JP2010150280A - 免疫刺激核酸分子 - Google Patents
免疫刺激核酸分子 Download PDFInfo
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- JP2010150280A JP2010150280A JP2010053784A JP2010053784A JP2010150280A JP 2010150280 A JP2010150280 A JP 2010150280A JP 2010053784 A JP2010053784 A JP 2010053784A JP 2010053784 A JP2010053784 A JP 2010053784A JP 2010150280 A JP2010150280 A JP 2010150280A
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Abstract
【解決手段】 少なくとも1つの非メチル化CpGジヌクレオチドを含み、そして式:5’N1X1CGX2N23’(式中、少なくとも1つのヌクレオチドが連続するCpGを分離し;X1はアデニン、グアニンまたはチミンであり;X2はシトシンまたはチミンであり;Nはいかなるヌクレオチドであってもよく、そしてN1+N2は約0−26塩基であり、ただしN1およびN2はCCGG四量体または1つより多いCCGまたはCGG三量体を含まず;そして該核酸配列は長さ約8−30塩基である)を有する、単離核酸配列。
【選択図】 なし
Description
本発明に帰着する研究は、一部、米国国立衛生研究所(National Institute of Health)の補助金第R29−AR42556−01号により補助されている。米国政府が、本発明のある権利に対し権利を有する可能性がある。
antisense oligodeoxynucleotides”.Advanced Drug Delivery Reviews 6:235に総論;Akhtar,S.,Y.Shoji,およびR.L.Juliano.1992.”Pharmaceutical aspects of the biological stability and membrane transport charac teristics of antisense oligonucleotides”.Gene Regulation:Biology of Antisense RNA and DNA.R.P.Erickson,およびJ.G.Izant,監修,Raven Press,Ltd.ニューヨーク中,pp.133;およびZhao,Q.,T.Waldschmidt,E.Fisher,C.J.Herrera,およびA.M.Krieg.,1994.”Stage specific oligonucleotide uptake in murine bone marrow
B cell precursors”.Blood.84:3660)。DNAまたはODN取りこみに対する受容体はまだクローンされていないし、そしてODN結合および細胞取りこみが、高分子量DNAのものと同じまたは異なる機構を通じて起こるのかはまだ明確でない。
リンパ球のODN取りこみは、細胞活性化により制御されることが示されてきた。B細胞分裂促進剤(mitogen)LPSにより刺激された脾臓細胞はB細胞集団中で劇的にODN取りこみを亢進する一方、T細胞分裂促進剤Con Aで処理した脾臓細胞はT細胞によるODN取りこみ亢進を示したがB細胞では示さなかった(Krieg,A.M.,F.Gmelig−Meyling,M.F.Gourley,W.J.Kisch,L.A.Chrisey,およびA.D.Steinberg.1991.”Uptake of oligodeoxyribonucleotides by lymphoid cells is heterogeneous and inducible”.Antisense Research and Development 1:161)。
synergy between T cell signals and C8−substituted guanine nucleosides in humoral immunity:B lymphotropic cytokines in duce responsiveness to 8−mercaptoguanosine”.J.Immunol.136:3335)。8−メルカプトグアノシンおよび8−ブロモグアノシンもまた、MHC制限CTLの生成に対するサイトカイン要求と置き換えてもよく(Feldbush,T.L.,1985.上に引用)、ネズミNK活性を増大させ(Koo,G.C.,M.E.Jewell,C.L.Manyak,N.H.Sigal,およびL.S.Wicker.1988”Activation of murine natural killer cells and macrophages by 8−bromoguanosine”.J.Immunol.140:3249)、そしてネズミLAK生成を誘発する際、IL−2と相乗作用を示す(Thompson,R.A.,およびZ.K.Ballas.1990.”Lymphokine−activated killer(LAK)cells.V.8−Mercaptoguanosine as an IL−2−sparing agentin LAKgeneration”.J.Immunol.145:3524)。これらC8置換グアノシンがNKおよびLAK活性を増大させるのは、これらがIFNを誘導することによるらしい(Thompson,R.A.,ら.1990.上に引用)。最近、ミコバクテリウム(micobacterium)により産生される5’三リン酸化チミジンが、ヒトγδT細胞サブセットに対し分裂促進作用を持つことが見出された(Constant,P.,F.Davodeau,M.−A.Peyrat,Y.Poquet,G.Puzo,M.Bonneville,およびJ.−J.Fournie.1994”Stimulation of human γδ T cells by nonpeptidic mycobacterial ligands”Science 264:267)。この報告は、免疫系が細菌核酸に対し優先して反応する方法を発展させてきた可能性があることを示している。
on the in vitro stimulation of murine lymphocytes by natural and synthetic polynucleotide antigens”.Cell.Immunol.147:148)。Tokunagaらは、dG・dCは、γ−IFNおよびNK活性を誘導することを報告している(Tokunaga,S.Yamamoto,およびK.Namba.1988.”A synthetic
single−stranded DNA,poly(dG,dC),induces interferon−α/b and−g,augments natural killer activity,and suppresses tumor growth”Jpn.J.Cancer Res.79:682)。こうした人工的ホモポリマー配列のほかに、Pisetskyらは純粋な哺乳動物DNAは検出可能な免疫作用を持たないが、ある種の細菌由来のDNAは、B細胞活性化および免疫グロブリン分泌を誘導することを報告した(Messina,J.P.,G.S.Gilkeson,およびD.S.Pisetsky.1991.”Stimulation of in vitro murine lymphocyte proliferation by bacterial DNA”.J.Immunol.147:1759)。これらのデータがある異常な混入物質に起因するものでないと仮定すると、これらの研究により、細菌DNAの特定の構造または他の特性がB細胞活性化を誘発することを可能にしていることが示唆される。ミコバクテリウムDNA配列の研究により、ある種のパリンドローム配列を含むODNがNK細胞を活性化することが可能であることが立証されている(Yamamoto,S.,T.Yamamoto,T.Kataoka,E.Kuramoto,O.Yano,およびT.Tokunaga.1992.”Unique palindromic sequences in synthetic oligonucleotides are required to induce INF and augment INF−mediated natural killer activity”.J.Immunol.148:4072;Kuramoto,E.,O.Yano,Y.Kimura,M.Baba,T.Makino,S.Yamamoto,T.Yamamoto,T.Kataoka,およびT.Tokunaga.1992.”Oligonucleotide sequences required for natural killer cell activation”.Jpn.J.Cancer Res.83:1128)。
phosphorothioate oligonucleotide directed to the initiation codon of transcription factor NF−κB T65 causesse quence−specific immune stimulation”.Antisense Res.Develop.3:309;およびPisetsky,D.S.,およびC.F.Reich.1993.”Stimulation of murine lymphocyte proliferaion by a phosphorothioate oligonucleotide with antisense activity for herpes simplex virus”Life Sciences 54:101)。これらの報告は、これらのODNの作用を説明するかもしれない共通する構造モチーフまたは配列要素を示唆していない。
nuclear regulators”.Mol.Endocrin.7:145,1993;Lee,K.A.W.,およびN.Masson:”Transcriptional regulation by CREB and its relatives”.Biochim.Biophys.Acta 1174:221,1993に総論)。これらはすべて塩基性領域/ロイシンジッパー(bZip)クラスのタンパク質に属する。すべての細胞は、1つまたはそれ以上のCREB/ATFタンパク質を発現しているようであるが、発現されるメンバーおよびmRNAスプライシング制御は組織特異的であるようである。活性化ドメインの差別的スプライシングにより、特定のCREB/ATFタンパク質が転写阻害剤となるか活性化剤となるかが決定される可能性がある。多くのCREB/ATFタンパク質はウイルス転写を活性化するが、活性化ドメインを欠失したスプライシング多様体のいくつかは、阻害作用を持つ。CREB/ATFタンパク質はcAMP反応要素であるCREを通じてホモまたはヘテロ二量体としてDNAに結合することが可能である。CREのコンセンサス型は、非メチル化配列TGACGTCである(CpGがメチル化されていると結合はなくなる)(Iguchi−Arlga,S.M.M.,およびW.Schaffner:”CpG methylation of the cAMP−responsive enhancer/promoter sequence TGACGTCA abolishes specific factor binding as well as transcriptional activation”.Genes & Develop.3:612,1989)。
inhibition of tumor growth induced by c−Ha−ras oncogene in nude mice”.Cancer Res.53:577,1993)、IFN−(Du,W,およびT.Maniatis:”An ATF/CREB binding site
protein is required for virus induction of the human interferon B gene”.Proc.Natl.Acad.Sci.USA 89:2150,1992)、TGF−1(Asiedu,C.K.,L.Scott,R.K.Assoian,M.Ehrlich:”Binding of AP−1/CREB proteins and of MDBP to contiguous sites down stream of the human TGF−B1
gene”.Biochim.Biophys.Acta 1219:55,1994.)、TGF−2、MHCクラスII(Cox,P.M.,およびC.R.Goding:”An ATF/CREB binding motif is required for aberrant constitutive expression of the MHC class II DRapromoter and activation by SV40 T−antigen”.Nucl.Acids Res.20:4881,1992.)、E−セレクチン、GM−CSF、CD−8、生殖系列Ig定常領域遺伝子、TCRのV遺伝子、および増殖細胞核抗原(Huang,D.,P.M.Shipman−Appasamy,D.J.Orten.S.H.Hinrichs,およびM.B.Prystowsky:”Promoter activity
of the proliferating−cell nuclear antigen gene is as sociated with inducible CRE−binding proteins in interleukin 2−stimulated T lymphocytes”.Mol.Cell.Biol.14:4233,1994.)などの免疫学的に重要な遺伝子を含む、複数の遺伝子発現を制御するようである。cAMP経路を通じた活性化に加え、CREBはまた、転写反応を仲介し、細胞内Ca濃度を変化させることが可能である(Sheng,M.,G.McFadden,およびM.E.Greenberg:”Membrane depolarization
and calcium induce c−fostranscription via phosphorylation of transcription factor CREB”.Neuron 4:571,1990)。
8:3189;およびDu,ら,(1993)Cell 74:887.)。環状AMP経路を通じたCREBの活性化は、CREBのSerをリン酸化し、そして最近クローンされたタンパク質CBPとの結合を可能にする、プロテインキナーゼA(PKA)を必要とする(Kwok,R.P.S.,J.R.Lundblad,J.C.Chrivia,J.P.Richards,H.P.Bachinger,R.G.Brennan,S.G.E.Roberts,M.R.Green,およびR.H.Goodman:”Nuclear protein CBP is a coactivator for the transcription factor CREB”.Nature 370:223,1994;Arias,J.,A.S.Alberts,P.Brindle,F.X.Claret,T.Smea,M.Karin,J.Feramisco,およびM.Montminy:”Activation of cAMP and mitogen responsive genes relies on a common nuclear factor”.Nature 370:226,1994.)。CBPはその後、転写を増加させる基本的な転写因子TFIIBと相互作用する。CREBはまた、TATA結合タンパク質関連因子であり、その結合により転写を制御する可能性がある、dTAFII110と相互作用することも報告されている(Ferrerl,K.,G.Gill,およびM.Montminy:”The cAMP−regulated transcription factor CREB interacts with a component of the TFIID complex”.Proc.Natl.Acad.Sci.USA 91:1210,1994.)。これらの相互作用に加え、CREB/ATFタンパク質は、複数の他の核因子に特異的に結合することが可能である(Hoemer,J.P.,J.W.Lustbader,およびC.−Y.Chen:”Identification of multiple nuclear factors that interact with cyclic adenosine 3’,5’−monophosphate response element−binding protein and activating transcription factor−2 by protein−protein
interactions”.Mol.Endocrinol.5:256,1991)が、これらの相互作用のほとんどに関し、生物学的重要性は未知である。CREBは通常、ホモ二量体またはいくつかの他のタンパク質と共にヘテロ二量体として、DNAと結合すると考えられている。驚くべきことに、CREB単量体は、常に転写を活性化する(Krajewski,W.,およびK.A.W.Lee:”A monomeric derivative of the
cellular transcription factor CREB functions as a constitutive activator”.Mol.Cell.Biol.14:7204,1994.)。
as both strong basal enhancers and cyclic AMP response elements”.J.Virol.64:264,1990)。多くのプロモーターを誘導するアデノウイルスEIAタンパク質の、少なくともいくつかの転写活性化作用は、EIA誘導可能転写活性化を仲介するCREB/ATFタンパク質であるATF−2のDNA結合ドメインにEIAタンパク質が結合することによる(Liu,F.,およびM.R.Green:”Promoter targeting by adenovirus E1a through interaction with different cellular DNA−binding domains”.Nature 368:520,1994)。また、EIAがCREB結合タンパク質であるCBPと結合することも示唆されている(Arany,Z.,W.R.Sellers,D.M.Livingston,およびR.Eckner:”E1A−associated p300 and CREB−associated CBP belong to a conserved family of coactivators”.Cell 77:779,1994)。ヒトT細胞白血病および熱帯性痙攣麻痺(tropical spastic paresis)を引き起こすレトロウイルスである、ヒトTリンパ指向性ウイルスI(HTLV−I)もまた、複製にCREB/ATFタンパク質を必要とする。この場合、該レトロウイルスはTaxというタンパク質を産生し、これがCREB/ATFタンパク質に結合し、そしてこれらをその正常細胞結合部位とは異なる、HTLV転写エンハンサー内に存在するDNA配列(GおよびCリッチ配列が隣接する)へと結合部位を変えさせる(Paca−Uccaralertkun,S.,L.−J.Zhao,N.Adya,J.V.Cross,B.R.Cullen,I.M.Boros,およびC.−Z.Giam:”In vitro selection of DNA elements high lyresponsive to the human T−cell lymphotropic virus type I transcriptional activator,Tax”.Mol.Cell.Biol.14:456,1994;Adya,N.,L.−J.Zhao,W.Huang,I.Boros,およびC.−Z.Giam:
”Expansion of CREB’sDNA recognition specificity by Tax results from interaction with Ala−Ala−Arg at positions 282−284 near the conserved DNA−binding domain of CREB”.Proc.Natl.Acad.Sci.USA 91:5642,1994)。
5’N1X1CGX2N23’
(式中、少なくとも1つのヌクレオチドが連続するCpGを分離し;X1はアデニン、グアニンまたはチミンであり;X2はシトシンまたはチミンであり;Nはいかなるヌクレオチドであってもよく、そしてN1+N2は約0−26塩基であり、ただしN1およびN2はCCGG四量体または1つより多いCCGまたはCGG三量体を含まず;そして該核酸配列は長さ約8−30塩基である)を有する、単離核酸配列である。
本発明はまた、少なくとも1つの非メチル化CpGジヌクレオチドを含み、そして式:
5’N1X1X2CGX3X4N23’
(式中、少なくとも1つのヌクレオチドが連続するCpGを分離し;X1X2はGpT、GpG、GpA、ApTおよびApAからなる群より選択され;X3X4はTpTまたはCpTからなる群より選択され;Nはいかなるヌクレオチドであってもよく、そしてN1+N2は約O−26塩基であり、ただしN1およびN2はCCGG四量体または1つより多いCCGまたはCGG三量体を含まず;そして該核酸配列は長さ約8−30塩基である)を有する、単離核酸配列である。
本発明はまた、患者における免疫活性化を刺激する方法であって、該刺激が主にTh1型免疫活性化であり、上記の式を有する核酸配列を該患者に投与することを含む。
アジュバントとして作用する。
5’N1X1CGX2N23’
式中、少なくとも1つのヌクレオチドが連続するCpGを分離し;X1はアデニン、グアニンまたはチミンであり;X2はシトシンまたはチミンであり;Nはいかなるヌクレオチドであってもよく、そしてN1+N2は約0−26塩基であり、ただしN1およびN2はCCGG四量体または1つより多いCCGまたはCGG三量体を含まず;そして該核酸配列は長さ約8−30塩基である。
5’N1X1X2CGX3X4N23’
式中、少なくとも1つのヌクレオチドが連続するCpGを分離し;X1X2はGpT、GpG、GpA、ApTおよびApAからなる群より選択され;X3X4はTpTまたはCpTからなる群より選択され;Nはいかなるヌクレオチドであってもよく、そしてN1+N2は約0−26塩基であり、ただしN1およびN2はCCGGの四量体または1つより多いCCGまたはCGG三量体を含まず;そして該核酸配列は長さ約8−30塩基である。
lupus erythematosus)をこの方法で治療する。
(定義)
本明細書において、以下の用語および句は、以下に述べる意味を有するものとする:
「アレルゲン」は、感受性患者においてアレルギー性または喘息性反応を誘導することが可能な物質を指す。アレルゲンのリストは膨大であり、そして花粉、昆虫毒、動物ふけ(dander)塵、真菌胞子および薬剤(例えば、ペニシリン)を含んでもよい。天然の、動物および植物アレルゲンの例には、以下の属(genus)に特異的なタンパク質が含まれる:イヌ属(Canine)(カニス・ファミリアリス(Canis familiaris));デルマトファゴイデス属(Dermatophagoides)(例えばコナヒョウダニ(Dermatophagoidesfarinae));ネコ属(Felis)(フェリス・ドメスティクス(Felis domesticus));ブタタサ属(Ambrosia)(ブタクサ(Ambrosia artemiisfolia));ドクムギ属(Lolium)(例えばホソムギ(Lolium perenne)またはネズミムギ(Lolium multiflorum));スギ属(Cryptomeria)(スギ(Cryptomeria japonica));アルテルナリア属(Alternaria)(アルテルナリア・アルテルナタ(Alternaria alternata));ハンノキ属(Alder);ハンノキ属(Alnus)(アルヌス・グルティノサ(Alnus gultinosa));カバノキ属(Betula)(ベツラ・ベルコサ(Betula verrucosa));カシ属(Quercus)(クウェルクス・アルバ(Quercus alba));オリーブ属(Olea)(オリーブ(Olea europa));ヨモギ属(Artemisia)(ヨモギ(Artemisia vulgaris));オオバコ属(Plantago)(例えばヘラオオバコ(Plantago lanceolata));ヒカゲミズ属(Parietaria)(例えばパリエタリア・オフィチナリス(Parietaria officinalis)またはパリエタリア・ユダイカ(Parietaria judaica));チャバネゴキブリ属(Blattella)(例えばチャバネゴキブリ(Blattella germanica));ミツバチ属(Apis)(例えばアピス・ムルティフロルム(Apis multiflorum));イトスギ属(Cupressus)(例えばクプレスス・セムペルビレンス(Cupressus sempervirens)、クプレスス・アリゾニカ(Cupressus arizonica)およびクプレスス・マクロカルパ(Cupressus macrocarpa));ビャクシン属(Juniperus)(例えばユニペルス・サビオノイデス(Juniperus sabinoides)、ユニペルス・ビルギニアナ(Juniperus virginiana)、ユニペルス・コムニス(Juniperus communis)およびユニペルス・アシェイ(Juniperus ashei));クロベ属(Thuya)(例えばツヤ・オリエンタリス(Thuya orientalis));ヒノキ属(Chamaecyparis)(例えばヒノキ(Chamaecyparis obtusa));ゴキブリ属(Periplaneta)(例えばワモンゴキブリ(Periplaneta americana));カモジグサ属(Agropyron)(例えばアグロピロン・レペンス(Agropyron repens));ライムギ属(Secale)(例えばライムギ(Secale cereale));コムギ属(Triticum)(例えばコムギ(Triticum aestivum));カモガヤ属(Dactylis)(例えばカモガヤ(Dactylis glomerata));ウシノケグサ属(Festuca)(例えばヒロハノウシノケグサ(Festuca elatlor));イチゴツナギ属(Poa)(例えばナガハグサ(Poa pratensis)またはポア・コンプレサ(Poa compressa));カラスムギ属(Avena)(例えばマカラスムギ(Avena sativa));シラゲガヤ属(Holcus)(例えばシラゲガヤ(Holcuslanatus));ハルガヤ属(Anthoxanthum)(例えばハルガヤ(Anthoxanthum odoratum));オオカニツリ属(Arrhenatherum)(例えばオオカニツリ(Arrhenatherum elatius));ヌカボ属(Agrostis)(例えばコヌカグサ(Agrostis alba));アワガエリ属(Phleum)(例えばオオアワガエリ(Phleum pratense));クサヨシ属(Phalaris)(例えばクサヨシ(Phalaris arundinacea));スズメノヒエ属(Paspalum)(例えばパスパルム・ノタツム(Paspalum notatum));モロコシ属(Sorghum)(例えばソルグム・ハレペンシス(Sorghum halepensis));およびスズメノチャヒキ属(Bromus)(例えばコスズメノチャヒキ(Bromus inermis))。
virus)類、風疹ウイルス(rubella virus)類);フラビウイルス科(Flaviviridae)(例えば、デング熱ウイルス(dengue virus)類、脳炎ウイルス(encephalitis virus)類、黄熱病ウイルス(yellow fever virus)類);コロナウイルス科(Coronaviridae)(例えば、コロナウイルス(coronavirus)類);ラブドウイルス科(Rhabdoviridae)(例えば、水疱性口内炎ウイルス(vesicular stomatitis
virus)類、狂犬病ウイルス(rabies virus)類);フィロウイルス科(Filoviridae)(例えばエボラウイルス(ebola virus)類);パラミクソウイルス科(Paramyxoviridae)(例えば、パラインフルエンザウイルス(parainfluenza virus)類、流行性耳下腺炎ウイルス(mumps virus)、麻疹ウイルス(measles virus)、RSウイルス(respiratory syncytial virus));オルソミクソウイルス科(Orthomyxoviridae)(例えば、インフルエンザウイルス(influenza
virus)類);ブンガウイルス科(Bungaviridae)(例えば、ハンターンウイルス(Hantaan virus)類、ブンガウイルス(bunga virus)類、フレボウイルス(phlebovirus)類およびナイロウイルス(Nairo virus)類);アレナウイルス科(Arena viridae)(出血性熱ウイルス(hemorrhagic fever virus)類);レオウイルス科(Reoviridae)(例えば、レオウイルス(reovirus)類、オルビウイルス(orbivirus)類およびロタウイルス(rotavirus)類);ビルナウイルス科(Birnaviridae);ヘパドナウイルス科(Hepadnaviridae)(肝炎Bウイルス(Hepatitis B virus));パルボウイルス科(Parvovlridae)(パルボウイルス(parvovirus)類);パポバウイルス科(Papovaviridae)(パピローマウイルス(papilloma virus)類、ポリオーマウイルス(polyoma virus)類);アデノウイルス科(Adenoviridae)(大部分のアデノウイルス(adenovirus)類);ヘルペスウイルス科(Herpesviridae)(単純疱疹ウイルス(herpes simplex virus (HSV))1および2、水痘−帯状疱疹ウイルス(varicelia zoster virus)、サイトメガロウイルス(cytomegalovirus(CMV))、疱疹ウイルス(herpes virus)類);ポックスウイルス科(Poxviridae)(痘瘡ウイルス(variola virus)類、ワクシニアウイルス(vaccinia virus)類、ポックスウイルス(pox virus)類);およびイリドウイルス科(Iridoviridae)(例えばブタコレラウイルス(African swine fever virus));および分類されないウイルス(例えば、スポンジ型脳症(Spongiform encephalopathy)の病因病原体、デルタ肝炎の病原体(肝炎Bウイルスの不完全付随体と考えられている)、非A非B肝炎の病原体(1型=経口感染、2型=非経口感染(すなわち、肝炎C));ノーウォーク(Norwalk)および関連ウイルス、およびアストロウイルス(astrovirus)類)。
5’N1X1CGX2N23’
式中、少なくとも1つのヌクレオチドが連続するCpGを分離し;X1はアデニン、グアニンまたはチミンであり;X2はシトシンまたはチミンであり;Nはいかなるヌクレオチドであってもよく、そしてN1+N2は約0−26塩基であり、ただしN1およびN2はCCGG四量体または1つより多いCCGまたはCGG三量体を含まず;そして該核酸配列は長さ約8−30塩基である。
5’N1X1X2CGX3X4N23’
式中、少なくとも1つのヌクレオチドが連続するCpGを分離し;X1X2はGpT、GpG、GpA、ApTおよびApAからなる群より選択され;X3X4はTpTまたはCpTからなる群より選択され;Nはいかなるヌクレオチドであってもよく、そしてN1+N2は約0−26塩基であり、ただしN1およびN2はCCGG四量体または1つより多いCCGまたはCGG三量体を含まず;そして該核酸配列は長さ約8−30塩基である。
3’末端またはその近傍にCCGG四量体または1つより多いCCGまたはCGG三量体を含まず、および/またはコンセンサス分裂促進性CpGモチーフはパリンドロームではない。オリゴヌクレオチドがリン酸バックボーン修飾を取りこんだ安定化オリゴヌクレオチドを用いて、免疫刺激反応を延長してもよい。例えば、該修飾は、ホスホロチオエートまたはホスホロジチオエート修飾である。より詳細には、リン酸バックボーン修飾は、核酸の5’端、例えば核酸の5’端の最初の2つのヌクレオチドで起こる。さらに、リン酸バックボーン修飾は、核酸の3’端、例えば核酸の3’端の最後の5つのヌクレオチドで起こってもよい。
「核酸搬送複合体」は、標的手段(例えば、標的細胞(例えばB細胞およびナチュラルキラー(NK)細胞)表面により高い親和性結合、および/または標的細胞による細胞取りこみの増加を生じる分子)と結合した(例えばイオンまたは共有結合する;または内部に被包される)核酸分子を意味するものとする。核酸分子搬送複合体の例には:ステロール(例えば、コレステロール)、脂質(例えば、陽イオン脂質、ヴィロソームまたはリポソーム)、または標的細胞特異的結合剤(例えば、標的細胞特異的受容体により認識されるリガンド)と結合した核酸が含まれる。好ましい複合体は、標的細胞により内在化する前に著しく結合が失われるのを防ぐため、in vivoで十分に安定でなくてはならない。しかし、該複合体は、核酸が機能型で放出されるよう、細胞内の適切な条件下で切断可能であるべきである。
他の安定化核酸分子には:アルキルおよびアリールホスホネート(荷電ホスホン酸酸素がアルキルまたはアリール基により置き換えられている)、ホスホジエステルおよび荷電酸素部分がアルキル化されたアルキルホスホトリエステルなどの非イオン性DNA類似体(analog)が含まれる。片方または両方の末端に、テトラエチレングリコールまたはヘキサエチレングリコールなどのジオールを含む核酸分子もまた、ヌクレアーゼ分解にかなりの耐性を持つことが示されている。
非メチル化CpGを含むある種の核酸はin vitroおよびin vivoで示されるようにB細胞刺激活性を有する
内因性レトロウイルス配列に特異的な2つのアンチセンスオリゴヌクレオチドのリンパ球刺激作用を、添付される実施例1および2に記載されるプロトコルを用いて調べた経過において、驚くべきことに24の「コントロール」(一群の「アンチセンス」ODNに対する、さまざまなスクランブル、センスおよびミスマッチコントロールを含む)中の2つもまた、B細胞活性化およびIgM分泌を仲介する一方、他の「コントロール」はいかなる影響も持たないことが見出された。
3Dを3Dfに;4を4bおよび4dに比較されたい)。一方、CpGモチーフの外側での突然変異は、剌激を減少させなかった(例えば、表1、ODN 1を1dに;3Dを3Dgに;3Mを3Meに比較されたい)。ヒト細胞の活性化に関しては、最良の隣接塩基はわずかに異なっていた(表5を参照されたい)。
4)と同定された。このモチーフをさらに最適化すると、両端にGを含むODNが、特にODNの末端ヌクレオチド間結合をホスホロチオエート修飾することによりヌクレアーゼ耐性が与えられた場合、刺激の増加を示した。最初の2つおよび最後の5つのヌクレオチド間結合がホスホロチオエート修飾された、ODN
1585(5’GGGGTCAACGTTCAGGGGGG 3’(SEQ ID No:12))は、マウス脾臓細胞増殖に平均25.4倍の増加を引き起こしたのに比べ、両端の10個のGが10個のAに置きかえられた以外はODN
1585と同じ配列を有するODN 1638により誘導される増殖は平均3.2倍の増加であった。Gリッチ端の効果はシス(cis)であり;ポリG端を持っがCpGモチーフを持たないODNを、1638と共に細胞に加えても増殖増加は得られなかった。8塩基対より長い核酸分子に関しては、非メチル化CpGを含む非パリンドロームモチーフが、より免疫刺激性であることが見出された。
4g)。パリンドロームを破壊すると、オクタマーODNの刺激が除去された(例えば、表1、ODN 4h)が、より長いODNにはパリンドロームは必要とされなかった。
ND=未実験
CpGジヌクレオチドを下線で示す。
点は同一性;ダッシュ(−)は欠失を示す。
Zは5メチルシトシンを示す。
a実験は少なくとも3回行い、同様の結果であった。CH12.L.Xおよび脾臓B細胞の両方において、非刺激コントロール培養のIL−6レベルは10pg/ml以下だった。非刺激培養のIgMレベルは547±82ng/mlであった。CpGジヌクレオチドは下線で示し、そして点は同一性を示す。
b[3H]ウリジン取りこみは、非刺激コントロール(2322.67±213.68cpm)に対する倍増加により示した(SI:刺激指数)。細胞は20μMのさまざまなCpG O−ODNにより刺激した。データは3つ組の平均±SDを表す。
cELISAにより測定。
免疫刺激性核酸分子はネズミB細胞アポトーシスを遮断する
WEHI−231などのある種のB細胞株は、抗IgMによるその抗原受容体のクロスリンクに反応し、増殖阻害および/またはアポトーシスを経るよう誘導される(Jakway,J.P.ら,”Growth regulation of the B lymphoma cell line WEHI−231
by anti−immunoglobulin,lipopolysaccharide and other bacterial products”J.Immunol.137:2225(1986);Tsubata,T.,J.WuおよびT.Honjo:”B−cell apoptosis induced by antigen receptor crosslinking is blocked by a T−cell signal through CD40.”Nature 364:645(1993))。WEHI−231細胞は、LPSなど、ある種の刺激により、そしてCD40リガンドにより、この増殖停止から解放される。CpGモチーフを含むODNもまた、WEHI−231を抗IgMが誘導する増殖停止から保護することが見出され、この作用には補助的な細胞集団が必要とされないことが示された。これに続く研究により、CpG ODNはBcl−xおよびmyc発現を誘導し、これがアポトーシスからの保護の原因となっている可能性が示される。また、CpG核酸はまた、ヒト細胞でもアポトーシスを遮断することが見出されている。このアポトーシス阻害は、これがCpG DNAによる免疫活性化を高め、そして延長することから、重要である。
ネズミIL−6およびIgM分泌誘導およびB細胞増殖に最適なCpGモチーフの同定
最適B細胞刺激CpGモチーフがIL−6分泌に最適なCpGモチーフと同一であるかを評価するため、CpGジヌクレオチドに隣接する塩基を漸次置換した、一群のODNを研究した。脾臓B細胞およびCH12.LX細胞を両方とも用い、このODN群を、B細胞増殖、Ig産生、およびIL−6分泌に対する作用に関し解析した。表2に示されるように、最適刺激モチーフは、2つの5’プリンおよび2つの3’ピリミジンに隣接した非メチル化CpGを含む。一般的に、5’プリンをピリミジンに、または3’ピリミジンをプリンに突然変異させると、その作用が有意に減少する。5’プリンをCに変えると特に有害であったが、5’プリンをTに変えるか、または3’ピリミジンをプリンに変えた場合は、影響はより目立たなかった。これらの解析および他のODNの成績から、IL−6分泌の誘導に最適なCpGモチーフはTGACGTTであることが決定され、これは最適分裂促進性およびIgM誘導CpGモチーフと同一であった(表2)。このモチーフは調べたパリンドロームを含む配列(1639、1707および1708)のいずれより、刺激性が高かった。
細菌DNAまたはオリゴヌクレオチド中のGpGモチーフによるネズミサイトカイン分泌の誘導
実施例9に記載されるように、CpG DNA刺激後に、脾臓細胞より分泌されるIL−6量をELISAにより測定した。CpG DNAに刺激された脾臓細胞により産生されるIL−6に、T細胞がほとんどまたはまったく寄与していないことを示す予備研究にしたがい、全脾臓細胞よりもむしろ、T細胞除去脾臓細胞培養物をin vitro研究に用いた。表3に示されるように、IL−6産生は大腸菌DNAと共に培養した細胞では顕著に増加したが、子ウシ胸腺DNAと共に培養した細胞では増加しなかった。大腸菌DNAで観察されたIL−6産生の増加は、他の細菌産物の混入によるものではないことを確認するために、解析前に該DNAをDNAseにより消化した。DNAse前処理により、大腸菌DNAにより誘導されるIL−6産生は失われた(表3)。さらに、LPS非反応性C3H/HeJマウス由来の脾臓細胞は、細菌DNAに反応し、同様のレベルのIL−6を産生した。大腸菌DNAに誘導されるIL−6分泌が細菌DNA中の非メチル化CpGジヌクレオチドにより仲介されるのかどうかを解析するため、メチル化大腸菌DNAおよび一群の合成ODNを調べた。表3に示すように、CpG ODNはIL−6分泌を有意に誘導した(ODN 5a、5b、5c)が、CpGメチル化大腸菌DNA、またはメチル化CpGを含む(ODN 5f)、またはCpGを含まないODN(ODN 5d)は誘導しなかった。CpGジヌクレオチド以外の部位の変化(ODN 5b)または他のシトシンのメチル化(ODN 5g)は、CpG ODNの効果を減少させなかった。3つのCpGを持つODN中の単一のCpGのメチル化の結果、刺激の部分的減少が生じた(ODN 5cを5eに比較されたい;表3)。
CpGモチーフは人工アジュバントとして使用してもよい
免疫反応の非特異的刺激因子は、アジュバントとして知られている。アジュバントの使用は、可溶性抗原に反応する強い抗体を誘導するのに必須である(HarlowおよびLane,Antibodies:A Laboratory manual,Cold Spring Harbor,ニューヨーク、最新版;本明細書に援用される)。アジュバントの全般的な効果は劇的で、そしてその重要性は強調されすぎることはない。アジュバントの作用により、抗原をはるかに少ない用量で使用することが可能になり、そしてより持続性の高い抗体反応が生成される。免疫反応の非特異的活性化はしばしば、免疫反応獲得における成功および失敗の間の違いを生む可能性がある。アジュバントは何か特に避ける理由がない限り、最初の注射の際に使用するべきである。ほとんどのアジュバントは2つの構成要素を取り込む。1つの構成要素は、迅速な異化作用から抗原を保護するよう設計される(例えばリポソームまたは合成界面活性剤(Hunterら,1981))。リポソームは、免疫原が外部脂質層に取りこまれ、捕らえられた分子が免疫系により発見されない場合のみ有効である。もう一方の構成要素は、免疫反応を非特異的に刺激するであろう物質である。これらの物質は、リンホカインのレベルを上昇させることにより作用する。リンホカインは、抗原加工細胞の活性を直接刺激し、そして注射部位で局所炎症反応を引き起こす。初期の研究は、完全に熱殺細菌(Dienes 1936)またはリポ多糖(LPS)(Johnsonら,1956)に頼っていた。LPSはかなり毒性が高く、そして、その構造的構成要素の解析を通じて、そのアジュバントとしての特性のほとんどは、リピドAとして知られる部分にあることが示されている。リピドAは、LPSよりはるかに毒性が低いが、依然として母体であるLPS分子のよりよいアジュバント特性を維持する、多くの合成および天然型として入手可能である。リピドA化合物はしばしばリポソームを用いて搬送される。
細菌DNAおよびCpG ODNはT細胞除去ネズミ脾臓細胞において用量依存性にIL−6産生を誘導したが、脊椎動物DNAおよびCpGを含まないODNは誘導しなかった(図1)。IL−6産生は細菌DNAのおよそ50μg/ml、またはCpG O−ODNのおよそ40μMで横ばい状態になった。細菌DNAおよびCpG ODNにより産生されるIL−6の最高レベルは、それぞれ1−1.5ng/mlおよび2−4ng/mlであった。これらのレベルは、LPS刺激後に見られるもの(0.35ng/ml)より有意に高かった(図1A)。ヌクレアーゼ耐性DNAバックボーンを持つCpGODNもまたIL−6産生を誘導するかどうかを評価するため、S−ODNをT細胞除去ネズミ脾臓細胞に加えた。CpG S−ODNもまた、CpG O−ODNとほぼ同じレベルで用量依存性にIL−6産生を誘導したが、CpGを含まないS−ODNはIL−6を誘導しなかった(図1C)。0.05μMの濃度のCpG S−ODNは、これらの細胞において最大限のIL−6産生を誘導することが可能であった。この結果により、ヌクレアーゼ耐性DNAバックボーン修飾は、CpG DNAがIL−6分泌を誘導する配列特異的能力を維持し、そしてCpG S−ODNはこの検定系においてCpG O−ODNより80倍以上強力であることが示された。
In vivoにおけるCpG DNAによるネズミIL−6分泌の誘導
細菌DNAおよびCpG S−ODNがin vivoでIL−6分泌を誘導する能力を評価するため、BALB/cマウスに、100μgの大腸菌DNA、子ウシ胸腺DNA、またはCpGまたは非刺激性S−ODNを静脈注射し、そして刺激2時間後に放血させた。大腸菌DNA注射群由来の血清中のIL−6レベルは、およそ13ng/mlであったが、子ウシ胸腺DNAまたはPBS注射群由来の血清中にはIL−6は検出されなかった(表4)。CpG S−ODNもまたin vivoでIL−6分泌を誘導した。CpG S−ODN注射群由来の血清中のIL−6レベルは、およそ20ng/mlであった。対照的に、非刺激性S−ODN刺激群由来の血清中にはIL−6は検出されなかった(表4)。
In vivoにおけるCpGモチーフによる刺激後のネズミIL−6分泌の動態
In vivoにおけるCpG DNAによるIL−6分泌誘導の動態を評価するため、BALB/cマウスにCpG S−ODN、またはCpGを含まないコントロールS−ODNを静脈注射した。CpG S−ODN注射群では、血清IL−6レベルは1時間以内に有意に上昇し、そして2時間でピークに達し、およそ9ng/mlのレベルとなった(図2)。血清中のIL−6タンパク質は、4時間後、急速に減少し、そして刺激12時間後には基底レベルに戻った。CpG DNA刺激群と対照的に、非刺激性S−ODNまたはPBS注射群由来の血清中には、有意なIL−6増加は見られなかった(図2)。
In vivoにおけるCpGモチーフにより誘導されるIL−6 mRNA発現の組織分布および動態
図2に示されるように、血清IL−6レベルは、CpG DNA刺激後に急速に増加する。この血清IL−6の起源で可能性がある組織およびCpG DNA刺激後のin vivoにおけるIL−6遺伝子発現の動態を調べるため、BALB/cマウスにCpGまたはCpGを含まないS−ODNを静脈注射し、そして肝臓、脾臓、胸腺、および骨髄から、刺激後さまざまな時点で、RNAを抽出した。図3Aに示されるように、肝臓、脾臓、および胸腺におけるIL−6 mRNAレベルはCpG S−ODN注射後30分以内に増加した。肝臓IL−6 mRNAは、注射後2時間でピークに達し、そして急速に減少し、そして刺激後8時間で基底レベルに戻った(図3A)。脾臓IL−6 mRNAは、刺激後2時間でピークに達し、そしてその後次第に減少した(図3A)。胸腺IL−6
mRNAは、注射後1時間でピークに達し、そしてその後次第に減少した(図3A)。骨髄におけるIL−6 mRNAはCpG S−ODN注射後1時間以内に有意に増加したが、その後、基底レベルに戻った。CpG S−ODNに反応し、肝臓、脾臓および胸腺は、骨髄よりもより実質的なIL−6 mRNA発現増加を示した。
CpG DNAにより誘導されるネズミサイトカイン発現のパターン
In vivoまたは全脾臓細胞において、以下のインターロイキン:IL−2、IL−3、IL−4、IL−5、またはIL−10のタンパク質レベルに、最初の6時間以内に有意な増加は検出されなかった(Klinman,D.M.ら,(1996)Proc.Natl.Acad.Sci.USA 93:2879−2883)。しかし、TNF−αレベルは30分以内に増加し、そしてIL−6レベルはCpG ODNを注射されたマウスの血清において、2時間以内に著しく増加した。脾臓細胞からのIL−12およびインターフェロンガンマ(IFN−γ)mRNA発現の増加もまた、最初の2時間以内に検出された。
1R&D SystemsのQuantikineキットを用いてELISAにより測定(pg/ml)。細胞は示されたオリゴデオキシヌクレオチド(12μg/ml)と共に10%の自己血清中で、TNF−αの場合は4時間、他のサイトカインの場合は24時間培養した後、上清を採取し、そして検定した。データは、オリゴデオキシヌクレオチドを添加していないウェルより高いサイトカインレベルを表している。
マウスサイトカイン発現を研究するのに用いたのと同一群のODNを用い、ヒト細胞もまたCpGモチーフにより、サイトカインを発現(または増殖)するよう誘導されるのかを決定し、そして原因となるCpGモチーフを同定した。オリゴヌクレオチド1619(GTCGTT)がTNF−αおよびIFN−γ分泌の最適誘導因子であり、そしてごく近い値でオリゴヌクレオチド1634(GTCGCT)のほとんど同一のモチーフが続いた(表5)。オリゴデオキシヌクレオチド1637および1614(GCCGGTおよびGACGGT)は強いIL−6分泌を導いたが、相対的に他のサイトカインはほとんど誘導しなかった。したがって、ヒトリンパ球は、ネズミリンパ球と同様、周囲の塩基次第で、CpGジヌクレオチドに差別的に反応し、サイトカインを分泌するようである。さらに、ネズミ細胞を最もよく刺激するモチーフは、ヒト細胞に最も効果的なものとは異なる。あるCpGオリゴデオキシヌクレオチドは、ヒト細胞の活性化に関し劣っている(それぞれ、パリンドローム形成配列GACGTCおよびCACGTGを含む、オリゴデオキシヌクレオチド1707、1708)。
2これらの条件下のサイトカイン産生が単球(または他のL−LME感受性細胞)由来であるかどうか決定するため、細胞を15分間、L−ロイシル−L−ロイシンメチルエステル(L−LME)で前処理した。
3EC DNAは2U/μg DNAのCpGメチラーゼ(New England Biolabs)を用い、製造者の指示にしたがってメチル化し、そしてメチル化をHpa−11およびMsp−I消化により確認した。陰性コントロールとして、最高濃度のEC DNA中に最大量の2倍のLPSを含む試料を含んだが、これらの実験条件下では検出可能なサイトカイン産生を誘導しなかった。ND=未実験
L−LMEで処理したPBMCにおいてサイトカイン産生が失われることから、単球がCpG DNAに反応するサイトカイン産生の原因である可能性が示唆された。この仮説をより直接的に試験するため、非常に精製されたヒト単球およびマクロファージに対するCpG DNAの効果を試験した。仮説どおり、CpG DNAはヒトマクロファージによるサイトカイン、IL−6、GM−CSF、およびTNF−αの産生を直接活性化したが、CpGを含まないDNAはしなかった(表7)。
上述の動態研究により、CpG刺激後1時間以内に起こるIL−6分泌の誘導が、IgM分泌に先行することが明らかになった。ODNが誘導するIL−6分泌に対する最適CpGモチーフはIgMに対し最適なものと同じである(表2)ことから、CpGモチーフが独立してIgMおよびIL−6産生を誘導するのか、またはIgM産生は、先行するIL−6分泌に依存するのかを調べた。中和抗IL−6抗体を添加すると、CpG ODNが仲介するin vitroのIgM産生が、用量依存性に阻害されたが、コントロール抗体では阻害されなかった(図4A)。対照的に、抗IL−6添加は、基底レベルまたはCpG誘導B細胞増殖のどちらにも影響しなかった(図4B)。
CpG DNAに反応するIL−6プロモーターの転写活性増加
CpG DNA刺激後のIL−6 mRNAおよびタンパク質のレベル増加は、転写または転写後制御の結果である可能性があった。IL−6プロモーターの転写活性がCpG DNAと共に培養されるB細胞において上方制御(upregulation)されているか決定するため、CpG DNAに反応してIL−6を産生するネズミB細胞株、WEHI−231にIL−6プロモーター−CAT構築物(pIL−6/CAT)(Pottratz,S.T.ら,17B−estradiol inhibits expression of human interleukin−6−promoter−reporter constructs by a receptor−dependent mechanism.J.Clin.Invest.93:944)をトランスフェクションした。CpG ODNまたはCpGを含まないODNのさまざまな濃度で刺激した後、CAT検定を行った。図5に示すように、CpG ODNは用量依存性にCAT活性の増加を誘導したが、CpGを含まないDNAはCAT活性を誘導しなかった。これにより、CpGがIL−6プロモーターの転写活性を誘導することが確認された。
CpG ODNによるB細胞活性化の、5’および3’ホスホロチオエートヌクレオチド間結合数への依存
ODNバックボーンの部分的イオウ修飾がB細胞活性化を高めるのに十分であるかを決定するため、同一の配列を持つが、5’端および3’端に異なる数のSヌクレオチド間結合を持つ一連のODNの効果を試験した。ODNのヌクレアーゼ分解に関する先の研究に基づいて、細胞内エキソまたはエンドヌクレアーゼによる分解からのODNの最適保護を提供するには、5’端に少なくとも2つのホスホロチオエート結合が必要であることが決定された。したがって、2つの5’ホスホロチオエート修飾結合、およびさまざまな数の3’修飾結合を含むキメラODNのみを調べた。
ホスホロチオエート修飾ODN(S−ODN)は、ホスホジエステル修飾ODN(O−ODN)よりはるかにヌクレアーゼに耐性である。したがって、S−ODNおよびS−O−ODN(すなわち、中央の結合はホスホジエステルであるが、5’端の2つおよび3’の5つの結合はホスホロチオエート修飾である、キメラホスホロチオエートODN)により引き起こされる免疫刺激が、O−ODNに比べ多いのは、前者のヌクレアーゼ耐性に起因する可能性がある。CpG ODNによる免疫刺激におけるODNヌクレアーゼ耐性の役割を決定するため、メチルホスホネート(MP)、ホスホロチオエートメチル(MPS)、ホスホロチオエート(S)、またはホスホロジチオエート(S2)ヌクレオチド間結合のいずれかにより5’端および3’端がヌクレアーゼ耐性となっているキメラODNの刺激効果を試験した(実施例10)。これらの研究により、そのヌクレアーゼ耐性にも関わらず、MP−O−ODNは実際、O−ODNより免疫刺激性が低かった。しかし、両方の非架橋O分子を5’および3’のMPSヌクレオチド間結合に置きかえることにより、MPおよびS修飾を組み合わせると、免疫刺激は、O−ODNにより引き起こされるレベルより、わずかに高いレベルまで回復した。
cellular binding and uptake of antisense phophodiester,phosphorothioate,and mixed phosphorothioate and methylphosphonate oligonucleotides.Antisense Research and Development 3,53−66;Zhaoら,(1994)Stages pecific oligonucleotede uptake in murine bone marrow B cell precursors.Blood 84,3660−3666.)。最高細胞膜結合および取りこみはS−ODNで見られ、続いてS−O−ODN、O−ODN、およびMP−ODNであった。この差別的取りこみは、免疫刺激の程度とよく相関している。
非メチル化CpGを含むオリゴはNK細胞刺激活性を有する
CpGを含むオリゴヌクレオチドがB細胞に加え、ナチュラルキラー(NK)細胞活性を刺激するか決定する実験を行った。表8に示されるように、CpG ODN1および3Ddと共に培養した脾臓細胞中で著しいNK活性の誘導が見られた。対照的に、CpGを含まないコントロールODNで処理したエフェクターでは相対的に誘導が見られなかった。
37℃で18時間培養し、そしてその後K562(ヒト)またはYac−1(マウス)標的細胞殺傷に関し検定した細菌DNAは、B細胞除去マウス脾臓細胞およびヒトPBMC両方においてNK溶解活性を誘導したが、脊椎動物DNAは誘導しなかった(表9)。細菌DNAの刺激活性が非メチル化CpGジヌクレオチドのレベルが増加した結果であるのかを決定するため、非メチル化、メチル化CpGジヌクレオチドを含む、またはCpGジヌクレオチドを含まない50を超える合成ODNの活性化特性を試験した。表9にまとめた結果により、合成ODNは、少なくとも1つの非メチル化CpGジヌクレオチドを含む限り、有意にNK活性を刺激することが可能であることが立証された。CpGがパリンドローム中にあるODN(パリンドロームAACGTTを含むODN1585など)の刺激効果と、パリンドロームを持たないODN(1613または1619など)のものでは、違いがなかったが、最適刺激は一般的にCpGが2つの5’プリンまたは5’GpTジヌクレオチドおよび2つの3’ピリミジンに隣接するODNで見られることが認められた。動態実験により、NK活性はODN添加後18時間前後でピークに達することが立証された。このデータは、ネズミNK反応が、先行するCpG DNAによる単球活性化に依存し、IL−12、TNF−α、およびIFN−α/β産生につながることを示す(実施例11)。
小文字はヌクレアーゼ耐性ホスホロチオエート修飾ヌクレオチド間結合を示し、滴定実験において、隣接する塩基次第で、非修飾ODNの20倍を超える効力があった。ODN取りこみレベルを有意に増加させるポリG端(g)をいくつかのODNで使用した。
臨床有用性を有するためには、ODNはヌクレアーゼ分解に対し保護される形で患者に投与されなければならない。ホスホジエステルODNを用い、これを達成する方法が当業によく知られており、そして脂質への被包またはナノ粒子(nanoparticle)などの搬送系が含まれる。この保護はまた、ヌクレオチド間結合がヌクレアーゼ耐性であるものを含む修飾DNAバックボーンなど、DNAへの化学的置換を用いて達成してもよい。いくつかの修飾により、細胞取りこみの上昇など、付加的な望ましい特性が与えられる可能性がある。例えば、ホスホジエステル結合を、非架橋酸素原子の1つをホスホロチオエートDNAを構成するイオウと置きかえることを介して修飾してもよい。ホスホロチオエートODNは細胞取りこみを高め(Kriegら,Antisense Res.Dev.6:133,1996.)、そしてCpGモチーフも有する場合はB細胞刺激を改善してきた。NK活性化はin vivoアジュバント効果と強く相関するため、ヒトNK細胞を活性化するであろうホスホロチオエートODNの同定は非常に重要である。
1967より常に刺激性が高かった。しかし、ODN 1967は、実験1および3ではODN 1968よりわずかに強力であったが、実験2ではそうではなかった。第三のGTCGTTモチーフを有するODN2005は、1968より平均してわずかに高いNK活性を誘導した。しかし、各モチーフ間に2つのTを付加することによりGTCGTTモチーフ間の間隔が増えた、ODN 2006は、モチーフの1つにのみ間の2つのTが付加された、ODN 2005およびODN 2007より優れていた。CpGモチーフ間の最小許容間隔は、ODNが3’端に2つのピリミジン(好ましくはT)を持つ限り、1ヌクレオチドであった(例えばODN 2015)。驚くべきことに、5’にTを持つように2つのGTCGTTモチーフを端と端をつけてつないでも、NK活性のかなり強い誘導剤が生成された(例えばODN 2016)。ODN 2002は、アデニンがそのCpGを分離している(すなわち、CGACGTT)事実にも関わらず、かなりのNK活性を誘導することから、チミン(T)が分離する連続CpGジヌクレオチドの選択が絶対であるわけではない。CpGを含まない(例えばODN 1982)、CpGが連続する、またはよくない配列背景のCpGを含む(例えばODN 2010)ODNがNK活性化に刺激効果を持たないことにも注目すべきである。
NK LUの誘導)
CpG ODNがB細胞増殖を誘導する能力は、そのアジュバント可能性のよい評価基準となる。実際、強いアジュバント作用を持つODNは一般的にまた、B細胞増殖も誘導する。B細胞増殖を誘導するのに最適なCpG ODNがNK細胞活性を誘導するものと同じであるかどうか決定するため、ODNの同様な一群(表12)を試験した。最も一定した刺激は、ODN 2006で見られた(表12)。
ヒトIL−12分泌を誘導するホスホロチオエートODNの同定
CpG ODNがIL−12分泌を誘導する能力は、特に、非常にIL−12に依存するTh1免疫反応を誘導する能力に関し、そのアジュバント可能性のよい評価基準となる。したがって、一群のホスホロチオエートODNがヒトPBMCからin vitroでIL−12を誘導する能力を調べた(表13)。これらの実験により何人かのヒトPBMCにおいて、ほとんどのCpG ODNがIL−12分泌を誘導する可能性があることが示された(例えば実験(expt)1)。しかし、他のドナーは2、3のCpG ODNにしか反応しなかった(例えば実験2)。ODN 2006はほとんどの被験者からのIL−12分泌の安定した誘導剤であった(表13)。
図6に示されるように、CpG DNAは非常に精製されたB細胞および単球性細胞を直接刺激することが可能である。CpG DNAがこれらの細胞種を活性化する機構には多くの類似性がある。例えば、どちらも以下にさらに説明するNFκB活性化を必要とする。
脊椎動物DNAは、非常にメチル化されており、CpGジヌクレオチドは少数である。刺激性CpGモチーフは微生物ゲノムDNAには一般的であるが、脊椎動物DNAには非常にまれである。さらに、細菌DNAはB細胞増殖および免疫グロブリン(Ig)産生を誘導する一方、哺乳動物DNAは誘導しないことが報告されている(Messlna,J.P.ら,J.Immunol.147:1759(1991))。実施例3にさらに記載される実験では、CpGメチラーゼによる細菌DNAのメチル化が分裂促進性をなくすることが見出され、CpGの状態の相違が細菌DNAによるB細胞刺激の原因であることを立証している。このデータは、以下の結論:細菌DNAに存在する非メチル化CpGジヌクレオチドが細菌DNAの刺激作用の原因であること、を支持する。
CpG DNAによる慢性免疫活性化および自己免疫障害
CpG DNAによるB細胞活性化は、B細胞受容体を通じた情報と相乗作用する。これにより、DNA特異的B細胞は、細菌DNAがその抗原受容体に同時に結合することにより、そして共刺激性CpG仲介情報により活性化される可能性が出てくる。さらに、CpG DNAはB細胞をアポトーシス耐性であるよう誘導する。DNAなどの自己抗原に対する免疫反応を防御するのに重要と考えられる機構である。実際、b DNAへの曝露により、抗DNA抗体産生が誘発される可能性がある。このようにCp GDNAが自己免疫を助長する潜在的可能性があるとすると、自己免疫疾患、全身性エリテマトーデス患者において、低メチル化CpGが豊富な血漿DNAの循環レベル上昇が永続的に見られることは、したがって、注目に値する。これらの知見により、狼癒(lupus)原因病理形成においてCpG DNAが慢性免疫活性化に対し何らかの役割を果たしていることが示唆される。
CpG刺激mRNA発現は、B細胞および単球において、エンドソーム酸性化およびNFκB活性化を必要とすることも証明された。J774細胞(2x106細胞/ml)を、クロロキン(2.5μg/ml[<5μM])、またはIκBタンパク質分解を妨げ、そしてしたがってNFκB活性化を遮断するセリン/スレオニンプロテアーゼ阻害剤であるN−トシル−L−フェニルアラニンクロロメチルケトン(TPCK;50μM)の存在下または非存在下で、2時間培養した。細胞をその後、大腸菌DNA(EC;50μg/ml)、子ウシ胸腺DNA(CT;50μg/ml)、LPS(10μg/ml)、CpGを含むODN(1826;1μM)、またはCpGを含まないコントロールODN(1911;1μM)を添加し、3時間刺激した。WEHI−231 B細胞(5x105細胞/ml)を、グリオトキシン(0.1μg/ml)またはビスグリオトキシン(0.1μg/ml)の存在下または非存在下で2時間培養し、その後0.5μMのCpGを含むODN(1826)またはCpGを含まないコントロールODN(1911;TCCAGGACTTTCCTCAGGTT)で8時間刺激した。どちらの場合も、細胞を採取し、そしてRNAzolを用い製造者のプロトコルにしたがってRNAを調製した。複数プローブRNaseプロテクション検定を、記載されるように行った(A.−K.Yi,P.Hornbeck,D.E.LafrenzおよびA.M.Krieg,J.Immunol.,157,4918−4925(1996))。リボソームRNAを積載(load)コントロール(L23)として用い、各レーンに同程度の量のRNAを積載した。これらの実験は3回行い、同様の結果が得られた。
NFκBが強く活性化されている時点で、CREB/ATFタンパク質の活性化は見られなかった。これらのデータはしたがって、NFκBタンパク質が実際にCpG核酸に結合する証拠を提供せず、むしろ、タンパク質がCpG活性に何らかの方法で必要とされる証拠を提供する。CREB/ATFまたは関連タンパク質が、何らかの方法でNFκBタンパク質または他のタンパク質と相互作用する可能性があり、したがってCREBタンパク質結合モチーフおよび最適CpGモチーフの著しい類似性を説明することは可能である。該オリゴがCREB/ATFまたは関連タンパク質に結合し、そしてこれがNFκB活性化につながる可能性は残っている。
本発明に使用するため、当業によく知られる多くの方法のいずれかを用いて核酸を新規に合成してもよい。例えばb−シアノエチルホスホロアミダイト法(S.L.BeaucageおよびM.H.Caruthers,(1981)Tet.Let.22:1859);ヌクレオシドH−ホスホン酸法(Gareggら,(1986)Tet.Let.27:4051−4054;Froehlerら,(1986)Nucl.Acid.Res.14:5399−5407;Gareggら,(1986)Tet.Let.27:4055−4058,Gaffneyら,(1988)Tet.Let.29:2619−2622)である。これらの化学反応は、市場において入手可能な、さまざまな自動化オリゴヌクレオチド合成機により行われてもよい。また別に、制限酵素、エキソヌクレアーゼまたはエンドヌクレアーゼを用いるものなど既知の技術を用いて、存在する核酸配列(例えばゲノムまたはcDNA)からオリゴヌクレオチドを調製してもよい。
そしてアルキルホスホトリエステル(荷電酸素部分が、米国特許第5,023,243号および欧州特許第092,574号に記載されるようにアルキル化されている)は商業的に入手可能な試薬を用いて、自動化固相合成により調製してもよい。他のDNAバックボーン修飾および置換を作成する方法が記載されてきている(Uhlmann,E.およびPeyman,A.(1990)Chem.Rev.90:544;Goodchild,J.(1990)Bioconjugate Chem.1:165)。CpGモチーフを含む2’−O−メチル核酸もまた、免疫活性化を引き起こし、エトキシ修飾CpG核酸も同様である。実際、CpG効果を完全に無効にするバックボーン修飾は見つかっていないが、Cを5−メチルCに置きかえることにより、効果は非常に減少する。
免疫刺激性核酸分子の治療的用途
免疫刺激性特性に基づき、少なくとも1つの非メチル化CpGジヌクレオチドを含む核酸分子をin vivoで患者に投与し、「免疫系不全」を治療してもよい。また別に、少なくとも1つの非メチル化CpGジヌクレオチドを含む核酸分子を、免疫系不全を有する患者から得たリンパ球(例えばB細胞、単球性細胞またはNK細胞)とex vivoで接触させ、そして活性化されたリンパ球をその後、患者に再移植してもよい。
6−12週齢の特定病原体除去(specific pathogen free)DBA/2またはBXSBマウス(アイオワ大学動物飼育施設にて繁殖;実質的な系統相違は見られなかった)より得た、抗Thy−1.2および補体、およびリンパ球M(lymphocyte M)(Cedarlane laboratories,カナダ・オンタリオ州ホーンビー)上での遠心分離(「B細胞」)によりT細胞を除去した脾臓からB細胞を精製した。B細胞に含まれるCD4+またはCD8+細胞は1%未満だった。8x104のB細胞を3つ組で、96ウェルマイクロタイタープレートの、10%FBS(65℃30分で、熱失活)、50μMの2−メルカプトエタノール、100U/mlのペニシリン、100μg/mlのストレプトマイシン、および2mMのL−グルタミン酸を含む100μlのRPMI中に分注した。培養開始時に20μMのODNを添加し、37℃で20時間培養し、細胞を1μCiの3Hウリジンでパルス標識し、そして4時間後、採取しそしてカウントした。全脾臓細胞を20μMのODNを含み48時間培養した後、Ig分泌B細胞をELISAスポット検定を用いて数え上げた。表1に報告されるデータは、ODNを含まず培養した細胞に比較した刺激指数を表す。3Hチミジン取りこみ検定でも同様の結果が示されたが、分解されたODNから放出されるチミジンによる非特異的阻害がある程度見られた(Matson.SおよびA.M.Krieg(1992)Nonspecific
suppression of 3H−thymidine incorporation by control oligonucleotides.Antisense Research and Development2:325)。
殺したばかりのマウスの脾臓由来の単一細胞懸濁物を、抗Thy1、抗CD4、および抗CD8および補体により、Leibsonら(J.Exp.Med.154:1681(1981))の方法により処理した。休止B細胞(<02%T細胞混入)をDeFrancoら,J.Exp.Med.155:1523(1982)の方法により、非連続パーコール勾配の63−70%のバンドより単離した。これらを30μMのODNまたは20μg/mlのLPS中で、上記のように48時間培養した。活発にIgMを分泌するB細胞数は、ELIspot検定(Klinman,D.M.ら,J.Immunol.144:506(1990))により測定すると、この時点で最大であった。この検定において、B細胞は抗Igコーティングマイクロタイタープレート上で6時間インキュベーションした。B細胞が産生したIg(>99%はIgM)をホスファターゼ標識抗Ig(Southern Biotechnology Associated,アラバマ州バーミンガム)を用いて検出した。個々のB細胞から産生された抗体を、ホスファターゼが存在すると青い不溶性沈降物を形成するBCIP(Sigma Chemical Co.,ミズーリ州セントルイス)の添加により視覚化した。20−40スポット/ウエルを産生する細胞の希釈物を用いて、抗体分泌B細胞/試料の総数を測定した。
すべての検定は3つ組で行った(データを表1に報告する)。いくつかの実験において、培養上清をELISAによりIgMに関し検定し、そしてCpG−ODNに反応する同様の上昇が示された。
DBA/2のB細胞をDNAなし、または50μg/mlのa)マイクロコックス・リソデイクテイクス(Micrococcus lysodeikticus);b)NZB/Nマウス脾臓;およびc)NFS/Nマウス脾臓ゲノムDNAと共に48時間培養し、その後細胞採取4時間前に3Hチミジンでパルス標識した。2つ組DNA試料をDNASEIにより37℃で30分消化し、その後細胞培養に加えた。大腸菌DNAもまた、ELISAスポット検定を用いると、48時間後までにIgM分泌B細胞数を8.8倍誘導した。
10x106のC57BL/6脾臓細胞を40μMのCpG ODNまたはCpGを含まないODNを含むまたは含まない2mlのRPMI(実施例1に記載されるように補足)中で48時間培養した。細胞を洗浄し、そしてその後、2つのNK感受性標的細胞株(Ballas,Z.K.ら,(1993)J.Immunol.150:17)であるYAC−1および2C11を用いた短期51Cr放出検定において、エフェクターとして使用した。V底マイクロタイタープレートの0.2ml中の104個の51Cr標識標的細胞に、エフェクター細胞をさまざまな濃度で添加し、そして5%CO2中で37℃4時間培養した。
プレートをその後遠心分離し、上清の分取を放射活性に関しカウントした。エフェクター細胞の存在下に放出される51Crから、標的細胞が単独培養される際放出される51Crを引いたものを、2%酢酸で細胞溶解した後に放出される総カウントから、細胞が単独培養された際放出される51Crを引いたもので割り、特異的溶解率を算出した。
マウスの重量を測定し、そして0.25mlの無菌PBSまたはPBS中に溶解した示されたホスホロチオエートODNと共にIPを注射した。24時間後、脾臓細胞を採取し、洗浄し、そしてB細胞にゲートを設けるため、フィコエリトリン結合6B2をビオチン結合抗Ly−6A/Eまたは抗Iad(Pharmingen,カリフォルニア州サンディエゴ)または抗Bla−1(Hardy,R.R.ら,J.Exp.Med.159:1169(1984))と共に用い、フローサイトメトリー用に染色した。各条件に対し2匹のマウスを用い、そして個別に解析した。
B細胞を、コントロール配列ODN 1aまたはCpG ODN 1dおよび3Ddの配列を持つホスホロチオエートODNと共に培養し、そして20時間後、3Hウリジンでパルス標識するか、または44時間後、3Hチミジンでパルス標識し、採取しそしてcpmを測定した。
WEHI−231細胞(5x104/ウェル)を、LPSまたはコントロールODN 1aまたはCpG ODN 1dおよび3Ddの存在下または非存在下で、37℃で1時間培養した後、抗IgM(1μg/ml)を添加した。細胞をさらに20時間培養した後、2μCi/ウェルの3Hチミジンで4時間パルス標識した。本実験において、ODNも抗IgMも含まない細胞は、抗IgMの添加により90.4x103cpmの3Hチミジン取りこみを示した。表1に示されるホスホジエステルODNも同様の防御を示したが、ODN分解による、ある程度の非特異的抑制を伴った。各実験は少なくとも3回繰り返し、同様の結果が得られた。
DBA/2メスマウス(2か月齢)に500gのCpGまたはコントロールのホスホロチオエートODNと共にIPを注射した。注射後さまざまな時点でマウスを放血させた。各時点で2匹のマウスを調べた。IL−6はELISAにより測定し、そしてIL−6濃度は組換えIL−6を用いて生成した標準曲線との比較により算出した。検定感度は10pg/mlだった。8時間後には検出不能レベルであった。
マウス系統および細胞株。5−10週齢のDBA/2、BALB/c、およびC3H/HeJを、リンパ球供給源として用いた。すべてのマウスはThe Jackson Laboratory(メイン州バーハーバー)から得られ、そして特定病原体除去条件下で、アイオワ大学動物飼育施設で繁殖し、そして維持された。マウスB細胞株CH12.LXはG.Bishop博士(アイオワ大学、アイオワシティ)の好意により提供された。
retroviral sequences in the regulation of lymphocyte activation.J.Immunol.143:2448)調製した。
improvement over blotting techniques,Techniques 3:123)により解析した。簡潔には、ゲルを室温で、変性緩衝液(0.05M NaOH,1.5M NaCl)中で30分ハイブリダイズし、その後再生緩衝液(1.5M NaCl,1M Tris,pH8)中で30分インキュベーションし、そして再蒸留水中で30分洗浄した。ゲルを乾燥し、そして10μg/mlの変性サケ精子DNAを含むハイブリダイゼーション緩衝液(5X SSPE,0.1%SDS)中で47℃で2時間プレハイブリダイズさせた。ゲルを2x106cpm/mlのIL−6に対するg−[32P]ATP末端標識内部オリゴヌクレオチドプローブ(5’CATTTCCACGATTTCCCA3’;SEQ ID No:56)と47℃で一晩ハイブリダイズし、室温で4回洗浄し(2X SSC,0.2%SDS)、そしてオートラジオグラフを行った。結果は図3に示した。
transferase activity.Gene 76:271)により測定した。
結果は図5に示している。
標準的方法(BeacageおよびCaruthers(1981)Deoxynucleoside phosphoramidites―A new class of key intermediates for deoxypolynucleotide synthesis.Tetrahedron Letters 22,1859−1862.)を用いて、Applied Biosystems Inc.(カリフォルニア州フォスターシティ)モデル380A、380B、または394DNA合成機により、ODNを合成した。ホスホジエステルODNを標準的ベーターシアノエチルホスホロアミダイト化学反応を用いて合成した。ホスホロチオエート結合は、標準的なヨウ素酸化の代わりに、イオウ元素を用い亜リン酸結合を酸化することにより導入した。4つの一般的なヌクレオシドホスホロアミダイトをApplied Biosystemsより購入した。すべてのホスホジエステルおよびチオエート含有ODNは濃アンモニアで55℃で12時間処理することにより脱保護した。ODNをゲル排除クロマトグラフィーにより精製し、そして使用前に凍結乾燥した。ホスホロジチオエート結合は、デオキシヌクレオシドS−(b−ベンゾイルメルカプトエチル)ピロリジノチオホスホロアミダイト(Wiesler,W.T.ら,(1993)In Methods in Molecular Biology:Protocols for Oligonucleo tides and Analogs−Synthesis and Properties,Agrawal,S.(監修),Humana Press,191−206.)を用いることにより導入した。ジチオエートを含むODNは、濃アンモニアで55℃で12時間処理し脱保護した後、逆相HPLC精製を行った。
ホスホジエステルODNはOperon Technologies(カリフォルニア州アラメダ)より購入した。ホスホロチオエートODNはアイオワ大学DNA中央施設、またはThe Midland Certified Reagent Company(テキサス州ミッドランド)より購入した。
大腸菌(B株)DNAおよび子ウシ胸腺DNAはSigma(ミズーリ州セントルイス)より購入した。すべてのDNAおよびODNはフェノール:クロロホルム:イソアミルアルコール(25:24:1)および/またはエタノール沈澱により精製した。カブトガニ検定によれば、ODN中のLPSレベルは12.5ng/mg未満であり、そして大腸菌および子ウシ胸腺DNAはDNA1mg当たり、2.5ng未満のLPSしか含まなかった。
6−8週齢のC56BL/6マウス(The Jackson Laboratory、メイン州バーハーバーより)に、5000個のマンソン住血吸虫卵を、第0日および第7日に腹腔内(i.p.)投与することにより免疫化した。マンソン住血吸虫卵は、Th2免疫反応(例えば、IgE抗体産生)を誘導する抗原(マンソン住血吸虫卵抗原(SEA))を含む。IgE抗体産生は喘息の重要な原因であることが知られている。
ID No:11)オリゴヌクレオチドで処理した(200μlの生理食塩水中に30μg、i.P.注射による)。可溶性SEA(25μlの生理食塩水中に10μg)を鼻腔内点滴注入により第14日および第21日に投与した。生理食塩水をコントロールとして用いた。
実施例13:CpGオリゴヌクレオチドはヒトPBMCがサイトカインを分泌するよう誘導する
ヒトPBMCを標準的なフィコール・ハイパック上の遠心分離により、全血から調製した。細胞(5x105/ml)を10%の自己血清中で、96ウェルマイクロタイタープレートで、CpGまたはコントロールオリゴデオキシヌクレオチド(ホスホジエステルオリゴヌクレオチドは24μg/ml;ヌクレアーゼ耐性ホスホロチオエートオリゴヌクレオチドは6μg/ml)と共に、TNF−αの場合は4時間、他のサイトカインの場合は24時間培養し、上清を採取してそして、R&D SystemsのQuantikineキットまたは試薬を用い(pg/ml)、またはBiosource(IL−12の場合)のサイトカインELISAキットを用いたELISAにより測定した。検定は製造者の指示にしたがい行った。データは、オリゴヌクレオチドを添加しないウエルより高いサイトカインレベルとして、表6に示す。
Claims (26)
- 非げっ歯類被験体において喘息を処置または予防するための組成物であって、該被験体において喘息を処置または予防するためのCpG免疫刺激性核酸の有効量を含み、ここで、該被験体は、CpG免疫刺激性核酸と同時に抗原を投与されない、組成物。
- 被験体において喘息を処置または予防するための組成物であって、該被験体において喘息を処置または予防するためのCpG免疫刺激性核酸の有効量を含み、ここで、該組成物が、CpG免疫刺激性核酸が経口投与されるように処方される、組成物。
- 被験体においてアレルギーを処置または予防するための組成物であって、該被験体おいてアレルギーを処置または予防するためのCpG免疫刺激性核酸の有効量を含み、ここで、該アレルギーがアレルギー性喘息ではない、組成物。
- 前記被験体が、CpG免疫刺激性核酸と同時に外因性アレルゲンを投与されない、請求項3に記載の組成物。
- 被験体において細胞障害性リンパ球応答を誘導するための組成物であって、該被験体において細胞障害性リンパ球応答を誘導するためのCpG免疫刺激性核酸の有効量を含む、組成物。
- 被験体において固形腫瘍を処置するための組成物であって、該被験体において固形腫瘍を処置するためのCpG免疫刺激性核酸の有効量および該被験体においてADCCを誘導するための抗体を含む、組成物。
- 被験体において癌を処置するための組成物であって、該組成物は、CpG免疫刺激性核酸を含み、ここで、被験体は、癌の化学治療剤または免疫治療剤を、CpG免疫刺激性核酸と一緒にか、またはCpG免疫刺激性核酸を投与する前に投与される、組成物。
- 被験体において骨髄の発達を増強するための組成物であって、該被験体において骨髄の発達を増強するためのCpG免疫刺激性核酸の有効量を含む、組成物。
- 前記被験体が、前記CpG免疫刺激性核酸と一緒にか、またはCpG免疫刺激性核酸を投与する前に化学治療剤に曝露される、請求項8に記載の組成物。
- 骨髄の発達を増強するための組成物であって、該組成物は、骨髄の発達を増強するためのCpG免疫刺激性核酸の有効量を含む、組成物。
- 被験体において癌を処置するための組成物であって、該被験体において癌を処置するためのCpG免疫刺激性核酸の有効量、および該被験体においてADCCを誘導するための抗体を含み、ここで、該癌はリンパ腫ではない、組成物。
- 前記CpG刺激性核酸が、TCGTCGTTTTGTCGTTTTGTCGTTである、請求項1〜11のいずれか1項に記載の組成物。
- 前記CpG刺激性核酸がTGTCGTTGTCGTTGTCGTTGTCGTTまたはTCGTCGTTGTCGTTTTGTCGTTである、請求項1〜11のいずれか1項に記載の組成物。
- 前記CpG免疫刺激性核酸が安定化される、請求項1〜11のいずれか1項に記載の組成物。
- 前記CpG免疫刺激性核酸が、少なくとも1つのリン酸バックボーン修飾により安定化される、請求項1〜11のいずれか1項に記載の組成物。
- 前記CpG免疫刺激性核酸が、経口、経皮、皮下、静脈内、非経口、腹腔内または鞘内に投与される、請求項1〜9および11のいずれか1項に記載の組成物。
- 前記被験体がヒトである、請求項1〜9および11のいずれか1項に記載の組成物。
- 前記被験体が、イヌ、ネコ、ウマ、ウシ、ブタ、ヒツジ、ヤギ、トリ、またはサルである、請求項1〜9および11のいずれかに記載の組成物。
- 前記CpG免疫刺激性核酸が、ステロール、陽イオン脂質、ヴィロソーム、またはリポソームとともに処方される、請求項1〜11のいずれかに記載の組成物。
- 前記CpG免疫刺激性核酸が、少なくとも以下の式:
5’X1X2CGX3X43’
を含む配列を有する、請求項1〜11のいずれか1項に記載の組成物であって、ここで、Cは、非メチル化Cであり、X1X2およびX3X4はヌクレオチドであり、該核酸は8〜30ヌクレオチドの長さであり、そして以下:
ACCGATGACG TCGCCGGTGA CGGCACCACG、
GGTGACGGCA CCACGACGGC CACCGTGCTG、
ACCGATGACT GCGCCGGTGA CGGCACCACG、
ACCGATGACG TCGCCGTGGA CGGCACCACG、
GACGTCGCCG GTGACGGCAC CACGACCGAT、
ACCACGACCG ATGACGTCGC CGGTGACGGC、
ACCGATAACG TTGCCGGTGA CGGCACCACG、
ACCGATAGCG CTGCCGGTGA CGGCACCACG、
TCGGTGCAGG GAATGTCGCA GGACCCGGTC、
TCGGTGGACG TCATGTCGCA GGACCCGGTC、
TCGGTGCGAT CGATGTCGCA GGACCCGGTC、
TCGGTGATCG ATATGTCGCA GGACCCGGTC、
TCGGTGTCGC GAATGTCGCA GGACCCGGTC、
TCGGTGGCGC GCATGTCGCA GGACCCGGTC、
TCGGTGCGTA CGATGTCGCA GGACCCGGTC、
TCGGTGCGGC CGATGTCGCA GGACCCGGTC、
AAAAGAAGTG GGGACGTCTT ACGATCACCA、
AAAAGAAGTG GGGACGTCCT ACGATCACCA、
AAAAGAAGTG CGGACGTCCG ACGATCACCA、
AAAAGAAGTG GGAACGTCTT ACGATCACCA、
TGACAGACCG ATGACGTCGC CGGTGGACGG、
GACGTCGACG TCGACGTCGA CGTCGACGTC、
CACGTGCACG TGCACGTGCA CGTGCACGTG、
AACGTTAACG TTAACGTTAA CGTTAACGTT、
GCGCGCGCGC GCGCGCGCGC GCGCGCGCGC、
GGGGGGGGGG GGGACGTCGG GGGGGGGGGG、
AAAAAAAAAA AAGACGTCAA AAAAAAAAAA、
TTTTTTTTTT TTGACGTCTT TTTTTTTTTT、
CCCCCCCCCC CCGACGTCCC CCCCCCCCCC、
GCGCGCGCGC GCGACGTCGC GCGCGCGCGC、
GAGAGAGAGA GAGACGTCGA GAGAGAGAGA、
ACCGATCGAT CGGCCGGTGA CGGCACCACG、
ACCGATATCG ATGCCGGTGA CGGCACCACG、
ACCGATTCGC GAGCCGGTGA CGGCACCACG、
ACCGATGCGC GCGCCGGTGA CGGCACCACG、
ACCGATCGTA CGGCCGGTGA CGGCACCACG、
ACCGATAGCG CTGCCGGTGA CGGCACCACG、
ACCGATCGGC CGGCCGGTGA CGGCACCACG、
ACCGATGTCG ACGCCGGTGA CGGCACCACG、
ACCGATCGCG CGGCCGGTGA CGGCACCACG、
ACCGATACGC GTGCCGGTGA CGGCACCACG、
ACCGATAAGC TTGCCGGTGA CGGCACCACG、
ACCGATTTAT AAGCCGGTGA CGGCACCACG、
ACCGATTATA TAGCCGGTGA CGGCACCACG、
ACCGATAGTA CTGCCGGTGA CGGCACCACG、
ACCGATGAAT TCGCCGGTGA CGGCACCACG、
ACCGATCTGC AGGCCGGTGA CGGCACCACG、
ACCGATAAAT TTGCCGGTGA CGGCACCACGおよび、ACCGATCCTA GGGCCGGTGA CGGCACCACG、
の配列のいずれでもない、組成物。 - X1X2がGpT、GpG、GpA、ApTまたはApAであり;X3X4は、TpTまたはCpTである、請求項20に記載の組成物。
- X1X2がGpAであり、そしてX3X4がTpTである、請求項20に記載の組成物。
- 前記核酸が、5’末端および3’末端にポリG配列を含む、請求項1〜11のいずれか1項に記載の組成物。
- 前記核酸が、該核酸の3’末端に少なくとも2つのホスホロチオエート結合、および該核酸の5’末端に少なくとも5つのホスホロチオエート結合を含む、請求項1〜11のいずれか1項に記載の組成物。
- 前記CpG免疫刺激性核酸が、8〜42のヌクレオチドの長さである、請求項1〜11のいずれか1項に記載の組成物。
- 前記CpG免疫刺激性核酸が、8〜30のヌクレオチドの長さである、請求項1〜11のいずれか1項に記載の組成物。
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