TWI557958B - 可電切換聚合物薄膜組件及其用途 - Google Patents
可電切換聚合物薄膜組件及其用途 Download PDFInfo
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Description
本發明係有關於一種可電切換聚合物薄膜組件,其中藉由電活性聚合物之電切換,可將聚合物薄膜組件之第一及/或第二表面側活躍地自平滑狀態(施加電壓前之狀態)轉換至建構狀態(施加電壓後之狀態)。本發明亦有關於此類可電切換聚合物之薄膜組件之用途。
活躍地影響表面結構之能力對於許多應用具有甚大的技術利益,例如:可變的觸覺的、光學性能、或影響流體之流動行為。憑藉有利的及可控制地調整的性能,例如:低重量及可調整的機械性能,聚合物與聚合物複合物已被使用於許多商業應用。功能性聚合物於感測器或促動器之應用中作為主動元件已獲得日益增進的重要性。關於此,電活性聚合物(EAP)之類別近年來已日益成為研究的焦點。
專利說明書US 2008/0128027 A1及WO 2008/105861 A2敘述將表面變形之系統與方法,藉以影響沿著它們流動之流體以受控制的方式流動。於此方式,例如:可避免擾流,或者使共振產生或消除。作為促動器,特別被提及者為:微型機械電子系統、壓電轉換器、電活性聚合物、磁或水壓促動器。促動器垂直地作用於表面並藉由一控制系統予以控制。
於EP 1090835 A1中建議一種扁平促動器,其具有複數個促動器元件,由形狀記憶金屬線及/或壓電元件所組成。這些扁平促動器可被用於刻意地影響一沿著表面的流動。雖然促動器長度與可達到流程間之比率甚小,以及金屬線平行於表面置放,但可達成一小的變形,其可藉一有彈力及各向異性地堅挺的扁平結構予以擴大。另外建議了藉由溝槽或狹縫於促動器元件主動方向造成之表面建構,藉以進一步增加由促動器所導致的變形。
DE 10026264 A1揭示一種車輛外殼的動態裝備,多只狹窄地分開、可電操作的促動器,於小圓柱狀的型態被嵌入外殼中,因此促動器的表面於起始狀態時對外殼造成湧流(flush),並藉切換產生一種疙瘩結構,此疙瘩結構意欲在特定速度之上降低空氣的阻力及減少風的干擾,或者用於將冰與雪自外殼分離。關於此,聚合物及/或離子交換材料被建議作為促動器元件的材料,其經由電的方法、或藉改變pH值、水份含量、或溫度進行形狀改變。
於WO 2005/079187 A2中敘述另外一種產生表面建構的可能方法,此包括使用板狀電極間之靜電吸引力,在電極之間有一介電彈性體,當施加電壓時經由相互吸引的電極,有一種力量作用於其上。隨後將彈性體自電極之間壓出,致使表面於此區域內有一凹陷。於電極之外,遭移開的聚合物被擠壓並被壓出表面平面之外。此方法所產生之凹陷及隆起,藉預先設定的電極配置與相互連接,可導致特別的表面建構,被提及之應用有:三維的,特別是Braille顯示器、活動鏡子、影響機翼上的流動、步進式的馬達及泵浦。
專利US 7,397,166 B1敘述一種蠕動式泵浦,其中變形的促動器係製自一種聚合物-金屬複合物,並使用施加電壓,而且藉沿著一可撓管的縱向置放彼此分離的電極,藉連續的切換電極可使一數量的液體於管內輸送。於人體中輸送液態藥劑被提及作為一種應用的實例。
EP 1843406 A1揭示一種促動器,其包含一種電活性聚合物。於此聚合物基質中,添加了(陶瓷)顆粒,這些顆粒被用以增加聚合物基質之介電常數ε。揭示於EP 1843406 A1中的促動器能調整表面的粗糙度。這些(陶瓷)顆粒不具物理/機械效用,僅藉其個別容積、其尺寸、強度、形狀、及/或粗糙度影響表面粗糙度。
電活性聚合物(EAP)原則上可被細分成二個主要群組。第一群組包括所謂的場-激發聚合物。場-激發EAP為典型的聚合物、聚合物混合物、及聚合物複合物,其能藉施加一電場而直接地被切換。需要至高200伏特‧微米-1之電場。場-激發EAP群組之一優點為其通常可以毫秒範圍的速度予以切換。場-激發聚合物包括介電彈性體、鐵電聚合物、壓電聚合物、及電致伸縮聚合物。
第二主群組之EAP包括所謂的離子電活性聚合物,此群組的特性在於其係基於一種作用機制,涉及離子及/或溶劑化離子及/或溶劑分子之擴散。離子性EAP中包括之聚合物材料,其實例為:包含活動離子的聚合物或聚合物複合物、導電性聚合物、離子性凝膠、及具有碳奈米管及/或石墨烯之聚合物複合物。
各種電活性聚合物(EAP)之基本類型及作用機制特別被敘述於MRS公報,2008年3月,第33卷,第3期之論文及其個別引述的文章中。
離子性EAP通常結合至一種液體介質,例如:一種電解質,因此常受周遭環境,如:溫度及相對溼度的影響。若不另加處理,它會於空氣中隨時間乾燥而喪失其作為EAP之官能度。因此減少對於周遭條件依賴的EAP系統受到重視。一種可能性包括於聚合物基質中使用離子性液體(IL)作為電解質溶液,致使由聚合物基質與離子性液體所組成之整體系統為固態形體。離子性液體為有機鹽類,其於室溫下以融化的狀態存在,具有一可忽視地低的蒸汽壓,因此可防止乾燥及喪失離子性EAP之功能。
功能性聚合物及聚合物之薄膜組件在商業應用上日益重要,例如:用於感測器與促動器系統,以及用於主動地影響表面與表面性能。
本發明因此提供一種可電切換聚合物薄膜組件,其具有第一表面側及第二表面側,它們被彼此相反地安置。聚合物薄膜組件包括至少一由一陽極及一陰極所組成之電極對,及一聚合物基質,且建構顆粒可被置入聚合物基質中。
依照本發明,建構顆粒可較佳地存在。然而根據本發明,不含任何此類建構顆粒之具體實體亦佳。
聚合物基質及/或視情況地提供之建構顆粒係由一種電活性聚合物所組成。藉由電切換電活性聚合物,第一及/或第二表面側可自平滑狀態轉換至建構狀態。
換言之,藉施加電壓至根據本發明之聚合物薄膜組件,可有利地於至少一表面側主動地產生一具有隆起與凹陷的建構表面。此於聚合物薄膜組件至少一表面側之建構為可逆,並可藉進一步的電切換有利地予以重複誘發。依照本發明,聚合物基質為一種聚合物薄膜之組態。
主動地影響根據本發明聚合物薄膜組件之表面側可例如:用以產生觸覺可感知的訊號,及於許多應用中使用經由電切換可主動地產生的粗糙性。另一優點為藉由電切換根據本發明聚合物薄膜組件,亦可達成光學效應。例如:聚合物薄膜組件於未切換之平滑狀態可為透明,及經施加電壓後則為不透明。
同樣地,依照本發明,聚合物薄膜組件於另一具體實例中可包含一種場-激發或一種離子電活性聚合物作為電活性聚合物(EAP)。
例如:場-激發聚合物可選自:介電彈性體、鐵電聚合物、電致伸縮聚合物、及壓電聚合物。
根據本發明可使用之鐵電及壓電聚合物,例如:聚(亞乙烯基氟化物)(PVDF)及VDF之共聚物,例如:VDF與三氟乙烯之共聚物。根據本發明之介電彈性體可為例如:聚矽氧、聚胺基甲酸酯、聚丙烯酸酯、橡膠、苯乙烯-乙烯-丁烯-苯乙烯(SEBS)、或苯乙烯-丁二烯橡膠。
根據本發明之離子電活性聚合物可選自例如:聚合物,其包含:活動離子、導電性聚合物、離子性凝膠、及具有碳奈米管及/或石墨烯之聚合物複合物。
離子性凝膠之一實例為具有二甲亞碸之聚(乙烯基醇)凝膠,根據本發明可使用之導電性聚合物為例如:聚吡咯、聚苯胺、及聚噻吩。
適合的EAP材料及其作用機制原則上為習知,及被敘述於如:MRS公報,2008年3月,第33卷,第3期,第173至181頁,由Y. Bar-Cohen,Q.Zhang所著之論文及其個別引述的文章中。
許多其他有關EAP之選擇可能性可令其有利地調整根據本發明可切換聚合物組件的基本性能,及對特別的應用可有利地容許特殊的改變。依照本發明,良好的切換能力及根據本發明聚合物薄膜組件之第一及/或第二表面側的表面建構可予達成。
根據本發明聚合物薄膜組件,其包括至少一電極對、一聚合物基質,及視情況地建構顆粒嵌入其中,可於未切換的平滑狀態,亦即:未施加電壓,具有一厚度為≧10微米及≦1微米,以厚度自≧50至≦500微米為較佳,以≧100至≦300微米為特佳。聚合物薄膜組件之特別適合的厚度可個別地予以有利的選擇,依下列性能而定:特別用於聚合物基質及顆粒之材料、特別是有關於所選擇的EAP或EAPs,及有關於個別意欲的應用。建構顆粒,若是存在時,其直徑為聚合物薄膜組件厚度之50至90%,以聚合物薄膜組件厚度之70至80%為較佳。
依照本發明,可有利地經由廣泛的參數變化去影響建構之表現。值得一提的此類參數實例為:所施加電場之強度、電極之大小、形狀、及結構、顆粒之尺寸與容積比率、及聚合物基質之厚度。
於根據本發明可電切換聚合物薄膜組件之另一形態中,電極,亦即:陽極與陰極,可被安置於聚合物基質之彼此相反的表面上,聚合物薄膜組件之一表面側被安裝為可撓的覆蓋電極,及分別的其他表面側被安裝為硬質的基底電極。換言之,於此形態的聚合物組件被提供為一層狀的組件,其由位於底部之一扁平裝配的基底電極、於其上施加一具有建構顆粒置入其內的聚合物基質薄膜、及於此聚合物基質之上施加一扁平可撓的覆蓋電極所組成。於此案例中,基底電極及覆蓋電極之厚度,各自獨立地,為自10奈米至100微米,以自100奈米至10微米為較佳。
根據本發明之覆蓋電極係指被安置於聚合物薄膜組件之表面側的電極,其可藉切換電活性聚合物轉換成建構的狀態。另一方面,依照本發明,基底電極傾向意指一電極,被安置於聚合物薄膜組件之一表面側,其不被電切換所建構。於根據本發明聚合物薄膜組件中,具有正極與負極的電極可同時為基底電極。
於本發明之敘述中,頂部、底部、其下、與其上等詞語僅指構成部分之彼此相對位置,有時可被替換地使用。
依照本發明,可撓的覆蓋電極傾向意指此電極被裝配成其可採納並複製由切換電活性聚合物所造成的形狀變化及建構,特別是於聚合物基質的表面上。依此方式,當施加適合的電壓時,覆蓋電極會使聚合物薄膜組件生成一方向朝外的建構表面側。
電極(覆蓋電極與基底電極)可為精於此方面技藝者所習知之導電性材料。依照本發明可使用例如:金屬、金屬合金、導電性寡聚物或聚合物,例如:聚噻吩、聚苯胺、聚吡咯、導電性氧化物,例如:混合的氧化物,如:ITO、或以導電性填料充填的聚合物。對於以導電性填料充填的聚合物,可用作其填料者例如:金屬、導電性以碳為基質之材料,如:碳黑、碳奈米管(CNT)、或導電性寡聚物或聚合物。聚合物之填料含量需於浸透點(percolation threshold)之上,以使導電性填料生成連續的導電途徑。
電極可使用習知的方法予以製造,例如:藉將表面金屬化、藉濺鍍、蒸發塗覆、化學蒸汽沉積(CVD)、蒸汽沉積(PVD)、印刷、刮刀塗覆、旋轉塗覆、於預製形態時黏結或壓製於導電層上、或藉一由導電塑料製成的噴霧電極。
於根據本發明聚合物薄膜組件之另一具體實例中,電極安置於聚合物基質之彼此相反的表面上,電極以建構的方式被安置於聚合物薄膜組件之一或二表面側。於此聚合物薄膜組件之結構中,聚合物基質亦能以一種聚合物薄膜安置於電極之間,根據本發明之建構電極傾向意指電極中之其一或二者,於聚合物薄膜組件之個別表面側上生成一種規則或不規則的圖案。電極之結構可為例如:條帶或於網柵的形態。於此案例中,電極或可被施加於聚合物基質之表面上,或至少部份地併入聚合物基質中。電極亦可完全地併入聚合物基質內。隨後可將電極與分別安置於其之間的聚合物基質表面齊平地安放,並與其生成聚合物薄膜組件之平滑表面側,至少於未切換的狀態下。
於根據本發明聚合物薄膜組件之另一結構中,可將電極以建構的方式安置於第一或第二表面側上,作為基底電極。於此根據本發明之變化實例中,陽極與陰極位於聚合物薄膜組件之相同表面側上。於此結構中,朝離電極另一表面側係藉由聚合物基質形成。於此結構中,電極或可被施加於聚合物基質之表面上,或至少部份地併入聚合物基質中。電極亦可完全地併入聚合物基質內。隨後可將電極與安置於其之間的聚合物基質表面齊平地安放,並與其生成聚合物薄膜組件之平滑表面側,至少於未切換的狀態下。此平滑表面側,其係一起由電極表面及聚合物基質表面所生成,可被例如:施加於一基材上。
於本發明說明書中,此具體實例亦然,基底電極之建構配置亦傾向意指陽極與陰極於聚合物薄膜組件的二表面側中之一者上生成一種規則或不規則的圖案。例如:於單一表面側上之一般應用,陽極與陰極則可予交替地安置。直接達成此之一種可能方法為使用所謂的梳狀電極,其可被叉合及齒合地(interengaging)安置。以相同方式極化的個別電極因此可有利地予以一同切換。
若電極係以建構的方式被安置於聚合物薄膜組件之一表面側上作為基底電極,依照另一具體實例,聚合物基質可由一種離子電活性聚合物所組成,而無任何建構顆粒被置入聚合物基質中。於此具體實例中,聚合物基質較佳地由一種包含活動離子的彈性體所組成。換言之,於此根據本發明具體實例中的可電切換聚合物薄膜組件,其聚合物薄膜生成自一種包含離子的聚合物複合物,其中至少一種類型的離子,陽離子或陰離子,可自由地活動。這些離子,例如:可以一種離子性液體的形態引入彈性體基質中。當施加電壓時,自由地活動的離子會移動至對應的電極。依聚合物基質中僅有一種或有二種類型的離子(陽離子,陰離子)具活動性而定,於施加電場時之離子擴散導致:二種類型電極(陽離子,陰離子)中之一的周圍區域則會膨脹,因此可於表面側複製電極結構。於電極間的區域變得缺乏離子,此可造成容積收縮,會進一步增加對應電極周圍隆起的差異。因此聚合物薄膜組件之建構表面側可藉簡易的方法形成。於此案例中,基底電極之厚度為自10奈米至900微米,以自100奈米至500微米為較佳,以自1微米至200微米為特佳。
根據本發明之另一具體實例,聚合物基質係由一種電活性聚合物所組成,及建構顆粒為不導電的硬質材料顆粒,除陶瓷的硬質材料顆粒外。特佳地,不導電的硬質材料顆粒可製自玻璃或一種不導電的聚合物材料。於本發明中之硬質材料顆粒傾向意指顆粒,其於電切換期間保持其形狀及尺寸者。玻璃及不導電的聚合物材料,例如:以聚乙烯(PE)、聚丙烯(PP)、聚氯乙烯(PVC)、聚甲基丙烯酸甲酯(PMMA)、聚碳酸酯(PC)、或聚胺基甲酸酯(PU)為特佳,因為其為十分廉價。當電切換聚合物薄膜組件時,顆粒之尺寸、形狀、及分佈可被傳輸至具有可撓的覆蓋電極之表面側上,例如:於一併合具體實例中,其具有扁平地安裝的硬質基底電極與扁平地安裝的可撓覆蓋電極,並於其間安置一製自介電彈性體之電活性聚合物基質,當施加電壓時,聚合物基質可被擠壓在一起,而顆粒仍保持其形狀。顆粒之形狀及分佈隨後可藉具有覆蓋電極表面側上之隆起予以複製。於此案例中,基底電極及覆蓋電極的厚度,各自獨立地為10奈米至100微米,以自100奈米至10微米為較佳。
根據本發明之另一具體實例,建構顆粒由一種電活性聚合物所組成及聚合物基質生成自一種彈性體。可切換的建構顆粒為顆粒,其於電切換時可經歷可逆的形狀及/或容積改變。由於此性能,顆粒可傳輸例如:其形狀及分佈至彈性的聚合物基質上,及視情況地至可撓的覆蓋電極上,故可生成一建構的表面側,此具有優點:實際的聚合物薄膜僅需就其僵硬度得以適應,致使當聚合物薄膜組件進行電切換時,其可接受建構顆粒之形狀改變,因此對於聚合物基質,可有利地使用已知的塗覆系統,其已適應對於其他性能,如:光澤、耐磨強度、長期穩定度、或加工性等之可能的特殊技術應用。
若或者根據本發明概念,使用以建構方式安置的基底電極,則製自電活性聚合物之可切換顆粒可於一電極類型之近處膨脹或改變其形狀,而相反極性的電極維持不變或收縮。顆粒之大小及直徑權宜地適應聚合物基質之厚度,以使由於電切換所致之顆粒形狀及/或容積的改變被傳輸至與基底電極相反之表面側,因此所造成的隆起會反應電極的建構及顆粒的分佈。於此案例中,基底電極的厚度為10奈米至900微米,以自100奈米至500微米為較佳,以自1微米至200微米為特佳。
於根據本發明具體實例中,其中使用製自電活性聚合物的建構顆粒,亦即:可切換顆粒,這些可接觸電極中之一者。於此案例中,換言之,可能是個別顆粒與一電極之電接觸,其可能容許電子的交換。於此案例中,一電極可與複數個顆粒接觸。
根據本發明之可電切換聚合物薄膜組件可使用前述的變數,製得一種自行支援(self-supporting)的聚合物薄膜組件。
依照本發明,於另一較佳的結構中,可將可電切換聚合物薄膜組件之第一或第二表面側施加至一基材上,於此案例中,個別的其他表面側可藉電切換電活性聚合物予以建構。基材可有利地充當聚合物薄膜組件之載體及支撐體。此外,基材亦可為一種物件,根據本發明聚合物薄膜組件可被施加於其上作為表面塗層。
本發明提供一種可電切換的聚合物薄膜組件,其具有彼此相反地安置的第一表面側及第二表面側,其包括至少一由陽極與陰極所組成之電極對,及一聚合物基質,其特徵在於建構顆粒視情況地被置入聚合物基質中,而且聚合物基質及/或視情況地提供之建構顆粒係由一種電活性聚合物所組成,藉電活性聚合物之電切換可將第一及/或第二表面側自平滑狀態轉換至建構狀態。
本發明另外提供一種可電切換的聚合物薄膜組件,其具有彼此相反地安置的第一表面側及第二表面側,其包括至少一由陽極與陰極所組成之電極對,及一建構顆粒被置入其中之聚合物基質,其特徵在於建構顆粒為不導電的硬質材料顆粒,及聚合物基質係由一種電活性聚合物所組成,或建構顆粒係由一種電活性聚合物所組成,藉電活性聚合物之電切換可將第一及/或第二表面側自平滑狀態轉換至建構狀態。
本發明另外提供一種可電切換的聚合物薄膜組件,其具有彼此相反地安置的第一表面側及第二表面側,其包括至少一由陽極與陰極所組成之電極對,及一種由電活性聚合物所組成的聚合物基質,藉電活性聚合物之電切換可將第一及/或第二表面側自平滑狀態轉換至建構狀態,其特徵在於陽極與陰極被裝配成基底電極,並以一種建構的方式安置於第一或第二表面側。
本發明另外包括根據本發明聚合物薄膜組件之用途。特別是,本發明提供一種可電切換的表面塗層,其包括一種根據本發明可電切換的聚合物薄膜,依前述之變化及具體實例。此表面塗層可被施加於物件,例如:汽車的車身或船的外殼。根據本發明之表面塗層可有利地藉電切換聚合物薄膜組件被主動地影響。此主動的影響可靜態地或於不同的頻率下進行。
本發明亦包括使用此種可電切換表面塗層於產生觸覺的,聲音的,及/或光學的訊號。此可能涉及各種的觸覺的,例如:於平滑表面與粗糙表面之間進行切換。此效應可使用於例如:表面的自行清潔、防止表面結冰、及船殼表面之防污。藉切換根據本發明聚合物薄膜組件亦可影響光學性能,因此例如:其可於一透明表面與一不透明表面之間進行切換。
此外,這些觸覺的及光學的效應亦可用於人-機械之界面,例如:脈絡-驅動之選單管理。
依照本發明,其可能進一步影響流體之流動性能,例如:本發明因此可被用於防止湍流或減少流動阻力。
因此本發明可有利地施行於多重的不同應用。
本發明將藉實例連同圖示之方式解說於下,但不被這些較佳的具體實例所侷限。
圖1a與1b顯示根據本發明可電切換聚合物薄膜組件之概要剖面圖,其具有一可切換的電活性聚合物基質,及置入其中的硬質材料顆粒,圖2a與2b顯示根據本發明可電切換聚合物薄膜組件之概要剖面圖,其具有可切換的建構顆粒於一種彈性體基質中,圖3a與3b顯示根據本發明可電切換聚合物薄膜組件之概要剖面圖,其具有可切換的建構顆粒於一種彈性體基質中,及以建構方式施加之電極,圖4a與4b顯示根據本發明可電切換聚合物薄膜組件之概要剖面圖,其具有以建構方式施加之電極,及自由活動的陰離子與陽離子於一種彈性體基質中。
這些顯示的具體實例,其中以”a”標示者,分別地顯示施加電壓前之聚合物薄膜組件,及以”b”標示之圖分別地顯示施加電壓後之對應聚合物薄膜組件。圖1a與1b顯示根據本發明可電切換聚合物薄膜組件1,其具有一可切換的聚合物基質2,被嵌入扁平電極3與4之間。聚合物基質2可例如:組成自一種介電彈性體,例如:聚矽氧彈性體、聚胺基甲酸酯彈性體、聚丙烯酸酯彈性體、或橡膠。不導電硬質材料顆粒5可進一步被安置於聚合物基質中作為建構顆粒。僅是為了清晰之故,於每個案例中只顯示3個顆粒5。這些顆粒5可組成自例如:玻璃、碳化矽、陶瓷、或一種不導電硬質聚合物。於顯示的具體實例中,電極3被裝配成可撓的覆蓋電極3。電極4被裝配成基底電極,及安置於基材6上。如圖1a所示,顆粒5被製成一尺寸,以使聚合物基質2與覆蓋電極4於未施加電場時具有一平滑的表面。換言之,聚合物薄膜組件1具有第一平滑表面側。當施加電壓時,如圖1b中所示,介電彈性體於電極3與4之間被擠壓在一起,而硬質顆粒5維持其形狀。依照本發明,顆粒5被進一步製成一尺寸,及配合聚合物基質2之厚度,致使當施加電壓至聚合物薄膜組件1時,觸覺的及/或光學可感知的隆起7與凹陷8之建構可於第一表面側上生成。於本發明中,可感知的建構傾向意指其至少可被偵測到。偵測之進行可藉例如:光學的方法,如:繞射或折射。表面建構之大小及形狀可予以有利地影響及變化地調整,經由硬質顆粒5之尺寸、形狀、及分佈,經由用於聚合物基質2之聚合物材料之選擇、及施加之電場。
圖2a與2b顯示根據本發明可電切換聚合物薄膜組件1之概要剖面圖,其具有可切換的顆粒5於一種彈性的聚合物基質2中。於顯示的具體實例中,電極3被裝配成可撓的覆蓋電極3。電極4被裝配成基底電極,及安置於基材6上。顆粒5可組成自例如:離子性EAP或場-激發之EAP,當施加電壓至電極3與4時,其經歷一種形狀及/或容積的改變。於聚合物組件1中,顆粒5可與電極3及4其中之一接觸。於此案例中,顆粒5被裝配成一尺寸,致使:當施加電壓時,其形狀及於聚合物基質2上之分佈被可撓的覆蓋電極3複製,因此可產生隆起7與凹陷8之表面結構。此較佳裝配之一優點為:聚合物薄膜2僅需就其僵硬度予以調整,以使其能接受可切換顆粒5之形狀改變,並傳授給可撓的覆蓋電極3。對於此聚合物基質2,因此可使用已知的塗覆系統,其已可適應對於其他性能,如:光澤、耐磨強度、長期穩定度、及加工性之特殊的技術應用。於另一具體實例中,彈性體基質2除顆粒5外,亦可包含活動離子,陰離子及/或陽離子。於切換過程中,這些活動離子可自聚合物基質2擴散至顆粒5中,或自其中擴散出來,故能達成顆粒5之形狀及/或容積改變。
圖3a與3b顯示根據本發明可電切換聚合物薄膜組件1之概要剖面圖,其具有可切換的建構顆粒5於一種彈性的基質2中,及基底電極3與4以一種建構的方式安置。電極3與4被交替地置放。其可裝配為齒合的梳狀電極,其較有利地可各自地被極化在一起。於此表述中,電極3與4被併入聚合物基質2中,並於一表面側上與其齊平地放置。此表面側係安置於基材6上。可切換的顆粒5可較佳地由一種離子性EAP所組成。於聚合物組件1中,顆粒5可與電極3與4其中之一相接觸。為了清晰之故,每個電極3,4僅顯示1個顆粒5。於切換過程中,顆粒5可於一個電極3上膨脹,而於相反極性電極上之顆粒5幾乎維持不變或收縮。顆粒5之尺寸權宜地配合聚合物基質2之厚度,致使:由於電切換造成的形狀及/或容積改變被傳輸至與電極3,4相反位置的表面側。所導致之隆起7與凹陷8可有利地反應電極的建構及顆粒5之分佈。於另一具體實例中,彈性體基質2除顆粒5外,亦可包含活動離子,陰離子及/或陽離子。於切換過程中,這些活動離子可自聚合物基質2擴散至顆粒5中,或自其中擴散出來,故能達成顆粒5之形狀及/或容積改變。
圖4a與4b顯示根據本發明可電切換聚合物薄膜組件1之概要剖面圖,其具有以建構方式安置之基底電極3與4,及自由活動的陰離子9與陽離子10於一種彈性體基質2中。聚合物基質2之一表面側被施加至基材6上。可電切換聚合物薄膜組件1之聚合物薄膜,其包括聚合物基質2及離子9與10,於此根據本發明具體實例中可生成自一種包含離子的聚合物複合物,其中至少有一種類型的離子可自由地活動。若施加電壓時,這些自由地活動的離子會移動至對應的電極。依是否僅有一種類型的離子,或者如圖4a及4b所示之陰離子9與陽離子10,可於聚合物基質2中活動而定,施加電場所致之離子擴散使得電極3與4其中之一的周圍區域膨脹,因此於表面側上複製電極結構。電極3與4之間區域的離子變得減少,此可導致容積收縮,故於表面側形成凹陷8,此進一步增加與對應電極3與4周圍之隆起7的差異。因此可使用簡易的方法生成一建構的表面側。本發明之此種結構,其製得可藉例如:將一種離子性液體混入一種聚胺基甲酸酯(PUR)基質材料中作為聚合物薄膜。本發明將經由下示之實例予以進一步說明,但不受其侷限。
使用一種聚胺基甲酸酯(PUR)配方,其由82-99重量%之Desmodur E15(拜耳材料科學公司)作為一種異氰酸酯及1重量%之三乙醇胺(TEA)作為一種交聯劑所組成。為了增加與離子性液體之混合能力,加入0-17重量%之聚乙二醇(PEG 600),這些成份加總至100重量%。將此反應配方與1-丁基-3-甲基咪唑鎓雙(三氟甲基磺醯基)-醯亞胺,於混合比率為1:1,予以手動地攪拌,作為離子性液體(IL),並刮塗至梳狀電極上,其已被安置於一基材上。這些電極由叉合的銅導體軌道所組成,具有0.25毫米至4毫米之規則性電極間隔,其被施加於一環氧化物基質(FR4)上。導電銅電極於所使用環氧化物基質上方之高度為70微米。此反應性聚合物混合物於一高至60℃之溫度下固化。此導致一透明均質的薄膜,其具有平滑的表面及厚度為150微米。對於尺寸約10公分x10公分的樣品,研究其於2伏特電壓下之電流-電壓之特性。當施加2伏特電壓時,一明顯的電流波峰被記錄下來,此電流隨後減少至一固定的殘餘電流。當關閉電壓時,一大電流起始地於相反方向流動,而後漸近地回到0安培。致使無電解,且因此無化學反應程序發生,施加的電壓被維持於離子性液體之離子及聚胺基甲酸酯基質之化學電動勢之下。電壓-引發之離子移動至PUR基質發生於一時間刻度為數秒,並且能可逆地切換。藉離子於PUR薄膜內移動使根據本發明聚合物薄膜組件之表面結構進行切換,可借助一雷射光束自根據本發明聚合物薄膜組件表面側之反射位移觀察到。
於另一實驗中,使用一種2K聚胺基甲酸酯作為聚合物基質,其可購自ISO-Elektra公司,商品名為”ISO-PUR A 776”,用作一種”自癒凝膠”者。將此與甲基乙基咪唑鎓-辛基硫酸鹽,於重量比率為1:1依實例1中般予以混合,作為一種離子性液體。此混合物如實例1所述以薄膜施加至一具有叉合的基底電極安置於其上的基材上,並且使用電場予以切換。當施加2伏特電壓至此非常柔軟的PUR-IL複合物時,雷射光束自根據本發明聚合物薄膜組件表面側反射之位移,其變化遠大於實例1中所述之PUR配方。由此可推論:相較之下,根據本發明可電切換聚合物薄膜組件之表面結構改變較為強烈。
總結而言,本發明提供可電切換聚合物薄膜組件,其表面結構及表面塗層可被主動地切換及影響。
由於根據本發明可電切換聚合物薄膜組件之性能的各種可調整性,其可有利地適合廣泛種類之特殊應用的要求。
1...可電切換聚合物薄膜組件
2...聚合物基質
3...電極
4...電極
5...不導電硬質材料顆粒
6...基材
7...隆起
8...凹陷
9...陰離子
10...陽離子
圖1a與1b顯示根據本發明可電切換聚合物薄膜組件之概要剖面圖,其具有一可切換的電活性聚合物基質,及置入其中的硬質材料顆粒。
圖2a與2b顯示根據本發明可電切換聚合物薄膜組件之概要剖面圖,其具有可切換的建構顆粒於一種彈性體基質中。
圖3a與3b顯示根據本發明可電切換聚合物薄膜組件之概要剖面圖,其具有可切換的建構顆粒於一種彈性體基質中,及以建構方式施加之電極。
圖4a與4b顯示根據本發明可電切換聚合物薄膜組件之概要剖面圖,其具有以建構方式施加之電極,及自由活動的陰離子與陽離子於一種彈性體基質中。
1...可電切換聚合物薄膜組件
2...聚合物基質
3...電極
4...電極
5...不導電硬質材料顆粒
6...基材
Claims (14)
- 一種可電切換聚合物薄膜組件,其具有被彼此相反地安置的第一表面側及第二表面側,其包括至少一由陽極與陰極組成之電極對及一聚合物基質,其特徵在於建構顆粒被置入該聚合物基質中,而且該聚合物基質及/或建構顆粒由一種電活性聚合物組成,藉由該電活性聚合物之電切換可將第一及/或第二表面側自平滑狀態轉換至建構狀態,其中該建構狀態包含於該第一及/或第二表面側反映一電極建構之隆起與凹陷,且其中該隆起或凹陷反映建構顆粒之分佈。
- 根據申請專利範圍第1項之可電切換聚合物薄膜組件,其中該電活性聚合物為一種場-激發或離子電活性聚合物。
- 根據申請專利範圍第1項之可電切換聚合物薄膜組件,其中於平滑狀態下,其具有一厚度為≧10微米及≦1微米。
- 根據申請專利範圍第1項之可電切換聚合物薄膜組件,其中建構顆粒之直徑為聚合物薄膜組件厚度之50至90%。
- 根據申請專利範圍第1項之可電切換聚合物薄膜組件,其中陽極與陰極被安置於該聚合物基質之彼此相反的表面上,該聚合物薄膜組件之一表面側被安裝為可撓的覆蓋電極,及分別的其他表面側被安裝為硬質的基底電極。
- 根據申請專利範圍第1項之可電切換聚合物薄膜組件,其中陽極與陰極被安置於該聚合物基質之彼此相反的表面上,而且該等電極以建構的方式被安置於該聚合物薄膜組件之一或二表面側上。
- 根據申請專利範圍第1項之可電切換聚合物薄膜組件,其中該聚合物基質係由一種電活性聚合物所組成,及該建構顆粒為不導電的硬質材料顆粒,但排除陶瓷的硬質材料顆粒。
- 根據申請專利範圍第7項之可電切換聚合物薄膜組件,其中硬質材料顆粒製自玻璃或一種不導電的聚合物材料,其選自至少一種由聚乙烯、聚丙烯、聚氯乙烯、聚甲基丙烯酸甲酯、聚碳酸酯、或聚胺基甲酸酯組成之群組。
- 根據申請專利範圍第6項之可電切換聚合物薄膜組件,其中該聚合物基質係由一種離子電活性聚合物所組成,而且無建構顆粒被置入該聚合物基質中。
- 根據申請專利範圍第1項之可電切換聚合物薄膜組件,其中該建構顆粒係由一種電活性聚合物所組成及該聚合物基質係生成自一種彈性體。
- 根據申請專利範圍第1項之可電切換聚合物薄膜組件,其中該第一或第二表面側被施加至一基材上,藉由該電活性聚合物之電切換將分別的其他表面側轉換至建構狀態。
- 一種可電切換表面塗層,其包括一種根據申請專利範圍第1項之可電切換聚合物薄膜組件。
- 一種根據申請專利範圍第12項之可電切換表面塗層之用途,其作為一種自行清潔之表面塗層、自行防止結冰之表面塗層、及/或影響流體之流動性能。
- 一種根據申請專利範圍第12項之可電切換表面塗層之用途,其用於產生觸覺的,聲音的,及/或光學的訊號。
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- 2010-03-30 JP JP2012503893A patent/JP5668050B2/ja active Active
- 2010-03-30 WO PCT/EP2010/002001 patent/WO2010115549A1/de active Application Filing
- 2010-03-30 US US13/263,400 patent/US9231186B2/en active Active
- 2010-03-30 EP EP20100713312 patent/EP2417644B1/de active Active
- 2010-03-30 CN CN201080026010.2A patent/CN102460756B/zh active Active
- 2010-04-09 TW TW099110977A patent/TWI557958B/zh active
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JP5668050B2 (ja) | 2015-02-12 |
CN102460756B (zh) | 2015-01-07 |
JP2012523809A (ja) | 2012-10-04 |
CN102460756A (zh) | 2012-05-16 |
KR20120030044A (ko) | 2012-03-27 |
TW201108481A (en) | 2011-03-01 |
US20120128960A1 (en) | 2012-05-24 |
EP2239793A1 (de) | 2010-10-13 |
US9231186B2 (en) | 2016-01-05 |
WO2010115549A1 (de) | 2010-10-14 |
EP2417644B1 (de) | 2015-02-25 |
EP2417644A1 (de) | 2012-02-15 |
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