CN113811265A - 能够以可控的方式部署的假体瓣膜 - Google Patents

能够以可控的方式部署的假体瓣膜 Download PDF

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CN113811265A
CN113811265A CN202080033982.8A CN202080033982A CN113811265A CN 113811265 A CN113811265 A CN 113811265A CN 202080033982 A CN202080033982 A CN 202080033982A CN 113811265 A CN113811265 A CN 113811265A
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valve
prosthetic valve
ventricular
prosthetic
expandable frame
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埃里克·松-桑·冯
凯瑟琳·亨
卡伦·特索克-基·黄
亚伦·J·查勒基语
康纳·卢卡斯·哈伯尔
安森·韦·钟·张
凯伦·博德尔
克里斯托弗·布罗德
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Neovasc Inc
Neovasc Tiara Inc
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    • AHUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61FFILTERS IMPLANTABLE INTO BLOOD VESSELS; PROSTHESES; DEVICES PROVIDING PATENCY TO, OR PREVENTING COLLAPSING OF, TUBULAR STRUCTURES OF THE BODY, e.g. STENTS; ORTHOPAEDIC, NURSING OR CONTRACEPTIVE DEVICES; FOMENTATION; TREATMENT OR PROTECTION OF EYES OR EARS; BANDAGES, DRESSINGS OR ABSORBENT PADS; FIRST-AID KITS
    • A61F2/00Filters implantable into blood vessels; Prostheses, i.e. artificial substitutes or replacements for parts of the body; Appliances for connecting them with the body; Devices providing patency to, or preventing collapsing of, tubular structures of the body, e.g. stents
    • A61F2/02Prostheses implantable into the body
    • A61F2/24Heart valves ; Vascular valves, e.g. venous valves; Heart implants, e.g. passive devices for improving the function of the native valve or the heart muscle; Transmyocardial revascularisation [TMR] devices; Valves implantable in the body
    • A61F2/2427Devices for manipulating or deploying heart valves during implantation
    • A61F2/2436Deployment by retracting a sheath
    • AHUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61FFILTERS IMPLANTABLE INTO BLOOD VESSELS; PROSTHESES; DEVICES PROVIDING PATENCY TO, OR PREVENTING COLLAPSING OF, TUBULAR STRUCTURES OF THE BODY, e.g. STENTS; ORTHOPAEDIC, NURSING OR CONTRACEPTIVE DEVICES; FOMENTATION; TREATMENT OR PROTECTION OF EYES OR EARS; BANDAGES, DRESSINGS OR ABSORBENT PADS; FIRST-AID KITS
    • A61F2/00Filters implantable into blood vessels; Prostheses, i.e. artificial substitutes or replacements for parts of the body; Appliances for connecting them with the body; Devices providing patency to, or preventing collapsing of, tubular structures of the body, e.g. stents
    • A61F2/02Prostheses implantable into the body
    • A61F2/24Heart valves ; Vascular valves, e.g. venous valves; Heart implants, e.g. passive devices for improving the function of the native valve or the heart muscle; Transmyocardial revascularisation [TMR] devices; Valves implantable in the body
    • A61F2/2412Heart valves ; Vascular valves, e.g. venous valves; Heart implants, e.g. passive devices for improving the function of the native valve or the heart muscle; Transmyocardial revascularisation [TMR] devices; Valves implantable in the body with soft flexible valve members, e.g. tissue valves shaped like natural valves
    • A61F2/2418Scaffolds therefor, e.g. support stents
    • AHUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61FFILTERS IMPLANTABLE INTO BLOOD VESSELS; PROSTHESES; DEVICES PROVIDING PATENCY TO, OR PREVENTING COLLAPSING OF, TUBULAR STRUCTURES OF THE BODY, e.g. STENTS; ORTHOPAEDIC, NURSING OR CONTRACEPTIVE DEVICES; FOMENTATION; TREATMENT OR PROTECTION OF EYES OR EARS; BANDAGES, DRESSINGS OR ABSORBENT PADS; FIRST-AID KITS
    • A61F2/00Filters implantable into blood vessels; Prostheses, i.e. artificial substitutes or replacements for parts of the body; Appliances for connecting them with the body; Devices providing patency to, or preventing collapsing of, tubular structures of the body, e.g. stents
    • A61F2/95Instruments specially adapted for placement or removal of stents or stent-grafts
    • A61F2/9517Instruments specially adapted for placement or removal of stents or stent-grafts handle assemblies therefor

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  • Health & Medical Sciences (AREA)
  • Cardiology (AREA)
  • Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Biomedical Technology (AREA)
  • Heart & Thoracic Surgery (AREA)
  • Transplantation (AREA)
  • Oral & Maxillofacial Surgery (AREA)
  • Vascular Medicine (AREA)
  • Life Sciences & Earth Sciences (AREA)
  • Animal Behavior & Ethology (AREA)
  • General Health & Medical Sciences (AREA)
  • Public Health (AREA)
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Abstract

一种假体瓣膜,该假体瓣膜可以用于修复患病或以其他方式受损的心脏瓣膜、比如二尖瓣。假体瓣膜可以包括无创伤锚固突片,该无创伤锚固突片可以是不透射线的或回声的。收紧机构也可以联接至假体瓣膜以控制假体瓣膜的径向扩张。收紧机构可以包括线材套索或带。假体瓣膜可以包括可扩张框架,该框架可扩张具有减少数目的支柱连接节点以实现较小轮廓的叠缩构型和更紧密的卷曲。假体瓣膜的连合柱可以延伸超过装置的心室裙部部分的边缘。

Description

能够以可控的方式部署的假体瓣膜
优先权要求
本申请要求于2019年4月1日提交的美国临时专利申请No.62/827,380(代理案卷号5131.016PRV)的权益;该美国临时专利申请的全部内容通过参引并入本文中。
背景技术
脊椎动物的心脏分为四个腔室并且配备有四个瓣膜(二尖瓣、主动脉瓣、肺动脉瓣和三尖瓣),所述四个瓣膜确保由心脏泵送的血液沿向前方向流过心血管系统而不会回流。健康心脏的二尖瓣防止血液从心脏的左心室回流到左心房中并且包括两个柔性小叶(前小叶和后小叶),小叶在左心室收缩时会闭合。小叶附接至纤维环,并且小叶的自由边缘通过瓣膜下的腱索与左心室中的乳头肌相连,以防止小叶在左心室收缩期间脱垂到左心房中。
各种心脏疾病或退行性病变可能导致二尖瓣器官的这些部分中的任何部分上的功能障碍,从而导致二尖瓣异常变窄或扩张或者允许血液从左心室渗漏(也称为反流)回到左心房中。任何这种损伤都会损害心脏的充分性并且可以使人虚弱或危及生命。
因此,已经开发出多种手术方法和装置来治疗二尖瓣功能障碍,包括用于置换、修复或重塑天然二尖瓣器官的心脏直视手术技术,以及用以改变天然二尖瓣的解剖结构的各种假体装置、比如瓣环成形术环的手术植入。最近以来,已经开发出用于置换二尖瓣组件的递送的低创经导管技术。在这样的技术中,假体瓣膜通常以卷曲状态安装在挠性导管的端部上,并且被推进通过血管或患者的身体直到瓣膜到达植入部位。然后在有缺陷的天然瓣膜的部位处将假体瓣膜扩张至其功能尺寸。
附图说明
在不一定按比例绘制的附图中,相同的附图标记可以描述不同视图或类似步骤中的类似部件。具有不同字母后缀的相同附图标记可以表示类似部件的不同实例。附图总体上通过示例而非限制的方式图示本文中讨论的各种示例。
图1是心脏的左心室的示意图,其使用箭头示出了心缩期间的血流。
图2是在二尖瓣中具有脱垂小叶的心脏的左心室的示意图。
图3是患有心肌病的患者的心脏的示意图,其中,心脏扩张并且小叶不相接。
图3A示出了小叶的正常闭合。
图3B示出了扩张心脏中的异常闭合。
图4图示了具有受损的乳头肌的心脏的左心室中的二尖瓣反流。
图5A至图5B图示了基本二尖瓣解剖结构。
图6图示了示例假体二尖瓣的底部局部横截面图。
图7是图6中看到的假体二尖瓣的锚固部分的立体图。
图8A是假体二尖瓣的立体图。
图8B是图8A中的假体瓣膜的心房的俯视图。
图9A图示了从心房的图8A中的假体瓣膜的立体图。
图9B图示了从心室的图8A中的假体瓣膜的立体图。
图10图示了处于平面图案、未被覆盖且被展开的图8A的假体瓣膜。
图11是用于植入假体瓣膜的递送装置的侧视图。
图12是图11中的递送装置的近端部分的局部分解图。
图13是图11中的递送装置的远端部分的局部分解图。
图14是图11中的递送装置的近端部分的横截面。
图15A至图15C是图11中的递送装置的远端部分的横截面图。
图16是用于植入假体瓣膜的递送装置的另一示例的侧视图。
图17是图16中的递送装置的立体图。
图18是图16中的递送装置的局部分解图。
图19A至图19B是图16中的递送装置在操作的各个阶段期间的侧视图。
图20图示了图16中的适于接合假体瓣膜的一部分的递送装置的远端部分。
图21图示了图16中的递送装置与图8A的假体瓣膜的接合。
图22A至图22G图示了经心尖递送假体二尖瓣的方法的示例。
图23A至图23G图示了经中隔递送假体二尖瓣的方法的示例。
图24图示了植入二尖瓣空间中的假体二尖瓣。
图25图示了从左心室向上看植入二尖瓣空间中的二尖瓣的仰视图。
图26A至图26E示出了锚固突片的示例。
图27A至图27E图示了锚固突片的附加示例。
图28A至图28C图示了处于叠缩构型和处于扩张构型的无创伤锚固件的示例。
图29A至图29B示出了套索控制机构的示例。
图30图示了套索机构的另一示例。
图31A至图31C示出了处于扩张构型和处于叠缩构型的图30中的假体瓣膜和套索机构。
图31D至图31F示出了具有系绳控制元件的图31A至图31C中的假体瓣膜和套索机构。
图31G至图31I示出了系绳控制元件的另一示例。
图32A至图32C图示了套索连接器的示例。
图33A至图33B图示了约束带控制机构。
图34A至图34B图示了图34A至图34B中的约束带。
图35图示了可扩张框架的示例。
图36图示了可扩张框架的另一示例。
图37示出了具有成角度的连合柱的可扩张框架的示例。
具体实施方式
虽然瓣膜回流的手术和微创治疗中的一些方式很有前景,但它们可能难以递送、制造成本高昂,或者可能不适用于所有患者。因此,将期望提供用于治疗瓣膜功能不全、比如二尖瓣功能不全的改进装置和方法。通过所公开的装置和方法将满足这些目标中的至少一些目标。
现在将参照附图描述所公开的装置、递送系统以及方法的具体示例。该详细描述中没有任何内容意在暗示对于本发明而言必不可少的任何特定部件、特征或步骤。
心脏解剖学
图1中图示了心缩期正常心脏H的左心室LV。左心室LV正在收缩并且血液沿箭头方向向外流动穿过主动脉瓣AV,该主动脉瓣AV是三尖瓣。由于二尖瓣构造为当左心室中的压力高于左心房LA中的压力时防止回流的“止回阀”,因此防止了血液通过二尖瓣MV的回流或“反流”。如图1中图示的,二尖瓣MV包括一对小叶,所述一对小叶具有均匀地相接以闭合的自由边缘FE。小叶LF的相对端部沿着称为瓣环AN的环形区域附接至周围的心脏结构。小叶LF的自由边缘FE通过腱索CT(本文中也称为腱)固定至左心室LV的下部部分,腱索CT包括固定在瓣膜小叶中的每个瓣膜小叶的下表面上的多个分支腱。腱CT又附接至从左心室的下部部分向上延伸的乳头肌PM以及室间隔IVS。
现在参照图2至图4,心脏中的许多结构缺陷可以导致二尖瓣脱垂,因为不足的张力经由腱传递至小叶。当另一小叶LF1保持正常轮廓时,两个瓣膜小叶没有适当地相接,并且将发生如由箭头所示的从左心室LV到左心房LA中的渗漏。
患有心肌病的患者中也会发生反流,其中,心脏扩张并且增大的尺寸阻止瓣膜小叶LF适当地相接,如图3中所示。心脏的扩大导致二尖瓣环变大,从而使得自由边缘FE在心缩期间不能相接。前小叶的自由边缘和后小叶的自由边缘通常沿着如图3A中所示的接合线C相接,但在患有心肌病的患者中可能会留有明显的间隙G,如图3B中所示。
如图4中图示的,在已经患有乳头肌PM的功能受损的缺血性心脏病的患者中也可能发生二尖瓣反流。当左心室LV在心缩期间收缩时,乳头肌PM不能充分收缩以实现适当的闭合。如图示的,小叶LF1和小叶LF2于是脱垂。再次发生如由箭头所示的从左心室LV至左心房LA的渗漏。
图5A更清楚地图示了二尖瓣MV的解剖结构,二尖瓣MV是具有前侧部ANT和后侧部POST的二叶瓣。瓣膜包括前(主动脉)小叶AL和后(壁侧)小叶PL。腱索CT将瓣膜小叶AL、PL与前外侧乳头肌ALPM和后内侧乳头肌PMPM联接。瓣膜小叶AL、PL沿着被称为前外侧连合部ALC和后内侧连合部PMC的线彼此连接。瓣环AN外接瓣膜小叶,并且在前小叶的相对侧部上的、与瓣环的前部部分相邻的两个区域被称为左纤维三角区LFT和右纤维三角区RFT。这些区域通常由实线三角形表示。图5B更清楚地图示了左纤维三角区LFT和右纤维三角区RFT。
虽然已经提出了各种手术技术和可植入装置,并且似乎是治疗二尖瓣反流的有希望的方法,但这些手术方法可能需要很长的恢复期,而且植入装置具有不同的临床结果。因此,仍然需要用于治疗二尖瓣反流的改进的装置和方法。虽然本文中公开的示例针对用于治疗二尖瓣反流的可植入假体二尖瓣,但本领域技术人员将理解的是这并非意在限制,并且本文中公开的装置和方法也可以用于治疗其他瓣膜比如心脏瓣膜,像三尖瓣、主动脉瓣、肺动脉瓣等,以及用于身体中的其他瓣膜比如静脉瓣膜。
假体瓣膜
假体瓣膜作为对二尖瓣反流的治疗已经通过手术植入心脏中。这些瓣膜中的一些瓣膜是从动物、比如猪瓣膜中收采的瓣膜,并且其他瓣膜是具有或不具有组织覆盖物的假体机械瓣膜。最近,已经使用微创导管技术将假体瓣膜递送至心脏。这些瓣膜总体上包括用于将瓣膜固定至患者心脏的锚固件、以及瓣膜机构,该瓣膜机构为机械瓣膜或具有动物组织或合成材料的瓣膜或其组合。假体瓣膜一旦植入,就会接管发生故障的天然瓣膜,从而减少或消除瓣膜功能不全。虽然这些瓣膜中的一些瓣膜似乎很有前途,但仍然存在对改进的瓣膜的需要。下面公开了假体瓣膜、用于假体瓣膜的递送系统的示例以及可以克服与现有假体瓣膜相关联的挑战中的一些挑战的递送瓣膜的方法。
现在参照图6至图7,总体上用附图标记10指示的二尖瓣假体的示例包括三尖瓣组织型的假体单向瓣膜结构12,假体单向瓣膜结构12包括附连在自扩张或可扩张的锚固部分16内的小叶14,锚固部分16具有扩张成小轮廓心房裙部区域18、环形区域20、心室裙部区域22和多个小叶连合部24(本文中也称为连合柱)中的几何形状,小叶连合部24以悬臂方式向下游轴向延伸到由心室裙部区域22限定的子环状空间中。
图6示出了从患者的左心室向上朝向右心房看的瓣膜10的部分横截面。心房裙部区域18锚固至右心房19的下部部分。瓣膜小叶14具有打开位置(未图示)和图6中所图示的闭合位置。在打开位置中,小叶14远离彼此移位以允许血液流过小叶,并且在闭合位置中,小叶14彼此接合以使瓣膜闭合并且防止逆行的血液流过小叶。瓣膜连合部24可以构造成通过沿着弓形接缝28(在图7中最佳地看到)提供小叶14的附接并且通过借助于添加/删除增强支柱而沿着它们的轴向长度在不同点或区域处选择性地挠曲来优化假体瓣膜结构12的效率和小叶14上的负载分布。
图7示出了瓣膜10的锚固部分16的立体图,该锚固部分由一系列互相连接的支柱形成。心房裙部区域18在锚固件上形成环形带凸缘区域以帮助将假体瓣膜的上部部分固定在心房中,并且环形区域20是用于将瓣膜沿着天然瓣膜环锚固的筒形区域。心室裙部区域22类似地呈筒形并且有助于将瓣膜的下部部分锚固在患者的左心室中。锚固件的任何部分或所有部分可以用组织、比如心包膜或本文中公开的其他组织覆盖,或者可以使用合成材料比如涤纶或ePTFE覆盖锚固件。覆盖物有助于将锚固件密封至天然瓣膜,并且这有助于将血液引导到假体瓣膜中并且通过假体瓣膜,而不是围绕瓣膜。在一些示例中,锚固件可以保持不被覆盖。假体瓣膜具有扩张构型和叠缩构型。叠缩构型具有适于安装在递送系统上的小轮廓筒形形状,并且递送可以在导管上经腔进行或者经心尖穿过心脏壁进行。扩张构型(如图示)允许将假体瓣膜锚固到所需的位置中。
图8A图示了假体二尖瓣的示例的立体图,其中,移除了可选的覆盖物以允许锚固支柱可见。图8B图示了从心房向下看到心室中的图8A中的假体瓣膜的俯视图。瓣膜800包括具有D形形状横截面的不对称扩张锚固部分。如所示的,锚固部分总体上包括沿着锚固部分的纵向轴线的前部802和后部804方面、以及与上面在图6至图7中描述的示例的心房裙部18、环形部20和心室裙部22区域大体对应的心房806、环形部808和心室810区域。连合部(本文中也称为连合柱)813也与图6至图7中的示例的小叶14大体对应。假体瓣膜800具有叠缩构型和扩张构型。叠缩构型适于装载在轴上,比如装载在用于经腔递送至心脏的递送导管上,或者装载在用于经心尖递送穿过心脏壁的轴上。径向扩张的构型适于将瓣膜邻近患病或受损瓣膜锚固至患者的天然心脏。为了允许瓣膜从叠缩构型扩张至扩张构型,瓣膜的锚固部分可以由自扩张材料、比如像镍钛合金之类的镍钛化合物制成,或者瓣膜的锚固部分也可以由弹簧回火不锈钢或弹性聚合物制成。在另外的其他示例中,锚固件可以通过可扩张构件比如气囊来扩张。在任何示例中,锚固件通过对诸如皮下注射针管之类的管进行激光切割、放电加工(EDM)或光化学蚀刻来制造。锚固件也可以通过对平坦的片材材料进行光化学蚀刻来制造,然后将该片材材料卷起并且将相对端部焊接在一起。
心房裙部部分816形成有助于将假体瓣膜在二尖瓣上方锚固至心房的凸缘区域。心房裙部包括从锚固件径向向外延伸以形成凸缘的多个三角形指部。心房裙部816的后部804部分通常是环形或圆形的,而心房裙部816的前部802部分的一部分是平坦的。因此,心房裙部区域可以具有D形形状的横截面。这允许假体瓣膜与患者的心脏解剖结构一致而不阻塞心脏的其他部分,如下文将讨论的。每个三角形指部由一对相互连接的支柱形成。心房裙部的三角形指部通常从假体瓣膜的中心轴线径向向外弯曲并且位于横向于瓣膜中心轴线的平面中。在一些示例中,心房裙部位于与瓣膜的中心轴线大致垂直的平面中。心房裙部806的前部部分802可选地包括对准元件814,对准元件814可以是竖向向上延伸并且与假体瓣膜大致平行的一个或更多个支柱。对准元件814可以包括不透射线的标记(未图示)以促进在荧光透视下的可视化。对准元件帮助医生将假体瓣膜与天然二尖瓣解剖结构对准,如稍后将讨论的。
布置在心房裙部区域下方的是环形区域820,环形区域820也具有用于递送的叠缩构型和用于将假体瓣膜沿着天然瓣膜环锚固的扩张构型。环形区域还包括形成一系列单元、或者闭合的单元或者打开的单元的多个相互连接的支柱。支柱中的一些支柱的缝合孔821允许组织或其他覆盖物(未图示)附接至环形区域。用组织或另一覆盖物覆盖锚固件的全部或一部分有助于将锚固件相对于心脏瓣膜和相邻的组织密封,从而确保血液被引导通过瓣膜,而不是围绕瓣膜。环形区域可以是筒形的,但在任何示例中可以具有圆形的后部部分804和平坦的前部部分802,从而形成D形形状的横截面。这种D形形状的横截面更符合天然二尖瓣解剖结构,而不会阻碍心脏的其他区域中的血液流动、比如通过撞击左心室流出道而阻碍心脏的其他区域中的血液流动。
假体瓣膜的下部部分包括心室裙部区域828。心室裙部区域也具有用于递送的收缩构型和用于锚固的扩张构型。心室裙部区域由多个相互连接的支柱形成,所述多个相互连接的支柱形成可以径向扩张的一系列单元,该一系列单元可以是闭合的。处于扩张构型的心室裙部通过扩张靠着天然二尖瓣小叶而将假体瓣膜锚固至心室。心室裙部中的可选的倒钩823可以用于进一步帮助将假体瓣膜锚固到心室组织中。倒钩也可以可选地包括在锚固件的心房裙部部分以及环形区域中。另外,与上面讨论的类似,心室裙部中的可选的缝合孔821可以用于帮助将组织或另一材料缝合至心室裙部区域。心室裙部的前部802部分可以是平坦的,并且心室裙部的后部804部分可以是圆形的,从而类似地形成D形形状的横截面以进行锚固并与自然解剖结构一致而不阻塞心脏的其他部分。另外,心室裙部的下部部分用作部署控制区域,因为该下部部分可以保持被覆盖,从而约束心室裙部径向扩张,直到可选的心室三角锚固突片和后锚固突片已经扩张之后,如下面将更详细地解释的。
心室裙部部分还可以可选地包括位于锚固件的前部部分上的一对心室三角突片824(在该视图中仅一个可见),心室三角突片824用于帮助锚固假体瓣膜,如下文将更详细地讨论的。心室裙部还可以可选地包括位于心室裙部的后部部分804上的后突片826,后突片826用于将假体瓣膜锚固至瓣环的后部部分。三角形突片824或后突片826是从锚固件径向向外延伸的突片,并且三角形突片824或后突片826沿上游方向向上倾斜。
实际的瓣膜机构由三个连合柱(也称为连合部)813形成,连合柱813以漏斗或锥形形状朝向锚固件的中心轴线径向向内延伸。连合部813由形成三角形形状的连合部的多个相互连接的支柱形成。连合部的支柱可以包括一个或更多个缝合孔821,缝合孔821允许将组织或合成材料附接至连合部。在该示例中,瓣膜是三尖瓣,因此该瓣膜包括三个连合部813。连合部的梢部可以包括用于接合递送导管的连合突片812(也称为突片)。在该示例中,该突片具有连接至较窄颈部的扩大的头部区域,以形成蘑菇状形状。连合部可以在任何位置中被偏置,但可以朝向假体瓣膜的中心轴线略微向内成角度,使得逆行的血流迫使连合部彼此并置以使瓣膜闭合,并且顺行的血流将连合部径向向外推动,以完全打开瓣膜。图8B是图示了从心房侧的图8A的假体瓣膜的俯视图,并且示出了D形形状的横截面。
图9A图示了图8A至图8B的假体二尖瓣,其中,覆盖物870通过缝合线872联接至锚固件的各部分。该视图是从心房的角度截取的。在该示例中,覆盖物可以是心包膜,该覆盖物可以来如自本说明书中其他地方公开的多个源。在替代性示例中,覆盖物可以是聚合物比如涤纶聚酯、ePTFE或另一合成材料。覆盖物可以布置在环形区域820和心室裙部区域828上,并且在一些示例中,前心室三角824突片和心室后突片830也可以用相同或不同的材料覆盖。覆盖物有助于将锚固件相对于相邻组织密封,使得血液被引导通过瓣膜机构。在该示例中,心房裙部以及突片824、830未被覆盖,但如果需要它们可以被覆盖。另外,不透射线的标记814a形成对准元件的一部分并且促进了在荧光透视下假体瓣膜的可视化,这在瓣膜对准期间很重要。
图9B是如从心室看的图9A中看到的假体二尖瓣的立体图。瓣膜连合部的支柱被用与上述环形区域和心室区域相同的材料或不同的材料覆盖,从而形成三尖瓣小叶813。图9B示出了处于闭合构型的瓣膜,在闭合构型中,三个小叶彼此接合以防止逆行的血液流动。连合突片812保持未被覆盖并且允许连合部与如下面将解释的递送装置联接。图9A至图9B中的假体瓣膜可以被消毒,使得假体瓣膜适于使用本领域已知的方法植入患者体内。
图10图示了图9A的假体瓣膜,其中,覆盖物被移除,并且所剩的锚固件被展开并变平。假体瓣膜800由多个相互连接的支柱形成。例如,心房裙部区域806包括形成一系列峰部和谷部的多个相互连接的支柱。假体瓣膜的平坦的前部区域802的峰部和谷部相对于心房裙部的其余部分的峰部和谷部轴向地偏移,并且该区域成为对准元件814的一部分。不透射线的标记814a布置在偏移的峰部和谷部中的任一侧部上,并且有助于瓣膜植入期间的可视化。轴向定向的连接器将裙部区域806的支柱与环形区域808的支柱连接。环形区域还包括形成峰部和谷部的多个轴向定向且相互连接的支柱。连接器支柱将环形区域的支柱与心室区域810的支柱联接。心室区域还包括形成峰部和谷部的多个相互连接的支柱。另外,支柱形成小叶连合部813、心室裙部828以及三角突片824和后突片830。缝合孔821沿着环形区域和心室区域的支柱布置,以允许附接覆盖物比如心包膜或聚合物、比如Dacron或ePTFE。可选的倒钩823沿着心室裙部828布置以帮助将假体瓣膜锚固至相邻组织。
连合突片或突片812布置在连合部813的梢部上并且可以用于将假体瓣膜以可释放的方式与如下面将论述的递送系统联接。本领域技术人员将理解的是,可以使用多种支柱几何形状,并且另外,可以调整支柱尺寸比如长度、宽度、厚度等,以便为锚固件提供所需的机械性能比如刚度、径向抗压强度、连合偏转等。因此,图示的几何形状不意在限制。
一旦已经通过EDM、激光切割、光化学蚀刻或本领域已知的其他技术形成了平坦的锚固件图案,锚固件就径向扩张成期望的几何形状。然后使用已知方法对锚固件进行热处理以设定形状。因此,锚固件可以以叠缩构型装载到递送导管上,并且使用约束护套被约束在叠缩构型中。移除约束护套将允许锚固件自扩张成锚固件的无偏置的预设形状。在另一示例中,可以使用可扩张构件比如气囊将锚固件径向扩张成锚固件的扩张构型。
递送系统
图11至图15C示出了形成为将假体二尖瓣经心尖递送至心脏的递送装置1124。然而,本领域技术人员将理解的是,可以修改递送系统并且调整各个部件的相对运动以允许使用该装置经中隔递送假体二尖瓣。递送装置总体上包括:手柄1101,手柄1101是手柄部段1102和手柄部段1103的组合(图12中最佳看到的);以及可以平稳地穿透心尖的挠性梢部1110;以及护套导管1109,护套导管1109容纳若干附加导管,这些附加导管设计成轴向平移并且将在下面详细地描述。
手柄1101包括带阴螺纹的鲁尔接头1113,带阴螺纹的鲁尔接头1113连接至TuohyBorst接头1114以便提供带有0.035″直径的导引线(未示出)的止血密封。带阴螺纹的鲁尔接头1113通过带螺纹端口1131(在图12中最佳看出)与手柄1101的近端部分螺纹接触。
如图11中可以看到的,手柄1101为用于定位和部署假体二尖瓣的控制机构提供定位。手柄1101为指旋轮1106提供壳体,指旋轮1106可以通过出现在手柄1101的顶部和底部两者上的窗口1137被触及。指旋轮1106在内部与致动护套导管1109的带螺纹插入物1115(在图12中最佳看出)配合,并且该相互作用的机制将在下面详细解释。
图11还示出了部署指旋轮1104,部署指旋轮1104在被转动时提供部署导管1120(在图12中最佳看出)的线性平移,因为部署指旋轮1104的转动运动充当动力螺杆,从而将销钉1128向前并远离用户推动。下面将进一步详细说明销钉1128背后的机制。指旋轮锁1105通过充当旋转的物理屏障来提供防止部署指旋轮1104的不希望的旋转的安全措施。为了转动部署指旋轮1104,用户必须向前推动指旋轮锁1105,从而使指旋轮锁1105与部署指旋轮1105中的两个槽1147(参见图12)断开接合。
如在图11中还可以看到的,排放阀1108和流体管线1107连接至位于手柄1101的远端部分中的内部机构,该内部机构为护套导管1109提供止血密封。这种连接的细节将在下面进行说明。
递送装置1124的内部机构在图12中详细地图示出,并且以下描述将揭示各个部件之间的相互作用以及这些部件组合以便实现假体心脏瓣膜递送装置的方式。
如图12中看到的,手柄部段1103和手柄部段1102组合以产生手柄1101,手柄1101形成递送装置1124的基部。为了使护套导管1109在瓣膜装载期间前进,或者使护套导管1109在部署期间收回,可旋转的指旋轮1106与带螺纹插入物1115(图13的外螺纹1130)螺纹接触(图14中可见的内螺纹1129),螺纹插入物1115沿着递送装置的轴线从近端位置线性地平移至远端位置。护套导管1109与带螺纹插入物1115配合接触并且通过使用将套环与插入物对准且配合的套环1117而被紧固。套环1117使用螺钉1116(在图14中的细节A中最佳看到)紧固至带螺纹插入物1115并且包含流体端口1142(在图14中的细节A中最佳看到),流体端口1142为流体管线1117提供定位,使得可以在患者与递送装置之间保持止血。O形环1118(在图14中的细节A中最佳看到)将固定导管1119(在图14中最佳看到)相对于护套导管1109密封。流体管线1107还提供了就位置而言就将护套导管1109视觉地定位的方法,因为手柄1101中的槽1138允许流体管线1107在操作期间与护套导管1109一起通过孔1151平移(在图14中的细节A中最佳看到),并且该平移是高度可见的。为了防止带螺纹插入物在平移期间旋转,在带螺纹插入物1115的两个侧部上已经加工有平坦面1164。平坦面1164保持与位于手柄部段1102和手柄部段1103两者上的凸台1139和凸台1140接触,使得凸台1139和凸台1140用于夹持带螺纹插入物1115并且防止旋转。带纹理图案1155允许用户在手术区域中容易地转动指旋轮1106。止挡部1141(图14中最佳看到)位于指旋轮1116上的凸缘63(参见图14中)上以便允许旋转。
在图12中图示了单个导管(存在四个导管)相对于彼此移动的方式。护套导管1109为固定导管1119提供壳体,固定导管1119又为可移动毂导管1120提供壳体。毂导管1120相对于鼻部导管1121线性地平移,鼻部导管1121也可以相对于每个先前的导管和手柄1101平移。固定导管1119在内孔1150中与手柄部段1103配合,内孔1150也在固定导管1119与毂导管1120之间形成密封。固定导管1119的远端部分形成为钟形件1122的形状(参见图15A中的细节A),钟形件1122用作用以保持毂捕获部1123(参见图15A中的细节A)的壳体。
如前所述,指旋轮锁1105防止部署指旋轮1104旋转。为了提供将指旋轮锁1105保持在锁定位置直到被操纵的落座力,在内孔62(在图14中最佳看到)中容纳有弹簧1125并且弹簧1125抵接位于指旋轮锁1105内部的肩部1161(在图14中最佳看到)。弹簧1125将指旋轮锁1105的前边缘1149在部署指旋轮1104的两个槽1147内保持在锁定位置中。为了便于使用,在指旋轮锁1105上设置有抓持纹理1154。为了将指旋轮锁1105定位和保持在手柄1101的内部,在手柄部段1102和手柄部段1103两者中已经设置有槽1135。
如图12中所示,在出现在手柄1101内部的平坦的平行面1134内部容纳有滑块1127。滑块1127与毂导管1120配合接触并且是线性地致动导管的物理机构。弹簧1126安装在外柱1159上并且抵接位于滑块1127的远端端部上的肩部1133。该弹簧1126将销钉1128(位于图14的通孔1156内部)迫压成与切入部署指旋轮1104中的成角度的槽1148的近端边缘接触。部署指旋轮1104容纳在肩部1136与卡环(未示出)之间,肩部1136与卡环两者是手柄1101的特征。部署指旋轮1104上的抓持纹理1153允许用户容易地将指旋轮沿顺时针方向旋转,从而将销钉1128致动成沿着槽1148向远端骑行并使滑块1127移动,滑块1127将毂导管1120和毂1123(在图15A的细节A中最佳看到)向前推动并离开钟形件1122(参见图15A的细节A)。槽1132出现在手柄部段1102和手柄部段1103中并且防止销钉1128平移超出期望的范围。
鼻部导管1121从位于手柄1101的近端端部上的TuohyBorst接头1114延伸,并且在内部贯穿手柄和各个导管(护套导管1109、固定导管1119和毂导管1120),终止于与护套导管1109的远端端部抵接的挠性梢部1110(参见图15A)的刚性插入物1112(参见图15A)的内部。
图13示出了递送装置1124的梢部部段的分解图,并且示出了假体二尖瓣1165与内部导管和外部导管之间的关系。当被卷曲和装载时,假体二尖瓣1165被包裹在护套导管1109的内表面与鼻部导管1121的外表面之间。为了将假体二尖瓣1165捕获且锚固在递送装置1124内,出现在假体二尖瓣1165的近端端部上的三个连合突片1160(以大约120°周向间隔开)提供了瓣膜与加工到毂1123的外表面中的(以大约120°周向间隔开的)三个槽1143(参见图15A)之间的接触点。在通过顺时针旋转部署指旋轮1104(参见图12)首先使毂导管1120(图15A)前进之后,这三个连合突片1160可以被捕获在三个槽1143(参见图15A)内。然后可以通过释放部署指旋轮1104(参见图12)将毂1123收回到钟形件1122中。在该位置,假体二尖瓣1165被锚固至递送装置1124,并且瓣膜的进一步卷曲将允许护套导管1109在瓣膜上前进。
图15A至图15C还详细说明了可以实现将假体二尖瓣1165(参见图13)装载到递送装置1124中的方式。最初,挠性梢部1110抵靠护套导管1109的远端边缘1157。挠性梢部1110包括刚性插入物1112和包覆成型到刚性插入物1112上的软且挠性的梢部部分1111。刚性插入物1112的肩部1145和减缩面1146用于导引和定位护套导管1109的远端边缘1157,使得导管可以靠着挠性梢部1110搁置并且被挠性梢部1110加强,并且更容易被引入到心尖中。
可以实现装载的初始位置在图15A中图示出。作为将假体二尖瓣1165(参见图13)装载到递送装置1124中的第一步,通过使指旋轮1106沿顺时针方向旋转而将护套导管1109撤回。如图15B的细节A中所图示的,护套导管1109的远端边缘1157被收回直到远端边缘1157经过钟形件1122的远端边缘。作为将假体二尖瓣1165(参见图13)装载到递送装置1124中的第二步,如图15C的细节A中所图示的,通过顺时针转动部署指旋轮1104(参见图12)使毂1123从钟形件1122下方前进。部署指旋轮可以仅在指旋轮锁1105(参见图12)已经设定在向前位置中从而使其断开与指旋轮的接触时才被转动。毂1123的前进露出三个槽1143,假体二尖瓣1165的三个连合突片1160(参见图13)将装配并且锚固到这三个槽1143中。在已经实现通过收回毂1123而将连合突片1160锚固到槽1143中之后,可以执行将假体二尖瓣1165(参见图13)装载到递送装置1124中的第三步。假体二尖瓣1165(参见图13)可以通过装载机构(未示出)被向下卷曲至最小直径,并且然后可以通过沿逆时针方向旋转指旋轮1106使护套套管1109向前前进以覆盖瓣膜。递送装置1124和假体二尖瓣1165然后准备好用于部署。
图16至图19B图示了用于将假体瓣膜经心尖植入心脏中的递送装置的另一示例。然而,本领域技术人员将理解的是,可以修改递送系统并且调整各种部件的相对运动以允许使用该装置经中隔递送假体。递送装置总体上包括由两半部(1610和1635)组合而成的手柄1601、以及可以平稳地穿透心尖的梢部1603、以及包括同中心导管的挠性护套1602,同中心导管设计成轴向平移并且将在下面进行详细描述。
手柄1601包括手柄帽1611,手柄帽1611连接至带阴螺纹的鲁尔接头1612,以便为0.035″直径的导引线(未示出)提供可密封的出口。手柄帽1611通过带螺纹紧固件1613附接至手柄1601。带阴螺纹的鲁尔接头1612通过分接端口与手柄帽1611螺纹接触,并且当完全插入时靠着O形环(1636,在图18中最佳地看到)挤压,该O形环密封导引线导管(1621,在图18中最佳地看到)的外径。
如图17中可以看到的,手柄1601为用于定位和部署假体二尖瓣的控制机构提供定位。手柄1601为指旋轮1616提供壳体,指旋轮1616可以通过出现在手柄1601的顶部和底部两者上的窗口1606被触及。指旋轮1616在内部与对护套导管1604进行致动的螺纹插入物(图18中的1627)配合,并且该相互作用的机制将在下面详细解释。
图17还示出了第一止血管1617,第一止血管1617通过槽1605插入内部并且通过孔(分别地图18中的1625和1626)与第一血液端口配合。第一止血管1617允许在内部导管之间进行流体吹扫。第一止血管1617沿着槽1605的位置提供关于护套导管1604的位置和假体二尖瓣(未示出)的相对部署阶段的视觉提示。下面将对第一止血管1617与护套导管1604的连接之间的关系进行说明。
如还可以在图17中看到的,第二止血管1614插入到手柄1601中并且与第二血液端口(图18中的1629)配合以允许在内部导管之间进行流体吹扫,并且下面将描述该插入的细节。最后,销锁1608通过充当在内部机构之间平移的物理屏障来提供防止假体二尖瓣过早释放的安全措施。销锁叉部1615依靠弹簧力将销锁1608保持在手柄1601中,并且用户在最终部署假体瓣膜之前必须首先拉出销锁1608。
图17还示出了手柄1601如何通过使用带螺纹紧固件和螺母(分别地图18的1607和1639)以及贯穿手柄长度安置的埋头式定位器孔1609被紧固在一起。
在图18中详细地图示了递送系统的内部机构,并且以下描述将揭示各个部件之间的相互作用,以及这些部件组合以便创建能够经心尖或通过其他路线递送假体二尖瓣的系统的方式。
如图18中看到的,挠性护套1602包括四个同中心地嵌套的导管。按照直径从最小到最大的顺序,将对同中心地嵌套的导管进行详细说明。最里面的导管是导引线导管1621,导引线导管1621在内部延伸贯穿整个递送系统,在梢部1603处开始并且在带阴螺纹的鲁尔接头1612中终止。导引线导管1621包括较低硬度的单腔Pebax挤出件并且是固定的。导引线导管1621提供了这样的通道,导引线(未示出)可以通过该通道与递送系统连通。下一个导管是毂导管1622,毂导管1622为毂1620提供支承并且总体上包括较高硬度的单腔PEEK挤出件。毂导管1622在远端端部处与毂1622并且在近端端部处与不锈钢支承杆1634两者配合连接。不锈钢支承杆1634通过包裹在手柄1601中的止挡部1637保持固定。毂导管1622是固定的并且为同中心地嵌套的导管提供支承和轴向刚度。下一个导管是钟形件导管1624,钟形件导管1624为毂1620提供壳体并且总体上包括中等硬度的单腔Pebax挤出件,钟形件导管1624包括内部钢编织的且润滑的衬里以及不透射线的标记带(未示出)。钟形件导管1624轴向地平移并且可以相对于毂1620前进和收回。钟形件导管1624在近端端部处与第二血液端口1629配合连接,并且可以通过吹扫第二止血管1614来实现钟形件导管1624与不锈钢支承杆1634之间的止血。钟形件导管1624在远端端部上凸起至较大的直径1623以便封装毂1620。最外面且最后的导管是护套导管1604,护套导管1604为假体二尖瓣(未示出)提供遮蔽,并且护套导管1604能够通过支承和引导梢部1603并且帮助扩大心壁肌肉中的切口来穿透心尖(未示出)。护套导管1604总体上包括中等硬度的单腔Pebax挤出件并且包括内部钢编织的且润滑的衬里以及不透射线的标记带(未示出)。护套导管1604轴向地平移并且可以相对于毂1620前进和收回。护套导管1604在近端端部处与第一血液端口1625配合连接,并且可以通过吹扫第一止血管1617来实现护套导管1604与钟形件导管1624之间的止血。
如图18中看到的,护套导管1604的近端端部与第一血液端口1625配合接触。第一血液端口与带螺纹插入物1627和O形环1638配合接触,O形环1638夹在第一血液端口1625与带螺纹插入物1627之间以便压靠钟形件导管1624以形成止血密封。当指旋轮1616旋转时,螺钉插入物1627将平移,并且护套导管1624可以通过附接而收回或前进。为了提供足够的刚度来扩张心壁组织,护套导管1604的远端边缘将抵靠位于梢部1603上的肩部1618。这种连通允许梢部1603在递送期间保持固定并且与护套导管1604对准,并且产生穿刺刚度。
图18还详细说明了可以使钟形件导管1624相对于毂1620收回或前进的机制。指旋轮1616可以旋转成这样的程度,即螺钉插入物1627将与压配合到第二血液端口1629中的两个销1628接触。当钟形件导管1624与第二血液端口1629配合接触时,指旋轮1616的进一步旋转将导致第二血液端口1629平移并且通过连接至第二血液端口帽1632而压靠弹簧1633。这种前进将导致钟形件导管1624的凸起的较大直径部段1623从毂1620收回。当指旋轮1616沿相反方向旋转时,由弹簧1633产生的恢复力将导致第二个血液端口1629沿相反方向被推动,从而将钟形件导管1624的凸起的较大直径部段1623拉回到毂1620上,该动作在假体瓣膜的初始装载期间是必需的。
图18进一步详细说明了在不锈钢支承杆1634与钟形件导管1624之间实现止血的方式。O形环1631在第二血液端口1629与第二血液端口帽1632之间被压缩,从而形成对不锈钢支承杆1634的密封。可以通过吹扫第二止血管1614来实现钟形件导管1624与不锈钢支承杆1634之间的止血,第二止血管1614通过槽和孔1630与待吹扫的空隙连通。
在图19A至图19B中详细说明了启用负责部署的机构所需的部署过程和动作。当以相反的顺序执行时,这些动作还需要在手术前对瓣膜(未示出)进行第一次装载。
如图19A中看到的,指旋轮1616的操纵将提供对护套导管1604的平移控制。为了实现心脏瓣膜(未示出)的部署,用户必须撤回护套导管1604与梢部1603的肩部1618的接触,直到护套导管1604通过钟形件导管1624的较大直径部段1623。心脏瓣膜(未示出)将同心地在导引线导管1621上方位于在图19A中由用于1621的引线指示的位置中,类似于图13中图示的实施方式。可以撤回护套导管1604,直到螺钉插入物1627与销锁1608接触。然后在可以实现螺钉插入物1627的进一步行进之前必须移除销锁1608。
如图19B中看到的,销锁1608被从手柄1601移除以便允许护套导管1604的进一步平移。当护套导管1604完全收回时,钟形件导管1624的较大直径部段1623也被完全收回,这将心脏瓣膜(未示出)从递送系统完全释放。以大约120度彼此周向间隔开的三个毂槽1619提供了递送系统与心脏瓣膜之间的锚固机构和物理联系。一旦已经撤回钟形件导管1624的较大直径部段1623,毂槽1619就变得未被覆盖,这允许心脏瓣膜锚固件(未示出)完全扩张。
图20图示了图16中的递送装置的远端部分。三个毂槽1619相对于钟形件导管1624的较大直径梢部1623以可滑动地方式布置在远端。这些槽允许与假体瓣膜进行接合。通过将假体瓣膜的连合突片或突片812布置到槽1619中并且然后将槽1619收回到钟形件导管1624的梢部1623下方,瓣膜可以以可释放的方式由槽保持。当钟形件导管1624上的梢部1623的约束已经被移除时可以通过使槽相对于钟形件导管向远端前进使得装载锚固件或突片812可以自扩张出槽1619且离开槽1619而将假体瓣膜从递送导管释放。
图21图示了假体二尖瓣800(如上文参照图8A所论述的),其中,锚固突片812布置在毂槽(不可见)中,并且钟形件导管1623在锚固突片812上前进。因此,即使大部分假体瓣膜800已经自扩张到假体瓣膜的扩张构型中,瓣膜连合部也仍保持在收缩构型中,其中,突片812被捕获在槽1619中。一旦由钟形件导管1623提供的约束已被从槽1619移除,突片812就可以自扩张出槽1619,连合部将打开至连合部的无偏置位置。然后将假体瓣膜与递送装置断开连接并且被从递送装置释放。
经心尖递送方法
图22A至图22G图示了经心尖递送假体二尖瓣的方法的示例。该示例可以使用在本文中描述的任何假体瓣膜,并且可以使用在本文中描述的任何递送装置。图22A图示了通过在尖端部2202处进入到心脏中、通过左心室2204、穿过二尖瓣2206并且进入到左心房2208中所获得的总体经心尖路径。主动脉瓣2210保持不受影响。经心尖递送方法已经在专利和科学文献中有所描述,比如在国际PCT公开No.WO2009/134701中有所描述,该国际PCT的全部内容通过参引并入本文中。
在图22B中,递送装置2214通过尖端部2202中的切口被引入、并且沿着导引线GW穿过心室2204、经过二尖瓣2206,其中,递送装置2214的远端部分布置在心房2208中。递送装置具有圆化梢部2212,圆化梢部2212构造成穿过切口并且使切口扩张,并且可以前进穿过心脏而不会对二尖瓣2206或相邻组织造成不希望的创伤。缝合线2216可以使用荷包缝合或本领域已知的其他图案在尖端2202处围绕递送装置2214缝合,以便防止过度出血并且帮助将递送装置保持就位。
在图22C中,递送装置2214的外护套2214a相对于假体二尖瓣2220向近端收回(或者假体二尖瓣相对于外护套2214a向远端前进)以露出对准元件2218和假体二尖瓣2220上的心房裙部区域2222的一部分,这允许心房裙部区域2222开始部分地径向向外扩张并且张开。对准元件2218可以包括一对不透射线的标记2218a,不透射线的标记2218a促使在荧光透视下的可视化。医生然后可以将对准元件对准,使得不透射线的标记2218a布置在二尖瓣小叶的任一侧部上。可以旋转递送装置2214以帮助将对准元件对准。对准元件可以位于主动脉根部附近并且位于天然小叶的纤维三角区之间。
在图22D中,一旦已经获得对准,护套2214a就被进一步向近端收回,从而允许向外张开以形成凸缘的心房裙部2222径向扩张。递送装置2214和假体瓣膜2220的近端收回使心房裙部2222抵靠二尖瓣2206附近的心房表面坐置,从而将假体瓣膜锚固在第一位置中。
图22E示出了护套2214a的进一步向近端收回将假体瓣膜2220露出并且将假体瓣膜2220的额外约束轴向移除,从而允许瓣膜中的更多瓣膜自扩张。环形区域2224扩张成与二尖瓣环接合并且心室三角突片2226和后突片2228径向扩张。心室裙部的部分用作部署控制区域并且防止整个心室裙部扩张,因为心室裙部仍然受到约束。突片被捕获在前二尖瓣小叶与心室壁之间以及后二尖瓣小叶与心室壁之间。后心室锚固突片2228可以在没有腱附着的后二尖瓣小叶的中间对准,并且越过后小叶以坐置在后小叶与心室壁之间。两个心室三角锚固突片2226定位于前小叶的两侧,其中,心室三角锚固突片2226的头部定位于纤维三角区处。此时可能会发生假体的略微旋转和重新对准。随着假体扩张,前三角突片靠着纤维三角区锚固,从而将天然前小叶和腱捕获在突片与假体瓣膜的前表面之间,并且后心室突片锚固在心室壁与后小叶之间,从而将后小叶捕获在后锚固突片与假体瓣膜组件的后表面之间。
图22F示出了护套2214a的进一步收回将心室三角突片和后突片释放,并且心室裙部2230的部署控制区域也被释放并且允许靠着天然二尖瓣小叶径向向外扩张。这会在天然小叶内形成密封漏斗并且有助于引导血液流过假体二尖瓣。由于假体的连合部仍被捕获在递送系统内,因此仍可以进行非常小的调整以确保准确定位、锚固和密封。假体瓣膜现在锚固在四个位置中。然后通过内轴的收回将锚固突片2232从递送装置释放,从而允许突片自扩张出递送导管上的槽,如先前在上面论述的和图22G中所示的。假体瓣膜现在被植入患者的心脏中并且接管天然二尖瓣。然后可以通过将递送装置向近端收回并且将递送装置从尖端部切口移除而将递送装置2214从心脏移除。然后可以将缝合线2216打结并将穿刺部位密封。
经中隔递送方法
图23A至图23G图示了经中隔递送假体二尖瓣的示例。该示例可以使用在本文中描述的任何假体瓣膜,并且如果适当修改的话可以使用在本文中描述的任何递送装置。本领域技术人员将理解的是,可能需要颠倒以上公开的递送系统的示例中的各种轴的相对运动以便适应经中隔方法。图23A图示了通过递送装置向上穿过腔静脉2302进入到右心房2304中而获得的总体的经中隔路径。经中隔穿刺2306通过心房中隔产生,并且通常通过卵圆孔产生,使得该装置可以被穿入到左心房2308中、到达二尖瓣2310上方和左心室2312附近。经中隔技术已经在专利和科学文献中公开,比如在Zarbatany等人的美国专利公开No.2004/0181238中公开,该美国专利公开的全部内容通过参引并入本文中。
在图23B中,递送装置2314沿着导引线GW穿过腔静脉2302进入到右心房2306中。然后递送装置2314经中隔穿过心房壁在二尖瓣2310附近进入到左心房2308中。导引线GW可以穿过二尖瓣2310布置在左心室2312中。递送装置的远端梢部通常包括鼻锥部或其他无创伤梢部以防止损坏二尖瓣或相邻组织。
在图23C中,递送装置2214的外护套2214a相对于假体二尖瓣2319向近端收回。替代性地,递送装置2214的远端部分2314b可以相对于假体瓣膜2319向远端前进以露出对准元件2316和假体二尖瓣2319上的心房裙部区域2318的一部分,这允许心房裙部区域2318开始部分径向向外扩张并且张开。对准元件2316可以包括一对不透射线的标记2316a,不透射线的标记2316a有助于在荧光透视下的可视化。医生然后可以将对准元件对准,使得不透射线的标记2316a布置在前二尖瓣小叶的任一侧部上。对准元件可以位于主动脉根部附近并且位于天然前小叶的纤维三角区之间。可以旋转递送装置2214以帮助将对准元件对准。
在图23D中,一旦已经获得对准,远端部分2314b就被进一步向远端前进,从而允许向外张开以形成凸缘的心房裙部2318的径向扩张。使递送装置2214和假体瓣膜2319向远端前进使得心房裙部2318靠着与二尖瓣2310相邻的心房表面坐置,从而将假体瓣膜锚固在第一位置中。
图23E示出了远端部分2314b的进一步向远端前进将假体瓣膜2319露出并且将假体瓣膜2319的额外约束轴向移除,从而允许瓣膜中的更多瓣膜自扩张。环形区域2320扩张成与二尖瓣环接合并且心室三角突片2324和后突片2322径向扩张。心室裙部的一部分用作部署控制区域,因为这部分仍然受到约束,并且因此整个心室裙部不能扩张。突片被捕获在前二尖瓣小叶与心室壁之间以及后二尖瓣小叶与心室壁之间。后心室锚固突片2322可以在没有腱附着的后二尖瓣小叶的中间中对准,并且越过后小叶以坐置在后小叶与心室壁之间。两个心室三角锚固突片2324定位在前小叶的任一侧部上,其中,心室三角锚固突片2324的头部定位在纤维三角区处。此时可能会发生假体的轻微旋转和重新对准。随着假体扩张,前三角突片靠着纤维三角区锚固,从而将天然前小叶和腱捕获在突片与假体瓣膜的前表面之间,并且后心室突片锚固在心室壁与后小叶之间,从而将后小叶捕获在后锚固突片与假体瓣膜组件的后表面之间。
图23F示出了远端部分2314b的进一步向远端前进将心室三角突片和后突片释放,并且心室裙部2326也被释放并且被允许靠着天然二尖瓣小叶径向向外扩张而不接合心室壁。这会在天然小叶内形成密封漏斗并且有助于引导血液流过假体瓣膜。由于假体瓣膜的连合部仍被递送系统捕获,因此仍可以进行非常小的调整以确保准确定位、锚固和密封。假体瓣膜现在锚固在四个位置中。然后通过内轴的进一步前进而从递送装置释放锚固突片2328,从而允许突片自扩张出递送导管上的槽,如先前在上面论述的和图23G中所示的。现在将假体瓣膜植入患者的心脏中并且接管天然二尖瓣。然后可以通过将递送装置2314通过心房间隔向近端往回收回并且离开腔静脉而将递送装置2314从心脏移除。
图24示出了在经心尖或经中隔递送之后锚固在二尖瓣空间中的假体瓣膜2418。假体瓣膜2418可以是图8A中所图示的假体二尖瓣或者本文中公开的其他假体瓣膜中的任何假体瓣膜,并且通过图22A至图22G或图23A至图23G中所示的方法进行递送,心室裙部2410也径向向外扩张以接合并向外挤压。假体瓣膜2418已经径向自扩张成与二尖瓣接合以将假体瓣膜2418锚固就位而不阻碍心脏的其他部分,包括不阻碍左心室流出道、比如主动脉瓣2402。前三角突片2408(在该视图中仅看到1个)和后心室突片2405从心室裙部2410的其余部分径向向外扩张,并且前小叶2406和后小叶2404被捕获在相应突片与心室裙部2410之间以形成锚固点。但腱索中的至少一些腱索和乳头肌可以不压靠心室壁。环形区域2416径向向外扩张以接合并且压靠二尖瓣环,并且心房裙部2414也已经向外扩张以形成靠着心房搁置在二尖瓣的顶部上的凸缘。因此,假体瓣膜2418被锚固在二尖瓣空间中的四个位置中,这防止假体瓣膜在心脏的收缩期间迁移或脱落。此外,与仅锚固在单个锚固区域中或锚固在这四个锚固区域的任何组合中的假体相比,使用四个锚固点减少了在任何给定锚固区域中需要施加的锚固压力。需要对每个区域中的天然结构施加的径向力上的相应减小使由于天然二尖瓣装置的移位引起的对附近的主动脉瓣或主动脉根部的阻塞或撞击的风险最小化。瓣膜小叶2420形成三尖瓣,该三尖瓣随着顺行的血液流动而打开并且随着逆行血液流动而闭合。连合部2421的梢部上的突片2412(在图25中最佳地看到的)在与递送装置断开接合后保持自由。
图25图示了锚固在二尖瓣空间中并且从左心室看、向上朝向心房看的图24的假体瓣膜2418。如前所述,假体瓣膜2418可以被经心尖或经中隔递送,并且可以是图8A中所图示的、通过图22A至图22G或图23A至图23G中所示的方法进行递送的假体二尖瓣。该视图更清楚地图示了假体二尖瓣2418与相邻组织的锚固和接合。例如,形成三尖瓣的三个瓣膜小叶2420示出为处于打开位置,从而允许血液流过瓣膜小叶。另外,前三角突片2408和后心室突片2405示出为径向向外扩张成与心室心脏组织2425接合。前三角突片2408之间的假体瓣膜的前部部分是近似平坦的以与对应的平坦解剖结构配合,如先前在上面论述的。假体瓣膜的前部部分的平坦形状防止假体瓣膜撞击和阻塞相邻的解剖结构、比如包括主动脉瓣的左心室流出道。图25还图示了心室裙部2410如何靠着天然二尖瓣小叶径向向外扩张。
药物递送
假体瓣膜中的任何假体瓣膜也可以用作用于局部药物洗脱的药物递送装置。可以将治疗剂涂覆在假体瓣膜上、涂覆在覆盖锚固件的组织上、涂覆在假体瓣膜和涂覆在覆盖锚固件的组织两者上,或者以其他方式由假体瓣膜携带并且在植入后以可控的方式从假体瓣膜洗脱。药物的示例包括抗钙化药物、抗生素、抗血小板聚集药物、抗炎药物、抑制组织排斥反应的药物、抗再狭窄药物、抗血栓形成药物、溶栓药物等。具有这些治疗效果的药物对本领域技术人员而言是公知的。
锚固突片
本文中公开的假体瓣膜的任何示例可以包括一个或更多个前锚固突片和/或一个或更多个后锚固突片,或者锚固突片可以定位在可扩张框架上的其他地方(例如,外侧或内侧)。虽然这些示例很有希望,但在某些情况下,在荧光透视或超声心动图下观察锚固突片可能具有挑战性。此外,在某些情况下,锚固突片的梢部可能接合并刺激与突片锚固的组织或引起创伤。因此,在克服这些挑战中的至少一些挑战方面可能需要改进的锚固突片。
在具有锚固突片的假体瓣膜的示例中的任何示例中,可能需要修改锚固突片,使得在导管插入实验室中或在包括到医生处就诊的任何医疗程序期间使用的荧光透视、超声心动图或其他可视化技术下更容易观察到锚固突片。图26A示出了假体瓣膜3100,假体瓣膜3100在心室端部上具有锚固突片3102(假体与下端部上的心房凸缘倒置)。假体瓣膜3100可以是本文中公开的假体瓣膜中的任一假体瓣膜并且锚固突片3102可以是前锚固突片、后锚固突片或本文中公开的锚固突片中的任一锚固突片。图26B至图26E图示了锚固突片3102的一些示例,锚固突片3102可以与本文中公开的任何假体的任何锚固突片一起使用。锚固突片可以由覆盖有诸如涤纶之类的覆盖物的支柱形成,或者锚固突片可以是实心的。
图26B示出了具有基部3104和自由端部3108的锚固突片3102。基部联接至假体瓣膜并且可以联接至心室裙部。基部具有带有圆形端部的窄的长形部段,该圆形端部联接至假体瓣膜。自由端部3108是抵靠组织接合并锚固的端部,例如如果锚固件是前锚固件,则是抵靠纤维三角区接合并锚固的端部,或者如果锚固件是后锚固件,则是抵靠瓣环的后部部分接合并锚固的端部。自由端部具有相对于基部扩大的头部区域,并且扩大的头部部分提供更大的接触表面区域,因此将力分布在更大的表面区域上从而减少组织创伤的可能性,以及提供更不透射线或回声的区域以用于可视化。可选地,自由端部可以包括多个槽,这些槽部分地或完全地延伸穿过突片以提供也可以促进在射线照相或超声波下的可视化的图案。在此,可选的图案包括在自由端部的任一侧上形成的V形(chevron)的两个未连接的槽、以及与自由端部的接合边缘相邻的两个水平槽。水平槽的中一个槽比另一水平槽长。这种可选图案同样可以有助于可视化。
另外,在锚固突片中具有槽将允许锚固突片具有期望的机械特性、比如梢部挠性或刚度,从而进一步避免组织创伤。槽可以使用不透射线或回声细丝或增强可见性的其他材料代替。
图26C图示了锚固突片的另一示例,该锚固突片可以与本文中公开的任何假体瓣膜上的任何锚固突片一起使用。此处,突片3102总体上采用与图26B中的突片相同的形式,其中,主要区别在于没有槽并且该示例包括覆盖物或覆盖层。突片3102包括基部3104并且还包括与图26B中的自由端部大致相同的自由端部3108。然而,此处,自由端部3108不包括图26B的槽。另外,该自由端部包括布置在自由端部3108上或以其他方式联接至自由端部3108的覆盖物或涂层3110。覆盖物或覆盖层可以是增加在X射线或超声波下的可视化的任何材料。例如,覆盖层或覆盖物可以包括硅树脂以提高回声性,或包括致密材料以提高辐射不透性。除了促使可视化之外,覆盖物或覆盖层还提供衬垫和/或更大的表面区域来分布力,从而在将突片抵靠组织进行锚固时使对组织的创伤最小化或防止对组织的创伤,并且因此覆盖物或覆盖层可以用于控制锚固突片的机械性能。
图26D图示了锚固突片3102的另一示例,锚固突片3102总体上采用与图26B中的突片相同的形式,其中,主要区别在于表面特征的使用。突片3102包括基部3104和自由端部3108,基部3104和自由端部3108总体上采用与图26B中的基部和自由端部相同的形式。在该示例中,锚固突片由多个相互连接的支柱3112形成并且覆盖物布置在支柱上。覆盖物可以是任何材料比如涤纶、聚四氟乙烯、特氟隆、组织等。各个支柱3112可以具有表面特征或被蚀刻成具有表面特征3114以增强不透射线性或回声性。表面特征还可以增强机械性能。支柱中的一些或所有支柱可以具有表面特征或蚀刻。
图26E示出了具有可以用于增强突片的可视化或机械特性的特征的锚固突片的另一示例。突片3120总体上采用与图26B中的突片相同的形式并且具有与图26B中描述的基部和自由端部大致相似的基部3104和自由端部3108。锚固突片可以具有延伸穿过锚固突片的一个或更多个孔口。在此,锚固突片包括自由端部中的孔口3108和基部中的两个孔口3114、3116。孔口3108是较大的孔口并且可以是圆孔口或另一种图案,而两个基部孔口3114、3116也是圆形的并且都比自由端部孔口3108小,但是最靠近基部的边缘的一个孔口比基部中的另一孔口大。操作员能够看到孔口并确定自由端部和基部端部的位置。也可以根据需要调整孔口以增加或减少锚固突片的挠性或其他机械性能。
图27A图27E图示了可以与本文中所公开的假体瓣膜中的任何假体瓣膜一起使用的锚固突片的附加示例。
图27A示出了具有基部2702和自由端部2704的锚固突片,基部2702和自由端部2704类似于先前在图26A至图26E中上述的基部和自由端部。自由端部包括围绕自由端部的周缘布置的多个圆孔2714,并且具有与自由端部区域中的锚固突片的纵向轴线平行的轴向定向的跑道形槽2712。在基部与自由端部之间布置有线性阵列的圆孔2710,并且在基部上布置有宽孔2706。宽孔2706允许系绳或其他物体联接至锚固突片的基部(有时也称为肘状部)以控制肘状部部署。圆孔2708布置在宽孔2706的任一侧上。同样,这些孔有助于促使锚固突片的可视化并且为锚固突片提供所期望的机械特性。这些孔也可以用于使缝合线穿过以便将物体(例如覆盖物)固定至锚固突片。
图27B与图27A的示例类似,其中,图27B具有不同的槽和孔的图案。基部2702包括宽孔2716,系绳或其他控制元件可以通过该宽孔布置或联接至基部以便控制肘状部部署。宽孔2716的任一侧包括孔2718的线性阵列,以使用宽孔2716下方的弓形槽2720标记基部。锚固突片在基部与自由端部之间的中间部分包括孔2722的线性阵列,其中,不同长度的水平线性槽2724、2728向下延伸到自由端部中,并且圆孔和椭圆形孔2726布置在水平槽中的一些水平槽之间。竖向椭圆形槽可以布置在水平槽之间。圆孔2730的最终线性阵列可以沿着自由端部水平地定向。
图27C图示了孔和槽图案的另一示例,该孔和槽图案可以用于锚固突片中以控制锚固突片的辐射不透性或回声性以及机械特性。孔图案与图27B中的大致相同,其中具有一些修改。例如,弓形槽2720已经被指向基部的V形形状槽2732替代,并且水平槽2724、2728已经被形成指向自由端部的V形的线性槽替代。V形在基部2702至自由端部2704之间的区域中可以是敞开的2734或封闭的2736。
图27D示出了可以用于任何锚固突片的另一孔和槽的图案。锚固突片包括基部2702和自由端部2704。基部附近的孔图案与图27的孔图案类似,不同之处在于没有V形部2732。指向自由端部的封闭V形部2740从锚固件的中间部段向自由端部延伸,并且类似于图27A,多个圆孔沿着自由端部的周缘延伸。孔图案的其他方面与图27A至图27C类似。
图27E示出了可以用于锚固突片的又一孔和槽图案。在此,基部2702包括:开口槽2750,开口槽2750允许系绳、细丝或其他物体容易地与基部中的孔口联接或断开联接;以及圆孔2752,圆孔2752围绕槽和孔口。孔2754的线性阵列在基部与自由端部之间的中间部段中沿着突片竖向向下延伸。竖向定向的椭圆形槽2758标记自由端部的中心区域,并且自由端部2704的周缘的轮廓设计成具有多个圆孔2756。
图27A至图27E中的示例并非意在进行限制并且并非仅被公开以说明槽、孔以及其他表面特征可以如何结合到锚固突片中以便促进锚固突片的可视化和控制机械特性。
图28A至图28C图示了锚固突片的另一示例,该锚固突片将更加可见并且提供了接触压力减小并且因此提供了创伤更少的锚固件。该锚固突片可以用作前锚固突片、后锚固突片、或在本文中公开的假体瓣膜示例中的任何假体瓣膜示例中的任何锚固突片。
图28A图示了处于叠缩构型并且由诸如护套或导管轴之类的外管状元件2804约束的假体瓣膜2802,并且这便于以叠缩构型递送至治疗区域。假体瓣膜2802可以是本文中公开的假体瓣膜中的任何假体瓣膜并且包括锚固突片2806,锚固突片2806可以是前锚固突片、后锚固突片、或者前锚固突片和后锚固突片的组合或其他锚固突片。在该示例中,仅两个锚固突片可见,但隐藏了第三锚固突片,并且因此该示例包括两个前锚固突片和一个后锚固突片。假体瓣膜还包括连合柱2808,连合柱2808具有用于以可释放的方式与先前在上面公开的递送导管联接的扩大头部。锚固突片2806还被护套2804约束处于叠缩构型,使得锚固突片布置成与假体瓣膜的纵向轴线大致平行地延伸的大致线性形状。
在28B中,护套2804如箭头所指示的那样远离假体2802而收回,使得假体瓣膜的心房部分自扩张以形成如前所述的心房裙部或凸缘2810。随着护套2804进一步收回,锚固突片2806变得不受约束并且锚固突片以与本说明书前面描述的其他锚固突片大致相同的方式自扩张。然而,锚固突片的自由端部还被偏置以卷绕成卷2812。成卷的端部可以形成扁平螺旋弹簧(有时也称为时钟弹簧)。一旦护套完全收回(图28B中未图示出),则假体的其余部分自扩张并且连合部被从导管释放。
图28C示出了假体完全扩张并且被从递送导管释放。处于完全扩张构型的假体采用与本文中描述的其他瓣膜假体的扩张构型大致相同的形式。主要区别在于锚固突片的成卷梢部2812。由于在成卷梢部中存在更多材料,因此质量和/或密度也会增加,并且梢部在X射线或超声波下将更加明显。另外,由于锚固突片的接合部分是光滑且弯曲的并且具有更大的表面区域,因此对组织的创伤也将被最小化或避免。
假体瓣膜可以由任何数目的自扩张或形状记忆材料比如镍钛诺、弹性聚合物或本领域已知的其他材料形成。假体瓣膜也可以由气囊可扩张材料形成并且气囊导管可以用于扩张假体。
成卷的锚固突片还可以与本文中公开的覆盖物、覆盖层、有槽的、有纹理的或以其他方式修改的锚固突片中的任一者组合。
部署控制机构
如先前所论述的,假体瓣膜可以是自扩张的、气囊扩张的、或者它可以通过本领域已知的其他技术扩张。在某些情况下、比如在自扩张期间,假体可能突然弹开,导致假体从其目标部署位置移动或跳跃。因此,可能期望为假体提供额外的部署控制机构,以便确保更准确地部署并锚固在目标治疗部位处。
可以将收紧机构或套索机构联接至假体瓣膜的任何部分以便控制径向扩张。例如,套索可以联接至心房凸缘、环形区域、锚固突片,或者套索可以围绕假体瓣膜的心室部分周向延伸。
例如,图29A至图29B分别示出了处于扩张构型和叠缩构型的联接至心房凸缘的周缘的套索。
图29A示出了处于部分扩张构造的假体瓣膜。假体瓣膜可以是本文中所公开的假体瓣膜中的任何假体瓣膜,并且心房凸缘处于扩张构型,而假体瓣膜的其余部分以叠缩构型容纳在远端囊状件2902中,远端囊状件2902联接至递送系统中的长形轴2914。套索的环部分2904围绕凸缘的周缘周向地延伸并且套索的自由端部2910远离假体瓣膜向近端延伸。套索的自由端部2910可以向近端延伸,并且与递送系统的纵向轴线大致平行地伸延。自由端部可以以可滑动的方式布置在作为递送系统的一部分的另一轴2912的内腔中,或者自由端部可以沿着外表面或在递送导管的内腔或环形空间中伸延以便防止缠结。轴2912可以布置在递送导管的内腔或环形空间内部,或者轴2912可以沿着递送导管的外表面的侧部伸延。自由端部向近端延伸至递送导管的近端端部,在该近端端部处,自由端部可以由操作者手动控制,或者自由端部可以联接至允许操作者操纵套索的致动器。对套索施加张力将通常会收紧套索并且因此使心房凸缘叠缩,而释放张力将使套索松弛从而允许心房凸缘扩张。使心房凸缘叠缩允许假体瓣膜被重新捕获并且重新套入递送导管的囊状件或内腔中并且进行重新定位或从患者体内移除。
套索可以由任何细丝、比如挠性线材或缝合线形成。套索(无论是缝合线、线材还是其他部件)穿过围绕心房凸缘的周缘布置的孔眼2906,或者套索可以布置成穿过布置在假体瓣膜框架上的其他连接器特征部。孔眼2906可以是织物突片,织物突片折叠在自身上以形成供细丝穿过的通道,并且然后突片的端部联接至假体瓣膜的支柱2908(例如通过缝合)或联接至布置在假体瓣膜上的覆盖物2916(例如涤纶覆盖物)。
一旦假体瓣膜已经正确部署在所需位置中,则套索的自由端部可以在近端端部处释放,并且拉动细丝的一个端部,直到将套索从孔眼中拉出并从心房凸缘释放,从而将套索从假体瓣膜完全移除。
图29B示出了图29A的假体瓣膜,当对套索施加张力时,假体瓣膜上的心房凸缘叠缩,使得假体瓣膜可以被重新套入,并且然后被重新定位和重新部署或者被从患者体内移除。
在一些示例中,套索可以固定地附接至假体瓣膜,使得套索的至少一部分在植入之后保持与假体瓣膜在一起。
图30图示了固定地附接至假体瓣膜3002的套索3004的另一示例,假体瓣膜3002可以是本文中公开的假体瓣膜中的任何假体瓣膜。在此,套索3004附接至假体瓣膜的心房凸缘的周缘。套索由个根细丝形成,比如由围绕心房凸缘形成闭合环的线材或缝合线形成。在其他示例中,可以使用多于一根的细丝来形成细丝。一个或更多个(在此存在两个)连接器3006、比如环形成在细丝中并且向外且远离套索延伸,并且提供可以以可释放的方式联接至诸如导管轴或系绳之类的致动元件的孔眼。通过使细丝穿过联接至假体瓣膜的支柱3014或联接至布置在假体瓣膜框架的支柱3014上的覆盖物3016(例如涤纶覆盖物)的突片3010、3008而将套索固定至假体瓣膜。突片可以包括短突片3008或长突片3010。长突片3012可以包括槽或开口窗口部分3018以允许连接器3006延伸穿过槽或窗口以对连接器的成环部分提供通路。连接器的成环部分可以通过将细丝的一部分聚束在一起并且将其打结或使用压接环将其压接以形成可以用作孔眼的环而形成。
图30的套索可以被张紧以使心房凸缘叠缩或者可以减小张力以便允许心房凸缘自扩张。同样地,这允许心房凸缘进行受控扩张,或者如果需要,心房凸缘可以叠缩、重新覆盖和重新定位或被从患者体内移除。
图31A至图31C图示了处于不同构型的图31的假体瓣膜。图31A示出了假体瓣膜3002,其中,张力施加至套索3004从而使心房凸缘叠缩成叠缩构型。假体瓣膜的心室部分也处于叠缩构型并且容纳在囊状件3102中。如前所述,突片3008将套索保持至假体瓣膜3002。两个系绳3020以可释放的方式联接至形成在套索中的环3006(在图31C中最佳可见)。系绳可以是细丝、比如线材或缝合线,并且系绳与承载假体瓣膜的递送导管轴3022的纵向轴线大致平行地向近端延伸。系绳可以容纳在另一导管轴3024的内腔中以防止缠结和控制摩擦,或者系绳可以简单地沿着递送导管侧面或在递送导管的内腔或环形空间中延伸。系绳的近端端部可以由操作者手动控制或联接至可以由操作者致动的手柄上的致动器,从而控制系绳中的张力并且因此控制心房凸缘的扩张构型或叠缩构型。
图31B示出了系绳3020中的张力松弛,从而允许心房凸缘扩张而假体瓣膜的心室部分在囊状件3102中保持叠缩或部分叠缩。如果操作者需要重新定位假体瓣膜或将其从患者体内移除,可以向系绳重新施加张力以使心房凸缘叠缩,使得可以将假体瓣膜重新套入并且重新定位或移除。
图31C示出了完全扩张的心房凸缘,并且一旦正确部署,操作者就可以从系绳3020移除所有张力并且连接器3026被从套索中的环3006释放,从而将系绳与套索断开联接。然后可以将系绳3020及其保护套3024从患者体内移除,同时将套索3004保持附接至假体瓣膜并植入患者体内。连接器可以是允许系绳与环可释放地连接的任何连接器元件、比如以下所述的连接器元件中的任何连接器元件。
图31D至图31F图示了与以上图31A至图31C中类似的套索部署控制机构,其中,主要区别在于包括有系绳控制机构3032。图31D至图31F的其他方面与图31A至图31C中的大致相同。
在图31D中,系绳3020、在此是三个系绳沿与递送导管3022的纵向轴线大致平行的方向进入系绳控制元件3032中的通道3030。通道3030形成为使得系绳沿与递送导管3022的纵向轴线横向或正交的方向离开系绳控制元件3032。这有助于防止系绳缠结,并且还引导由系绳递送至套索的张力更径向向内指向套索,这将促使当施加张力时套索和心房凸缘的叠缩,如图31D中看到的。系绳控制元件可以具有倾斜的面向近端表面和面向远端表面,以确保张力控制元件不会被任何相邻表面卡住或对系绳控制元件可能接触的相邻组织造成任何创伤。图31D的其他方面与图31A的大致相同。
在图31E中,从系绳释放了张力,从而释放了套索并允许心房凸缘扩张。图31E的其他方面总体上与图31B中的相同。
图31F示出了系绳3020被从套索上的连接器环3006释放。然后可以从患者体内移除系绳和连接器元件。图31F的其他方面总体上与图31C中的相同。
图31G至图31I图示了可以用于控制诸如图30中的套索的致动的机构的另一示例。图31G至图31I总体上与关于图31D至图31F所论述的相同,其中,主要区别在于细绳与套索中的环的联接/断开联接。
图31G示出了处于叠缩构型的假体瓣膜3002,假体瓣膜3002可以是本文中公开的假体瓣膜中的任何假体瓣膜,其中,心室部分布置在囊状件3102中。围绕心房凸缘的周缘穿过突片或孔眼3008的套索3004被拉紧以将心房凸缘保持在叠缩构型中,其中,突片或孔眼3008联接至可扩张框架或框架上的覆盖物。连接至系绳的环3006延伸穿过系绳控制元件3032,使得环优于系绳控制元件3032。系绳控制元件有助于防止各种轴和细丝缠结,并且有助于引导由系绳提供的力,如先前在上面所论述的。具有成环端部的系绳3050通过将系绳3050环布置在套索的环3006下方而被联接至套索系绳3006,并且然后细丝、比如丝材3020穿过两个环。因此,当将张力施加至系绳3050时,环由于细丝3020而保持互锁并且套索可以被拉紧以使心房凸缘叠缩。细丝3050可以沿着递送导管的侧面延伸或者可以布置在轴或护套(未图示出)中的内腔中。系绳3050和/或轴或护套可以沿着递送导管的侧面延或者容纳在递送导管的内腔或环形空间中。
当操作者希望释放套索中的张力时,可以释放系绳3050中的张力,而系绳仍联接至套索环3006(细丝仍布置在系绳环和套索环两者中)。这允许心房凸缘自扩张,如图31H中看到的。如果操作者需要,可以重新施加张力并使心房凸缘叠缩,并且然后可以将瓣膜重新定位和重新部署或从患者体内移除。
图31I示出了一旦假体瓣膜被正确定位并且心房凸缘扩张,细丝3020就可以被向近端收回并从环3006、3050移除,从而使环彼此断开联接。套索上的环3006联接至假体瓣膜并且因此保持植入患者体内且同时细丝3020和系绳3050被从患者体内移除。
在系绳示例中的任何系绳示例中,联接至套索的系绳可以布置在轴或护套的内腔中,或者系绳可以保持布置成离开任何内腔并且朝向递送导管的近端端部延伸。任何系绳可以只是也可以连结至导管轴的系绳的短的区段,该导管轴启动拉动动作并控制张力,并且因此实际的系绳区段不必一直延伸回至递送导管的近端端部。
图32A至图32C示出了连接器的示例,该连接器可以用于将系绳与上述公开的套索示例中的任何套索、比如图31A至图31D中的套索以可释放的方式联接。图32A示出了以可滑动的方式布置在外轴3202的内腔中的系绳3204以及在系绳的远端自由端部处的连接器3210,如先前在图31C中所述的。连接器3210是具有肩部区域3208和凹槽区域3214的部分筒形元件,肩部区域3208从系绳径向向外延伸以提供套索的环3206可以搁置在其上而不会脱落的区域,凹槽区域3214沿着筒形部的纵向轴线延伸,凹槽区域3214提供了下述通道:系绳3212的两个端部在围绕肩部区域成环后可以位于该通道中。当将张力施加至环时,环将保持联接至连接器。当张力被移除时,环可以从连接器元件断开联接,从而从系绳释放套索。可以调节张力以改变施加至套索的环向应力(hoop stress),并且这控制了扩张或收缩的速度或者心房凸缘的大小。外轴3202可以位于递送导管(未图示出)旁边,或者外轴3202可以布置在递送导管(也未图示出)的内腔或环形区域中。
图32B示出了连接器的另一示例,该连接器可以用于将系绳以可释放的方式联接至套索的环。该示例与图32A中的示例类似,其中,主要区别在于连接器3216。同样地,系绳3204以可滑动的方式布置在外导管或轴3202的内腔中。连接器3216附接至系绳3204的自由端部(远端端部)。连接器是矩形块体并且因此具有宽的肩部区域,成环部分3206在围绕连接器缠绕时可以位于该肩部区域上,并且环3212的相反端部也抵靠矩形块体连接器的一个侧部平放。连接器的该示例的其他方面总体上与先前关于图32A所描述的相同。
图32C示出了连接器的另一示例,该连接器可以用于将系绳以可释放的方式联接至套索。在该示例中,系绳3222是穿过外轴3220的内腔的线材或缝合线的细丝。然后系绳3222形成环3228并且围绕附接至套索3224的球状连接器3226缠绕。当张力施加至系绳3222时,球状连接器3226被拉向外轴3220的远端端部,从而防止系绳中的环3228与球状部断开联接,并将套索保持在张紧构型中。当系绳3222上的张力被释放时,环3228可以被从球状连接器3226释放,从而释放套索3224上的张力,并且从而允许心房凸缘打开。该连接器的示例的其他方面总体上与先前在图32A至图32B中描述的相同。
在另一示例(未图示出)中,球状部可以联接至系绳3222并且环3006(在图31C中最佳可见的)能够以可释放的方式联接至球状部。
这些示例中的套索应用于假体瓣膜的心房凸缘。这并非意在进行限制。套索可以应用于假体瓣膜的任何一个或更多个区域以控制假体瓣膜的一个或更多个区域的扩张或叠缩。例如,套索可以应用于假体瓣膜的心室部分和锚固突片以控制锚固突片的自由端部与假体的心室裙部的外表面之间的径向距离(有时也称为突片肘状部距离)。作为制造过程的一部分,可以在递送之前或递送之后对该距离进行调整,以控制突片与相邻组织的接触。或者套索可以应用于心室裙部、或环形区域、或假体瓣膜的两个或更多个区域的组合。
图33A至图33B图示了用于控制假体瓣膜的扩张的部署控制机构的另一示例,该假体瓣膜可以是本文中公开的假体瓣膜中的任何假体瓣膜,并且可以是能够用作假体二尖瓣的假体瓣膜中的任何假体瓣膜。
在图33A中,假体瓣膜3304处于叠缩构型。心室部分叠缩并容纳在囊状件3302中。心房部分3308被围绕其缠绕的带状物或约束带(straitjacket)3306约束并保持在叠缩构型中。约束带3306是长形的带状物,该带状物可以具有比宽度长的长度,使得长宽比大于1。突片3316形成在带状物的一个端部中并且槽3318形成在带状物的另一端部中。通过使突片3316穿过槽3318,可以将约束带保持在锁定构型中,并且然后将线材、销或其他细丝3312布置在突片中以防止突片滑动穿过槽。当操作员想要释放约束带时,可以将细丝从突片移除,并且然后突片将会从槽中脱落,从而允许带状物的端部彼此松开,使得带状物向上打开,并且这将释放施加至假体瓣膜的压缩,使得然后允许受约束区域、在此为心房凸缘3308自扩张。
销或细丝可以是朝向递送导管3310的近端端部向近端延伸的长形细丝,在该近端端部处,操作者可以手动控制销或细丝。细丝可以联接至递送导管的近端端部上的致动器,该致动器允许操作者通过递送导管上的手柄(未示出)控制细丝。细丝能够以可滑动的方式布置在外轴3314的内腔中以防止缠结并控制摩擦。外轴3314可以沿着递送导管3310的外表面的侧面延伸,或者外轴可以布置在递送导管的内腔或环形空间中。在任何示例中,细丝可以沿着递送导管的侧面延伸或者在递送导管的内腔或环形空间中延伸而没有外轴3314。
在图33B中,细丝3312已经向近端收回,从成环突片3316移除细丝从而允许细丝与槽3318断开接合,从而释放约束带和开口,因此心房凸缘可以自扩张且同时心室部分保持通过囊状件叠缩。约束带可以被缝合3320或以其他方式附接至假体瓣膜并且因此保持与假体瓣膜一起植入,或者在任何示例中,约束带可以从患者体内移除。一旦心房凸缘已经部署,假体瓣膜的其余部分就可以与先前描述的那样类似地进行部署。
图34A至图34B图示了可以用于保持图33A至图33B的约束带的锁定机构。在图34A中,约束带3400包括通过将带状物的相反端部3402、3404接合而形成的环。一个端部3402包括带槽区域3410,并且相反端部3404包括突片3406,其中,通道3408延伸穿过该突片。槽被定尺寸成接纳突片并且通道具有与带状物的纵向轴线横向或大致正交的纵向轴线。
在图34B中,带状物的相反端部3402、3404已经彼此重叠并且突片3406被插入到槽3410中。然后,销或细丝3412被插入到通道3408中,从而将约束带锁定到闭合位置中并且约束假体瓣膜的自扩张。当操作者准备好时,销或细丝3412可以从通道3408移除,这将释放约束带并允许假体瓣膜自扩张。约束带也可以称为带或收紧元件/机构。
约束带可以围绕假体瓣膜的任何一个或更多个区域、包括心房凸缘、环形区域、锚固突片、心室裙部等布置。约束带可以由任何材料形成,所述任何材料包括金属、诸如涤纶、聚合物之类的纤维织物等。
可选的瓣膜本体构型
先前在上面描述的假体瓣膜可以被修改成可选地包括能够促进递送、部署或瓣膜功能的以下特征中的任何特征。
例如,在瓣膜本体的任何示例中,瓣膜本体可以构造成具有D形横截面以更好地适配天然瓣膜解剖结构。在另外的其他示例中,可能需要其他横截面形状比如圆形、椭圆形、正方形、矩形等,以与天然解剖结构一致或锚固至天然解剖结构。
无论是D形还是其他形状,在一些示例中,可能需要形成假体瓣膜本体,使得在扩张时该假体瓣膜本体不接合天然瓣膜环,并且因此锚固仅经由上心房凸缘和锚固突片来实现。锚固元件的尺寸可以被调整以适应不同的环形尺寸。瓣膜本体可以具有周缘,该周缘具有比天然瓣膜环的周缘的直径小的直径。这对于患有退行性二尖瓣反流(DMR)和高射血分数的小心室患者可能是有利的。
其他可扩张瓣膜框架几何形状也可以提供优点。例如,具有较少支柱连接节点的可扩张框架减少了假体瓣膜中的材料的数量,并且从而允许瓣膜框架叠缩成在递送期间所期望的较小轮廓。
图35示出了可扩张框架的示例,该可扩张框架可以叠缩成相对于较早示例更小的轮廓,这不仅有助于递送更小的递送系统,而且允许框架更紧密地卷曲到递送系统上,从而确保更安全的递送,使得框架从递送系统弹出的几率较低。可扩张框架3502总体上采用与先前在以上其他框架中描述的相同的形式,但形成该可扩张框架的金属较少并且因此叠缩成更小轮廓,这便于递送并且也便于航行通过曲折的血管。环形区域中减少数目的菱形单元允许减少卷曲。较小的轮廓允许框架更紧密地卷曲到递送系统上,从而确保更安全的递送。另外,较小的轮廓允许在引入和递送期间使用较小的经皮穿刺,从而减少血管创伤和出血的变化,并且潜在地加速手术后穿刺部位的密封。
可扩张框架3502包括心房区域3504、环形区域3506和心室区域3510。心房区域3504包括多个长形的线性支柱,这些线性支柱与连接器支柱联接在一起以形成具有峰和谷的正弦曲线图案。可以对心房区域进行热处理以形成先前上述的心房凸缘。
环形区域3506类似地由多个长形的线性支柱与连接器联接在一起以形成具有峰和谷的正弦曲线图案而形成。环形区域可以是圆形和筒形或具有D形横截面,或任何其他横截面形状。线性连接器支柱将心房区域与环形区域连结在一起。
心室区域3510包括长形的线性支柱,这些线性支柱连接在一起以形成具有峰和谷的正弦曲线图案。心室区域的其他方面与先前在可扩张框架的其他示例中描述的那些方面类似。例如,可扩张框架包括具有扩大的、蘑菇状形状的头部的连合柱3512,该头部以可释放的方式将可扩张框架与递送导管联接,并且连合柱还允许组织或其他材料联接至连合柱以形成假体瓣膜小叶。在一些示例中,连合柱可以在前连合柱上具有不同形状的连接器头部,以允许操作者在射线照相或超声下可视化假体瓣膜相对于天然瓣膜的解剖结构的定向。例如,后连合头部可以是蘑菇状形状而前连合柱可以具有梯形形状的头部。心室锚固件3508、比如前锚固突片和/或后锚固突片也包括在可扩张框架以及心室裙部3514中。在该示例中,连合柱嵌置在形成心室裙部的支柱内。此外,连合柱不会延伸超过心室裙部的边缘。
框架设计还可以包括在卷曲或叠缩到递送系统上时比锚固突片长的连合柱,这简化了与递送导管的附接并且减少了连合柱与递送系统之间的接触深度。
图36图示了具有延伸超过心室裙部3614的边缘的连合柱3610的可扩张框架3602的示例。该示例示出了在轴向上比连合柱3610短的锚固突片3616。另外,连合柱不再被相邻的支柱(心室弓部)包围以简化对递送系统的锚固,因为锚固点现在位于框架的最远端部处。还移除了“S”杆。在该示例中,仅保留直接附接至连合轨道的支撑杆。整体较短的设计(去除孔眼也有助于)还通过紧密的解剖结构改善了装置的航行。去除心室弓部也去除了卷曲状态下锚固点附近的体积。另外,在没有弓部的情况下,瓣膜至递送系统的安装更容易可视化。锚固框架3602的其他方面总体上与图35中描述的相同,锚固框架3602包括形成心房凸缘的心房部分3604、环形区域3606和心室区域3608。这些区域中的每个区域包括联接在一起以形成具有峰和谷的正弦曲线图案的长形支柱。这些区域通过连接器支柱联接在一起。
如先前所公开的,连合柱上的扩大的蘑菇状头部区域3612允许将假体布置在递送系统上的凹部或带槽区域中。外导管以可滑动的方式布置在连合柱上,从而将连合柱限制在导管凹部中并且将假体以可释放的方式接合至递送系统。外导管的收回允许连合柱被从递送系统的凹部区域释放,从而使假体与递送导管断开联接。在一些示例中,具有或不具有扩大的蘑菇状头部的连合柱的自由端部可以径向向内或径向向外成角度以促进假体装载到递送系统上并且帮助防止过早释放。连合柱的角度也可能影响瓣膜密封、左心室流出道(LVOT)阻塞、以及为假体瓣膜框架提供所需的机械性能。关于角连合柱的附加公开可以在下面找到。
另外,如先前所公开的,连合柱3610上的连接器头部3612可以是蘑菇状头部,或者它们可以彼此不同。例如,前连合部头部可以具有一种形状(例如梯形),而后连合部头部可以具有不同形状,使得操作者可以在递送期间通过使用放射照相或超声技术使假体可视化来确定假体的定向。
多孔瓣膜也可能是有帮助的,因为这允许随着时间逐渐形成密封,而不是在植入时立即形成,因为泄漏允许最初的顺应性。网状物或多孔材料可以联接至心室裙部,并且随着组织生长到网状物材料中,并且流随着时间逐渐减少。
也可以采用减小的心室裙部以允许冲洗。这可以通过使心室裙部中的一些或所有的心室裙部不被覆盖来实现,并且这有助于防止血流停滞,从而允许更自然的血流通过假体瓣膜并且避免或最小化血栓的形成。
类似地,PTFE、ePTFE或其他材料可以联接至假体瓣膜的各个部分以帮助抑制血栓形成和生长。例如,PTFE可以沿着或邻近假体小叶布置,包括邻近假体小叶联接至连合柱和/或可扩张框架的区域布置。抗血栓剂也可以联接至假体瓣膜并且从假体瓣膜递送或洗脱以减少血栓形成。
在另外的其他示例中,假体瓣膜小叶可以包括一个或两个或更多个活动小叶和一个或两个或更多个固定小叶。固定小叶可以更容易设计。闭合期间的假体小叶高度也可以更容易控制。假体小叶的移动性也可以全部被一起控制或每个都具有独特的移动性。
在任何示例中,可能需要提供径向向内成角度的连合柱。当血液或其他流体流过附接至连合部的假体瓣膜小叶时,这会有助于流动力学。
图37示出了假体瓣膜3700,假体瓣膜3700具有连合柱3704,连合柱3704径向向内成角度,使得连合柱与假体瓣膜的纵向轴线正交或横向。每根柱可以等量地向内成角度,使得圆线与每根柱的梢部相切,或者柱可以以不同的量弯曲。在其他示例中,连合柱可以向外成角度,或者一些连合柱可以向内成角度并且一些连合柱向外成角度。在另外的其他示例中,可以使用向内成角度、向外成角度或保持直的并且与假体瓣膜框架的纵向轴线大致平行的连合柱的任何排列或组合。例如,在一个示例中,一个或更多个后连合柱可以是直的并且与假体瓣膜框架的纵向轴线大致平行,而假体瓣膜还具有径向向外成角度的一个或更多个前连合柱(成角度的连合柱正交于或横向于瓣膜的纵向轴线)。在任何示例中,连合柱中的一些或所有连合柱可以与假体瓣膜的纵向轴线平行,或者连合柱可以相对于假体瓣膜的纵向轴线呈曲线。因此,连合柱的任何变型可以横向于或正交于瓣膜纵向轴线,或平行于瓣膜纵向轴线或相对于瓣膜纵向轴线呈曲线。连合部角度可以用于影响有效孔口区域、易于瓣膜装载、促使瓣膜密封的径向力、潜在的LVOT阻塞、瓣膜流体动力学性能以及框架机械性能,并且因此可以在制造期间调整角度或者可以在植入患者体内期间调整连合部角度以提供所需的性能特征。
注释和示例
以下非限制性示例详细说明本主题的一些方面以解决挑战并提供本文中讨论的益处等。
虽然本公开集中于假体瓣膜用于治疗二尖瓣回流的用途,但这并非意在进行限制。本文中公开的假体瓣膜还可以用于治疗其他身体瓣膜,包括其他心脏瓣膜或静脉瓣膜。心脏瓣膜的示例包括主动脉瓣、三尖瓣或肺动脉瓣。
示例1是一种假体瓣膜,所述假体瓣膜包括:径向可扩张框架,所述径向可扩张框架包括心房凸缘、心室裙部、环形区域以及心室锚固突片,其中,所述心房凸缘布置在所述可扩张框架的一个端部上,并且所述心室裙部布置在所述可扩张框架的相反端部上,其中,所述环形区域布置在所述心房凸缘与所述心室裙部之间,其中,所述锚固突片联接至所述心室裙部;以及约束元件,所述约束元件联接至所述可扩张框架,所述约束元件构造成向所述可扩张框架施加环向力从而控制所述可扩张框架的扩张量或叠缩量。
示例2是根据示例1所述的瓣膜,其中,所述约束元件是构造成向所述可扩张框架施加可调节环向力的可调节的约束元件。
示例3是根据示例1至2中的任一项所述的瓣膜,其中,可调节的所述约束元件包括围绕所述心房凸缘的周缘布置的套索。
示例4是根据示例1至3中的任一项所述的瓣膜,其中,所述可扩张框架包括联接至所述心房凸缘的周缘的多个孔眼,并且其中,所述套索布置成以可滑动的方式穿过所述多个孔眼。
示例5是根据示例1至4中的任一项所述的瓣膜,其中,所述套索包括联接至所述套索的一个或更多个长形系绳,并且其中,所述一个或更多个所述长形系绳的致动施加所述环向力或释放所述环向力,从而导致所述心房凸缘扩张或叠缩。
示例6是根据示例1至5中的任一项所述的瓣膜,其中,所述约束元件固定地附接至所述可扩张框架。
示例7是根据示例1至6中的任一项所述的瓣膜,其中,所述约束元件以可释放的方式附接至所述可扩张框架。
示例8是根据示例1至7中的任一项所述的瓣膜,其中,所述约束元件包括围绕所述心房凸缘的周缘布置的约束带。
示例9是根据示例1至8中的任一项所述的瓣膜,其中,所述约束带包括第一自由端部和与所述第一自由端部相反的第二自由端部,其中,所述第一自由端部包括槽并且所述第二自由端部包括向外突出的孔眼,并且其中,所述孔眼布置在所述槽中,使得当长形系绳以可释放且可滑动的方式布置在所述孔眼中时,所述约束带被保持处于闭合环,所述闭合环约束所述心房凸缘的扩张,并且其中,从所述孔眼移除所述长形系绳允许所述约束带打开并允许所述心房凸缘扩张。
示例10是根据示例1至9中的任一项所述的瓣膜,其中,所述约束元件布置在所述心室锚固突片和所述心室裙部上,并且其中,对所述环向力的调节控制所述心室锚固突片与所述心室裙部之间的径向距离。
示例11是根据示例1至10中的任一项所述的瓣膜,还包括系绳,所述系绳具有第一端部和与所述第一端部相反的第二端部,其中,所述第一端部联接至所述约束元件,并且其中,所述第二端部构造成承载在承载所述假体瓣膜的递送导管中或者沿着承载所述假体瓣膜的递送导管的侧面被承载,并且其中,所述第二端部构造成由操作者致动或操纵。
示例12是一种假体瓣膜系统,所述假体瓣膜系统包括:根据示例1至11中的任一项所述的假体瓣膜;递送导管,所述递送导管具有纵向轴线并承载所述假体瓣膜;以及系绳,所述系绳联接至所述约束元件,其中,所述系绳沿着所述递送导管的所述纵向轴线轴向延伸,并且其中,所述系绳的致动控制施加至所述可扩张框架的所述环向力。
示例13是根据示例12所述的系统,其中,所述系绳以可释放的方式联接至所述约束元件。
示例14是一种将假体瓣膜递送至患者的治疗区域中的方法,所述方法包括:提供具有径向可扩张框架的假体瓣膜,所述径向可扩张框架包括心房凸缘、心室裙部、布置在所述心房凸缘与所述心室裙部之间的环形区域、以及联接至所述心室裙部的心室锚固突片;使用约束元件将环向力施加至所述假体瓣膜,其中,所述约束元件将所述假体瓣膜的至少一部分保持在叠缩构型中;将所述假体瓣膜以所述叠缩构型推进至所述治疗区域;调节所述环向力并允许所述假体瓣膜的一部分径向扩张;以及将所述假体瓣膜锚固至所述治疗区域中的组织。
示例15是根据示例14所述的方法,其中,所述约束元件包括套索,并且其中,将所述环向力施加至所述假体瓣膜包括围绕所述假体瓣膜牢固地保持所述套索。
示例16是根据示例14至15中的任一项所述的方法,其中,保持所述套索包括将联接至所述套索的系绳张紧。
示例17是根据示例14至16中的任一项所述的方法,其中,调节所述环向力包括松开所述套索。
示例18是根据示例14至17中的任一项所述的方法,其中,松开所述套索包括减小联接至所述套索的系绳中的张力或将所述系绳与所述套索断开联接。
示例19是根据示例14至18中的任一项所述的方法,其中,所述约束元件包括约束带,并且其中,将所述环向力施加至所述假体瓣膜包括围绕所述假体瓣膜保持所述约束带。
示例20是根据示例14至19中的任一项所述的方法,其中,调节所述环向力包括松开所述约束带。
示例21是根据示例14至20中的任一项所述的方法,其中,松开所述约束带包括将系绳与所述约束带断开联接。
示例22是根据示例14至21中的任一项所述的方法,还包括在调节所述环向力之后向所述假体瓣膜施加第二环向力,从而使所述假体瓣膜叠缩。
示例23是根据示例14至22中的任一项所述的方法,其中,所述约束元件联接至所述心房凸缘。
示例24是一种假体瓣膜,所述假体瓣膜包括径向可扩张框架,所述径向可扩张框架包括心房凸缘、心室裙部、布置在所述心房凸缘与所述心室裙部之间的环形区域、以及心室锚固突片,其中,所述心房凸缘布置在所述可扩张框架的一个端部上,并且所述心室裙部布置在所述可扩张框架的相反端部上,其中,所述心室锚固突片联接至所述心室裙部,并且其中,所述心室锚固突片包括无创伤梢部、或者当使用超声而可视化时有回声的梢部、或者当使用放射照相而可视化时不透射线的梢部。
示例25是根据示例24所述的瓣膜,其中,所述梢部是由回声材料形成的回声梢部,或者其中,所述回声梢部包括联接至所述锚固突片的回声材料,或者其中,所述回声梢部由布置在所述锚固突片上的表面特征部形成,所述表面特征部赋予所述回声梢部回声性。
示例26是根据示例24至25中的任一项所述的瓣膜,其中,所述无创伤梢部包括联接至所述锚固突片并且构造成接合心脏中的组织而不刺穿所述组织的聚合物或其他材料。
示例27是根据示例24至26中的任一项所述的瓣膜,还包括联接至所述锚固突片的无创伤梢部,所述无创伤梢部相对于没有所述无创伤梢部的所述锚固突片具有更大的表面区域,所述无创伤梢部构造成将锚固力分布在更大的表面区域上,从而减少或消除对所述无创伤梢部所锚固的组织的创伤。
示例28是根据示例24至27中的任一项所述的瓣膜,其中,所述无创伤梢部包括具有扩张构型和叠缩构型的自扩张梢部,其中,所述无创伤梢部被偏置以保持在所述扩张构型中,以及所述无创伤梢部被保持在受约束的所述叠缩构型中,并且其中,在所述扩张构型中,所述无创伤梢部构造成接合组织而不刺穿所述组织,并且其中,在所述叠缩构型中,所述瓣膜具有构造成用于递送至心脏的轮廓。
示例29是根据示例24至28中的任一项所述的瓣膜,其中,所述无创伤梢部包括螺旋扭力弹簧。
示例30是根据示例24至29中的任一项所述的瓣膜,其中,所述无创伤梢部包括布置在所述无创伤梢部中以增加所述无创伤梢部的挠性的一个或更多个槽或孔口。
示例31是根据示例24至30中的任一项所述的瓣膜,还包括联接至所述可扩张框架的多个连合柱,所述多个连合柱构造成保持多个假体瓣膜小叶,并且其中,所述多个连合柱中的一个或更多个连合柱横向于所述径向可扩张框架的纵向轴线。
示例32是根据示例24至31中的任一项所述的瓣膜,还包括联接至所述可扩张框架的多个连合柱,所述多个连合柱中的一个或更多个连合柱能够相对于所述径向可扩张框架的纵向轴线以可调节的方式成角度。
示例33是一种假体瓣膜,所述假体瓣膜包括:径向可扩张框架,所述径向可扩张框架包括心房凸缘、心室裙部、布置在所述心房凸缘与所述心室裙部之间的环形区域、心室锚固突片、以及多个连合柱,其中,所述心房凸缘布置在所述可扩张框架的一个端部上,并且所述心室裙部布置在所述可扩张框架的相反端部上,其中,所述心室裙部具有心室边缘,所述心室边缘是所述假体瓣膜的最下游边缘,其中,所述心室锚固突片联接至所述心室裙部,并且其中,所述多个连合柱包括自由端部和连接端部,所述连接端部联接至所述可扩张框架,并且其中,所述自由端部延伸超过所述心室裙部的所述心室边缘。
示例34是根据示例33所述的瓣膜,其中,所述假体瓣膜是假体二尖瓣。
示例35是根据示例33至34中的任一项所述的瓣膜,其中,所述连合柱包括位于所述自由端部上的联接元件,所述联接元件构造成将所述假体瓣膜以可释放的方式与递送导管接合。
示例36是根据示例33至35中的任一项所述的瓣膜,其中,所述多个连合柱中的一个或更多个连合柱横向于所述径向可扩张框架的纵向轴线。
示例37是根据示例33至36中的任一项所述的瓣膜,其中,所述多个连合柱中的至少一个连合柱能够相对于所述径向可扩张框架的纵向轴线以可调节的方式成角度。
示例38是根据示例33至37中的任一项所述的瓣膜,其中,至少一个联接元件是构造成允许操作者通过射线照相成像而使所述假体瓣膜的前部部分可视化的不透射线标记物。
在示例39中,示例1至38中的任一者或任何组合的装置或方法可以可选地构造成使得所列举的所有元件或选项均可以用于使用或从中选择。
以上详细描述包括对附图的参照,附图形成了详细描述的一部分。附图通过图示的方式示出了可以实施本发明的具体实施方式。这些实施方式在本文中也称为“示例”。这些示例可以包括除了所示出或所描述的那些元件之外的元件。然而,本发明人还预期了其中仅提供本文示出的或描述的那些元件的示例。此外,本发明人还考虑相对于本文中所示出或所描述的特定示例(或其一个或更多个方面)或相对于本文中所示出或所描述的其他示例(或其一个或更多个方面)而使用所示出或所描述的那些元件(或其一个或更多个方面)的任何组合或排列的示例。
在本文件与通过引用并入的任何文件之间的使用不一致的情况下,则以本文件中的用法为准。
在本文件中,如在专利文献中是常见的术语“一”或“一种”独立于“至少一个”或“一个或更多个”的任何其他示例或用法而用于包括一个或多于一个。在本文件中,除非另有说明,否则术语“或”用于表示非排他性的,使得“A或B”包括“A但无B”、“B但无A”以及“A和B”。在本件文中,术语“包括”和“在......中”用作相应的术语“包括”和“其中”的普通语言等同物。另外,在以下权利要求中,术语“包括”和“包含”是开放式的,也就是说,权利要求中的包括除在这些术语之后列举的那些元件之外的元件的系统、装置、条款、组合物、配方、或过程仍然被认为是落在权利要求的范围内。此外,在以下权利要求中,术语“第一”、“第二”、以及“第三”等仅用作标记,而非旨在对其对象规定数量要求。
以上描述意在为说明性的而非限制性的。例如,以上描述的示例(或其一个或更多个方面)可以以彼此组合的方式使用。比如由本领域普通技术人员在查阅以上描述后,可以使用其他实施方式。提供摘要以允许读者快速确定本技术公开的本质。应当理解为摘要将不用于解释或限制权力要求的范围或意义。另外,在以上详细描述中,各种特征可以被组合在一起以精简本公开。这不应被解释为希望未要求保护的公开特征对任何权力要求都是必须的。确切地说,发明主题可能在于比特定的公开实施方式的所有特征少。因此,以下权利要求作为示例或实施方式于此并入详细描述中,其中每个权利要求单独作为独立的实施方式,并且可以预期的是,这些实施方式可以以各种组合或排列彼此组合。本发明的范围应参照所附权利要求以及这些权利要求所授权的等同物的全部范围来确定。

Claims (38)

1.一种假体瓣膜,包括:
径向可扩张框架,所述径向可扩张框架包括心房凸缘、心室裙部、环形区域以及心室锚固突片,
其中,所述心房凸缘布置在所述可扩张框架的一个端部上,并且所述心室裙部布置在所述可扩张框架的相反端部上,
其中,所述环形区域布置在所述心房凸缘与所述心室裙部之间,
其中,所述锚固突片联接至所述心室裙部;以及
约束元件,所述约束元件联接至所述可扩张框架,所述约束元件构造成向所述可扩张框架施加环向力从而控制所述可扩张框架的扩张量或叠缩量。
2.根据权利要求1所述的瓣膜,其中,所述约束元件是构造成向所述可扩张框架施加可调节环向力的可调节的约束元件。
3.根据权利要求2所述的瓣膜,其中,可调节的所述约束元件包括围绕所述心房凸缘的周缘布置的套索。
4.根据权利要求3所述的瓣膜,其中,所述可扩张框架包括联接至所述心房凸缘的周缘的多个孔眼,并且其中,所述套索布置成以可滑动的方式穿过所述多个孔眼。
5.根据权利要求3所述的瓣膜,其中,所述套索包括联接至所述套索的一个或更多个长形系绳,并且其中,所述一个或更多个所述长形系绳的致动施加所述环向力或释放所述环向力,从而导致所述心房凸缘扩张或叠缩。
6.根据权利要求1所述的瓣膜,其中,所述约束元件固定地附接至所述可扩张框架。
7.根据权利要求1所述的瓣膜,其中,所述约束元件以可释放的方式附接至所述可扩张框架。
8.根据权利要求1所述的瓣膜,其中,所述约束元件包括围绕所述心房凸缘的周缘布置的约束带。
9.根据权利要求8所述的瓣膜,其中,所述约束带包括第一自由端部和与所述第一自由端部相反的第二自由端部,
其中,所述第一自由端部包括槽并且所述第二自由端部包括向外突出的孔眼,并且
其中,所述孔眼布置在所述槽中,使得当长形系绳以可释放且可滑动的方式布置在所述孔眼中时,所述约束带被保持处于闭合环,所述闭合环约束所述心房凸缘的扩张,并且
其中,从所述孔眼移除所述长形系绳允许所述约束带打开并允许所述心房凸缘扩张。
10.根据权利要求1所述的瓣膜,其中,所述约束元件布置在所述心室锚固突片和所述心室裙部上,并且其中,对所述环向力的调节控制所述心室锚固突片与所述心室裙部之间的径向距离。
11.根据权利要求1所述的瓣膜,还包括系绳,所述系绳具有第一端部和与所述第一端部相反的第二端部,其中,所述第一端部联接至所述约束元件,并且其中,所述第二端部构造成承载在承载所述假体瓣膜的递送导管中或者沿着承载所述假体瓣膜的递送导管的侧面被承载,并且其中,所述第二端部构造成由操作者致动或操纵。
12.一种假体瓣膜系统,包括:
根据权利要求1所述的假体瓣膜;
递送导管,所述递送导管具有纵向轴线并承载所述假体瓣膜;以及
系绳,所述系绳联接至所述约束元件,其中,所述系绳沿着所述递送导管的所述纵向轴线轴向延伸,并且其中,所述系绳的致动控制施加至所述可扩张框架的所述环向力。
13.根据权利要求12所述的系统,其中,所述系绳以可释放的方式联接至所述约束元件。
14.一种将假体瓣膜递送至患者的治疗区域中的方法,所述方法包括:
提供具有径向可扩张框架的假体瓣膜,所述径向可扩张框架包括心房凸缘、心室裙部、布置在所述心房凸缘与所述心室裙部之间的环形区域、以及联接至所述心室裙部的心室锚固突片;
使用约束元件将环向力施加至所述假体瓣膜,其中,所述约束元件将所述假体瓣膜的至少一部分保持在叠缩构型中;
将所述假体瓣膜以所述叠缩构型推进至所述治疗区域;
调节所述环向力并允许所述假体瓣膜的一部分径向扩张;以及
将所述假体瓣膜锚固至所述治疗区域中的组织。
15.根据权利要求14所述的方法,其中,所述约束元件包括套索,并且其中,将所述环向力施加至所述假体瓣膜包括围绕所述假体瓣膜牢固地保持所述套索。
16.根据权利要求15所述的方法,其中,保持所述套索包括将联接至所述套索的系绳张紧。
17.根据权利要求15所述的方法,其中,调节所述环向力包括松开所述套索。
18.根据权利要求17所述的方法,其中,松开所述套索包括减小联接至所述套索的系绳中的张力或将所述系绳与所述套索断开联接。
19.根据权利要求14所述的方法,其中,所述约束元件包括约束带,并且其中,将所述环向力施加至所述假体瓣膜包括围绕所述假体瓣膜保持所述约束带。
20.根据权利要求19所述的方法,其中,调节所述环向力包括松开所述约束带。
21.根据权利要求20所述的方法,其中,松开所述约束带包括将系绳与所述约束带断开联接。
22.根据权利要求14所述的方法,还包括在调节所述环向力之后向所述假体瓣膜施加第二环向力,从而使所述假体瓣膜叠缩。
23.根据权利要求14所述的方法,其中,所述约束元件联接至所述心房凸缘。
24.一种假体瓣膜,包括:
径向可扩张框架,所述径向可扩张框架包括心房凸缘、心室裙部、布置在所述心房凸缘与所述心室裙部之间的环形区域、以及心室锚固突片,
其中,所述心房凸缘布置在所述可扩张框架的一个端部上,并且所述心室裙部布置在所述可扩张框架的相反端部上,
其中,所述心室锚固突片联接至所述心室裙部,并且其中,所述心室锚固突片包括无创伤梢部、或者当使用超声而可视化时有回声的梢部、或者当使用放射照相而可视化时不透射线的梢部。
25.根据权利要求24所述的假体瓣膜,其中,所述梢部是由回声材料形成的回声梢部,或者
其中,所述回声梢部包括联接至所述锚固突片的回声材料,或者
其中,所述回声梢部由布置在所述锚固突片上的表面特征部形成,所述表面特征部赋予所述回声梢部回声性。
26.根据权利要求24所述的瓣膜,其中,所述无创伤梢部包括联接至所述锚固突片并且构造成接合心脏中的组织而不刺穿所述组织的聚合物或其他材料。
27.根据权利要求24所述的瓣膜,还包括联接至所述锚固突片的无创伤梢部,所述无创伤梢部相对于没有所述无创伤梢部的所述锚固突片具有更大的表面区域,所述无创伤梢部构造成将锚固力分布在更大的表面区域上,从而减少或消除对所述无创伤梢部所锚固的组织的创伤。
28.根据权利要求24所述的瓣膜,其中,所述无创伤梢部包括具有扩张构型和叠缩构型的自扩张梢部,其中,所述无创伤梢部被偏置以保持在所述扩张构型中,以及所述无创伤梢部被保持在受约束的所述叠缩构型中,并且其中,在所述扩张构型中,所述无创伤梢部构造成接合组织而不刺穿所述组织,并且其中,在所述叠缩构型中,所述瓣膜具有构造成用于递送至心脏的轮廓。
29.根据权利要求28所述的瓣膜,其中,所述无创伤梢部包括螺旋扭力弹簧。
30.根据权利要求28所述的瓣膜,其中,所述无创伤梢部包括布置在所述无创伤梢部中以增加所述无创伤梢部的挠性的一个或更多个槽或孔口。
31.根据权利要求24所述的瓣膜,还包括联接至所述可扩张框架的多个连合柱,所述多个连合柱构造成保持多个假体瓣膜小叶,并且其中,所述多个连合柱中的一个或更多个连合柱横向于所述径向可扩张框架的纵向轴线。
32.根据权利要求24所述的瓣膜,还包括联接至所述可扩张框架的多个连合柱,所述多个连合柱中的一个或更多个连合柱能够相对于所述径向可扩张框架的纵向轴线以可调节的方式成角度。
33.一种假体瓣膜,包括:
径向可扩张框架,所述径向可扩张框架包括心房凸缘、心室裙部、布置在所述心房凸缘与所述心室裙部之间的环形区域、心室锚固突片、以及多个连合柱,
其中,所述心房凸缘布置在所述可扩张框架的一个端部上,并且所述心室裙部布置在所述可扩张框架的相反端部上,
其中,所述心室裙部具有心室边缘,所述心室边缘是所述假体瓣膜的最下游边缘,
其中,所述心室锚固突片联接至所述心室裙部,并且
其中,所述多个连合柱包括自由端部和连接端部,所述连接端部联接至所述可扩张框架,并且其中,所述自由端部延伸超过所述心室裙部的所述心室边缘。
34.根据权利要求33所述的假体瓣膜,其中,所述假体瓣膜是假体二尖瓣。
35.根据权利要求33所述的假体瓣膜,其中,所述连合柱包括位于所述自由端部上的联接元件,所述联接元件构造成将所述假体瓣膜以可释放的方式与递送导管接合。
36.根据权利要求33所述的假体瓣膜,其中,所述多个连合柱中的至少一个连合柱横向于所述径向可扩张框架的纵向轴线。
37.根据权利要求33所述的假体瓣膜,其中,所述多个连合柱中的至少一个连合柱能够相对于所述径向可扩张框架的纵向轴线以可调节的方式成角度。
38.根据权利要求35所述的假体瓣膜,其中,至少一个联接元件是构造成允许操作者通过射线照相成像而使所述假体瓣膜的前部部分可视化的不透射线标记物。
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