CN104203158A - 用于使瓣膜假体与组织相接合的方法和装置 - Google Patents

用于使瓣膜假体与组织相接合的方法和装置 Download PDF

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CN104203158A
CN104203158A CN201380017320.1A CN201380017320A CN104203158A CN 104203158 A CN104203158 A CN 104203158A CN 201380017320 A CN201380017320 A CN 201380017320A CN 104203158 A CN104203158 A CN 104203158A
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auricle
valve
skirt section
atrium
ventricle
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兰迪·马修·莱恩
科林·A·纽利
亚历克瑟伊·J·马尔科
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Neovasc Tiara Inc
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    • AHUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61FFILTERS IMPLANTABLE INTO BLOOD VESSELS; PROSTHESES; DEVICES PROVIDING PATENCY TO, OR PREVENTING COLLAPSING OF, TUBULAR STRUCTURES OF THE BODY, e.g. STENTS; ORTHOPAEDIC, NURSING OR CONTRACEPTIVE DEVICES; FOMENTATION; TREATMENT OR PROTECTION OF EYES OR EARS; BANDAGES, DRESSINGS OR ABSORBENT PADS; FIRST-AID KITS
    • A61F2/00Filters implantable into blood vessels; Prostheses, i.e. artificial substitutes or replacements for parts of the body; Appliances for connecting them with the body; Devices providing patency to, or preventing collapsing of, tubular structures of the body, e.g. stents
    • A61F2/02Prostheses implantable into the body
    • A61F2/24Heart valves ; Vascular valves, e.g. venous valves; Heart implants, e.g. passive devices for improving the function of the native valve or the heart muscle; Transmyocardial revascularisation [TMR] devices; Valves implantable in the body
    • A61F2/2403Heart valves ; Vascular valves, e.g. venous valves; Heart implants, e.g. passive devices for improving the function of the native valve or the heart muscle; Transmyocardial revascularisation [TMR] devices; Valves implantable in the body with pivoting rigid closure members
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    • A61F2/02Prostheses implantable into the body
    • A61F2/24Heart valves ; Vascular valves, e.g. venous valves; Heart implants, e.g. passive devices for improving the function of the native valve or the heart muscle; Transmyocardial revascularisation [TMR] devices; Valves implantable in the body
    • A61F2/2412Heart valves ; Vascular valves, e.g. venous valves; Heart implants, e.g. passive devices for improving the function of the native valve or the heart muscle; Transmyocardial revascularisation [TMR] devices; Valves implantable in the body with soft flexible valve members, e.g. tissue valves shaped like natural valves
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    • A61F2/00Filters implantable into blood vessels; Prostheses, i.e. artificial substitutes or replacements for parts of the body; Appliances for connecting them with the body; Devices providing patency to, or preventing collapsing of, tubular structures of the body, e.g. stents
    • A61F2/02Prostheses implantable into the body
    • A61F2/24Heart valves ; Vascular valves, e.g. venous valves; Heart implants, e.g. passive devices for improving the function of the native valve or the heart muscle; Transmyocardial revascularisation [TMR] devices; Valves implantable in the body
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    • AHUMAN NECESSITIES
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    • A61F2/00Filters implantable into blood vessels; Prostheses, i.e. artificial substitutes or replacements for parts of the body; Appliances for connecting them with the body; Devices providing patency to, or preventing collapsing of, tubular structures of the body, e.g. stents
    • A61F2/02Prostheses implantable into the body
    • A61F2/24Heart valves ; Vascular valves, e.g. venous valves; Heart implants, e.g. passive devices for improving the function of the native valve or the heart muscle; Transmyocardial revascularisation [TMR] devices; Valves implantable in the body
    • A61F2/2412Heart valves ; Vascular valves, e.g. venous valves; Heart implants, e.g. passive devices for improving the function of the native valve or the heart muscle; Transmyocardial revascularisation [TMR] devices; Valves implantable in the body with soft flexible valve members, e.g. tissue valves shaped like natural valves
    • AHUMAN NECESSITIES
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    • A61F2/00Filters implantable into blood vessels; Prostheses, i.e. artificial substitutes or replacements for parts of the body; Appliances for connecting them with the body; Devices providing patency to, or preventing collapsing of, tubular structures of the body, e.g. stents
    • A61F2/02Prostheses implantable into the body
    • A61F2/24Heart valves ; Vascular valves, e.g. venous valves; Heart implants, e.g. passive devices for improving the function of the native valve or the heart muscle; Transmyocardial revascularisation [TMR] devices; Valves implantable in the body
    • A61F2/2427Devices for manipulating or deploying heart valves during implantation
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    • A61F2/00Filters implantable into blood vessels; Prostheses, i.e. artificial substitutes or replacements for parts of the body; Appliances for connecting them with the body; Devices providing patency to, or preventing collapsing of, tubular structures of the body, e.g. stents
    • A61F2/02Prostheses implantable into the body
    • A61F2/24Heart valves ; Vascular valves, e.g. venous valves; Heart implants, e.g. passive devices for improving the function of the native valve or the heart muscle; Transmyocardial revascularisation [TMR] devices; Valves implantable in the body
    • A61F2/2475Venous valves
    • AHUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61FFILTERS IMPLANTABLE INTO BLOOD VESSELS; PROSTHESES; DEVICES PROVIDING PATENCY TO, OR PREVENTING COLLAPSING OF, TUBULAR STRUCTURES OF THE BODY, e.g. STENTS; ORTHOPAEDIC, NURSING OR CONTRACEPTIVE DEVICES; FOMENTATION; TREATMENT OR PROTECTION OF EYES OR EARS; BANDAGES, DRESSINGS OR ABSORBENT PADS; FIRST-AID KITS
    • A61F2220/00Fixations or connections for prostheses classified in groups A61F2/00 - A61F2/26 or A61F2/82 or A61F9/00 or A61F11/00 or subgroups thereof
    • A61F2220/0008Fixation appliances for connecting prostheses to the body
    • AHUMAN NECESSITIES
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    • A61FFILTERS IMPLANTABLE INTO BLOOD VESSELS; PROSTHESES; DEVICES PROVIDING PATENCY TO, OR PREVENTING COLLAPSING OF, TUBULAR STRUCTURES OF THE BODY, e.g. STENTS; ORTHOPAEDIC, NURSING OR CONTRACEPTIVE DEVICES; FOMENTATION; TREATMENT OR PROTECTION OF EYES OR EARS; BANDAGES, DRESSINGS OR ABSORBENT PADS; FIRST-AID KITS
    • A61F2220/00Fixations or connections for prostheses classified in groups A61F2/00 - A61F2/26 or A61F2/82 or A61F9/00 or A61F11/00 or subgroups thereof
    • A61F2220/0008Fixation appliances for connecting prostheses to the body
    • A61F2220/0016Fixation appliances for connecting prostheses to the body with sharp anchoring protrusions, e.g. barbs, pins, spikes
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    • A61MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
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    • A61F2220/00Fixations or connections for prostheses classified in groups A61F2/00 - A61F2/26 or A61F2/82 or A61F9/00 or A61F11/00 or subgroups thereof
    • A61F2220/0025Connections or couplings between prosthetic parts, e.g. between modular parts; Connecting elements
    • A61F2220/0075Connections or couplings between prosthetic parts, e.g. between modular parts; Connecting elements sutured, ligatured or stitched, retained or tied with a rope, string, thread, wire or cable
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    • A61F2230/00Geometry of prostheses classified in groups A61F2/00 - A61F2/26 or A61F2/82 or A61F9/00 or A61F11/00 or subgroups thereof
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Abstract

本发明公开一种假体瓣膜,其包含自扩张框架,该框架包括形成带凸缘的区域的自扩张心房裙部、自扩张心室裙部以及与该心室裙部相耦合的第一自扩张耳片。由心房裙部的外表面、心室裙部的外表面和第一耳片的内表面所界定的区域形成用于接纳瓣膜小叶的容器。该容器具有用于接纳瓣膜小叶的窗口,所述窗口由凸缘的边缘与第一耳片的尖端之间的间隙所限定。当第一耳片的尖端不受约束且第一耳片的基部至少部分地受约束时,所述间隙最大。当第一耳片的尖端及其基部不受约束时,所述间隙最小。

Description

用于使瓣膜假体与组织相接合的方法和装置
交叉引用
本申请为提交于2012年2月14日的美国临时专利申请No.61/598,626(代理人案卷号42194-705.101)的非临时申请,并要求其权益;上述申请的全部内容通过引用并入于此。
本申请涉及提交于2011年4月28日的美国专利申请No.13/096,572(代理人案卷号42194-703.201);和提交于2012年11月16日的美国专利申请No.13/679,920(代理人案卷号42194-704.201),这些申请的全部内容通过引用并入于此。
发明背景
1.发明领域。本发明总体上涉及医疗装置和方法,并且更具体地涉及治疗瓣膜功能不全,如二尖瓣关闭不全,亦称为二尖瓣反流。瓣膜功能不全(亦称为反流)的一种可能的疗法是使用通过传统的外科植入法递送或者通过创伤较小的经皮导管或微创经心尖法递送的假体瓣膜。
脊椎动物的心脏分为四个腔室,并带有四个瓣膜(二尖瓣、主动脉瓣、肺动脉瓣和三尖瓣),它们确保由心脏泵送的血液在向前的方向上流过心血管系统。健康心脏的二尖瓣阻止血液从心脏的左心室向左心房中回流,且该二尖瓣包括当左心室收缩时闭合的两片柔性小叶(前小叶和后小叶)。所述小叶附接到纤维环,且它们的自由边通过瓣下腱索系至左心室中的乳头肌以防止它们在左心室收缩过程中脱垂入左心房中。
各种心脏疾病或退行性病变可导致二尖瓣器的这些部分中的任何部分的功能障碍,导致二尖瓣变得异常缩窄或扩张,或者允许血液从左心室回漏(即,反流)至左心房中。任何这样的损伤都会危害心脏的完好性,并且可能会使人衰弱或危及生命。
因此,已开发出许多外科方法和装置来治疗二尖瓣功能障碍,包括用于替换、修复或重塑天然二尖瓣器的心内直视外科技术,以及用以改变天然二尖瓣解剖结构的诸如瓣环成形术环等各种假体装置的外科植入。近来,已开发出用于递送置换二尖瓣组装件的创伤较小的经导管技术。在此类技术中,假体瓣膜一般以卷曲状态安装在柔性导管的末端并经患者的血管或身体推进,直至该瓣膜抵达植入部位。继而,假体瓣膜在有缺陷的天然瓣膜的部位处扩张至其功能尺寸。
尽管这些装置和方法是针对瓣膜功能不全的有效疗法,但它们可能难以递送,制造昂贵,或者可能不适用于所有患者。此外,这些装置通常通过接合诸如天然瓣膜小叶等组织而锚固至天然瓣膜中。捕获移动的瓣膜小叶可能具有挑战性。因此,期望提供用于治疗瓣膜功能不全、比如治疗二尖瓣功能不全的改进的装置和方法。期望这些装置能容易地接合组织并将装置锚固在治疗部位上。下文公开的装置和方法将会满足这些目标中的至少一些目标。
2.背景技术说明。举例而言,公开内容通过引用并入于此的PCT国际专利号PCT/US2008/05440(以PCT国际公开号WO2008/103722公开)描述了一种经导管二尖瓣假体,其包括:弹性环;多个小叶膜,它们与所述环相对地安装以允许血液沿一个方向从其中流过;以及多个组织接合定位元件,它们相对于所述环可移动地安装且尺寸设定为包握心脏瓣膜环、心脏瓣膜小叶和/或心脏壁的解剖结构。每个定位元件限定相应的近端、中间和远端组织接合区,它们被协同地配置和设定尺寸以便同时接合解剖结构的组织的单独的对应区域,且所述定位元件可包括相应的第一、第二和第三细长组织穿刺元件。瓣膜假体还可包括相对于弹性环安装的裙部,用于密封瓣膜假体的周边以防血液在瓣膜假体周围逆流。
公开内容通过引用并入于此的PCT国际专利号PCT/US2009/041754(以PCT国际公开号WO2009/134701公开)描述了一种假体二尖瓣组装件,其包括具有张开的上端和渐缩部以适配天然二尖瓣轮廓的锚固件或外支撑框架,以及安装在其中的基于组织的单向瓣膜。该组装件适于径向向外扩张并与天然心脏组织相接触以形成压配合,且该组装件还包括张紧构件,该张紧构件将瓣膜组装件的小叶锚固至心脏上的合适位置以发挥假体腱索的功能。
还已知利用卡爪结构将假体附接到心脏的假体二尖瓣组装件(例如,见Hermann等人的美国专利申请公开号US2007/0016286,其公开内容通过引用并入于此),这样的假体二尖瓣组装件依赖于轴向而非径向夹持力的施加,以便促进假体相对于天然解剖结构的自定位和自锚固。
作为二尖瓣反流的疗法而提出的另一方法是外科双孔成形(bowtie)法,其最近已适合基于微创导管的治疗,其中使用植入物将瓣膜小叶夹在一起。该手术更充分地公开于科学和专利文献中,诸如公开于St.Goar等人的美国专利号6,629,534中,该文献的全部内容通过引用并入本文。
其他相关的公开文献包括Carpentier等人的美国专利公开号2011/0015731和Lane等人的WO 2011137531。虽然这些装置和方法中的一些装置和方法是有前途的,但仍然存在对于将会进一步允许更精确地定位假体瓣膜并且还将会更牢固地将瓣膜锚固到位的改进的装置和方法的需求。本文所公开的示例性实施方式将会满足这些目标中的至少一些目标。
发明内容
本发明总体上涉及医疗装置和方法,并且更具体地涉及用于治疗二尖瓣反流的假体瓣膜。尽管本公开着眼于治疗二尖瓣反流的假体瓣膜的使用,但并不旨在仅限于此。本文所公开的假体瓣膜还可用于治疗其他身体瓣膜,包括其他心脏瓣膜或静脉瓣膜。示例心脏瓣膜包括主动脉瓣、三尖瓣或肺动脉瓣。本领域技术人员还将会认识到,还可以用本文所公开的装置和方法来治疗其他身体瓣膜。
在本发明的第一方面,一种假体瓣膜包括自扩张框架,该自扩张框架具有上端、下端和其间的中段。框架具有扩张配置和收缩配置。收缩配置适于被递送到患者的心脏,而扩张配置适于将自扩张框架锚固在患者的心脏中。框架包括与所述上端相邻的自扩张心房裙部、与所述下端相邻的自扩张心室裙部以及与所述下端相邻并与心室裙部相耦合的第一自扩张耳片。心房裙部在自扩张之后形成带凸缘的区域,并配置用于将自扩张框架锚固到心脏的心房表面。带凸缘的区域还包括凸缘的边缘。心室裙部在自扩张之后将自扩张框架锚固到心脏的心室表面。第一耳片与心室裙部相耦合,并具有尖端。当从第一耳片移除约束时,其径向自扩张。由心房裙部的外表面、心室裙部的外表面和第一耳片的内表面所界定的区域形成容器。该容器适于接纳瓣膜小叶。容器中的窗口适于接纳瓣膜小叶,并由凸缘的边缘与第一耳片的尖端之间的间隙所限定。当第一耳片的尖端不受约束且第一耳片的基部至少部分地受约束时,间隙最大。当第一耳片的尖端不受约束且第一耳片的基部也不受约束时,间隙最小。
当间隙最大时,窗口可适于在容器中接纳瓣膜小叶,而当间隙最小时,容器可适于接合瓣膜小叶,并向其锚固假体瓣膜。当从约束中释放第一耳片的基部时,第一耳片的尖端可朝向凸缘的边缘移动。耳片的尖端可适于接合纤维三角区或者前二尖瓣小叶或后二尖瓣小叶。角α可由第一耳片的内表面和心室裙部的外表面所限定。当从约束中释放第一耳片的基部且第一耳片的尖端也不受约束时,角α可变得更尖锐。当第一耳片的尖端不受约束且第一耳片的基部至少部分地受约束时,可使角α最大化。
假体可进一步包括连合杆,该连合杆与自扩张框架相耦合并且具有径向向内延伸的末端。角β可由连合杆的外表面和心室裙部的内表面所限定。当第一耳片的基部至少部分地受约束且第一耳片的尖端不受约束时,可使角β最小化。当第一耳片的基部不受约束且第一耳片的尖端不受约束时,可使角β最大化。连合杆可适于在第一耳片的基部和第一耳片的尖端不受约束之后保持耦合至递送导管。可以至少部分地在自扩张框架上安置覆盖物,并且该覆盖物可促进组织长入。覆盖物可包括织物、组织或聚合物。
在一些实施方式中,心房裙部可先于耳片扩张,并且因此在耳片将假体心脏瓣膜锚固到瓣膜小叶之前,心房裙部可将假体心脏瓣膜锚固到心房。耳片可扩张至横向于假体心脏瓣膜的纵轴线的位置,随后扩张至更加垂直定向的位置,并且该位置可更平行于或基本上平行于假体心脏瓣膜的纵轴线。
在本发明的另一方面,一种用于将假体瓣膜锚固到具有瓣膜小叶的心脏瓣膜的方法包括提供具有外鞘套的递送系统,以及提供假体瓣膜。假体瓣膜由递送系统所携带,并且假体瓣膜包括心房裙部、心室裙部和耦合至心室裙部的第一耳片。心房裙部的外表面、心室裙部的外表面以及第一耳片的内表面形成小叶容器。该小叶容器具有用于接纳瓣膜小叶的窗口。该窗口由心房裙部的边缘与第一耳片的尖端之间的间隙所限定。该方法还包括将假体瓣膜定位在与心脏瓣膜相邻之处,使心房裙部自扩张成与心脏瓣膜的心房表面相接合,以及使心室裙部自扩张成与心脏瓣膜的心室表面相接合。从所述第一耳片的一部分移除约束,从而允许第一耳片的尖端径向向外扩张。瓣膜小叶通过窗口被接纳,并进入小叶容器,并且窗口的部分或全部关闭将瓣膜小叶与小叶容器相接合,从而将假体瓣膜锚固到瓣膜小叶。
将假体瓣膜定位在与心脏瓣膜相邻之处可以包括假体瓣膜向心脏瓣膜的经中隔或经心尖递送。使心房裙部自扩张可以包括缩回外鞘套,从而从其移除约束。使心房裙部自扩张可以包括形成与心脏瓣膜的心房表面相接合的凸缘,从而将假体瓣膜锚固于其上。使心室裙部自扩张可以包括缩回外鞘套,从而从其移除约束。使心室裙部自扩张还可包括扩张心室裙部使之与心脏瓣膜的心室表面相接合,从而将假体瓣膜锚固于其上。从第一耳片的一部分移除约束可以包括从其缩回外鞘套。至少部分地关闭窗口可以包括进一步缩回外鞘套,以从第一耳片的基部移除约束,从而允许基部径向向外扩张,以使第一耳片的尖端朝向心房裙部的边缘移动。瓣膜小叶可包括前二尖瓣小叶,并且该方法可进一步包括使第一耳片的尖端与二尖瓣的纤维三角区相接合。假体瓣膜还可具有第二前耳片,该第二前耳片也具有接合纤维三角区的相对一侧的尖端。瓣膜小叶可包括后二尖瓣小叶,并且接合瓣膜小叶可以包括接合后二尖瓣小叶。
在本发明的又一方面,一种用于展开假体瓣膜的系统包括假体心脏瓣膜,该假体心脏瓣膜具有心房裙部、心室裙部以及耦合至心室裙部的耳片。该系统还包括具有外鞘套的递送系统,并且假体心脏瓣膜由该递送系统所携带。外鞘套包括位于外鞘套上与其远侧末端相邻的凸轮。外鞘套的部分回缩从心房裙部和心室裙部释放约束,从而允许其自扩张。外鞘套的进一步回缩从耳片释放约束,从而允许耳片的尖端径向向外自扩张,在心房裙部的边缘与耳片的尖端之间形成窗口。在凸轮保持与耳片的基部部分相接合的同时,尖端自扩张以使得窗口打开至其最大尺寸。外鞘套的进一步回缩使凸轮从耳片的基部部分脱离,从而从其释放约束。这允许耳片的基部径向向外扩张,并且耳片的尖端朝向心房裙部的边缘移动,从而至少部分地关闭窗口。
凸轮可包括安置在外鞘套的内表面上的环形凸缘。外鞘套可包括管腔,并且假体心脏瓣膜可安置在其中。窗口可适于在打开时接纳瓣膜小叶。在窗口至少部分地关闭之后,假体瓣膜可锚固到瓣膜小叶。该系统可进一步包括至少部分地安置于假体心脏瓣膜上的覆盖物。该覆盖物可促进组织长入。覆盖物可包括织物、组织或聚合物。耳片的尖端可适于接合纤维三角区。耳片可适于接合前二尖瓣小叶或后二尖瓣小叶。
在本发明的另一方面,一种用于将假体瓣膜锚固到具有瓣膜小叶的心脏瓣膜的方法包括提供包含心房裙部、心室裙部以及耦合至心室裙部的耳片的假体心脏瓣膜,并且还提供带有外鞘套的递送系统。外鞘套具有与其远侧末端相邻的凸轮,并且其中假体心脏瓣膜由该递送系统所携带。该方法还包括使心房裙部和心室裙部自扩张,以及使耳片自扩张以使耳片的尖端径向向外扩张,并由此在心房裙部的边缘与耳片的尖端之间形成窗口。将窗口打开至其最大尺寸,并在该窗口中接纳瓣膜小叶。当耳片的尖端朝向心房裙部的边缘移动时,耳片的基部部分径向向外自扩张并且窗口至少部分地关闭。
使心房裙部和心室裙部自扩张可以包括缩回外鞘套,从而从其释放约束。使心房裙部自扩张可允许心房裙部自扩张成与心脏瓣膜的心房表面相接合。使心室裙部自扩张可允许心室裙部自扩张成与心脏瓣膜的心室表面相接合。使耳片自扩张可以包括缩回外鞘套,从而从其释放约束。打开窗口可以包括保持凸轮与耳片的基部部分的接合,以使耳片的尖端独立于基部而自扩张。使基部部分自扩张可以包括使凸轮从耳片的基部部分脱离,从而从其释放约束。瓣膜小叶可包括前二尖瓣小叶,并且该方法可进一步包括使耳片的尖端与二尖瓣的纤维三角区相接合。瓣膜小叶可包括后二尖瓣小叶,并且该方法可进一步包括使耳片与后二尖瓣小叶相接合。
在本发明的又一方面,一种用于展开假体瓣膜的系统包括假体心脏瓣膜,该假体心脏瓣膜包括心房裙部、心室裙部以及耦合至心室裙部的耳片。该系统还包括具有外鞘套和推动器元件的递送系统。假体心脏瓣膜由递送系统所携带,并且推动器元件可滑动地安置在外鞘套之下。外鞘套的部分回缩从心房裙部和心室裙部释放约束,从而允许其自扩张。外鞘套的进一步回缩从耳片释放约束,从而允许耳片的尖端径向向外自扩张,在心房裙部的边缘与耳片的尖端之间形成窗口。耳片的基部部分保持受外鞘套的约束,并且推动器元件与基部部分相接合的致动对耳片的尖端加以致动,以将窗口打开至其最大尺寸。外鞘套的进一步回缩或推动器元件的进一步致动从耳片的基部部分移除约束,从而至少部分地关闭窗口。
当从基部部分释放约束时,其可径向向外自扩张,并且耳片的尖端可朝向心房裙部的边缘移动以关闭窗口。可以至少部分地在假体心脏瓣膜上安置覆盖物,以便促进组织长入。覆盖物可包括织物、组织或聚合物。耳片可适于接合纤维三角区,或者耳片可适于接合前二尖瓣小叶或后二尖瓣小叶。
在本发明的另一方面,一种用于将假体瓣膜锚固到具有瓣膜小叶的心脏瓣膜的方法包括提供假体心脏瓣膜和提供递送系统。该心脏瓣膜包括心房裙部、心室裙部以及耦合至心室裙部的耳片。递送系统包括外鞘套和推动器元件,其中所述心脏瓣膜由该递送系统所携带,并且推动器元件可滑动地安置在外鞘套之下。该方法还包括使心房裙部自扩张成与心脏瓣膜的心房表面相接合,使心室裙部自扩张成与心脏瓣膜的心室表面相接合,以及使耳片自扩张以使耳片的尖端径向向外扩张以便在心房裙部的边缘与耳片的尖端之间形成窗口。在耳片的基部部分保持受外鞘套的约束的同时,所述方法包括将窗口打开至其最大尺寸,并将瓣膜小叶接纳到窗口之中。继而关闭窗口。
使心房裙部自扩张可以包括缩回外鞘套,以从其移除约束。使心室裙部自扩张可以包括缩回外鞘套,以从其移除约束。使耳片自扩张可以包括缩回外鞘套,以从其移除约束。打开窗口可以包括对推动器元件加以致动以使之与基部部分相接合,从而将尖端移离心房裙部的边缘。关闭窗口可以包括外鞘套的进一步回缩,以从基部部分移除约束,从而允许基部部分径向向外扩张,以及允许尖端朝向心房裙部的边缘移动。关闭窗口可以包括使推动器元件从基部部分脱离,从而允许基部部分返回到无偏斜位置。无偏斜位置可径向向外远离递送系统。关闭窗口可以包括用推动器元件将基部部分推出外鞘套,从而允许基部部分径向向外扩张,以及允许尖端朝向心房裙部的边缘移动。瓣膜小叶可包括前二尖瓣小叶,并且所述方法可进一步包括使耳片的尖端与二尖瓣的纤维三角区相接合。瓣膜小叶可包括后二尖瓣小叶,并且所述方法可进一步包括使耳片与后二尖瓣小叶相接合。
在涉及附图的以下描述中进一步详细地描述这些实施方式和其他实施方式。
援引并入
本说明书中所提及的所有出版物、专利和专利申请均通过引用并入本文,程度如同具体地和个别地指出要通过引用而并入每一单个出版物、专利或专利申请。
附图说明
本发明的新颖特征在随附权利要求书中具体阐述。通过参考以下对其中利用到本发明原理的示例说明性实施方式加以阐述的详细描述和附图,将会对本发明的特征和优点获得更好的理解;在附图中:
图1是心脏的左心室的示意图,图中用箭头示出心缩期的血液流动。
图2是心脏的左心室的示意图,其具有二尖瓣中的脱垂小叶。
图3是患有心肌病的患者体内心脏的示意图,其中心脏扩张且小叶不相接。
图3A示出瓣膜小叶的正常闭合。
图3B示出瓣膜小叶的异常闭合。
图4图示了具有受损的乳头肌的心脏左心室中的二尖瓣反流。
图5A-图5B图示了二尖瓣的解剖结构。
图6图示了假体心脏瓣膜中的无覆盖框架的示例性实施方式,其中所述框架被展平和铺开。
图7图示了假体心脏瓣膜中的无覆盖框架的另一示例性实施方式,其中所述框架被展平和铺开。
图8图示了假体心脏瓣膜中的无覆盖框架的又一示例性实施方式,其中所述框架被展平和铺开。
图9A图示了假体心脏瓣膜中的无覆盖框架在其扩张之后的透视图。
图9B图示了图9A中的实施方式的俯视图。
图10图示了图9A的框架具有覆盖物从而形成假体心脏瓣膜。
图11A-图11D图示了用于经心尖递送假体心脏瓣膜的递送系统的示例性实施方式。
图12A-图12L图示了植入假体心脏瓣膜的示例性方法。
图13A-图13L图示了植入假体心脏瓣膜的另一示例性方法。
图14图示了假体瓣膜耳片与瓣膜小叶的接合。
图15A-图15B图示了从递送系统释放假体瓣膜。
图16A-图16B图示了从递送系统释放假体瓣膜。
图17A-图17B示意性地图示了从递送系统展开假体瓣膜。
图18A-图18B图示了假体瓣膜和控制假体瓣膜展开的递送系统的实施方式。
图19A-图19B图示了假体瓣膜和控制假体瓣膜展开的递送系统的另一实施方式。
图20A-图20B图示了假体瓣膜和控制假体瓣膜展开的递送系统的又一实施方式。
具体实施方式
现将参考附图来描述公开的装置、递送系统和方法的具体实施方式。这些详细描述中的内容并不旨在暗示任何特定组件、特征或步骤对于本发明而言是不可或缺的。
心脏解剖结构。图1中图示了处于心缩期的正常心脏H的左心室LV。左心室LV正在收缩并且血液在箭头方向上通过主动脉瓣AV、即三尖瓣向外流动。由于二尖瓣被构造成当左心室中的压强高于左心房LA中的压强时阻止回流的“止回阀”,因此阻止了通过二尖瓣MV的血液回流或“反流”。如图1中所示,二尖瓣MV包括一对小叶,所述小叶具有均匀接触以便闭合的自由边FE。小叶LF的相对端沿着被称为环AN的环形区附接到周围的心脏结构。小叶LF的自由边FE通过腱索CT(在本文也称为索)紧固至左心室LV的下部,该腱索包括紧固在每个瓣膜小叶LF的底面上的多个分支腱。索CT转而附接至从左心室下部和室间隔IVS向上延伸的乳头肌PM。
现参考图2-图4,心脏中的若干结构缺陷可能导致二尖瓣反流。如图2中所示,断裂的腱索RCT可能因经由腱索传递至小叶的张力不足而导致瓣膜小叶LF2脱垂。尽管另一小叶LF1保持正常外形,但两个瓣膜小叶不能正确地接触,因而会发生如箭头所示的从左心室LV向左心房LA中的泄漏。
反流还发生在患有心肌病的患者身上,其中,心脏如图3中所示地扩张,而增大的尺寸阻止了瓣膜小叶LF正确接触。心脏的增大导致二尖瓣环变大,使得自由边FE无法在心缩期相接触。如图3A中所示,前小叶和后小叶的自由边正常情况下沿着接合线C接触,但是如图3B中所示,在患有心肌病的患者体内可能留有显著的间隙G。
二尖瓣反流还可能在患有缺血性心脏病的患者身上发生,其中如图4中所示,乳头肌PM的功能受损。当左心室LV在心缩期收缩时,乳头肌PM不能充分收缩来实现正确的闭合。从而如图所示,小叶LF1和LF2脱垂。如箭头所示,再次发生从左心室LV向左心房LA的泄漏。
图5A更清楚地图示了二尖瓣MV的解剖结构,其为具有前侧ANT和后侧POST的二叶瓣。该瓣膜包括前(主动脉)小叶AL和后(壁)小叶PL。腱索CT将瓣膜小叶AL、PL与前外侧乳头肌ALPM和后内侧乳头肌PMPM相耦合。瓣膜小叶AL、PL沿着被称为前外侧连合部ALC和后内侧连合部PMC的线彼此接合。环AN包围瓣膜小叶,并且毗邻所述环的前部、位于前小叶的相对两侧上的两个区域被称为左纤维三角区LFT和右纤维三角区RFT。这些区域大体上以实线三角形标示。图5B更清楚地图示了左纤维三角区LFT和右纤维三角区RFT。
尽管已经提出了各种外科技术以及植入式装置,并且它们看起来是针对二尖瓣反流的有前途的疗法,但外科方法可能需要漫长的恢复期,而植入式装置具有不尽相同的临床结果。因此,仍然需要用于治疗二尖瓣反流的改进的装置和方法。尽管本文公开的实施方式针对用于治疗二尖瓣反流的植入式假体二尖瓣,但是本领域技术人员将会理解这并不旨在仅限于此,并且本文所公开的装置和方法还可用于治疗其他心脏瓣膜,诸如三尖瓣、主动脉瓣、肺动脉瓣等,以及体内的其他瓣膜,诸如静脉瓣膜以及肠胃系统和呼吸系统中的瓣膜,以及其他解剖瓣膜。
假体瓣膜。已通过外科手术将假体瓣膜植入在心脏之中作为对二尖瓣反流的治疗。这些瓣膜中的一些瓣膜是诸如猪瓣膜等取自动物的瓣膜、由刚性组件制造而成的其他机械瓣膜,以及由心包组织制造而成的其他瓣膜。近来,微创技术已被用于向心脏递送假体瓣膜。这些瓣膜通常包括用于将瓣膜紧固至患者心脏的锚固件,以及瓣膜机构——刚性瓣膜、带有动物组织的瓣膜,或者它们的组合。
假体瓣膜一旦被植入,就会接替功能失常的天然瓣膜,从而减小或消除瓣膜功能不全。尽管这些瓣膜中的一些瓣膜看起来是有效的,但仍然需要改进的瓣膜。在天然解剖结构中定位和锚固假体瓣膜仍是一个挑战。以下公开了克服与现有假体瓣膜相关联的一些挑战的假体瓣膜、用于该假体瓣膜的递送系统以及递送该瓣膜的方法的示例性实施方式。
图6图示了处于收缩配置下的假体心脏瓣膜的示例性实施方式。已经从框架移除覆盖物(例如,织物或组织),以允许观察下面的框架600。该框架已被铺开和展平。假体瓣膜框架600具有心房区606、环形区608和心室区610。框架600由多个互连的支柱所形成,所述支柱形成一系列凸峰和凹谷,所述凸峰和凹谷可相对于彼此扩张和收缩从而允许将框架以收缩配置装载到递送导管上,并继而使其在靶治疗部位处径向扩张以供植入。优选实施方式为自扩张式,并且可使用超弹性镍钛诺(super elastic nitinol)或其他自扩张材料制成。还可以使用在高于转变温度时弹开的形状记忆合金,并且还可以使用可扩张构件以在需要塑性变形(例如,球囊扩张)来敞开框架时扩张该框架。
心房区606具有裙部616,该裙部616包括形成一系列凸峰和凹谷的多个互连的支柱。在该区域中,所述支柱相对于彼此偏斜,并且因此,所产生的单元图案具有一个扩大的末端,而相对的末端渐缩成较小的末端。在优选实施方式中,心房裙部的前部不像后部那样具有带凸缘的区域,因此心房区的前部602可具有比后区604更短的支柱。因此,所述前部中的凸峰和凹谷从心房区的其余后部中的凸峰和凹谷轴向偏移。由于这防止了心房裙部的前部中的支柱向上突出而潜在地碰撞左心房并导致穿孔,因此可能是有利的。此外,缩短的支柱和偏移的凸峰与凹谷形成对准元件614,该对准元件614可协助医师对假体瓣膜向二尖瓣的递送以及在假体瓣膜的扩张之前的假体瓣膜的对准加以可视化。可选的不透射线标记614a安置在偏移的凸峰和凹谷的任一侧上,并且进一步帮助在瓣膜植入期间的可视化。心房区优选地自扩张成圆柱形,或者其可具有D形横截面,其中前部602基本上是平坦的,而后部604为圆柱形。这允许心房裙部吻合天然二尖瓣的解剖结构,从而防止主动脉的阻塞。此外,心房裙部还可形成为使得在扩张时该裙部向外张开并形成可抵靠二尖瓣的上表面的凸缘。带凸缘的区域优选地沿着心房裙部的后部,并且心房裙部的前部保持无凸缘,也有助于防止主动脉碰撞。或者,所述凸缘可在整个心房裙部周围延伸。心房区用连接支柱连接至相邻的环形区608,所述连接支柱优选地是直线的,并且基本上平行于框架的纵轴线。
环形区608也包含多个轴向定向并互连的支柱,所述支柱形成允许径向扩张的凸峰和凹谷。所述支柱优选地彼此平行,并且平行于框架的纵轴线。环形区也可为自扩张式,并且扩张成圆柱形,或者更优选地,环形区可扩张以具有如上文关于心房区所述的D形横截面。因此,环形区可类似地具有平坦的前部和圆柱形的后部。当递送时,环形区与二尖瓣环对准并且扩张成与二尖瓣环相接合。连接器支柱将环形区与心室区610接合起来。
心室区610也包括形成凸峰和凹谷的多个互连支柱。此外,心室区中的支柱形成小叶连合部613,所述小叶连合部613覆盖有织物、心包组织或其他材料,以形成假体瓣膜小叶。连合部中的孔允许向其附接缝合线。心室区中的支柱还形成向外扩张以接合前二尖瓣小叶和后二尖瓣小叶的心室裙部628,并且心室区中的支柱还形成前耳片624和后耳片630。前耳片被设计用于将前二尖瓣小叶捕获在前耳片的内表面与心室裙部的外表面之间。还可将任何相邻的腱索捕获在其间。另外,前耳片的尖端接合位于二尖瓣的前部上的纤维三角区,所述纤维三角区一个位于左侧,一个位于右侧。后耳片类似地将后二尖瓣小叶连同任何相邻的腱索一起捕获在后耳片的内表面与心室裙部的外表面之间。这将在下文中更详细地描述。
通过沿着框架控制前耳片或后耳片的支柱长度或轴向位置,可以控制耳片的展开。因此,在本示例性实施方式中,由于前耳片624和后耳片630中的支柱的长度及其沿着框架的相对位置彼此相同,因此当从耳片缩回约束鞘套时,前耳片和后耳片将会部分地一起向外弹出。随着约束鞘套被进一步缩回,前耳片的其余部分将会径向向外自扩张。约束鞘套的进一步回缩继而允许后耳片的其余部分完成其径向扩张,并且最终心室裙部将会径向向外扩张。虽然后耳片和心室裙部的支柱长度和轴向位置相似,但内部支柱将心室裙部与连合部相连接,而这稍微延迟了心室裙部的扩张,因而后耳片在心室裙部之前完成扩张。使用这样的假体瓣膜展开顺序可以允许更准确地递送瓣膜,并且还允许更牢固地将瓣膜锚固到位。
缝合孔621沿着环形区和心室区的支柱安置,以允许诸如心包或聚合物(诸如涤纶或ePTFE)等覆盖物的附接。缝合孔还可沿着框架的任何其他部分安置。倒刺623沿着心室裙部628安置,以帮助将假体瓣膜锚固到相邻的组织。连合耳片或耳片612安置在连合部613的尖端上,并且可如下文所述那样用于将连合部可释放地与递送系统相耦合。这允许框架首先扩张,并且继而可于随后从递送系统释放连合部。本领域技术人员将会理解,可以使用多种支柱几何结构,并且此外可以调整诸如长度、宽度、厚度等支柱尺寸,以便为锚固件提供期望的机械性能,诸如刚度、径向抗压强度、连合部挠曲等。因此,图示的几何结构并不旨在成为限制性的。
框架可通过EDM、激光切割、光化学蚀刻或本领域中已知的其他技术来形成。可以使用皮下注射管或平板来形成框架。一旦已切割出框架并将其形成为圆柱体,则可将其径向扩张成期望的几何形状并使用已知的工艺对其进行热处理以固化该形状。因此,可以将假体瓣膜以收缩配置装载到递送导管上并使用约束鞘套来将其约束于收缩配置。约束鞘套的移除将会允许锚固件自扩张成其无偏斜的预设形状。在其他实施方式中,可以使用诸如球囊等可扩张构件来将锚固件径向扩张成其优选的扩张配置。
图7图示了收缩配置下的假体心脏瓣膜的另一示例性实施方式,并且该假体心脏瓣膜与先前实施方式相似,主要区别在于前耳片、后耳片和心室裙部中的支柱长度。通过改变支柱长度而允许对前耳片和后耳片以及心室裙部的扩张顺序加以控制。已经从框架移除覆盖物(例如,织物或组织),以允许观察下面的框架700。该框架已被铺开和展平。假体瓣膜框架700具有心房区706、环形区708和心室区710。框架700由多个互连的支柱所形成,所述支柱形成一系列凸峰和凹谷,所述凸峰和凹谷可相对于彼此扩张和收缩从而允许将框架以收缩配置装载到递送导管上,并继而使其在靶治疗部位处径向扩张以供植入。优选实施方式为自扩张式,并且可使用超弹性镍钛诺或其他自扩张材料制成。还可以使用在高于转变温度时弹开的形状记忆合金,并且还可以使用可扩张构件以在需要塑性变形(例如,球囊扩张)来敞开框架时扩张该框架。
心房区706具有裙部716,该裙部616包括形成一系列凸峰和凹谷的多个互连的支柱。在该区域中,所述支柱相对于彼此偏斜,并且因此,所产生的单元图案具有一个扩大的末端,而相对的末端渐缩成较小的末端。心房区的前部702具有比后区704更短的支柱。因此,所述前部中的凸峰和凹谷从心房区的其余后部中的凸峰和凹谷轴向偏移。这允许创造出对准元件714来帮助医师将假体瓣膜递送到二尖瓣并在假体瓣膜的扩张之前对准假体瓣膜。心房区706的其他方面与图6中的心房区606的各方面相似。可选的不透射线标记714a安置在偏移的凸峰和凹谷的任一侧上,并且帮助在瓣膜植入期间的可视化。心房区优选地自扩张成圆柱形,或者其可具有D形横截面,其中前部702基本上是平坦的,而后部704为圆柱形。这允许心房裙部吻合天然二尖瓣的解剖结构,从而防止左心室流出道的阻塞。此外,心房裙部还可形成为使得在扩张时该裙部向外张开并形成可抵靠二尖瓣的上表面的凸缘。带凸缘的区域优选地沿着心房裙部的后部,并且心房裙部的前部保持无凸缘。或者,所述凸缘可在整个心房裙部周围延伸。心房区用连接支柱连接至相邻的环形区708,所述连接支柱优选地是直线的,并且基本上平行于框架的纵轴线。
环形区708也包含多个轴向定向并互连的支柱,所述支柱形成允许径向扩张的凸峰和凹谷。所述支柱优选地彼此平行,并且平行于框架的纵轴线。环形区也可为自扩张式,并且扩张成圆柱形,或者更优选地,环形区可扩张以具有如上文关于心房区所述的D形横截面。因此,环形区可类似地具有平坦的前部和圆柱形的后部。当递送时,环形区与二尖瓣环对准并且扩张成与二尖瓣环相接合。连接器支柱将环形区与心室区710接合起来。
心室区710也包括形成凸峰和凹谷的多个互连支柱。此外,心室区中的支柱形成小叶连合部713,所述小叶连合部713覆盖有织物、心包组织或其他材料,以形成假体瓣膜小叶。连合部中的孔允许向其附接缝合线。心室区中的支柱还形成向外扩张以接合前二尖瓣小叶和后二尖瓣小叶的心室裙部728,并且心室区中的支柱还形成前耳片724和后耳片730。前耳片被设计用于将前二尖瓣小叶捕获在前耳片的内表面与心室裙部的外表面之间。还可将任何相邻的腱索捕获在其间。另外,前耳片的尖端接合位于二尖瓣的前部上的纤维三角区,所述纤维三角区一个位于左侧,一个位于右侧。后耳片类似地将后二尖瓣小叶连同任何相邻的腱索一起捕获在后耳片的内表面与心室裙部的外表面之间。这将在下文中更详细地描述。
通过沿着框架控制前耳片或后耳片的支柱长度或轴向位置,可以控制耳片的展开。因此,在本示例性实施方式中,由于前耳片724和后耳片730中的支柱的长度及其沿着框架的相对位置彼此相同,因此当从耳片缩回约束鞘套时,前耳片和后耳片将会部分地一起向外弹出。随着约束鞘套被进一步缩回,前耳片的其余部分将会径向向外自扩张,这是因为它们相对于心室裙部和后耳片中的支柱是最短的。约束鞘套的进一步回缩继而允许心室裙部径向扩张,并且最终鞘套的进一步回缩允许后耳片的其余部分完成其径向扩张。使用这样的假体瓣膜展开顺序可以允许更准确地递送瓣膜,并且还允许更牢固地将瓣膜锚固到位。
缝合孔721沿着环形区和心室区的支柱安置,以允许诸如心包或聚合物(诸如涤纶或ePTFE)等覆盖物的附接。缝合孔还可沿着框架的任何其他部分安置。倒刺723沿着心室裙部728安置,以帮助将假体瓣膜锚固到相邻的组织。连合耳片或耳片712安置在连合部713的尖端上,并且可如下文所述那样用于将连合部可释放地与递送系统相耦合。这允许框架首先扩张,并且继而可于随后从递送系统释放连合部。本领域技术人员将会理解,可以使用多种支柱几何结构,并且此外可以调整诸如长度、宽度、厚度等支柱尺寸,以便为锚固件提供期望的机械性能,诸如刚度、径向抗压强度、连合部挠曲等。因此,图示的几何结构并不旨在成为限制性的。可以类似于上文关于图6所描述那样形成框架。
图8图示了收缩配置下的假体心脏瓣膜的另一示例性实施方式,并且该假体心脏瓣膜与先前实施方式相似,主要区别在于后耳片被设计用于扩张以形成细长的水平区段,所述细长水平区段允许后耳片与位于后小叶和心室壁之间的环下区域的接合和锚固。因此,所述细长水平区段与仅具有由支柱间的单一合页所形成的渐缩尖端的后耳片相比接触环下区域的更大区域。这提供了假体瓣膜的增强的锚固。在该示例性实施方式中,前耳片将会首选完全自扩张,随后是后耳片,继而是心室裙部。然而,在一些情况下,诸如递送系统、解剖结构等外部因素可改变扩张的顺序,因此这样的顺序并不旨在成为限制性的。已经从框架移除覆盖物(例如,织物或组织),以允许观察下面的框架800。该框架已被铺开和展平。假体瓣膜框架800具有心房区806、环形区808和心室区810。框架800由多个互连的支柱所形成,所述支柱形成一系列凸峰和凹谷,所述凸峰和凹谷可相对于彼此扩张和收缩从而允许将框架以收缩配置装载到递送导管上,并继而使其在靶治疗部位处径向扩张以供植入。优选实施方式为自扩张式,并且可使用超弹性镍钛诺或其他自扩张材料制成。还可以使用在高于转变温度时弹开的形状记忆合金,并且还可以使用可扩张构件以在需要塑性变形(例如,球囊扩张)来敞开框架时扩张该框架。
心房区806具有裙部816,该裙部816包括形成一系列凸峰和凹谷的多个互连的支柱。在该区域中,所述支柱相对于彼此偏斜,并且因此,所产生的单元图案具有一个扩大的末端,而相对的末端渐缩成较小的末端。心房区的前部802具有比后区804更短的支柱。因此,所述前部中的凸峰和凹谷从心房区的其余后部中的凸峰和凹谷轴向偏移。这允许创造出对准元件814来帮助医师将假体瓣膜递送到二尖瓣并在假体瓣膜的扩张之前对准假体瓣膜。心房区806的其他方面与图6中的心房区606的各方面相似。可选的不透射线标记814a安置在偏移的凸峰和凹谷的任一侧上,并且帮助在瓣膜植入期间的可视化。心房区优选地自扩张成圆柱形,或者其可具有D形横截面,其中前部802基本上是平坦的,而后部804为圆柱形。这允许心房裙部吻合天然二尖瓣的解剖结构,从而防止左心室流出道的阻塞。此外,心房裙部还可形成为使得在扩张时该裙部向外张开并形成可抵靠二尖瓣的上表面的凸缘。带凸缘的区域优选地沿着心房裙部的后部,并且心房裙部的前部保持无凸缘。或者,所述凸缘可在整个心房裙部周围延伸。心房区用连接支柱连接至相邻的环形区808,所述连接支柱优选地是直线的,并且基本上平行于框架的纵轴线。
环形区808也包含多个轴向定向并互连的支柱,所述支柱形成允许径向扩张的凸峰和凹谷。所述支柱优选地彼此平行,并且平行于框架的纵轴线。环形区也可为自扩张式,并且扩张成圆柱形,或者更优选地,环形区可扩张以具有如上文关于心房区所述的D形横截面。因此,环形区可类似地具有平坦的前部和圆柱形的后部。当递送时,环形区与二尖瓣环对准并且扩张成与二尖瓣环相接合。连接器支柱将环形区与心室区810接合起来。
心室区810也包括形成凸峰和凹谷的多个互连支柱。此外,心室区中的支柱形成小叶连合部813,所述小叶连合部813覆盖有织物、心包组织或其他材料,以形成假体瓣膜小叶。连合部中的孔允许向其附接缝合线。心室区中的支柱还形成向外扩张以接合前二尖瓣小叶和后二尖瓣小叶的心室裙部828,并且心室区中的支柱还形成前耳片824和后耳片830。前耳片被设计用于将前二尖瓣小叶捕获在前耳片的内表面与心室裙部的外表面之间。还可将任何相邻的腱索捕获在其间。另外,前耳片的尖端接合位于二尖瓣的前部上的纤维三角区,所述纤维三角区一个位于左侧,一个位于右侧。后耳片类似地将后二尖瓣小叶连同任何相邻的腱索一起捕获在后耳片的内表面与心室裙部的外表面之间。这将在下文中更详细地描述。后耳片与上文所述图6-图7中的后耳片相似,不同之处在于在本实施方式中,后耳片包括四个互连支柱而不是两个互连支柱。因此,在本实施方式中,所述多个互连支柱沿着耳片形成三个铰接区836。当后耳片扩张时,所述铰接区也将会扩张,从而形成细长的水平区段,所述细长水平区段允许后耳片与位于后小叶和心室壁之间的环下区域的接合和锚固。这样可以比仅具有较小的占位面积或单一的渐缩尖端的后耳片更好地帮助定位和锚固假体瓣膜以供接合二尖瓣的后部。本实施方式中的后小叶可由本说明书中描述的任何其他后耳片所替代。
通过沿着框架控制前耳片或后耳片的支柱长度或轴向位置,可以控制耳片的展开。因此,在本示例性实施方式中,由于前耳片824和后耳片830中的支柱的长度及其沿着框架的相对位置彼此相同,因此当从耳片缩回约束鞘套时,前耳片和后耳片将会部分地一起向外弹出。随着约束鞘套被进一步缩回,前耳片的其余部分将会径向向外自扩张,这是因为它们相对于心室裙部和后耳片中的支柱是最短的。约束鞘套的进一步回缩继而允许后耳片的其余部分完成自扩张,随后是心室裙部的自扩张。使用这样的假体瓣膜展开顺序可以允许更准确地递送瓣膜,并且还允许更牢固地将瓣膜锚固到位。
缝合孔821沿着环形区和心室区的支柱安置,以允许诸如心包或聚合物(诸如涤纶或ePTFE)等覆盖物的附接。缝合孔还可沿着框架的任何其他部分安置。倒刺823沿着心室裙部828安置,以帮助将假体瓣膜锚固到相邻的组织。连合耳片或耳片812安置在连合部813的尖端上,并且可如下文所述那样用于将连合部可释放地与递送系统相耦合。这允许框架首先扩张,并且继而可于随后从递送系统释放连合部。本领域技术人员将会理解,可以使用多种支柱几何结构,并且此外可以调整诸如长度、宽度、厚度等支柱尺寸,以便为锚固件提供期望的机械性能,诸如刚度、径向抗压强度、连合部挠曲等。因此,图示的几何结构并不旨在成为限制性的。可以类似于上文关于先前在上文描述的框架所描述的那样形成框架。
图9A图示了在已扩张之后的假体心脏瓣膜的框架900。由于每个上述框架都具有类似的几何结构,因此任何上述框架实施方式均可采取这种形式,但它们以不同的顺序扩张。框架包括具有前部914和后部916的心房裙部906。所述后部周围形成带凸缘的区域,而所述前部保持无凸缘。此外,前部大体上是平坦的,而后部为圆柱形,从而形成适应二尖瓣解剖结构的D形横截面。图9B为图9A中的实施方式的俯视图,并且更清楚地图示了所述D形横截面。
框架还包括环形区910和心室裙部912。前耳片904(在该视图中仅有一个可见)完全扩张,使得在前耳片的内表面与心室裙部的外表面之间存在空间。这允许将前小叶和相邻的腱索捕获于其间。类似地,后耳片902也完全展开,且在后耳片902的内表面与心室裙部的外表面之间具有类似的空间。这允许将后小叶和相邻的腱索捕获于其间。还可看到连合杆908,并且其安置在由框架所形成的内通道中。连合杆用于形成假体二尖瓣小叶。扩张的框架的整体形状为D形,其中前部是平坦的而后部为圆柱形。
图10图示了扩张的框架由附接至框架的诸如心包组织或者如ePTFE等聚合物或者如涤纶等织物之类的覆盖物1002所覆盖,从而形成假体心脏瓣膜1000。心房裙部可完全由材料所覆盖,或者在优选实施方式中,仅将覆盖物安置在心房裙部的带凸缘的部分中的相邻单元中的相邻支柱1012之间。位于相同单元内的相邻支柱之间的区域1014保持无覆盖。这允许在植入假体瓣膜的同时保持血液流动基本上不受妨碍。可以使用缝合线1010来将覆盖物附接至框架。在该视图中,只有假体瓣膜的后部上的后耳片1006连同心室裙部1008和心房裙部1004是可见的。
小叶锚固。
使用心房裙部、环形区和心室裙部将假体瓣膜锚固到天然二尖瓣。前耳片和后耳片通过接合前小叶和后小叶而进一步将假体瓣膜锚固到二尖瓣。由于瓣膜小叶在移动,因此接合小叶可能具有挑战性。除了本文所公开的锚固结构及其展开顺序之外,还可以控制假体瓣膜展开的其他方面,以便在装置的展开过程中成功捕获并容纳心脏的相关解剖结构。其中一些方面包括谨慎细致地设计通过激光切割过程实现的假体瓣膜框架的特定几何形状、通过框架形状固化实现的框架的特定几何形状,以及框架的特定部分与递送系统的相互作用,所述递送系统具有设计用于与框架以可控方式相互作用的专用组件。
图14图示了在具有前小叶AL和后小叶PL的二尖瓣MV中部分地展开的假体瓣膜1408。该图的放大部分突出图示了处于部分展开状态下的耳片,并继而还图示了处于完全展开状态下的耳片。图示的耳片可为假体瓣膜上的前耳片或后耳片。递送系统1402已在导丝GW上经心尖递送,以跨越左心室LV和右心房RA。随着递送系统外鞘套1404被缩回,心房裙部1410如前文所述随同环形区1412和心室裙部1414一起展开。外鞘套1404约束前耳片和后耳片1406的基部部分,从而只允许耳片在心房裙部之后部分地径向向外扩张至横向于假体的纵轴线的水平位置或基本上水平的位置。这在心房裙部1410的边缘与耳片1406的尖端之间形成了窗口1416,该窗口1416可接纳瓣膜小叶。优选地,该窗口间隙尽可能宽,以便确保瓣膜小叶进入窗口。一旦外鞘套1404完全缩回,则心室裙部1414随同耳片1406一起完全展开。从外鞘套的约束中释放耳片的基部部分,这允许耳片进一步从其水平位置或基本上水平的位置径向向外扩张至更加垂直的位置。所述更加垂直的位置可平行于或基本上平行于假体的纵轴线,并且可仍然横向于假体的纵轴线,但其间的角度相对于耳片的基部部分被释放时有所减小。因此,耳片1406的尖端也向心房裙部1410的边缘移近,从而关闭窗口1416并帮助确保瓣膜小叶将会被接合于其中。因此,期望在展开过程中控制窗口的尺寸,以确保在展开过程中的最大间隙,以及在完全展开之后的最小间隙。
图15A-图15B图示了假体瓣膜从递送系统的释放,并且还图示了小叶接纳窗口的配置在展开的各个阶段期间如何改变。在图15A中,递送系统1402的外鞘套1404已被部分地缩回远离假体瓣膜,使得心房裙部1410和环形区1412已经自扩张。类似地,心室裙部1414已随同心室耳片1406一起部分地自扩张。心室耳片1406可以是前耳片或后耳片。心室耳片1406的尖端1406a不受约束,并径向向外自扩张至横向于假体的纵轴线的几乎水平的位置或基本上水平的位置,而心室耳片1406的基部1406b保持被约束在外鞘套1404的尖端1404a之下。连合杆1420将假体瓣膜与递送导管相耦合,这是因为连合杆1420的一端保持在递送导管上的容器1422中,并且这由安置在内导管1424上的钟形导管1418所约束。因此,在图15A中,窗口1416形成于耳片1406的尖端1406a与心房裙部1410的边缘1410a之间。尖端1406a与边缘1410之间的间隙在此位置上最大,以便允许接纳瓣膜小叶。继而将瓣膜小叶接纳在小叶容器中,该小叶容器由心房裙部1410的内表面、环形区1412的外表面、心室裙部1414的外表面以及心室耳片1406的内表面所形成。
在图15B中,外鞘套1404已进一步缩回,因此从外鞘套1404的约束中释放心室耳片1406的基部1406b,从而允许心室裙部1414和心室耳片1406进一步径向向外自扩张。因此基部1406b向外自扩张并枢转或摆动远离递送系统。这导致心室耳片1406的尖端1406a旋转和平移,以使其向上移动并更加靠近心房裙部1410的边缘1410a,从而减小间隙并至少部分地关闭窗口1416。耳片还从其水平位置或基本上水平的位置径向向外扩张至更加垂直的位置,该位置可平行于或基本上平行于假体的纵轴线,并且可以仍然横向于假体的纵轴线。耳片与心室裙部之间的夹角因此相对于当耳片的基部部分被释放时减小,并且窗口优选地充分关闭,以使瓣膜小叶接合于小叶容器中,从而将假体瓣膜锚固到小叶。如本说明书中其他部分所述,连合杆1420保持耦合至递送系统,直到稍后缩回钟形导管。虽然本说明书只描述了一个心室耳片,但本领域技术人员将会理解,相同的公开内容可适用于假体瓣膜中的所有心室耳片,例如,在本文的实施方式中所述的两个前耳片和一个后耳片。
图16A-图16B与图15A相似,但提供了与假体瓣膜的展开有关的定点标记信息。为便于讨论,已经重新标记了特征。这些标志物用于帮助描述在假体瓣膜的展开过程中发生的机械相互作用。虽然不受任何特定理论的限制,以下操作变量和机制被认为是与假体瓣膜的相互作用和展开相关,并且它们被标记如下:
A=递送系统的容器中瓣膜连合部的锚固点
B=连合杆向心室裙部中的插入点
C=心房裙部的边缘
D=心室耳片的尖端
E=心室裙部支柱向心室耳片中的插入点
F=外鞘套导管的前缘
G=心室耳片的基部与钟形导管的接触点
Z=点C与点D之间的法向距离
β=线AB与线BE之间的夹角
α=线BE与线ED之间的夹角
=外鞘套导管的外径
=钟形导管的外径
图17A-图20B示意性地图示了假体瓣膜和递送系统以及各种替代实施方式,目的在于探究假体瓣膜的各个方面与递送系统的相应特征之间的相互作用。这些示图旨在提供支架的所有相关结构的简单示意图,并进一步详述所存在的固有的固体机械变形。示图在视觉上简化导致假体瓣膜的释放和展开的机制,并且还提供用于描述通过对假体瓣膜和/或递送系统的几何和机械操纵而控制展开的替代实施方式的架构。
图17A图示了从递送系统部分地展开的假体瓣膜。因此,在图17A中,如先前在上文中所述,由ED限定的心室耳片水平地或基本上水平地延伸。图17B图示了在进一步展开之后但尚未完全从递送系统释放的假体瓣膜。如先前在上文中所述,心室耳片改变位置以使其现在垂直定向并平行或基本上平行于假体的纵轴线。令点C和点D位于水平的平行平面内。令点C与点D之间的法向距离称为Z1。为了在假体瓣膜的展开过程中成功接纳并接合天然二尖瓣小叶,优选地使Z1最大化。这样做的原因很简单。由点C、点B、点E和点D所界定的区域可被认为是在其中发生小叶接纳和接合的窗口、容器或空间,并且将会成为在展开之后天然小叶所位于的空间(由图17B中的C、B、E、D所界定的区域)。因此,窗口(Z1)越大,在展开过程中捕捉小叶的几率就越大。如图17B中所示,最终杆展开配置展现了Z2显著小于Z1,图示了心室耳片(前耳片,或后耳片,或其他耳片)对于天然二尖瓣小叶所具有的接扣或“抓握”作用。由于优选的实施方式将会允许Z1最大化,因此在下文中描述可用于获得最大窗口尺寸的技术和方法。
如图17A中并关于假体瓣膜的形状设定所示,至少可以操纵三个主要属性以将Z1最大化。假设不对包括由B所指定的点上方的任何几何结构在内的假体瓣膜的心房侧作出改变。
对于第一属性,可对分支ED进行修改。通过逐渐向下并远离EB弯曲ED,点D被显著降低,并且距离Z1变得更大。还可通过对分支ED进行形状设定以使之处于与EB的更大夹角来增大角α1,在点E处开始弯曲并允许ED绕点E旋转。
第二属性是分支BE的长度。所有其他分支保持不变,如果使分支BE更长,则趋势是使分支FED下垂,从而使其绕点F旋转并增大α1
第三属性是分支EG的形状,及其与点F的相互作用。随着心室耳片被释放,沿着点F拖动基部(分支EG),点F代表外鞘套导管的前缘。通过向下并远离分支EB弯曲分支EG,心室耳片既延迟释放(非常有用的特性),又以更大的角度α1展开。在保持分支GD的长度的同时减小分支EG的长度还具有杠杆作用,这样放大了分支EB与ED之间的角位移。在示意图中,这通过移动心室耳片的附接点(E)使其更靠近点F来实现。因此,EG关于E的任何角位移都将被放大,并且分支ED的角位移(α1)将会增大。在实践中,还可通过对递送系统的特定部分的几何形状进行精细操纵来产生这样的作用,而这些操纵在下文中更详细地描述。
图18A-图20B示意性地图示了假体瓣膜和具有帮助使窗口尺寸Z1最大化的特征的递送系统的各个实施方式。再次假设不对包括由B所指定的点上方的任何几何结构在内的假体瓣膜的心房侧作出改变。在这些情况下,所有用于影响Z1的方法都通过假体瓣膜与递送系统之间的相互作用来实现,而不是通过对假体瓣膜几何形状或形状设定过程的操纵而实现。心房裙部或凸缘首先展开并将假体锚固于心房中,并且继而将假体的其余部分锚固到二尖瓣环和心室。心室耳片与上文所述类似地展开;当首先部分地展开时,其为水平的或基本上水平的,并且在从递送系统释放耳片之后,耳片更加垂直地移动以使其平行或基本上平行于假体的纵轴线。
图18A图示了利用见于分支EG与分支ED之间的杠杆作用的第一实施方式。通过减小图18B中所示的点G与点F之间的水平距离,再次增大角位移(α1)。然而,在这种情况下通过外鞘套导管1404的直径的减小来实现改变,这使得其更靠近钟形导管1418,并从而发挥作用以缩短分支FG。在这种情况下,不同于当采用假体瓣膜修改时的点E,在点F处更易于感觉到支点。图18B示意性地图示了该实施方式以及由此产生的更大的窗口Z1
图19A-图19B图示了用于增大窗口尺寸Z1的第二实施方式。第二属性利用可在鞘套导管1404的前缘上采用的凸轮作用。在图19A中,图示了凸轮形内表面1902。该凸轮形内表面1902可为环形内凸缘或其他与假体瓣膜上的分支FG的规定形状相互作用的结构,并且充当由分支ED所体现的、用于精确控制直动从动件的用途的直动凸轮。在这方面,可以通过使用凸轮作用来同时控制角位移率和角位移(α1)。因此,可以更精确地控制在展开过程中观察到的心室耳片的回弹速度,尽管其仍在很大程度上依赖于制作心室耳片所使用的材料的弹簧刚度。图19B图示了在展开过程中凸轮1902与心室耳片的基部的接合,这由于凸轮导致心室耳片的尖端在展开过程中采取更加水平的位置而促进了更宽的窗口Z1的形成。
图20A-图20B图示了用于增大窗口尺寸Z1的另一实施方式。第三属性采取推动机构的形式,诸如与点G和点F之间的心室耳片的基部的部分相互作用的推动器元件2012。通过在G的位置上对假体瓣膜直接向上施力,能够以可控的方式直接影响ED绕点E的旋转。图20B图示了推动器元件2012推抵心室耳片的基部,从而进一步打开窗口Z1
递送系统。图11A-图11D图示了可用于递送本说明书中所公开的任何假体心脏瓣膜的递送系统的示例性实施方式。递送系统的制动允许假体心脏瓣膜如本说明书中其他部分所述那样展开。虽然该递送系统设计用于优选地经心尖递送假体心脏瓣膜,但本领域技术人员将会理解,还可对其做出修改以便可以诸如使用经中隔路径,腔内地经由导管递送假体瓣膜。本领域技术人员将会理解,使用经中隔路径可能要求修改各个轴的相对运动以便适应递送系统相对于二尖瓣的位置。
图11A图示了递送系统1100的透视图。递送系统1100包括靠近递送系统的近端的手柄1112和远侧组织穿透尖端1110。递送系统中包括4个细长轴,这些细长轴包括:外鞘套导管轴1102;钟形导管轴1104,其可滑动地安置在外鞘套导管轴1102中;衬套导管轴1106,其相对于其他的轴保持静止,但所述钟形导管轴相对于该衬套轴滑动;以及最后的内导丝导管轴1108,其也相对于其他的轴固定,并且具有管腔,该管腔的尺寸设定用于接纳从中穿过并穿出远侧组织穿透尖端的导丝。如下文将会更详细地解释,使用致动器机构1114来控制各轴的移动,并且使用具有鲁尔连接器(luer connector)的冲洗线1116、1118来冲洗相邻的轴之间的环形区域。冲洗线1118用于冲洗外鞘套导管轴1102与钟形导管轴1104之间的环形空间。冲洗线1116用于冲洗钟形导管1104与衬套导管1106之间的环形空间。内导丝导管轴1108相对于衬套导管1106静止,因此可以用O形环或其他材料来密封环形空间。鲁尔连接器1122允许对导丝管腔的冲洗,并且可以将诸如Tuohy-Borst之类的止血阀耦合至鲁尔连接器以允许在保持止血的同时推进导丝穿过导丝导管轴。螺杆1120保持手柄壳体耦合在一起。图11B图示了递送系统1100的侧视图。
图11C为递送系统1100的局部分解图,并且更清楚地图示了手柄1112中的组件以及它们如何相互作用。手柄1112包括具有两个半部1112a、1112b的壳体,所述两个半部1112a、1112b容纳所有的组件。手柄优选地由螺杆1120和螺母1120b保持在一起,但其还可使用诸如压配合、卡扣配合、粘接、超声焊接等其他技术来密封。致动器轮1114的旋转转化为螺纹嵌件1124的直线运动。外鞘套导管轴1102耦合至螺纹嵌件1124,因此致动器轮1114在一个方向上的旋转将会推进鞘套导管轴1102,而在相反方向上的旋转将会缩回鞘套导管轴1102。致动器轮1114的进一步旋转将螺纹嵌件1124缩回到足以碰到耦合至嵌件1128的销钉1126,从而还移动嵌件1128。钟形导管轴1106耦合至嵌件1128,因此致动器轮1114的进一步旋转将会移动外轴1102并且还移动钟形导管轴1106。致动器轮在相反方向上的旋转推进鞘套,并且螺纹嵌件1124从销钉1126脱离。弹簧1130使嵌件1128回到其无偏斜位置,从而使钟形导管轴回到其无偏斜位置。
本文所公开的任何假体心脏瓣膜均可由递送系统1100来携带。心房裙部、环形裙部、前耳片、后耳片和心室裙部被装载在钟形导管轴上,并且安置在外鞘套导管轴1102之下。心室裙部被装载在近端使得其最靠近手柄1112,并且心房裙部被装载在最远端因此其最靠近尖端1110。因此,外鞘套导管轴1102的回缩在控制假体心脏瓣膜的展开中发挥重要作用。心房裙部因此在外鞘套导管缩回时首先扩张。假体瓣膜连合部可与衬套导管1106的远侧部分上的衬套1106a相耦合,并且继而将钟形导管轴安置在其上,从而将连合部可释放地与递送导管相接合。一旦假体心脏瓣膜的其他部分已经扩张,即可释放连合部。
图11D突出图示了递送系统1100的远侧部分。外鞘套导管轴1102相对于可滑动地安置在外鞘套导管轴1102中的钟形导管轴1104推进和缩回。图中示出衬套导管轴1106可滑动地安置在钟形导管轴1104中并且钟形导管轴1104被缩回,以便暴露出具有容纳假体瓣膜连合部的槽1106b的衬套1106a。内导丝导管轴1108为最内层的轴,并且具有渐缩的锥形区段1130,该锥形区段1130为假体瓣膜提供平滑过渡并且防止假体心脏瓣膜框架的不期望的弯曲或屈曲。组织穿透尖端1110适于穿透组织,特别是在经心尖心脏手术中穿透组织。
递送方法。可以使用多种方法来将假体心脏瓣膜递送到心脏。递送假体二尖瓣的示例性方法可包括腔内递送路径,这还可以是一种穿过心脏的右侧与左侧之间的隔膜的经中隔技术,或者在更优选的实施方式中,可以使用诸如图12A-图12L中所图示的经心尖路径。可以使用先前在上文中所述的递送装置来递送本文所述的假体瓣膜的任何实施方式,或者还可使用其他递送装置和其他假体瓣膜,诸如在先前通过引用并入本文的美国专利申请No.13/096,572中所公开的递送装置和假体瓣膜。然而,在这个优选的示例性实施方式中,使用图6的假体心脏瓣膜,使得前耳片首先展开,随后展开后耳片,并继而展开心室裙部。
图12A图示了包括左心房LA和左心室LV在内的患者心脏左侧的基本解剖结构。肺静脉PV将血液从肺部返回到左心房,而血液继而从左心房跨二尖瓣MV被泵送到左心室中。二尖瓣包括位于瓣膜的前侧A上的前小叶AL和位于瓣膜的后侧P上的后小叶PL。所述小叶附接至腱索CT,所述腱索CT接着由乳头肌PM紧固到心脏壁。血液继而被泵出左心室而进入主动脉Ao,并有主动脉瓣AV阻止反流。
图12B图示了递送系统1202穿过心脏的顶点向左心房LA中的经心尖递送。递送系统1202可在导丝GW上推进到左心房中,并且组织穿透尖端1204通过扩张组织并形成用于让递送系统的其余部分穿过的较大的通道来帮助递送系统穿过心脏的顶点。递送导管携带假体心脏瓣膜1208。一旦已将递送系统的远侧部分推进到左心房中,即可向近侧(例如,朝向操作者)缩回外鞘套1206,从而从假体瓣膜1208的心房部分移除约束。这允许心房裙部1210首先径向向外自扩张。在图12C中,随着外鞘套被进一步缩回,心房裙部继续自扩张并向外探出,直到其如图12D中所示完全展开。心房裙部可具有圆柱形的形状,或者其可如上文所讨论那样为D形并具有平坦的前部和圆柱形的后部以便避免妨碍主动脉瓣和左心室流出道的其他方面。可以向上游或下游推进假体心脏瓣膜,以正确定位心房裙部。在优选实施方式中,心房裙部形成抵靠二尖瓣的上表面的凸缘,而这对假体瓣膜加以锚固并阻止其不期望地向下游移动到左心室中。首先将假体锚固于心房中是意料之外的,这是因为将假体锚固到移动的瓣膜小叶是具有挑战性的,并且通常将会首先进行,随后是可能更容易的心房锚固。然而,首先进行心房锚固可以帮助更牢固地放置假体。当然,本领域技术人员认识到,假体可以基于所使用的递送系统以及假体自身的设计而以任何期望的顺序展开。因此,当前的假体瓣膜可不同于先前的假体瓣膜而锚固自身。先前的假体瓣膜可被动锚固,这是因为它们可通过从递送系统抽出并继而被推动到小叶之后就位继而进行心房锚固而得到递送。由于这个原因,需要首先展开小叶锚固件,随后展开心房锚固件,所述心房锚固件由于相对较平的心房层面而更易于展开。在本实施方式中采用主动锚固,这是因为锚固件在展开顺序过程中改变位置和定向以捕获心室结构,并从而允许使用与先前的假体瓣膜相反的锚固顺序。
随着外鞘套1206继续向近侧缩回,接下来假体心脏瓣膜的环形区自扩张成与瓣膜环相接合。环形区也优选地具有D形几何形状,但其还可为圆柱形或者具有其他几何形状以匹配于天然解剖结构。在图12E中,鞘套1206的回缩最终允许前耳片1212和后耳片1214同时部分地向外自扩张而优选地不接合前小叶或后小叶或者腱索。耳片最初向外扩张至横向于假体的纵轴线的水平或基本上水平的位置。在该实施方式中,外鞘套1206的进一步回缩继而允许全部两个前耳片1212(在该视图中仅有一个可见)完成它们的自扩张,以便如图12F中所示将前小叶捕获在每个前耳片的内表面与心室裙部1216的外表面之间。前耳片扩张至平行于或基本上平行于假体的纵轴线的更加垂直的位置。耳片可仍然横向于假体的纵轴线。后耳片1214保持部分敞开,但尚未完成其扩张。此外,如将在下文中更详细地说明,前耳片的尖端还锚固到二尖瓣的左纤维三角区和右纤维三角区中。
在图12G中,外鞘套1206的进一步回缩继而从后耳片1214释放约束,从而允许其完成其自扩张,由此将后小叶PL捕获在后耳片1214的内表面与心室裙部1218的外表面之间。因此,后小叶从水平位置或基本上水平的位置移动至平行于或基本上平行于假体的纵轴线的更加垂直的位置。在图12H中,鞘套被进一步缩回,从而释放心室裙部1220并允许心室裙部1220径向向外扩张,进一步将前小叶和后小叶捕获在心室裙部的外表面与它们相应的前耳片或后耳片之间。心室裙部的扩张还向外推动前小叶和后小叶,从而确保天然小叶不妨碍假体瓣膜或假体瓣膜小叶的任何部分。现在,假体瓣膜在二尖瓣之上、沿着环部、向瓣膜小叶以及在二尖瓣之下被锚固到位,从而将其紧固就位。
现在,如图12I中所示,递送装置的进一步致动将外鞘套1206和钟形导管轴1222缩回,以便从衬套导管1224移除约束。这允许从衬套导管释放假体瓣膜连合部1226,因此连合部扩张成它们的偏斜配置。继而如图12J中所示,移除递送系统1202和导丝GW,将假体瓣膜1208留在其替代天然二尖瓣的位置上。
图12K和图12L突出图示了前耳片和后耳片与相应的前小叶和后小叶的接合。在图12K中,在前耳片1212已经完全扩张之后,它们将前小叶AL和相邻的腱索捕获在前耳片的内表面与心室裙部1220的外表面之间。此外,前耳片1212的尖端1228与二尖瓣的前侧的纤维三角区FT相接合。所述纤维三角区为瓣膜的纤维区,因此前耳片进一步将假体瓣膜锚固到天然二尖瓣解剖结构中。一个前耳片锚固到左纤维三角区中,而其他前耳片锚固到右纤维三角区中。所述三角区位于小叶的前侧的相对两侧上。图12L图示了后耳片1214与后小叶PL的接合,所述后小叶PL被捕获在后耳片的内表面与心室裙部1220的外表面之间。此外,相邻的腱索也被捕获在后耳片与心室裙部之间。
图13A-图13L图示了递送方法的另一示例性实施方式。该实施方式类似于先前所述的实施方式,主要区别在于假体心脏瓣膜自扩张成与二尖瓣相接合的顺序。本文所公开的任何递送装置或任何假体心脏瓣膜均可使用,然而在优选实施方式中,使用图7的实施方式。改变所述顺序可允许更好地定位植入物、更容易地捕获瓣膜小叶,以及更好地锚固植入物。该示例性方法还优选地使用经心尖路径,但还可使用经中隔路径。
图13A图示了包括左心房LA和左心室LV在内的患者心脏左侧的基本解剖结构。肺静脉PV将血液从肺部返回到左心房,而血液继而从左心房跨二尖瓣MV被泵送到左心室中。二尖瓣包括位于瓣膜的前侧A上的前小叶AL和位于瓣膜的后侧P上的后小叶PL。所述小叶附接至腱索CT,所述腱索CT接着由乳头肌PM紧固到心脏壁。血液继而被泵出左心室而进入主动脉AO,并有主动脉瓣AV阻止血液从主动脉反流回左心室中。
图13B图示了递送系统1302穿过心脏的顶点向左心房LA中的经心尖递送。递送系统1302可在导丝GW上推进到左心房中,并且组织穿透尖端1304通过扩张组织并形成用于让递送系统的其余部分穿过的较大的通道来帮助递送系统穿过心脏的顶点。递送导管携带假体心脏瓣膜1308。一旦已将递送系统的远侧部分推进到左心房中,即可向近侧(例如,朝向操作者)缩回外鞘套1306,从而从假体瓣膜1308的心房部分移除约束。这允许心房裙部1310径向向外自扩张。在图13C中,随着外鞘套被进一步缩回,心房裙部继续自扩张并向外探出,直到其如图13D中所示完全展开。心房裙部可具有圆柱形的形状,或者其可如上文所讨论那样为D形并具有平坦的前部和圆柱形的后部以便避免妨碍主动脉瓣和左心室流出道的其他方面。可以向上游或下游推进假体心脏瓣膜,以正确定位心房裙部。在优选实施方式中,心房裙部形成抵靠二尖瓣的上表面的凸缘,而这对假体瓣膜加以锚固并阻止其不期望地向下游移动到左心室中。因此,如前文所述,首先将假体锚固到心房是意料之外的,并且促进了假体的锚固。
随着外鞘套1306继续向近侧缩回,接下来假体心脏瓣膜的环形区自扩张成与瓣膜环相接合。环形区也优选地具有D形几何形状,但其还可为圆柱形或者具有其他几何形状以匹配于天然解剖结构。在图13E中,鞘套1306的回缩最终允许前耳片1312和后耳片1314同时部分地向外自扩张而优选地不接合前小叶或后小叶或者腱索。耳片具有与前文在先前的实施方式中所述相似的水平或基本上水平的位置。在该实施方式中,外鞘套1306的进一步回缩继而允许全部两个前耳片1312(在该视图中仅有一个可见)完成它们的自扩张,以便如图13F中所示将前小叶捕获在每个前耳片的内表面与心室裙部1316的外表面之间。因此,耳片将会具有如先前所述的平行于或基本上平行于假体的更加垂直的位置。后耳片1214保持部分敞开,并且具有大体上与前文所述相同的位置,但尚未完成其扩张。此外,如将在下文中更详细地说明,前耳片的尖端还锚固到二尖瓣的左纤维三角区和右纤维三角区中。
在图13G中,外鞘套1306的进一步回缩继而从心室裙部1320释放约束,从而允许心室裙部径向扩张。这继而进一步将前小叶AL捕获在前耳片1312与心室裙部1316之间。心室裙部的扩张还向外推动前小叶和后小叶,从而确保天然小叶不妨碍假体瓣膜或假体瓣膜小叶的任何部分。如图13H中所示的鞘套1306的进一步回缩从后耳片1314释放约束,从而允许其完成其自扩张,由此将后小叶PL捕获在后耳片1314的内表面与心室裙部1318的外表面之间。后耳片继而采取类似于先前在上文中所述的更加垂直的位置。现在,假体瓣膜在二尖瓣之上、沿着环部、向瓣膜小叶以及在二尖瓣之下被锚固到位,从而将其紧固就位。
现在,如图13I中所示,递送装置的进一步致动将外鞘套1306和钟形导管轴1322缩回,以便从衬套导管1324移除约束。这允许从衬套导管释放假体瓣膜连合部1326,因此连合部扩张成它们的偏斜配置。继而如图13J中所示,移除递送系统1302和导丝GW,将假体瓣膜1308留在其替代天然二尖瓣的位置上。
图13K和图13L突出图示了前耳片和后耳片与相应的前小叶和后小叶的接合。在图13K中,在前耳片1312已经完全扩张之后,它们将前小叶AL和相邻的腱索捕获在前耳片的内表面与心室裙部1320的外表面之间。此外,前耳片1312的尖端1328与二尖瓣的前侧的纤维三角区FT相接合。所述纤维三角区为瓣膜的纤维区,因此前耳片进一步将假体瓣膜锚固到天然二尖瓣解剖结构中。一个前耳片锚固到左纤维三角区中,而另一前耳片锚固到右纤维三角区中。所述三角区位于小叶的前侧的相对两侧上。图13L图示了后耳片1314与后小叶PL的接合,所述后小叶PL被捕获在后耳片的内表面与心室裙部1320的外表面之间。此外,相邻的腱索也被捕获在后耳片与心室裙部之间。
虽然本文已经示出和描述了本发明的优选实施方式,但对于本领域技术人员而言将会显而易见的是,此类实施方式只是以举例的方式提供的。本领域技术人员将会想到众多不偏离本发明的变化、改变和替换。应当理解,在实践本发明的过程中可以采用对本文所述发明的实施方式的各种替代方案。以下权利要求旨在限定本发明的范围,并因此涵盖这些权利要求范围内的方法和结构及其等效方案。

Claims (76)

1.一种假体瓣膜,包括:
自扩张框架,其具有上端、下端和其间的中段,其中该框架具有扩张配置和收缩配置,所述收缩配置适于递送到患者的心脏,而所述扩张配置适于将所述自扩张框架锚固在患者的心脏中,其中所述框架包括:
自扩张心房裙部,其与所述上端相邻,其中所述心房裙部在其自扩张之后形成带凸缘的区域,该带凸缘的区域配置用于将所述自扩张框架锚固到心脏的心房表面,并且其中所述带凸缘的区域包括凸缘的边缘。
自扩张心室裙部,其与所述下端相邻,其中所述心室裙部在其自扩张之后将所述自扩张框架锚固到心脏的心室表面;以及
第一自扩张耳片,其与所述下端相邻并与所述心室裙部相耦合,所述第一自扩张耳片具有尖端,
其中所述第一自扩张耳片在从其移除约束时径向地自扩张,并且
其中由所述心房裙部的外表面、所述心室裙部的外表面和所述第一耳片的内表面所界定的区域形成适于接纳瓣膜小叶的容器,并且
其中由所述凸缘的边缘与所述第一耳片的尖端之间的间隙限定适于接纳瓣膜小叶的窗口,并且
其中当所述第一耳片的尖端不受约束且所述第一耳片的基部至少部分地受约束时,所述间隙最大,并且
其中当所述第一耳片的尖端不受约束且所述第一耳片的基部也不受约束时,所述间隙最小。
2.根据权利要求1所述的假体瓣膜,其中当所述间隙最大时,所述窗口适于在所述容器中接纳瓣膜小叶。
3.根据权利要求1所述的假体瓣膜,其中当所述间隙最小时,所述容器适于接合所述瓣膜小叶并将所述假体瓣膜锚固到其上。
4.根据权利要求1所述的假体瓣膜,其中当所述第一耳片的基部被从约束中释放时,该第一耳片的尖端朝向所述凸缘的边缘移动。
5.根据权利要求1所述的假体瓣膜,其中由所述第一耳片的内表面和所述心室裙部的外表面限定角α,并且其中当所述第一耳片的基部被从约束中释放并且所述第一耳片的尖端不受约束时,α减小。
6.根据权利要求1所述的假体瓣膜,其中由所述第一耳片的内表面和所述心室裙部的外表面限定角α,并且其中当所述第一耳片的尖端不受约束并且所述第一耳片的基部至少部分地受约束时,α最大。
7.根据权利要求1所述的假体,进一步包括连合杆,该连合杆与所述自扩张框架相耦合并具有径向向内延伸的末端,并且其中由该连合杆的外表面和所述心室裙部的内表面限定角β,并且其中当所述第一耳片的基部至少部分地受约束并且所述第一耳片的尖端不受约束时,β最小。
8.根据权利要求1所述的假体,进一步包括连合杆,该连合杆与所述自扩张框架相耦合并具有径向向内延伸的末端,并且其中由该连合杆的外表面和所述心室裙部的内表面限定角β,并且其中当所述第一耳片的基部不受约束并且所述第一耳片的尖端不受约束时,β最大。
9.根据权利要求1所述的假体,进一步包括连合杆,该连合杆与所述自扩张框架相耦合并具有径向向内延伸的末端,其中所述连合杆适于在所述第一耳片的基部和所述第一耳片的尖端不受约束之后保持耦合至递送导管。
10.根据权利要求1所述的假体,进一步包括至少部分地安置在所述自扩张框架上的覆盖物,该覆盖物促进组织长入。
11.根据权利要求10所述的假体,其中所述覆盖物包括织物、组织或聚合物。
12.根据权利要求1所述的假体,其中所述耳片的尖端适于接合纤维三角区。
13.根据权利要求1所述的假体,其中所述耳片适于接合前二尖瓣小叶或后二尖瓣小叶。
14.根据权利要求1所述的假体,其中所述心房裙部先于所述第一耳片扩张。
15.根据权利要求1所述的假体,其中在所述第一耳片将所述假体锚固到瓣膜小叶之前,所述心房裙部将所述假体锚固到心房。
16.根据权利要求1所述的假体,其中所述第一耳片扩张至横向于所述假体的纵轴线的位置,随后扩张至基本上平行于所述假体的纵轴线的位置。
17.一种用于将假体瓣膜锚固到具有瓣膜小叶的心脏瓣膜的方法,所述方法包括:
提供具有外鞘套的递送系统;
提供假体瓣膜,其中所述假体瓣膜由所述递送系统所携带,并且其中该假体瓣膜包括心房裙部、心室裙部以及耦合至所述心室裙部的第一耳片,并且
其中所述心房裙部的外表面、所述心室裙部的外表面以及所述第一耳片的内表面形成小叶容器,该小叶容器具有用于接纳瓣膜小叶的窗口,所述窗口由所述心房裙部的边缘与所述第一耳片的尖端之间的间隙所限定;
将所述假体瓣膜定位在与心脏瓣膜相邻之处;
使所述心房裙部自扩张成与心脏瓣膜的心房表面相接合;
使所述心室裙部自扩张成与心脏瓣膜的心室表面相接合;
从所述第一耳片的一部分移除约束,从而允许所述第一耳片的尖端径向向外扩张;
通过所述窗口接纳瓣膜小叶,并使其进入所述小叶容器中;以及
至少部分地关闭所述窗口,从而使所述瓣膜小叶与所述小叶容器相接合,并将所述假体瓣膜锚固到瓣膜小叶。
18.根据权利要求17所述的方法,其中将所述假体瓣膜定位在与心脏瓣膜相邻之处包括将所述假体瓣膜经中隔递送至心脏瓣膜。
19.根据权利要求17所述的方法,其中将所述假体瓣膜定位在与心脏瓣膜相邻之处包括将所述假体瓣膜经心尖递送至心脏瓣膜。
20.根据权利要求17所述的方法,其中使所述心房裙部自扩张包括缩回所述外鞘套,从而从其移除约束。
21.根据权利要求17所述的方法,其中使所述心房裙部自扩张包括形成凸缘,该凸缘接合心脏瓣膜的心房表面,从而将所述假体瓣膜锚固于其上。
22.根据权利要求17所述的方法,其中使所述心室裙部自扩张包括缩回所述外鞘套,从而从其移除约束。
23.根据权利要求17所述的方法,其中使所述心室裙部自扩张包括扩张所述心室裙部以使其与心脏瓣膜的心室表面相接合,从而将所述假体瓣膜锚固于其上。
24.根据权利要求17所述的方法,其中从所述第一耳片的一部分移除约束包括从其缩回所述外鞘套。
25.根据权利要求17所述的方法,其中至少部分地关闭所述窗口包括进一步缩回所述外鞘套,以从所述第一耳片的基部移除约束,从而允许所述基部径向向外扩张,并且使得所述第一耳片的尖端朝向所述心房裙部的边缘移动。
26.根据权利要求17所述的方法,其中瓣膜小叶包括前二尖瓣小叶,该方法进一步包括使所述第一耳片的尖端与二尖瓣的纤维三角区相接合。
27.根据权利要求17所述的方法,其中瓣膜小叶包括后二尖瓣小叶,并且其中接合瓣膜小叶包括接合后二尖瓣小叶。
28.根据权利要求17所述的方法,其中所述心房裙部先于所述第一耳片扩张。
29.根据权利要求17所述的方法,其中在所述第一耳片将所述假体瓣膜锚固到瓣膜小叶之前,所述心房裙部将所述假体瓣膜锚固到心房。
30.根据权利要求17所述的方法,其中所述第一耳片扩张至横向于所述假体瓣膜的纵轴线的位置,随后扩张至基本上平行于所述假体瓣膜的纵轴线的位置。
31.一种用于展开假体瓣膜的系统,所述系统包括:
假体心脏瓣膜,其包括心房裙部、心室裙部以及耦合至所述心室裙部的耳片;以及
包括外鞘套的递送系统,其中所述假体心脏瓣膜由该递送系统所携带,并且其中所述外鞘套包括位于所述外鞘套上与其远侧末端相邻的凸轮,
其中所述外鞘套的部分回缩从所述心房裙部和所述心室裙部释放约束,从而允许其自扩张,并且
其中所述外鞘套的进一步回缩从所述耳片释放约束,从而允许所述耳片的尖端径向向外自扩张,在所述凸轮保持与所述耳片的基部部分相接合的同时在所述心房裙部的边缘与所述耳片的尖端之间形成窗口,以使所述尖端自扩张以将所述窗口打开至其最大尺寸,并且
其中所述外鞘套的进一步回缩使所述凸轮从所述耳片的基部部分脱离,从而从其释放约束,以使所述耳片的基部径向向外扩张并且所述耳片的尖端朝向所述心房裙部的边缘移动,至少部分地关闭所述窗口。
32.根据权利要求31所述的系统,其中所述凸轮包括安置在所述外鞘套的内表面上的环形凸缘。
33.根据权利要求31所述的系统,其中所述外鞘套包括管腔,并且所述假体心脏瓣膜被安置在其中。
34.根据权利要求31所述的系统,其中所述窗口在打开时适于接纳瓣膜小叶。
35.根据权利要求34所述的系统,其中在所述窗口至少部分地关闭之后,所述假体瓣膜锚固到瓣膜小叶。
36.根据权利要求31所述的系统,进一步包括至少部分地安置在所述假体心脏瓣膜上的覆盖物,该覆盖物促进组织长入。
37.根据权利要求36所述的系统,其中所述覆盖物包括织物、组织或聚合物。
38.根据权利要求31所述的系统,其中所述耳片的尖端适于接合纤维三角区。
39.根据权利要求31所述的系统,其中所述耳片适于接合前二尖瓣小叶或后二尖瓣小叶。
40.根据权利要求31所述的系统,其中所述心房裙部先于所述耳片扩张。
41.根据权利要求31所述的系统,其中在所述耳片将所述假体瓣膜锚固到瓣膜小叶之前,所述心房裙部将所述假体心脏瓣膜锚固到心房。
42.根据权利要求31所述的系统,其中所述耳片扩张至横向于所述假体瓣膜的纵轴线的位置,随后扩张至基本上平行于所述假体瓣膜的纵轴线的位置。
43.一种用于将假体瓣膜锚固到具有瓣膜小叶的心脏瓣膜的方法,所述方法包括:
提供假体心脏瓣膜,该心脏瓣膜包括心房裙部、心室裙部以及耦合至所述心室裙部的耳片;
提供具有外鞘套的递送系统,该外鞘套具有与其远侧末端相邻的凸轮,并且其中所述假体心脏瓣膜由所述递送系统所携带;
使所述心房裙部和所述心室裙部自扩张;
使所述耳片自扩张以使得所述耳片的尖端径向向外扩张,并由此在所述心房裙部的边缘与所述耳片的尖端之间形成窗口;
将所述窗口打开至其最大尺寸;
在所述窗口中接纳瓣膜小叶;
使基部部分径向向外自扩张;以及
至少部分地关闭所述窗口,其中所述耳片的尖端朝向所述心房裙部的边缘移动。
44.根据权利要求43所述的方法,其中使所述心房裙部和所述心室裙部自扩张包括缩回所述外鞘套,从而从其释放约束。
45.根据权利要求43所述的方法,其中使所述心房裙部自扩张允许所述心房裙部自扩张成与心脏瓣膜的心房表面相接合。
46.根据权利要求43所述的方法,其中使所述心室裙部自扩张允许所述心室裙部自扩张成与心脏瓣膜的心室表面相接合。
47.根据权利要求43所述的方法,其中使所述耳片自扩张包括缩回所述外鞘套,从而从其释放约束。
48.根据权利要求43所述的方法,其中打开所述窗口包括保持所述凸轮与所述耳片的基部部分的接合,以使所述尖端独立于所述耳片的基部而自扩张。
49.根据权利要求43所述的方法,其中使所述基部部分自扩张包括使所述凸轮从所述耳片的基部部分脱离,从而从其释放约束。
50.根据权利要求43所述的方法,其中瓣膜小叶包括前二尖瓣小叶,该方法进一步包括使所述耳片的尖端与二尖瓣的纤维三角区相接合。
51.根据权利要求43所述的方法,其中瓣膜小叶包括后二尖瓣小叶,该方法进一步包括使所述耳片与后二尖瓣小叶相接合。
52.根据权利要求43所述的方法,其中所述心房裙部先于所述耳片扩张。
53.根据权利要求43所述的方法,其中在所述耳片将所述假体心脏瓣膜锚固到瓣膜小叶之前,所述心房裙部将所述假体心脏瓣膜锚固到心房。
54.根据权利要求43所述的方法,其中所述耳片扩张至横向于所述假体心脏瓣膜的纵轴线的位置,随后扩张至基本上平行于所述假体心脏瓣膜的纵轴线的位置。
55.一种用于展开假体瓣膜的系统,所述系统包括:
假体心脏瓣膜,其包括心房裙部、心室裙部以及耦合至所述心室裙部的耳片;以及
递送系统,其包括外鞘套和推动器元件,其中所述假体心脏瓣膜由所述递送系统所携带,并且所述推动器元件可滑动地安置在所述外鞘套之下,
其中所述外鞘套的部分回缩从所述心房裙部和所述心室裙部释放约束,从而允许其自扩张,并且
其中所述外鞘套的进一步回缩从所述耳片释放约束,从而允许所述耳片的尖端径向向外自扩张,在所述心房裙部的边缘与所述耳片的尖端之间形成窗口,并且
其中所述耳片的基部部分保持受所述外鞘套的约束,并且所述推动器元件与所述基部部分相接合的致动对所述耳片的尖端加以致动,以将所述窗口打开至其最大尺寸,并且
其中所述外鞘套的进一步回缩或所述推动器元件的进一步致动从所述耳片的基部部分移除约束,从而至少部分地关闭所述窗口。
56.根据权利要求55所述的系统,其中当从所述基部部分释放约束时,该基部径向向外自扩张,并且其中所述耳片的尖端朝向所述心房裙部的边缘移动以关闭所述窗口。
57.根据权利要求55所述的系统,进一步包括至少部分地安置于所述假体心脏瓣膜上的覆盖物,从而促进组织长入。
58.根据权利要求55所述的系统,其中所述覆盖物包括织物、组织或聚合物。
59.根据权利要求55所述的系统,其中所述耳片的尖端适于接合纤维三角区。
60.根据权利要求55所述的系统,其中所述耳片适于接合前二尖瓣小叶或后二尖瓣小叶。
61.根据权利要求55所述的系统,其中所述心房裙部先于所述耳片扩张。
62.根据权利要求55所述的系统,其中在所述耳片将所述假体心脏瓣膜锚固到瓣膜小叶之前,所述心房裙部将所述假体心脏瓣膜锚固到心房。
63.根据权利要求55所述的系统,其中所述耳片扩张至横向于所述假体心脏瓣膜的纵轴线的位置,随后扩张至基本上平行于所述假体心脏瓣膜的纵轴线的位置。
64.一种用于将假体瓣膜锚固到具有瓣膜小叶的心脏瓣膜的方法,所述方法包括:
提供假体心脏瓣膜,该心脏瓣膜包括心房裙部、心室裙部以及耦合至所述心室裙部的耳片;
提供递送系统,该递送系统包括外鞘套和推动器元件,其中所述心脏瓣膜由所述递送系统所携带,并且所述推动器元件可滑动地安置在所述外鞘套之下。
使所述心房裙部自扩张成与心脏瓣膜的心房表面相接合;
使所述心室裙部自扩张成与心脏瓣膜的心室表面相接合;
使所述耳片自扩张以使得所述耳片的尖端径向向外扩张,以在所述心房裙部的边缘与所述耳片的尖端之间形成窗口;
在所述耳片的基部部分保持受所述外鞘套的约束的同时,将所述窗口打开至其最大尺寸;
在所述窗口中接纳瓣膜小叶;以及
关闭所述窗口。
65.根据权利要求64所述的方法,其中使所述心房裙部自扩张包括缩回所述外鞘套,以从其移除约束。
66.根据权利要求64所述的方法,其中使所述心室裙部自扩张包括缩回所述外鞘套,以从其移除约束。
67.根据权利要求64所述的方法,其中使所述耳片自扩张包括缩回所述外鞘套,以从其移除约束。
68.根据权利要求64所述的方法,其中打开所述窗口包括致动所述推动器元件以使之与所述基部部分相接合,从而将所述尖端移离所述心房裙部的边缘。
69.根据权利要求64所述的方法,其中关闭所述窗口包括所述外鞘套的进一步回缩,以从所述基部部分移除约束,从而允许所述基部部分径向向外扩张,以及允许所述尖端朝向所述心房裙部的边缘移动。
70.根据权利要求64所述的方法,其中关闭所述窗口包括使所述推动器元件从所述基部部分脱离,从而允许所述基部部分返回到无偏斜位置。
71.根据权利要求64所述的方法,其中关闭所述窗口包括用所述推动器元件将所述基部部分推出所述外鞘套,从而允许所述基部部分径向向外扩张,以及允许所述尖端朝向所述心房裙部的边缘移动。
72.根据权利要求64所述的方法,其中瓣膜小叶包括前二尖瓣小叶,该方法进一步包括使所述耳片的尖端与二尖瓣的纤维三角区相接合。
73.根据权利要求64所述的方法,其中瓣膜小叶包括后二尖瓣小叶,该方法进一步包括使所述耳片与后二尖瓣小叶相接合。
74.根据权利要求64所述的方法,其中所述心房裙部先于所述耳片扩张。
75.根据权利要求64所述的方法,其中在所述耳片将所述假体心脏瓣膜锚固到瓣膜小叶之前,所述心房裙部将所述假体心脏瓣膜锚固到心房。
76.根据权利要求64所述的方法,其中所述耳片扩张至横向于所述假体心脏瓣膜的纵轴线的位置,随后扩张至基本上平行于所述假体心脏瓣膜的纵轴线的位置。
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