており、本発明においてもhA69-N97RとhA69-PFを比較した場合、同一の定常領域配列において可変領域の表面アミノ酸を改変しpIを低下させることによって血中半減期(T1/2)を約1.5倍延長することができた。さらにhA69-N97RとhA69-PF、ATFを比較すると、pIの最も低いATFのT1/2は、hA69-N97Rよりも約2.1倍も長いことから、hA69-N97Rの可変領域に存在する表面アミノ酸をさらに改変しpIを低下させることによって、hA69-N97Rの血中半減期をさらに長くすることが可能である。本実施例に使用した抗体を比較すると、pIが最も高いhB26-PFと最も低いATFの血中半減期では約2.4倍異なっており、可変領域のアミノ酸改変による血中動態制御は既存の制御技術と比較して高い効果が期待できる。また、抗原性の観点からは定常領域に導入する人工的なアミノ酸置換は少ないほうがよく、可変領域の表面アミノ酸を改変することで血中半減期を制御する本発明は医薬品の開発において有用であると考えられる。
Claims (28)
- 血中動態が制御されたFcRn結合領域を含むポリペプチドの製造方法であって、(a)FcRn結合領域を含むポリペプチドの表面に露出し得る少なくとも一つのアミノ酸残基の電荷が変わるように、該アミノ酸残基を含むポリペプチドをコードする核酸を改変し、(b)宿主細胞を該核酸が発現するように培養し、(c)宿主細胞培養物からFcRn結合領域を含むポリペプチドを回収することを含む方法。
- 前記FcRn結合領域を含むポリペプチドの表面に露出し得るアミノ酸残基が、FcRn結合領域を含むポリペプチド中のFcRn結合領域以外の領域にある請求項1に記載の方法。
- 前記FcRn結合領域が、Fc領域またはFc様領域からなる請求項2に記載の方法。
- FcRn結合領域を含むポリペプチドがIgG抗体である請求項1に記載の方法。
- 工程(a)で電荷が変えられるアミノ酸残基が、IgG抗体の重鎖可変領域または軽鎖可変領域のアミノ酸残基である請求項4に記載の方法。
- 前記血中動態の制御が、血中半減期、平均血中滞留時間、血中クリアランスのいずれかのパラメーターの制御である請求項1に記載の方法。
- 工程(a)におけるアミノ酸残基の電荷の改変が、アミノ酸置換による請求項1に記載の方法。
- 請求項1に記載の方法により製造されるFcRn結合領域を含むポリペプチド。
- FcRn結合領域を含むポリペプチドの血中動態を制御する方法であって、FcRn結合領域を含むポリペプチドの表面に露出し得る少なくとも一つのアミノ酸残基の電荷を変えることを含む方法。
- 前記FcRn結合領域を含むポリペプチドの表面に露出し得るアミノ酸残基が、FcRn結合領域を含むポリペプチド中のFcRn結合領域以外の領域にある請求項9に記載の方法。
- 前記FcRn結合領域が、Fc領域またはFc様領域からなる請求項10に記載の方法。
- FcRn結合領域を含むポリペプチドがIgG抗体である請求項9に記載の方法。
- 電荷が変えられるアミノ酸残基が、IgG抗体の重鎖可変領域または軽鎖可変領域のアミノ酸残基である請求項12に記載の方法。
- 前記血中動態の制御が、血中半減期、平均血中滞留時間、血中クリアランスのいずれかのパラメーターの制御である請求項9に記載の方法。
- アミノ酸残基の電荷の改変が、アミノ酸置換による請求項9に記載の方法。
- 請求項9に記載の方法により血中動態が制御されたFcRn結合領域を含むポリペプチド。
- ヒト以外の動物由来の相補性決定領域(CDR)、ヒト由来のフレームワーク領域(FR)およびヒト定常領域を含むヒト化抗体であって、CDRまたはFRにおいて抗体表面に露出し得る少なくとも一つのアミノ酸残基が野生型のCDRまたはFRの対応する位置のアミノ酸残基とは異なる電荷を有するアミノ酸残基であり、可変領域が該ヒト以外の動物由来の抗体に由来し且つ同じ定常領域を有するキメラ抗体に比べて血中動態が制御されたヒト化抗体。
- 前記ヒト定常領域が野生型のヒトFc領域を含む請求項17に記載のヒト化抗体。
- 請求項17または18に記載のヒト化抗体および医薬的に許容される担体を含む組成物。
- 請求項17または18に記載のヒト化抗体を構成するポリペプチドをコードする核酸。
- 請求項20に記載の核酸を有する宿主細胞。
- 請求項21に記載の宿主細胞を培養する工程、細胞培養物からポリペプチドを回収する工程を含む請求項17または18に記載のヒト化抗体の製造方法。
- 重鎖可変領域におけるKabatナンバリングによる10位、12位、23位、39位、43位、および105位のアミノ酸残基から選ばれる、少なくとも1つのアミノ酸残基の電荷が改変され、当該アミノ酸残基の改変前と比べて血中動態が制御されたIgG抗体。
- 前記改変されたアミノ酸残基が、以下の(a)または(b)いずれかの群に含まれるアミノ酸残基から選択される請求項23に記載のIgG抗体:
(a)グルタミン酸(E)、アスパラギン酸(D);
(b)リジン(K)、アルギニン(R)、ヒスチジン(H)。 - 請求項23または24に記載のIgG抗体および医薬的に許容される担体を含む組成物。
- 請求項23または24に記載のIgG抗体を構成するポリペプチドをコードする核酸。
- 請求項26に記載の核酸を有する宿主細胞。
- 請求項27に記載の宿主細胞を培養する工程、細胞培養物からポリペプチドを回収する工程を含む請求項23または24に記載の抗体の製造方法。
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