JP2011505198A - 超音波手術刃 - Google Patents

超音波手術刃 Download PDF

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JP2011505198A
JP2011505198A JP2010536076A JP2010536076A JP2011505198A JP 2011505198 A JP2011505198 A JP 2011505198A JP 2010536076 A JP2010536076 A JP 2010536076A JP 2010536076 A JP2010536076 A JP 2010536076A JP 2011505198 A JP2011505198 A JP 2011505198A
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ウィット・デビッド・エイ
メサーリー・ジェフリー・ディー
ハウザー・ケビン・エル
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Abstract

超音波手術刃112が、近位端部と、遠位端部と、外側表面とを有する本体108を含む。遠位端部は、近位端部に加えられた超音波振動に従って長手方向軸Aに対して移動可能である。本体の外側表面の少なくとも一部分は、それに付着された潤滑コーティング116を備えている。潤滑コーティングは、本体の外側表面の摩擦係数よりも低い摩擦係数を有する。

Description

開示の内容
〔関連出願の相互参照〕
本願は、参照によってその全体が本明細書に組み込まれる、2007年11月30日に出願され「超音波手術刃」と題された米国特許仮出願第61/004,961号の利益を、第35編米国法典119条(e)項に基づいて主張するものである。
〔背景技術〕
本開示は、広義には、超音波器具において用いられる超音波手術刃に関する。現在、超音波器具は、超音波器具のエンドエフェクタ部分がトロカールに通されて手術部位に達する、内視鏡及び腹腔鏡外科手術を含めて、開放的な外科手術並びに最小侵襲外科手術において使用されている。一部には、最小侵襲外科手術の普及が進んでいることが原因で、超音波器具は、多くの医学的状態の安全でかつ効果的な治療に使用されることが多くなっている。この状況における超音波トランスデューサを用いる器具の操作は、当該技術分野において周知であり、簡明かつ簡潔にするために本明細書においては繰り返さない。簡潔に述べると、発電機によって励振される超音波トランスデューサは、機械的振動を超音波周波数にて発生させ、その機械的振動は、伝達構成要素又は導波管を通じてエンドエフェクタへと長手方向に伝達される。機械的振動は、伝達構成要素に対して、縦振動、横振動、又はねじれ振動の運動をエンドエフェクタに誘発する。エンドエフェクタの振動運動は、隣接する組織内に局所的な熱を発生させ、組織を同時に切断し凝固させることを容易にする。したがって、超音波振動は、好適なエンドエフェクタを使用して好適なエネルギーレベルで有機組織に伝達される場合、クランプアセンブリの支援の有無にかかわらず、組織を切断する、切開する、分離する、持ち上げる、横切する、上昇させる、凝固させる、若しくは焼灼するために、又は、筋組織を骨から分離する、若しくはこすり落とすために使用されてよい。
超音波器具、特に接触超音波要素を備える超音波器具は、他の手術器具に優る特定の利点をもたらすことが、一般に認められている。これらの利点に含まれることとして、超音波機械振動により、従来の切断及び焼灼手術器具と比べて相対的に低い温度を利用して、組織を同時に切断し凝固させることができるということがある。超音波器具の性質により、超音波器具の性質は多数の用途に役立つものとなっており、また様々なエンドエフェクタが、多数の機能を実施するように設計されてよい。
超音波器具は、単要素エンドエフェクタ装置と多要素エンドエフェクタ装置とに分類されてよい。単要素エンドエフェクタ装置には、刃、メス、フック、及び/又はボールコアギュレータなどの器具が含まれる。一般に、これらのタイプのエンドエフェクタは、超音波を伝播するのに好適な固体材料から形成されるが、流体流れを送給するための又は吸込みチャネルを設けるための中空コアを有するエンドエフェクタもまた存在する。多要素エンドエフェクタは、刃とクランプ機構との間の組織を圧縮又はクランプ締めするためにクランプ機構に作動的に結合された単要素エンドエフェクタ、つまり刃を含む。多要素エンドエフェクタは、クランプメス、クランプコアギュレータ、又はクランプ機構と単要素エンドエフェクタとの任意の組み合わせを含む。クランプエンドエフェクタは、超音波エネルギーを刃から組織に効果的に結合するために相当量の圧力が必要であるとき、特に有用である。クランプエンドエフェクタは、圧縮力又は付勢力を組織に加えて、組織、特に弛緩した無支持の組織のより迅速な切断及び凝固を促進する。
この一般的背景を念頭に、留意されたいこととして、超音波器具が用いられる外科的環境は、エンドエフェクタに加えられる機械的起振力、結果として生じる熱的効果、及び手術部位に存在する全体として苛性の条件が原因で、特に過酷になり得る。例えば、使用中、エンドエフェクタは外科的物質と接触するが、その外科的物質には、凝固薬、タンパク質、血液、組織粒子、及び他の構成流体がある。時間の経過と共に、外科的物質は乾燥し、エンドエフェクタの外側(例えば外部)表面に付着する傾向がある。外科的物質がこのように集積することで、組織を切断する及び/又は凝固させるエンドエフェクタの能力が低下し、エンドエフェクタ/組織の境界面におけるインピーダンスが増加することにより、エンドエフェクタの性能が低下しがちとなる。境界面インピーダンスの増加を補償するために、発電機は、組織の横切を継続するように、ますます多量の電力をエンドエフェクタに供給するが、やがて、発電機によって送給される電力は、発電機が停止するか又は「ロックアウト」となる所定の閾値を超えることになる。ロックアウトとは、エンドエフェクタのインピーダンスが非常に高くなり、発電機が有意味な量の電力を組織に与えることができなくなる状態である。発電機のロックアウトは、境界面インピーダンスが増加する条件下で横切を完了するように発電機が適切な電力をエンドエフェクタに供給できないときに生じる、望ましくない結果である。横切の完了は、組織が装置のエンドエフェクタから視覚的に離れることによってユーザーに示される。発電機がロックアウトに移ると、外科手術は中断される。したがって、発電機のロックアウトにより、結果として、外科手術の間、切断及び横切の時間が、更に悪いことには休止時間が増加することになる。
したがって、エンドエフェクタを過酷な外科的環境から保護するための好適なコーティング又はコーティングと表面処理との好適な組み合わせを備えたエンドエフェクタが求められている。この点に関して言えば、好適なコーティング又はコーティングと表面処理との好適な組み合わせにより、エンドエフェクタの外側表面における外科的物質の集積が防止されるか又は最小限となり、発電機のロックアウトが最小限となり、電力の引き出しが最小限となり、クランプ型エンドエフェクタにおけるパッドの摩耗が改善され、エンドエフェクタの熱的特性が改善される。また、1つ以上のコーティングがエンドエフェクタの外側表面に付着するのを可能にするように、1つ以上の好適なコーティングをエンドエフェクタの外側表面に塗膜するプロセスが求められている。
〔概要〕
ある一般的な態様において、各種の実施形態は超音波手術刃に関する。超音波手術刃は、近位端部と、遠位端部と、外側表面とを有する本体を備える。遠位端部は、近位端部に加えられた超音波振動に従って長手方向軸に対して移動可能である。本体の外側表面の少なくとも一部分は、それに付着された潤滑コーティングを備えている。潤滑コーティングは、本体の外側表面の摩擦係数よりも低い摩擦係数を有する。
各種の実施形態の新規な特徴が、添付の特許請求の範囲に具体的に記載されている。各種の実施形態は、しかしながら、編成及び操作方法のいずれに関しても、以下の添付の図面と共に理解される以下の説明を参照することによって最良に理解され得る。
多要素エンドエフェクタの一実施形態。 線2−2に沿った、図1に示す多要素エンドエフェクタの超音波刃の部分の横断面図。 多要素エンドエフェクタの一実施形態。 線4−4に沿った、図3に示す多要素エンドエフェクタの超音波刃の部分の横断面図。 図3に示す多要素エンドエフェクタの超音波刃の部分の一実施形態の横断面部分の一部分の拡大図。 図3に示す多要素エンドエフェクタの超音波刃の部分の一実施形態の横断面部分の一部分の拡大図。 図3に示す多要素エンドエフェクタの超音波刃の部分の一実施形態の横断面部分の一部分の拡大図。 多要素エンドエフェクタの一実施形態。 線6−6に沿った、図5に示す多要素エンドエフェクタの超音波刃の部分の横断面図。 多要素エンドエフェクタの一実施形態。 線8−8に沿った、図7に示す多要素エンドエフェクタの超音波刃の部分の横断面図。 多要素エンドエフェクタの一実施形態。 線10−10に沿った、図9に示す多要素エンドエフェクタの超音波刃の部分の横断面図。 多要素エンドエフェクタの一実施形態。 線12−12に沿った、図11に示す多要素エンドエフェクタの超音波刃の部分の横断面図。 単要素エンドエフェクタの一実施形態。 線14−14に沿った、図13に示す単要素エンドエフェクタの超音波刃の部分の横断面図。 多要素エンドエフェクタの一実施形態。 線16−16に沿った、図15に示す多要素エンドエフェクタの超音波刃の部分の横断面図。 多要素エンドエフェクタの一実施形態。 線18−18に沿った、図17に示す多要素エンドエフェクタの超音波刃の部分の横断面図。
〔説明〕
各種の実施形態について詳細に説明する前に、留意されたいこととして、各実施形態は、用途又は使用法において、添付の図面及び説明にて記載する部品の構造及び構成の詳細に限定されるものではない。本明細書にて開示する手術器具及びエンドエフェクタの構成は、単に例示的なものであり、添付の特許請求の範囲又はその応用の範疇を限定することを意図したものではない。例示的な各実施形態は、他の実施形態、変形形態、及び修正形態において実現されても、あるいは組み込まれてもよく、また、様々な方式で遂行されても、あるいは実行されてもよい。更に、特に明記しない限り、本明細書で用いる用語及び表現は、読者の便宜のために例示的な実施形態を説明する目的で選ばれており、それらの範囲を制限するものではない。
各種の実施形態は、概して、超音波手術器具で使用するためのエンドエフェクタに関する。超音波手術器具は一般に、超音波トランスデューサと、超音波で作動されるエンドエフェクタと、超音波トランスデューサをエンドエフェクタに接続する、実質的に中実又は中空の超音波導波管とを備える。超音波トランスデューサは、変換ハンドピースに収容される。エンドエフェクタは、超音波周波数にて音波を効率的に伝達又は伝播するのに好適な基礎材料(例えば本体)で形成されてよい。したがって、エンドエフェクタは超音波伝播要素であり、この超音波伝播要素は、直接あるいは超音波伝達導波管を経て超音波トランスデューサに結合されてよい。超音波手術器具の例は、米国特許第5,322,055号及び同第5,954,736号に開示されており、また、超音波エンドエフェクタ(例えば刃)と手術器具との組み合わせは、米国特許第6,309,400号(B2)、同第6,278,218号(B1)、同第6,283,981号(B1)、及び同第6,325,811号(B1)に開示されており、これらの特許はすべての内容が参照によって本明細書に組み込まれる。これらの参考文献は、超音波器具及びエンドエフェクタを適切に全体的に説明している。したがって、そのような超音波器具及びエンドエフェクタの特定の動作について、本明細書では詳細に議論しない。
より具体的には、各実施形態は、材料層として形成された1つ以上のコーティング、表面処理、及び/又はそれらの任意の組み合わせを備える超音波エンドエフェクタに関する。超音波エンドエフェクタの外側表面に形成された好適なコーティングは、潤滑効果をもたらすものであり、したがって、エンドエフェクタの外側表面への外科的物質の付着を最小限にする上で有用である。また、潤滑コーティングは、エンドエフェクタと組織との間の摩擦を低減し、したがってエンドエフェクタと組織との間の境界面インピーダンスを最小限にし、エンドエフェクタにおける発熱を低減する。この結果、超音波発生器から引き出される電力はより少なくなり、エンドエフェクタは、発電機のロックアウトを最小限にし手術器具の全体的な操作安定性を改善する、より低温の熱プロファイルを有することになる。平均的な電力の出力が減少する結果(これもまた境界面インピーダンスの減少に起因する)、それに対応して、組織束の切断及び凝固などの外科的手技を実施するのに必要な時間が増加すると、当業者には予想されよう。しかしながら、横切時間のこのようなトレードオフは、試験においては見受けられず、実際に、横切時間の予期しない減少が、絶えず得られている。更なる調査により、これまでに当該技術分野において述べられていなかったこの予期しない結果に対し、2つの原因が明らかとなった。それらの原因とは、(1)摩擦係数の低いコーティング(本明細書において提示する大部分のコーティングは、一般にTEFLON(登録商標)として知られ、以下でPTFEと呼ばれるポリテトラフルオロエチレンなどの低摩擦成分を有する)は組織に付着せず、したがって、組織は、同等のコーティングされていない刃と比べて、より均一にかつより迅速に刃から剥離すること(横切の完了を示すものである)、並びに、(2)摩擦係数が、したがって境界面インピーダンスが低くなるにつれて、結果として、平均的な電力引き出し量が少なくなり、したがって発電機のロックアウトの発生が少なくなることである。いくつかの実施形態において、横切時間は、最初に記載した原因により約34%短縮された。いくつかの実施形態において、厚く丈夫な長い組織(例えば子宮広間膜)は、コーティングされたエンドエフェクタ刃を連続的に当て付けて横切されたが、一方で、それと同等のコーティングされていない器具では、同じ作業を達成することが(いかなる妥当な時間をかけても)不可能であった。これは、2つ目に挙げた原因によるものである。使用中、本明細書で説明する1つ以上のコーティングを備えるエンドエフェクタ刃の各種の実施形態は、組織の横切及び/又は凝固をより均一にすることによって、止血などの組織の作用を改善することができる。
本明細書で説明するように、コーティングは、超音波エンドエフェクタの本体部分の外側表面に形成された1つ以上の材料層を備えてもよい。エンドエフェクタの外側表面は、1つ以上の材料層で部分的に又は完全にコーティングされてよい。各層は、1つ以上の材料を含んでよい。他の実施形態において、1つ以上の表面処理が、エンドエフェクタ本体の全体に又はその一部分に施されてもよい。更に他の実施形態において、エンドエフェクタ本体は、コーティングと表面処理の塗膜との組み合わせを備えてもよい。この組み合わせは、エンドエフェクタ全体に又はその一部分に塗膜されてよい。
いくつかの実施形態において、エンドエフェクタの基礎材料のみの摩擦係数よりも低い摩擦係数を有するエンドエフェクタを製作するために、材料、表面処理、及び/又はそれらの組み合わせが、エンドエフェクタの外側表面又はその一部分に好適に塗膜されてよい。より低い摩擦係数を有するエンドエフェクタは、より低い温度で動作し、発電機のロックアウトを最小限にして、組織のより迅速な切断を促進する。他の実施形態において、エンドエフェクタの基礎材料のみの摩擦係数よりも高い摩擦係数を有するエンドエフェクタを製作するために、表面処理が、エンドエフェクタの外側表面又はその一部分に好適に施されてよい。より高い摩擦係数を有するエンドエフェクタは、エンドエフェクタの組織閉鎖効果を改善する。したがって、いくつかの実施形態において、コーティングと表面処理との様々な組み合わせをエンドエフェクタの種々の部分に施すことによって、切断領域においてはより低い摩擦係数を有し、組織閉鎖領域においてはより高い摩擦係数を有するエンドエフェクタを提供することが望ましい場合がある。
本明細書で開示する装置及び方法の構造、機能、製造、及び使用の原理が総括的に理解されるように、特定の実施形態について、これから説明することにする。これらの実施形態の1つ以上の例を添付の図面に示す。本明細書で詳細に説明し、添付の図面に示す装置及び方法は、非限定的な実施形態であり、各種の実施形態の範囲は、特許請求の範囲によってのみ定義されることが、当業者には理解されよう。ある実施形態に関連して例示又は説明した特徴は、他の実施形態の特徴と組み合わされてもよい。そのような修正及び変形は、添付の特許請求の範囲に含まれることが意図される。
言うまでもなく、「近位」及び「遠位」という用語は、本明細書において、超音波手術器具のハンドピースアセンブリを握持する臨床医を基準として用いられている。したがって、エンドエフェクタは、より近位側のハンドピースアセンブリに対して遠位側にある。更に言うまでもなく、便宜及び明確さのために、「上部」及び「下部」などの空間に関する用語もまた、本明細書において、ハンドピースアセンブリを握持する臨床医に対して用いられている。しかしながら、手術器具は、多数の向き及び姿勢で使用されるものであり、これらの用語は、限定的及び絶対的とすることを意図したものではない。
図1は、多要素エンドエフェクタ100の一実施形態を示している。図示の実施形態において、多要素エンドエフェクタ100は、開位置に示されたクランプアームアセンブリ102を備えており、クランプアームアセンブリ102は、超音波手術刃112(刃)に作動的に結合されている。多要素エンドエフェクタ100は、例えば、従来のクランプ式の凝固型超音波器具に用いられてもよい。クランプアームアセンブリ102は、クランプアーム104と、クランプアーム104に取り付けられた組織パッド106とを備えている。刃112は、従来の超音波手術器具に結合するのに好適な超音波伝播要素である。刃112は本体108を備え、本体108は、近位端部と遠位端部とを有し、それらの間の細長い治療領域を画定している。本体108は、近位端部と遠位端部との間に延びる長手方向軸Aを画定している。近位端部は、直接的に又は超音波伝達導波管を通じて既知の方式で超音波トランスデューサに結合されるように適合され構成されている。超音波トランスデューサで発生された機械的振動は、伝達導波管に沿って伝播し、本体108の近位端部に結合される。本体108の遠位端部は、超音波トランスデューサで発生された機械的振動によって長手方向軸Aに対して移動可能となるように選択される。遠位端部及び細長い治療領域は、組織に作用させる(例えば、切開する、横切する、切断する、凝固させる)ために使用される。これらの組織の作用は、クランプアーム(camp arm)104と刃112との間の組織を締め付けることによって、高められてもよい。
一実施形態において、コーティング116は、少なくとも細長い治療領域に対応する、本体108の外側(例えば外部)表面の少なくとも一部分に形成されるか又は施されてよい。コーティング116は、本体108の外側表面に形成された1つ以上の層110を備えてもよい。1つ以上の層110の各々は、1つ以上の材料からなっていてもよい。したがって、一実施形態において、層110は実際には、複数の副層を備えてもよい。一実施形態において、コーティング116は、基層(例えば、下塗り層、第1の層)、並びにオーバーコート層(例えば、仕上げ層、第2の層)及びそれらの間の1つ以上の層110からなってもよい。本体108の表面領域は、本体108への材料層110の接着性を向上させるために、本体108の表面領域に施された表面処理を含んでもよい。コーティングされた刃112は、切開、横切、切断、及び凝固の間、組織の作用を向上させ、発電機のロックアウトを最小限にするか又は排除することによって超音波手術器具の操作安定性を改善する。
図2は、図1の線2−2に沿った、多要素エンドエフェクタ100の超音波刃112の部分の横断面図を示している。図示の実施形態の図2の横断面図に示すように、本体108は、実質的に円形の横断面形状を有している。他の実施形態において、本体108は、任意の好適な横断面形状を有してよく、事実上、対称形であっても非対称形であってもよい。例えば、本体108は、対称形か非対称形であるかにかかわらず、三角形、正方形、長方形、五角形、六角形、任意の好適な多角形、又は不規則な形状を画定する横断面形状を有してよい。本体108は、超音波エネルギーを音波の形式で伝達するのに好適な基礎材料で製作されてもよい。本体108の基礎材料は、例えば、チタン(例えば、Ti6Al−4V ELI)、アルミニウム、ステンレス鋼、又は音波を効率的に伝播するのに好適な任意の材料若しくは組成物を含んでよい。
一実施形態において、コーティング116は、刃本体108の外側表面の少なくとも一部分の上に、1つの層110として形成されてもよい。層110は、少なくとも1つの材料からなってもよく、また他の実施形態においては、図3及び4を参照してより詳細に説明するように、基礎材料(例えば、下塗り層、第1の層)とオーバーコート材料(例えば、仕上げ層、第2の層)とからなる複数の層を含んでもよい。層110の厚さは、約2.54マイクロメートル〜約254マイクロメートル(約0.0001インチ〜約0.010インチ(約0.1ミル〜約10ミル))の範囲にあってよい。コーティング116は、本体108の外側表面を部分的に又は完全に被覆してよい。層110は、本体108全体の上に形成されてもよく、あるいは、本体108の一部分の上に形成されてもよい。コーティング116の材料は、本体108の材料よりも低い摩擦係数を有するように選択されてもよい。
層110は、高分子材料及びポリマー含有材料を含めて多様な材料を含んでよい。「高分子材料」という用語及び「ポリマー」という語は、本明細書で用いられるとき、ホモポリマー、コポリマー、ターポリマーなどを包含するが、これらに限定されるものではない。高分子材料及びポリマー含有材料の非限定的な例には、テトラフルオロエチレン(TFE)とヘキサフルオロプロピレン(HFP)のコポリマー(FEP)、液状のFEP、FEP/セラミックの複合材、液状のFEPセラミックエポキシの複合材、ポリテトラフルオロエチレン(PTFE又はTEFLON(登録商標))、及びPTFE/セラミックの複合材が挙げられる。他の非限定的な実施形態において、層110は、限定されるものではないが、二硫化タングステン、二硫化モリブデン、黒鉛、及びフッ素化ポリマーなどの乾燥塗膜潤滑剤を含んでもよい。更に他の非限定的な実施形態において、層110は、限定されるものではないが、金属酸化物、金属窒化物、及び金属炭化物などのセラミックスを含んでもよい。セラミックスの例には、限定されるものではないが、炭化クロム、炭化タングステン、窒化チタン、アルミナ、窒化クロムが挙げられる。更に他の非限定的な実施形態において、層110は金属を含んでもよい。金属には、限定されるものではないが、アルミニウム、ステンレス鋼、及びモリブデンが挙げられる。他の非限定的な実施形態において、層110は、限定されるものではないが、セラミックに埋め込まれたステンレス鋼などの金属化処理セラミックを含んでもよい。
各種の実施形態において、コーティング116は、層110に関連して先に議論した材料のいずれかを含んだ複数の層において形成されてもよい。多層コーティング又は複合材の例には、限定するものではないが、とりわけ他の好適な材料の中でもモリブデン/アルミナ/炭化タングステン、酸化アルミニウム/ステンレス鋼、15%/15%の酸化アルミニウム/ステンレス鋼、炭化クロム/酸化タングステン、モリブデン/酸化アルミニウム/炭化タングステン、コバルト/モリブデン、グラファイト/タングステン酸化、25%/30%の酸化アルミニウム/ステンレス鋼、モリブデン/酸化アルミニウム/炭化タングステン/ステンレス鋼、又は、炭化クロム/酸化タングステンが挙げられる。
使用中、刃112は、超音波振動、熱、並びに本明細書において外科的物質と呼ばれる血液及びタンパク質の苛性溶液を含めて、特に過酷な環境に暴露され得る。結果的に、過酷な動作環境により、コーティング116は離層、腐食、又は摩耗しがちとなる。したがって、層110は、本体108の基礎材料と層110との間の良好な接着を促進して本体108からの層110の離層、腐食、又は摩耗を防止するかあるいは最小限にする任意の好適な塗布技術を用いて、本体108に塗布されるべきである。層110は、好適な材料塗膜技術、つまり、コーティング、浸漬、吹付け、はけ塗り、乾燥、融解、レーザー硬化、陽極酸化、電気メッキ、無電解化学析出、焼結、溶融硬化(fused curing)、物理蒸着(PVC)、化学蒸着(CVD)、溶射、厚膜高速酸素燃料(HVOF)プラズマ、及び任意の他の好適な材料塗膜技術を用いて本体に塗膜されてよい。他の周知の材料堆積技術が、米国特許第7,041,088号及び同第6,663,941号に記載されており、これらの特許は参照によって本明細書に組み込まれる。1つの好適な材料塗膜技術が、米国コロラド州セデリア(Sedalia)のインテグレーテッドサージカルサイエンス社(ISSC)(Integrated Surgical Sciences, Corp.)によって開発されたプロセスである。別法として、コーティング116を形成するための材料、又はその各種の層を形成する任意の構成材料がISSCから購入され、任意の好適な材料塗膜技術に従って塗膜されてよい。
各種の実施形態において、1つの表面処理又は複数の表面処理が、多様な技術、つまり、ピーニング、サンドブラスト、マイクロブラスト、ビードブラスト、ナーリング(knurling)、型彫り、酸又は塩基でのエッチングなどの化学的処理、レーザーエッチング、プラズマエッチング、コロナ放電エッチング、熱エッチング、彫刻、スコーリング、振動バリ取り、砥粒流動加工、及び他の技術を用いて本体108に施されてよい。表面処理は、有利にも、本体108の表面への層110の接着性を改善することができる。しかしながら、塗膜の間に本体108の損傷を防止するために、表面処理を施すときには注意されるべきであり、本体108が損傷すると、後に、使用中に刃112が破壊されることになり得る。例えば、表面のビードブラストは、エンドエフェクタ本体108における応力集中を増加させることがあり、使用中にエンドエフェクタが破壊されることになり得る。図4Aは、表面処理108Aの一例を示しており、この表面処理108Aは、本体108の表面への層110の接着性を向上させるために本体108の表面に施され得るものである。
使用中、本体108の上に形成されたコーティングを備える刃112は、コーティングされていない刃に対し、切断及び凝固の機能が改善されるなど、いくつかの利点をもたらす。一実施形態において、コーティング116は、本体108の基礎材料の表面のみの摩擦係数よりも低い摩擦係数を有する。したがって、コーティング116は、本体108の少なくとも一部分の上に潤滑層を形成する。潤滑コーティング116を備える刃112は、従来のコーティングされていない裸のエンドエフェクタ刃に対し、いくつかの利益及び/又は利点をもたらす。例えば、コーティングされた刃112は、刃112の長手方向の長さに沿った組織の切断(例えば横切)を改善し、その結果として組織の横切をより均一にし、血管の閉鎖性及び組織層の均質性を改善し、刃112の熱特性及び構造特性を改善し、それによってより均一な組織の横切を促進する。コーティングされた刃112は、組織の切断長さに沿った漿膜同士の間の均一な接着を更に容易にし、したがって、一般に従来のコーティングされていない刃で生じる、組織の切断長さに沿った接着の不連続性を、最小限にするか又は排除することができる。また、コーティング116の潤滑特性により、外科的手技の間、刃112の表面に外科的物質が接着することが最小限となる。先に議論したように、「外科的物質」は、凝固薬、タンパク質、血液、組織、及び/又は他の構成流体を含み、これらは、外科的手技の間に存在することがあり、乾燥し、コーティングされていない刃の表面に付着して、刃の境界面インピーダンスを上昇させることがある。先に議論したように、インピーダンスの増加を補償するために、超音波発電機は、組織の横切を継続するために、ますます多量の電力を刃に供給するが、やがて、発電機によって送給される電力は、発電機が停止するか又は「ロックアウト」となる所定の閾値を超えることになる。先に議論したように、ロックアウトとは、エンドエフェクタのインピーダンスが非常に高くなり、発電機が有意味な量の電力を組織に与えることができなくなる状態である。したがって、外科的物質の堆積、集積、及び付着を最小限にすることにより、コーティングされた刃112は、組織を横切するときに刃112を操作するのに必要な電力を低減する。結果として、コーティングされた刃112は、発電機によって供給される電力を最小限にし、発電機のロックアウトを最小限にするかあるいは防止する。
当業者には明らかなように、超音波エンドエフェクタ刃は比較的効率的であり、エンドエフェクタ刃を駆動するのに必要な電力は、組織の負荷に伝達される動力と適切に相関する。本質的に、潤滑コーティング116は、刃112と組織との間の摩擦を低減し、したがって刃112の熱プロファイルを低減する。組織はコーティング116に付着しないため、コーティングされていない刃と比べて、より容易にかつ均一に刃112から剥離し、正確に予測されない相乗効果的な作用を与える、コーティングされていない刃と比べて、必要となる平均の電力引き出し量がより少なくなり(加えられる総エネルギーがより少なくなり)、また必要となる時間がより短くなる(加えられる総エネルギーが更に少なくなる)。ある事例において、例えば、組織を横切するのに必要な時間は、34%も短縮されることがある。加えて、コーティングされた刃112により、外科的手技の間に生じ得る発電機のロックアウトの回数が減少するか又は最小限となるため、コーティングされた刃112により、外科的手技を完了するのに必要な総時間は更に相当に短縮される。
一般に周知であるが、組織パッドは、組織パッドと刃との間に組織が存在しないときに刃と摩擦係合することが原因で、時間の経過と共に劣化し摩耗する傾向がある。潤滑コーティング116は、しかしながら、コーティングされた刃112と組織パッド106との間の摩擦係数をも低下させ、結果として組織パッド106の寿命を延長することができる。したがって、コーティングされた刃112は、摩減及び刃112との摩擦係合によって生じる組織パッド106の劣化及び変質を、軽減するか又は最小限にすることができる。結果的に、コーティングされた刃112は、従来のコーティングされていない刃と比較して、組織パッド106の操作寿命を相当に延長することができる。
図3は、多要素エンドエフェクタ200の一実施形態を示している。図示の実施形態において、多要素エンドエフェクタ200は、開位置に示されたクランプアームアセンブリ202を備えており、クランプアームアセンブリ202は、超音波手術刃212(刃)に作動的に結合されている。多要素エンドエフェクタ200は、例えば、クランプ式の凝固型超音波器具に用いられてもよい。クランプアームアセンブリ202は、クランプアーム104と、クランプアーム104に取り付けられた組織パッド106とを備えている。刃212は、超音波手術器具において使用するのに好適な超音波伝播要素である。本体108は、図1及び2を参照して先に議論したものであり、刃212の一部分を形成している。先に議論したように、本体108は、近位端部と遠位端部とを含み、それらの間の細長い治療領域を画定している。近位端部は、直接的に又は超音波伝達導波管を通じて超音波トランスデューサに結合されるように適合され構成されている。遠位端部及び治療領域は、組織に作用させる(例えば、切開する、横切する、切断する、凝固させる)ために使用される。一実施形態において、コーティング216は、少なくとも細長い治療領域に対応する、本体108の外側表面の少なくとも一部分に形成される。コーティング216は、少なくとも2つの材料層210、214を備えてもよい。図示の実施形態において、下塗り層214(例えば、基層、第1の層)が本体108の外側表面に形成されてもよい。オーバーコート層210(例えば、仕上げ層、第2の層)が下塗り層214の上に形成されてもよい。一実施形態において、オーバーコート層210は、下塗り層214の一部分の上に形成されてもよい。下塗り層214は、本体108の外側表面との好適な接着接合をなしており、本体108へのオーバーコート層210の接着性を向上させるように配合されている。下塗り層214及び/又はオーバーコート層210はそれぞれ、複数の材料層を備えてもよい。層210、214は、図1及び2を参照して本明細書で議論した技術(例えば、ISSCによって開発されたコーティング塗膜プロセス)を含めて、任意の好適な材料塗膜技術を用いて本体108に形成されてよい。
図4は、図3の線4−4に沿った、多要素エンドエフェクタ200の超音波刃212の部分の横断面図を示している。図4の横断面図に示すように、図示の実施形態において、コーティング216は、複数の材料層214、210を備えている。下塗り層214は、本体108に塗膜される最初の層である。各種の実施形態において、下塗り層214は、ポリマー若しくは高分子材料及び/又はセラミックを含んでもよい。各種の実施形態において、下塗り層214は、FEP又は液状のFEPを含んでもよい。一実施形態において、下塗り層214は、酸化アルミニウム又は酸化アルミニウムを含有する任意の好適な材料組成を含んでもよい。別の実施形態において、下塗り層214は、窒化チタン又は窒化チタンを含有する任意の好適な材料組成を含んでもよい。次いで、オーバーコート層210が下塗り層214の材料の上に塗膜されて、コーティング216の仕上げ層が形成されており、この仕上げ層は、図1及び2を参照して先に議論したコーティング116と類似した潤滑特性を有している。オーバーコート層210は、下塗り層214の一部分に塗膜されてもよく、あるいは下塗り層214の全体にわたって塗膜されてもよい。オーバーコート層210は、高分子材料及びポリマー含有材料を含めて多様な材料を含んでよい。先に議論したように、「高分子材料」という用語及び「ポリマー」という語は、本明細書で用いられるとき、ホモポリマー、コポリマー、ターポリマーなどを包含するが、これらに限定されるものではない。先に議論したように、高分子及びポリマー含有材料の非限定的な例には、FEP、液状のFEP、FEP/セラミックの複合材、液状のFEPセラミックエポキシの複合材、PTFE、及びPTFE/セラミックの複合材が挙げられる。他の非限定的な実施形態において、オーバーコート層210は、限定されるものではないが、二硫化タングステン、二硫化モリブデン、黒鉛、及びフッ素化ポリマーなどの乾燥塗膜潤滑剤を含んでもよい。更に他の非限定的な実施形態において、オーバーコート層210は、限定されるものではないが、金属酸化物、金属窒化物、及び金属炭化物などのセラミックスを含んでもよい。セラミックスの例には、限定されるものではないが、炭化クロム、炭化タングステン、窒化チタン、アルミナ、窒化クロムが挙げられる。更に他の非限定的な実施形態において、オーバーコート層210は金属を含んでもよい。金属には、限定されるものではないが、アルミニウム、ステンレス鋼、及びモリブデンが挙げられる。他の非限定的な実施形態において、オーバーコート層210は、限定されるものではないが、セラミックに埋め込まれたステンレス鋼など、金属化処理セラミックを含んでもよい。一実施形態において、オーバーコート層210は、通常の粉末塗装技術を用いて塗膜されてもよい。
図4Aは、図4に示す刃216の一実施形態の横断面部分の拡大図である。図4Aに示すように、一実施形態において、本体108の外側表面への下塗り層214の材料の接着を更に強化又は促進するために、本体108の表面は、下塗り層214の塗膜に先立って好適な表面処理108Aで調製されてもよい。別の実施形態において、下塗り層214へのオーバーコート層210の接着を強化するために、オーバーコート層210の塗膜に先立って、下塗り層214の表面に表面処理が施されてもよい。表面処理108Aは、約0.41マイクロメートル(約16マイクロインチ(μインチ))〜約6.5マイクロメートル(約256μインチ)の所定の表面粗さRを生じるように、図1及び2を参照して先に説明した技術(例えば、ピーニング、マイクロブラスト、サンドブラスト、ビードブラスト、ナーリング(knurling)、型彫り、酸又は塩基でのエッチングなどの化学的処理、レーザーエッチング、プラズマエッチング、コロナ放電エッチング、熱エッチング、彫刻、スコーリング、及び他の技術)のいずれかを用いて本体108の表面に施されてよい。一実施形態において、表面処理は、例えば、約0.41マイクロメートル(約16μインチ)〜約1.6マイクロメートル(約63μインチ)の所定の表面粗さRを生じるように、本体108の外側表面に施されてよい。しかしながら、他の表面粗さを生じてもよい。本体108を下塗り層214でコーティングした後、完成した製品の好ましい表面粗さRの範囲は、約0.41マイクロメートル(約16μインチ)〜約0.81マイクロメートル(約32μインチ)となる。
図4Bは、図4に示す刃216の一実施形態の横断面部分の拡大図である。図4Bに示すように、一実施形態において、下塗り層218が、直接、本体108の外側表面に形成されてもよい。一実施形態において、下塗り層218は、所定の表面粗さを有する表面220を有し、表面220は、下塗り層218への上塗り層210の接着を強化又は促進する。一実施形態において、表面220は、粗い窒化チタンコーティングを下塗り層218として使用することで得られてもよい。下塗り層218の粗い表面220は、低い摩擦係数を有する上塗り層210に、良好な接合表面を与える。窒化チタンを含んだ下塗り層218は、表面処理の必要なしに、本体108の外側表面への良好な接合をもたらす。別の実施形態において、表面220は、低い摩擦係数を有する上塗り層210に良好な接合表面を与えるように、粗い酸化アルミニウムコーティングを下塗り層218として使用することで得られてもよい。酸化アルミニウムコーティングはまた、表面処理の必要なしに、本体108の外側表面への良好な接合をもたらすことができる。
図4Cは、図4に示す刃216の一実施形態の横断面部分の拡大図である。図4Cに示すように、一実施形態において、下塗り層222が、直接、本体108の外側表面に形成されてもよい。一実施形態において、下塗り層222は、下塗り層222への上塗り層210の接着を強化又は促進する表面を有する。
各種の実施形態において、下塗り層214、218、222のいずれかが、本体108の表面を不動態化してオーバーコート層210の接着をより良好にする、酸化アルミニウム、窒化チタン、FEP、又は液状のFEPを含んでもよい。各種の実施形態において、下塗り層214、218、222のいずれかが、酸化アルミニウム、窒化チタン、FEP又は液状のFEPから本質的になっていてもよい。他の実施形態において、下塗り層214、218、222のいずれかが、図2〜4を参照して先に議論した基礎材料のいずれかを含んでもよい。
図5は、多要素エンドエフェクタ300の一実施形態を示している。図示の実施形態において、多要素エンドエフェクタ300は、開位置に示されたクランプアームアセンブリ302を備えており、クランプアームアセンブリ302は、超音波手術刃312(刃)に作動的に結合されている。多要素エンドエフェクタ300は、例えば、クランプ式の凝固型超音波器具に用いられてもよい。クランプアームアセンブリ302は、クランプアーム104と、クランプアーム104に取り付けられた組織パッド106とを備えている。刃312は、超音波手術器具において使用するのに好適な超音波伝播要素である。本体108は、図1〜4を参照して先に議論したものであり、刃312の一部分を形成している。先に議論したように、本体108は、近位端部と遠位端部とを含み、それらの間の細長い治療領域を画定している。近位端部は、直接的に又は超音波伝達導波管を通じて超音波トランスデューサに結合するように適合され構成されている。遠位端部及び細長い治療領域は、組織に作用させる(例えば、切開する、横切する、切断する、凝固させる)ために使用される。表面処理310が、少なくとも細長い治療領域に対応する本体108の外側表面に施されてもよい。当業者には明らかなように、特定の表面粗さRを有する表面処理310は、本体108の基礎構造が損なわれないという条件で、例えば、図2を参照して先に説明した周知の技術を用いて生成されてもよい。
図6は、図5の線6−6に沿った、多要素エンドエフェクタ300の超音波刃312の部分の横断面図を示している。図5及び6を参照すると、一実施形態において、表面処理310(例えば粗さ)は、本体108の外側表面に形成されるか又は施されてもよく、あるいは、図7及び8を参照して後に本明細書で説明するように、本体108に塗膜されたコーティング層の外側表面に形成されてもよい。好適な表面処理310は、本体108の、処理されていない外側表面領域の摩擦係数よりも高い摩擦係数を有する。粗い「摩擦性」表面処理310は、約0.41マイクロメートル(約16μインチ)〜約6.5マイクロメートル(約256μインチ)の所定の表面粗さRを有する。一実施形態において、粗い「摩擦性」表面処理310は、約0.81マイクロメートル(約32μインチ)の所定の表面粗さRを有する。刃312が血管の壁と摩擦係合し(把持し)、血管の壁を安定化させ、結果として、血管の閉鎖を改善し、より確実にするのを支援するために、表面処理310は、本体108の外側表面に形成されてもよい。表面処理310はより粗いものであるため、刃312は、血管の壁が閉鎖線から離れるのを防止するのに十分に長い時間にわたって、組織と係合した状態を維持する。当業者には明らかなように、結果的に、これにより、閉鎖線の一方からもう一方への組織の膠原質の伝達が促進されて、非常に確実な閉鎖が生じる。
図7は、多要素エンドエフェクタ400の一実施形態を示している。図示の実施形態において、多要素エンドエフェクタ400は、開位置に示されたクランプアームアセンブリ402を備えており、クランプアームアセンブリ402は、超音波手術刃412(刃)に作動的に結合されている。多要素エンドエフェクタ400は、例えば、クランプ式の凝固超音波器具に用いられてもよい。クランプアームアセンブリ402は、クランプアーム104と、クランプアーム104に取り付けられた組織パッド106とを備えている。刃412は、超音波手術器具において使用するのに好適な超音波伝播要素である。本体108は、図1〜6を参照して先に議論した通りのものであり、刃412の一部分を形成している。先に議論したように、本体108は、近位端部と遠位端部とを含み、それらの間の細長い治療領域を画定している。近位端部は、直接的に又は超音波伝達導波管を通じて超音波トランスデューサに結合するように適合され構成されている。遠位端部及び治療領域は、組織に作用させる(例えば、切開する、横切する、切断する、凝固させる)ために使用される。一実施形態において、第1の材料層410を備えるコーティング416が、先に説明した材料塗膜技術(例えば、ISCCによって開発されたコーティング塗膜プロセス)のいずれかを用いて本体108の外側表面に形成されてよい。第1の層410は、図2を参照して先に説明した、高分子材料、乾燥塗膜潤滑剤、セラミックス、金属、及び金属化処理セラミックスのいずれかを含んでもよい。
図8は、図7の線8−8に沿った、多要素エンドエフェクタ400の超音波刃412の部分の横断面図を示している。約0.41マイクロメートル(約16μインチ)〜約6.5マイクロメートル(約256μインチ)の所定の表面粗さRを有する表面処理414が、図2を参照して先に議論した技術のいずれかを用いて、層410の上に生成されてよい。本体108は、近位端部と遠位端部との間に延びる長手方向軸Aを画定している。本体108の遠位端部は、長手方向軸Aに沿って伝播する、トランスデューサで生成された振動によって、長手方向軸Aに対して移動可能である。図7及び8を参照すると、一実施形態において、約0.41マイクロメートル(約16μインチ)〜約6.5マイクロメートル(約256μインチ)の所定の表面粗さRを有する表面処理414が、第1の層410又はその一部分の上に形成されてもよい。しかしながら、他の好適な値の表面粗さRが良好に生成され得る。例えば、刃412が、血管の壁を把持し安定化させ、より良好でより確実な血管の閉鎖を生じさせるのを支援するために、第1の層410の摩擦係数よりも高い摩擦係数を有する、所定の表面粗さRの表面処理が、第1の層410の上に生成されてもよい。第1の層410よりもわずかに高い摩擦係数を有する表面処理414により、接合された血管壁が、閉鎖手術を完了する前に閉鎖線から離れるか又は後退するのを防止するのに十分に長い時間にわたって、刃412は、組織と係合した状態を維持することが可能となっている。言うまでもなく、コーティング410の潤滑特性を切断操作に利用する一方で、より粗い表面処理414の部分を閉鎖操作に利用するために、表面処理414は本体108の一部分の上に形成されてもよい。
図9は、多要素エンドエフェクタ500の一実施形態を示している。図示の実施形態において、多要素エンドエフェクタ500は、開位置に示されたクランプアームアセンブリ502を備えており、クランプアームアセンブリ502は、超音波手術刃512(刃)に作動的に結合されている。多要素エンドエフェクタ500は、例えば、クランプ式の凝固型超音波器具に用いられてもよい。クランプアームアセンブリ502は、クランプアーム104と、クランプアーム104に取り付けられた組織パッド106とを備えている。刃512は、超音波手術器具において使用するのに好適な超音波伝播要素である。本体108は、図1〜8を参照して先に議論した通りのものであり、刃512の一部分を形成している。先に議論したように、本体108は、近位端部と遠位端部とを含み、それらの間の細長い治療領域を画定している。近位端部は、直接的に又は超音波伝達導波管を通じて超音波トランスデューサに結合するように適合され構成されている。遠位端部及び治療領域は、組織に作用させる(例えば、切開する、横切する、切断する、凝固させる)ために使用される。
図10は、図9の線10−10に沿った、多要素エンドエフェクタ500の超音波刃512の部分の横断面図を示している。材料層510を備えるコーティング516が、刃本体108の外側表面の少なくとも一部分に形成されてもよい。1つ以上の材料層510が、本明細書で議論した任意の好適な塗膜技術(例えば、ISSCによって開発されたコーティング塗膜プロセス)を用いて本体108に形成されてよい。
図9及び10を参照すると、一実施形態において、1つ以上の材料層510は、層510が本体108の外側表面の周りで可変の厚さを有するように、刃512に不均一に形成されてもよい。図示の実施形態において、層510は、熱接合を支援するためにより厚く形成されている。一実施形態において、より薄い層510aが、本体108の上面部分に形成されてもよく、この上表面部分において刃516と組織パッド106が接触し、また、より厚い材料層510bが、本体108の側方表面部分に形成されてもよい。任意の好適な厚さの層510cが、本体108の上表面部分の反対側の下表面部分に形成されてもよい。図示の実施形態において、本体108の下表面部分の層510cは、より薄い層510aと同じ厚さで形成されている。他の実施形態において、本体108の下表面部分における層510cは、より厚い層510bと同じ厚さで、層510bよりも厚く、あるいは他の好適な厚さで形成されてもよい。他の実施形態において、これらの閉鎖領域に対する過度の熱的損傷を防止するために、本体108の側方部分において厚さが異なる複数の層が形成されてもよい。1つ以上の材料層510は、図2を参照して先に議論した、ポリマー材料、乾燥塗膜潤滑剤、セラミックス、金属、及び金属化処理セラミックスのいずれかを含んでもよい。他の実施形態において、1つ以上の材料層510の塗膜に先立って、下塗り層及び/又は表面処理が本体108の外側表面に加えられてもよい。刃512の一実施形態が下塗り層を備える限りにおいて、その下塗り層は、図2及び4を参照して先に議論した基礎材料のいずれかを含んでもよい。刃512の一実施形態が表面処理を含む限りにおいて、その表面処理は、図2及び4Aを参照して先に議論した技術に従って施されてよい。
図11は、多要素エンドエフェクタ700の一実施形態を示している。図示の実施形態において、多要素エンドエフェクタ700は、開位置に示されたクランプアームアセンブリ702を備えており、クランプアームアセンブリ702は、超音波手術刃712(刃)に作動的に結合されている。多要素エンドエフェクタ700は、例えば、クランプ式の凝固型超音波器具に用いられてもよい。クランプアームアセンブリ702は、クランプアーム104と、クランプアーム104に取り付けられた組織パッド106とを備えている。刃712は、超音波手術器具において使用するのに好適な超音波伝播要素である。本体108は、図1〜10を参照して先に議論した通りのものであり、刃712の一部分を形成している。先に議論したように、本体108は、近位端部と遠位端部とを備え、細長い治療領域を画定している。近位端部は、直接的に又は超音波伝達導波管を通じて超音波トランスデューサに結合するように適合され構成されている。遠位端部及び治療領域は、組織に作用させる(例えば、切開する、横切する、切断する、凝固させる)ために使用される。
図12は、図11の線12−12に沿った、多要素エンドエフェクタ700の超音波刃712の部分の横断面図を示している。各種の実施形態において、コーティング716が、刃本体108の外側表面に形成されてもよい。コーティング716は、1つ以上の材料層、表面処理、及び/又はそれらの組み合わせを含んでもよい。図示の実施形態において、第1の層710及び第2の層714が、本体108の外側表面に形成されている。一実施形態において、第2の層714は、第1の層710の一部分の上に形成されてもよい。1つ以上の材料層710、714が、本明細書で議論した技術を含めて、任意の好適な材料塗膜技術(例えば、ISSCによって開発されたコーティング塗膜プロセス)を用いて本体108に形成されてよい。図12に示すように、刃712は、厚さが各々で異なる複数の材料層を備えてもよい。第1の層710は、例えば、本体108の側方表面部分においてより厚く形成されてもよく、また本体108の上表面部分においてより薄く形成されてもよく、この上表面部分で刃712は組織パッド106と接触する。第2の層714が、第1の層710に形成されてもよい。第2の層714は、刃712が組織パッド106と接触する、本体108の上表面部分においてはより厚く、本体108の横表面部分においては相対的により薄く形成されてもよい。ある材料塗膜技術において、第1の層710は本体108に塗膜され、それに続いて、第2の層714は、第1の層710の上に、あるいは、図12に示すように、第1の層710の一部分の上に塗膜される。第1及び第2の層710、714は、図2及び4を参照して先に議論した、高分子材料、乾燥塗膜潤滑剤、セラミックス、金属、及び金属化処理セラミックスのいずれかを含んでもよい。他の実施形態において、第1及び第2の層710、714の塗膜に先立って、下塗り層及び/又は表面処理が本体108の外側表面に塗膜されてもよい。刃712の一実施形態が下塗り層を備える限りにおいて、その下塗り層は、図2及び4を参照して議論した基礎材料のいずれかを含んでもよい。刃712の一実施形態が表面処理を含む限りにおいて、その表面処理は、図2及び4Aを参照して先に議論した技術に従って施されてよい。
図13は、単要素エンドエフェクタ800の一実施形態を示している。一実施形態において、単要素エンドエフェクタ800は、図1及び2に関連して示し説明した超音波手術刃112(刃)を備える。単要素エンドエフェクタ800は、例えば、メス、フック、又はボールコアギュレータであってもよい。先に議論したように、コーティング116は、本体108の外側表面の少なくとも一部分に形成されてもよい。コーティング116はまた、本体108の外側表面に形成された1つ以上の層110を備えてもよい。
図14は、図13の線14−14に沿った、単要素エンドエフェクタ800の超音波刃112の部分の横断面図を示している。図14の横断面図に示すように、図示の実施形態において、刃112及び本体108は、実質的に円形の横断面形状を有してもよい。他の実施形態において、刃112の形状は、図2を参照して説明した形状のいずれかなど、使用されるエンドエフェクタのタイプに応じて選択されてもよい。
図15は、多要素エンドエフェクタ900の一実施形態を示している。図示の実施形態において、多要素エンドエフェクタ900は、開位置に示されたクランプアームアセンブリ902を備えており、クランプアームアセンブリ902は、超音波手術刃912(刃)に作動的に結合されている。多要素エンドエフェクタ900は、例えば、クランプ式の凝固型超音波器具に用いられてもよい。クランプアームアセンブリ902は、クランプアーム104と、クランプアーム104に取り付けられた組織パッド106とを備えている。刃912は、超音波手術器具において使用するのに好適な超音波伝播要素である。本体108は、図1〜14を参照して先に議論した通りのものであり、刃912の一部分を形成している。先に議論したように、本体108は、近位端部と遠位端部とを備え、細長い治療領域を画定している。近位端部は、直接的に又は超音波伝達導波管を通じて超音波トランスデューサに結合するように適合され構成されている。遠位端部及び治療領域は、組織に作用させる(例えば、切開する、横切する、切断する、凝固させる)ために使用される。コーティング916は、本体108の外側表面の少なくとも一部分に形成されてもよい。コーティング916はまた、本体108の外側表面に形成された1つ以上の層910、914を備えてもよい。
図16は、図15の線16−16に沿った、多要素エンドエフェクタ900の超音波刃912の部分の横断面図を示している。各種の実施形態において、コーティング916は、刃本体108の外側表面の一部分に形成されてもよい。一実施形態において、コーティング916は、第1の層910(例えば、下塗り層、第1の層)と第2の層914(例えば、上塗り層、第2の層)とを備えてもよい。一実施形態において、第2の層914は、第1の層910の一部分の上に形成されてもよい。第1及び第2の層910、914は、図2及び4を参照して先に議論した、高分子材料、乾燥塗膜潤滑剤、セラミックス、金属、及び金属化処理セラミックスのいずれかを含んでもよい。他の実施形態において、第1及び第2の層910、914の塗膜に先立って、表面処理剤が本体108の外側表面に塗膜されてもよい。刃912の一実施形態が表面処理を含む限りにおいて、その表面処理は、図2及び4Aを参照して先に議論した技術に従って施されてよい。
図17は、多要素エンドエフェクタ1000の一実施形態を示している。図示の実施形態において、多要素エンドエフェクタ1000は、開位置に示されたクランプアームアセンブリ1002を備えており、クランプアームアセンブリ1002は、超音波手術刃1012(刃)に作動的に結合されている。多要素エンドエフェクタ1000は、例えば、クランプ式の凝固型超音波器具に用いられてもよい。クランプアームアセンブリ1002は、クランプアーム104と、クランプアーム104に取り付けられた組織パッド106とを備えている。刃1012は、超音波手術器具において使用するのに好適な超音波伝播要素である。本体108は、図1〜16を参照して先に議論した通りのものであり、刃1012の一部分を形成している。先に議論したように、本体108は、近位端部と遠位端部とを備え、細長い治療領域を画定している。近位端部は、直接的に又は超音波伝達導波管を通じて超音波トランスデューサに結合するように適合され構成されている。遠位端部及び治療領域は、組織に作用させる(例えば、切開する、横切する、切断する、凝固させる)ために使用される。コーティング1016は、本体108の外側表面の少なくとも一部分に形成されてもよい。コーティング1016はまた、本体108の外側表面に形成された1つ以上の層1010、1014を備えてもよい。
図18は、図17の線18−18に沿った、多要素エンドエフェクタ1000の超音波刃1012の部分の横断面図を示している。各種の実施形態において、コーティング1016は、刃本体108の外側表面の遠位端部に形成されてもよい。コーティング1016は、第1の層1010(例えば、下塗り層、第1の層)、第2の材料層1014(例えば、上塗り層、第2の層)、表面処理剤、及び/又はそれらの組み合わせを備えてもよい。第1及び第2の層1010、1014は、図2及び4を参照して先に議論した、高分子材料、乾燥塗膜潤滑剤、セラミックス、金属、及び金属化処理セラミックスのいずれかを含んでもよい。他の実施形態において、第1及び第2の層1010、1014の塗膜に先立って、表面処理剤が本体108の外側表面に塗膜されてもよい。刃1012の一実施形態が表面処理を含む限りにおいて、その表面処理は、図2及び4Aを参照して先に議論した技術に従って施されてもよい。
ここで図1〜18を参照すると、各種の実施形態において、刃112(212、312、412、512、612、712、912、1012)は、図示の円形の横断面形状に加えて、様々な横断面の外形及び形状を有してよく、それらは事実上、対称形であっても非対称形であってもよい。例えば、刃は、正方形、長方形、三角形、又は他の多角形の横断面形状を含んでもよい。先に議論したように、各種の実施形態において、本体108はまた、多様な対称形又は非対称形の形状を含んでよい。例えば、本体108は、1つ以上の方向において曲線状であってもよい。曲線状の又は非対称形の刃の更なる詳細が、参照によって本明細書に組み込まれる米国特許第6,283,981号に記載されている。
更に他の実施形態において、本体108は、治療領域の近位端部から突出するネック又は遷移部分を伴って構成されてもよい。ネック部分は、例えば、鋲、溶接、接着剤、急速継ぎ手、又は他の好適な取付け方法によって、超音波伝達導波管に取り付けられるように構成されてもよい。各種の他の実施形態において、本体108及び超音波伝達導波管は、単一の一体型の本体として形成されてもよい。いずれの構成においても、超音波伝達導波管は、当該技術分野で周知のように、本体108に伝達された機械的振動を増幅する利得ステップを有してもよい。
図1〜18を参照すると、一実施形態において、本明細書で説明したエンドエフェクタ(例えば、刃112、212、312、412、512、612、712、912、1012)のいずれかが、組織との摩擦係合(例えば把持)を達成して組織の閉鎖を改善するために、柔軟な又は偏向可能な材料層で形成されたコーティングを備えてもよい。偏向可能な材料の例には、約25ショア単位〜約70ショア単位のショアDのジュロメータ硬さを有する材料が挙げられる。他の実施形態において、エンドエフェクタは、クリップ及びファスナによる増強などの他の技術と組み合わされた材料層から形成されたコーティングを含んでもよい。他の実施形態において、閉鎖部位から圧出された流体の吸引及び除去を促進して、閉鎖の非付加価値部分への過度な熱的損傷を防止するために、エンドエフェクタは、長手方向軸Aを通じて形成されたルーメンを含んでもよい。他の実施形態において、エンドエフェクタは、軟骨及び硬骨などの扱いにくい/堅い組織に使用するのに好適な1つ以上の材料層から形成されたコーティングを含んでもよい。他の実施形態において、エンドエフェクタは、軟骨及び硬骨などの扱いにくい/硬い組織に使用するのに好適な、表面粗さRを有する表面処理を有してもよい。
本明細書で開示した装置は、1回の使用後に処分されるように設計されることができ、あるいは、それらの装置は、複数回使用されるように設計されることもできる。しかしながら、いずれの場合も、装置は少なくとも1回の使用後に再利用のために再調整され得る。再調整することは、装置を分解する工程、それに続いて特定の部片を洗浄又は交換する工程、及びその後に再組み立てする工程の任意の組み合わせを含むことができる。特に、装置は分解されることができ、また、装置の任意の個数の特定の部片又は部品が、任意の組み合わせで選択的に交換されるか、あるいは取り外され得る。特定の部品の洗浄及び/又は交換の際、装置は、再調整用の施設で、又は外科的手技の直前に外科チームによって、後の使用のために再組み立てされ得る。装置の再調整では、分解、洗浄/交換、及び再組み立てのための様々な技術が利用され得ることは、当業者には理解されよう。そのような技術の利用、及びその結果として得られる再調整された装置はすべて、本開示の範囲に含まれる。
本明細書で説明したエンドエフェクタ(例えば、刃112、212、312、412、512、612、712、912、1012)はいずれも、少なくとも1回の使用後に、再使用のために再調整されてよい。一実施形態において、再調整することは、超音波手術刃を入手し、第1の材料の少なくとも1つの層を本体108の少なくとも一部分に塗膜して、本体108の外側表面に潤滑コーティングを形成することを含み得る。潤滑コーティングは、本明細書で説明した材料塗膜技術を含めて、任意の好適な材料塗膜技術に従って塗膜されてよい。次いで、超音波手術刃を滅菌し、超音波手術刃を滅菌容器に保管する。別の実施形態において、再調整することは、超音波手術刃を入手し、少なくとも1つの表面処理を本体108の少なくとも一部分に形成して、本体108の外側表面に摩擦性のコーティングを生成することを含み得る。表面処理は、本明細書で説明した表面処理技術を含めて、任意の好適な表面処理技術に従って施されてよい。次いで、超音波手術刃を滅菌し、超音波手術刃を滅菌容器に保管する。
好ましくは、本明細書で説明した各種の実施形態は、手術前に処理される。まず、新品の又は使用済みの器具が入手され、必要に応じて洗浄される。器具は次いで、滅菌され得る。ある滅菌技術において、器具は、プラスチック製又はタイベック(TYVEK)(登録商標)製のバックなど、閉じられ密封された容器に置かれる。次いで、容器と器具は、γ放射線、X線、又は高エネルギー電子など、容器を透過し得る放射線の場に置かれる。放射線により、器具上及び容器内の細菌が死滅される。次いで、滅菌された器具は、滅菌容器に保管され得る。密封された容器は、医療施設で開けられるまで、器具を滅菌状態に保つ。
装置は滅菌されることが好ましい。これは、β線又はγ線、酸化エチレン、水蒸気を含めて、当業者に知られる多数の方式で行われ得る。したがって、一実施形態において、近位端部と遠位端部と外側表面とを有する本体を備える超音波手術刃が得られ、遠位端部は、近位端部に加えられた超音波振動に応じて長手方向軸に対して移動可能であり、潤滑コーティングが、本体の外側表面の少なくとも一部分に形成されている。次いで、超音波手術刃は滅菌され、滅菌容器に保管される。別の実施形態において、近位端部と遠位端部と外側表面とを有する本体を備える超音波手術刃が得られ、遠位端部は、近位端部に加えられた超音波振動によって長手方向軸に対して移動可能であり、所定の表面粗さを有する所定の表面処理が、本体の少なくとも一部分に形成されている。次いで、超音波手術刃は滅菌され、滅菌容器に保管される。
各種の実施形態について本明細書で説明してきたが、それらの実施形態に対する多数の修正及び変更が実施されてもよい。例えば、種々のタイプのエンドエフェクタが用いられてもよい。加えて、説明した実施形態の組み合わせが用いられてもよい。例えば、刃のコーティングは、本明細書で説明した層材料と表面処理の任意の組み合わせから形成されてもよい。また、各材料が特定の構成要素に関して開示されているが、他の材料が使用されてもよい。上記の説明及び以下の特許請求の範囲は、そのようなすべての修正及び変形を網羅することを意図したものである。
参照によって本明細書に組み込まれると述べられた任意の特許、公報、又は他の開示資料は、部分的にあるいは全体的に、その組み込まれた資料が既存の定義、記載内容、又は本開示に示した他の開示資料と矛盾しない範囲で、本明細書に組み込まれる。したがって、必要な範囲で、本明細書に明示的に示した開示内容は、参照によって本明細書に組み込まれる、矛盾するいかなる文献にも優先する。参照によって本明細書に組み込まれると述べられた資料又はその一部分であっても、既存の定義、記載内容、又は本明細書に示された他の開示要素と矛盾するものは、その組み込まれる要素と既存の開示資料との間に矛盾が生じない範囲でのみ組み込まれる。
〔実施の態様〕
(1) 近位端部と、遠位端部と、外側表面とを有する本体を備え、前記遠位端部が、前記近位端部に加えられた超音波振動に従って長手方向軸に対して移動可能であり、前記本体の前記外側表面の少なくとも一部分が、その一部分に付着された潤滑コーティングを備え、前記潤滑コーティングが、前記本体の前記外側表面の摩擦係数よりも低い摩擦係数を有する、超音波手術刃。
(2) 前記潤滑コーティングが高分子材料を含む、実施態様1に記載の超音波手術刃。
(3) 前記高分子材料が、テトラフルオロエチレン(TFE)とヘキサフルオロプロピレン(HFP)のコポリマー(FEP)、液体のFEP、FEP/セラミックの複合材、液体のFEPセラミックエポキシの複合材、ポリテトラフルオロエチレン(PTFE)、及びPTFE/セラミックの複合材からなる群から選択される、実施態様2に記載の超音波手術刃。
(4) 前記潤滑コーティングが乾燥塗膜潤滑剤を含む、実施態様1に記載の超音波手術刃。
(5) 前記乾燥塗膜潤滑剤が、二硫化タングステン、二硫化モリブデン、黒鉛、及びフッ素化ポリマーからなる群から選択される、実施態様4に記載の超音波手術刃。
(6) 前記潤滑コーティングがセラミックを含む、実施態様1に記載の超音波手術刃。
(7) 前記セラミックが、炭化クロム、炭化タングステン、窒化チタン、アルミナ、及び窒化クロムからなる群から選択される、実施態様6に記載の超音波手術刃。
(8) 前記潤滑コーティングが金属を含む、実施態様1に記載の超音波手術刃。
(9) 前記金属が、アルミニウム、ステンレス鋼、及びモリブデンからなる群から選択される、実施態様8に記載の超音波手術刃。
(10) 前記潤滑コーティングが金属化処理セラミックを含む、実施態様1に記載の超音波手術刃。
(11) 前記金属化処理セラミックが、セラミックに埋め込まれたステンレス鋼からなる、実施態様10に記載の超音波手術刃。
(12) 前記潤滑コーティングが、前記本体の一部分の上の柔軟な偏向可能な材料を含み、前記偏向可能な材料が、約25〜約70ショア単位のジュロメータ硬さを有する、実施態様1に記載の超音波手術刃。
(13) 前記本体の前記外側表面の前記少なくとも一部分への材料の接着性を向上させるために、前記本体の前記外側表面の前記少なくとも一部分に形成された表面処理を備える、実施態様1に記載の超音波手術刃。
(14) 前記表面処理が、約0.41マイクロメートル(約16マイクロインチ(μインチ))〜約6.5マイクロメートル(約256μインチ)の範囲の表面粗さ(R)を有する、実施態様13に記載の超音波手術刃。
(15) 前記潤滑コーティングが、前記本体の前記外側表面の少なくとも一部分に接着された第1の層を備える、実施態様1に記載の超音波手術刃。
(16) 前記第1の層が、前記本体の前記外側表面の少なくとも一部分の上に形成された酸化アルミニウム、窒化チタン、及びFEPからなる群から選択された下塗り層を含む、実施態様15に記載の超音波手術刃。
(17) 前記第1の層が、約2.54マイクロメートル〜約254マイクロメートル(約0.0001インチ〜約0.010インチ)の厚さを有する、実施態様15に記載の超音波手術刃。
(18) 前記第1の層が、前記本体の前記外側表面の周りで不均一な厚さを有する、実施態様17に記載の超音波手術刃。
(19) 前記潤滑コーティングが、第1の層の少なくとも一部分に接着された第2の層を備える、実施態様1に記載の超音波手術刃。
(20) 前記第2の層が、約2.54マイクロメートル〜約254マイクロメートル(約0.0001インチ〜約0.010インチ)の厚さを有する、実施態様19に記載の超音波手術刃。
(21) 前記第2の層が、前記本体の前記外側表面の周りで不均一な厚さを有する、実施態様19に記載の超音波手術刃。
(22) 前記第2の層が、前記本体の上表面部分に対して、前記本体の横表面部分にてより厚い厚さを有する、実施態様21に記載の超音波手術刃。
(23) 前記第2の層の前記外側表面の少なくとも一部分が、その上に形成された表面処理を備える、実施態様19に記載の超音波手術刃。
(24) 近位端部と、遠位端部と、外側表面とを有する本体であって、前記遠位端部が、前記近位端部に加えられた超音波振動に従って長手方向軸に対して移動可能である、本体と、
前記本体の前記外側表面の少なくとも一部分に塗膜された第1の層と、
前記第1の層に塗膜された第2の層であって、前記本体の前記表面の摩擦係数よりも低い摩擦係数を有する、第2の層と、を備える、超音波手術刃。
(25) 前記第1の層が、前記本体の前記外側表面の少なくとも一部分の上に形成された下塗り材料を備える、実施態様24に記載の超音波手術刃。
(26) 前記第2の層が、ポリマー、乾燥潤滑剤、金属、及び金属化処理セラミックスからなる群から選択された材料を含む、実施態様26に記載の超音波手術刃。
(27) 前記第1の層が前記本体の側方部分に形成される、実施態様24に記載の超音波手術刃。
(28) 前記第2の層が前記本体の上部分に形成される、実施態様24に記載の超音波手術刃。
(29) 近位端部と、遠位端部と、外側表面とを有する本体であって、前記遠位端部が、前記近位端部に加えられた超音波振動によって長手方向軸に対して移動可能であり、前記本体の少なくとも一部分が、その上に形成された、所定の表面粗さを有する所定の表面処理を含む、本体を備える、超音波手術刃。
(30) 前記表面処理を含んだ前記本体の前記部分が、前記本体の処理されていない表面よりも高い摩擦係数を有する、実施態様29に記載の超音波手術刃。
(31) 前記表面処理が、約0.41マイクロメートル(約16マイクロインチ(μインチ))〜約6.5マイクロメートル(約256μインチ)の範囲の表面粗さ(R)を有する、実施態様30に記載の超音波手術刃。
(32) 近位端部と遠位端部と外側表面とを有する本体の前記外側表面の少なくとも一部分に潤滑コーティングを施すことを含み、前記遠位端部が、前記近位端部に加えられた超音波振動に従って長手方向軸に対して移動可能であり、前記潤滑コーティングが、前記本体の前記外側表面の摩擦係数よりも低い摩擦係数を有する、方法。
(33) 酸化アルミニウム、窒化チタン、テトラフルオロエチレン(TFE)とヘキサフルオロプロピレン(HFP)のコポリマー(FEP)、及び液状のFEPからなる群から選択された材料層を前記本体の前記外側表面の少なくとも一部分の上に塗布することを含む、実施態様32に記載の方法。
(34) 高分子材料を前記本体の前記外側表面の少なくとも一部分の上に塗膜することを含む、実施態様32に記載の方法。
(35) テトラフルオロエチレン(TFE)とヘキサフルオロプロピレン(HFP)のコポリマー(FEP)、液体のFEP、FEP/セラミックの複合材、液体のFEPセラミックエポキシの複合材、ポリテトラフルオロエチレン(PTFE)、及びPTFE/セラミックの複合材からなる群から選択された高分子材料を、前記本体の前記外側表面の前記少なくとも一部分の上に塗膜することを含む、実施態様34に記載の方法。
(36) 乾燥塗膜潤滑剤材料を前記本体の前記外側表面の少なくとも一部分の上に塗膜することを含む、実施態様32に記載の方法。
(37) 二硫化タングステン、二硫化モリブデン、黒鉛、及びフッ素化ポリマーからなる群から選択された乾燥塗膜潤滑剤材料を前記本体の前記外側表面の前記少なくとも一部分の上に塗膜することを含む、実施態様36に記載の方法。
(38) セラミック材料を前記本体の前記外側表面の少なくとも一部分の上に塗膜することを含む、実施態様32に記載の方法。
(39) 炭化クロム、炭化タングステン、窒化チタン、アルミナ、及び窒化クロムからなる群から選択されたセラミック材料を前記本体の前記外側表面の前記少なくとも一部分の上に塗膜することを含む、実施態様38に記載の方法。
(40) 金属材料を前記本体の前記外側表面の少なくとも一部分の上に塗膜することを含む、実施態様32に記載の方法。
(41) アルミニウム、ステンレス鋼、及びモリブデンからなる群から選択された金属材料を前記本体の前記外側表面の前記少なくとも一部分の上に塗膜することを含む、実施態様40に記載の方法。
(42) 金属化処理セラミック材料を前記本体の前記外側表面の少なくとも一部分の上に塗膜することを含む、実施態様32に記載の方法。
(43) セラミックに埋め込まれたステンレス鋼からなる金属化処理セラミック材料を前記本体の前記外側表面の前記少なくとも一部分の上に塗膜することを含む、実施態様42に記載の方法。

Claims (16)

  1. 近位端部と、遠位端部と、外側表面とを有する本体を備え、前記遠位端部が、前記近位端部に加えられた超音波振動に従って長手方向軸に対して移動可能であり、前記本体の前記外側表面の少なくとも一部分が、その一部分に付着された潤滑コーティングを備え、前記潤滑コーティングが、前記本体の前記外側表面の摩擦係数よりも低い摩擦係数を有する、超音波手術刃。
  2. 前記潤滑コーティングが高分子材料を含む、請求項1に記載の超音波手術刃。
  3. 前記高分子材料が、テトラフルオロエチレン(TFE)とヘキサフルオロプロピレン(HFP)のコポリマー(FEP)、液体のFEP、FEP/セラミックの複合材、液体のFEPセラミックエポキシの複合材、ポリテトラフルオロエチレン(PTFE)、及びPTFE/セラミックの複合材からなる群から選択される、請求項2に記載の超音波手術刃。
  4. 前記潤滑コーティングが乾燥塗膜潤滑剤を含む、請求項1に記載の超音波手術刃。
  5. 前記乾燥塗膜潤滑剤が、二硫化タングステン、二硫化モリブデン、黒鉛、及びフッ素化ポリマーからなる群から選択される、請求項4に記載の超音波手術刃。
  6. 前記潤滑コーティングがセラミックを含む、請求項1に記載の超音波手術刃。
  7. 前記セラミックが、炭化クロム、炭化タングステン、窒化チタン、アルミナ、及び窒化クロムからなる群から選択される、請求項6に記載の超音波手術刃。
  8. 前記潤滑コーティングが金属を含む、請求項1に記載の超音波手術刃。
  9. 前記金属が、アルミニウム、ステンレス鋼、及びモリブデンからなる群から選択される、請求項8に記載の超音波手術刃。
  10. 前記潤滑コーティングが金属化処理セラミックを含む、請求項1に記載の超音波手術刃。
  11. 前記金属化処理セラミックが、セラミックに埋め込まれたステンレス鋼からなる、請求項10に記載の超音波手術刃。
  12. 前記潤滑コーティングが、前記本体の一部分の上の柔軟な偏向可能な材料を含み、前記偏向可能な材料が、約25〜約70ショア単位のジュロメータ硬さを有する、請求項1に記載の超音波手術刃。
  13. 前記本体の前記外側表面の前記少なくとも一部分への材料の接着性を向上させるために、前記本体の前記外側表面の前記少なくとも一部分に形成された表面処理を備える、請求項1に記載の超音波手術刃。
  14. 前記表面処理が、約0.41マイクロメートル(約16マイクロインチ(μインチ))〜約6.5マイクロメートル(約256μインチ)の範囲の表面粗さ(R)を有する、請求項13に記載の超音波手術刃。
  15. 前記潤滑コーティングが、前記本体の前記外側表面の少なくとも一部分に接着された第1の層を備える、請求項1に記載の超音波手術刃。
  16. 前記第1の層が、前記本体の前記外側表面の少なくとも一部分の上に形成された酸化アルミニウム、窒化チタン、及びFEPからなる群から選択された下塗り層を含む、請求項15に記載の超音波手術刃。
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